Table of Contents
482 relations: Aššur-etil-ilāni, Aššur-nādin-šumi, Abductive reasoning, Abi-Eshuh, Abrahamic religions, Achaemenid Empire, Adab (city), Adad-apla-iddina, Adad-guppi, Adad-nirari II, Adad-nirari III, Adad-shuma-iddina, Adad-shuma-usur, Adasi, Adiabene, Agonist, Agum II, Agum III, Akkad (city), Akkadian Empire, Akkadian language, Akshak, Al-Baqara, Aleppo, Alexander the Great, Amasis II, Amel-Marduk, Ammi-Ditana, Ammi-Saduqa, Amorites, Anatolia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egyptian medicine, Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek astronomy, Ancient Greek medicine, Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient history, Ancient Mesopotamian religion, Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, Anshan (Persia), Apil-Sin, Arabian Peninsula, Arabization, Arabs, Aram (region), Aramaic, Arameans, Arik-den-ili, Arrapha, ... Expand index (432 more) »
- 2nd-millennium BC establishments
- Achaemenid satrapies
- Ancient Levant
- History of West Asia
- States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC
- States and territories established in the 17th century BC
- States and territories established in the 19th century BC
Aššur-etil-ilāni
Aššur-etil-ilāni, also spelled Ashur-etel-ilani and Ashuretillilani (𒀸𒋩𒉪𒅅𒀭𒈨𒌍|translit.
See Babylonia and Aššur-etil-ilāni
Aššur-nādin-šumi
Aššur-nādin-šumi (𒁹𒀸𒋩𒈬𒈬|translit.
See Babylonia and Aššur-nādin-šumi
Abductive reasoning
Abductive reasoning (also called abduction,For example: abductive inference, or retroduction) is a form of logical inference that seeks the simplest and most likely conclusion from a set of observations.
See Babylonia and Abductive reasoning
Abi-Eshuh
Abī-Ešuḫ (variants: ma-bi-ši,Chronicle of Early Kings, (ABC 20), Tablet B, reverse, lines 8 to 10. "Abiši", mE-bi-šum,Babylonian King List B, obverse line 8. "Ebišum") was the 8th king of the 1st Dynasty of Babylon and reigned for 28 years from –1620 BC (short chronology) or 1711–1684 BC (middle chronology).
Abrahamic religions
The Abrahamic religions are a grouping of three of the major religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) together due to their historical coexistence and competition; it refers to Abraham, a figure mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Bible, and the Quran, and is used to show similarities between these religions and put them in contrast to Indian religions, Iranian religions, and the East Asian religions (though other religions and belief systems may refer to Abraham as well).
See Babylonia and Abrahamic religions
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC. Babylonia and Achaemenid Empire are former empires and history of West Asia.
See Babylonia and Achaemenid Empire
Adab (city)
Adab or Udab (Sumerian: Adabki, spelled UD.NUNKI) was an ancient Sumerian city between Girsu and Nippur.
Adad-apla-iddina
Adad-apla-iddina, typically inscribed in cuneiform mdIM-DUMU.UŠ-SUM-na, mdIM-A-SUM-na or dIM-ap-lam-i-din- meaning the storm god “Adad has given me an heir”, was the 8th king of the 2nd Dynasty of Isin and the 4th Dynasty of Babylon and ruled 1064–1043.
See Babylonia and Adad-apla-iddina
Adad-guppi
Adad-guppi (Babylonian cuneiform: Adad-gûppîʾ; c. 648-544 BC), also known as Addagoppe, was a devotee of the moon god Sîn in the northern Assyrian city of Harran, and the mother of King Nabonidus (ruled 556–539 BC) of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
Adad-nirari II
Adad-nīrārī II (also spelled Adad-nērārī, which means "Adad (the storm god) is my help") reigned from 911 BCE to 891 BCE.
See Babylonia and Adad-nirari II
Adad-nirari III
Adad-nīrārī III (also Adad-nārārī, meaning "Adad (the storm god) is my help") was a King of Assyria from 811 to 783 BC.
See Babylonia and Adad-nirari III
Adad-shuma-iddina
Adad-šuma-iddina, inscribed mdIM-MU-SUM-na, ("Adad has given a name") and dated to around ca.
See Babylonia and Adad-shuma-iddina
Adad-shuma-usur
Adad-šuma-uṣur, inscribed dIM-MU-ŠEŠ, meaning "O Adad, protect the name!," and dated very tentatively 1216–1187 BC (short chronology), was the 32nd king of the 3rd or Kassite dynasty of Babylon and the country contemporarily known as Karduniaš.
See Babylonia and Adad-shuma-usur
Adasi
Adasi is a small village in Gondia district, Maharashtra state, India.
Adiabene
Adiabene (Greek: Αδιαβηνή) was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the northwestern part of ancient Assyria. Babylonia and Adiabene are former monarchies of Asia.
Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.
Agum II
Agum IIInscribed a-gu-um-ka-ak-ri-me in his eponymous inscription, elsewhere unattested.
Agum III
Agum IIIInscribed mA-gu-um in the Chronicle of Early Kings.
Akkad (city)
Akkad (also spelt Accad, Akkade, or Agade, Akkadian:, also URIKI in Sumerian during the Ur III period) was the capital of the Akkadian Empire, which was the dominant political force in Mesopotamia during a period of about 150 years in the last third of the 3rd millennium BC.
See Babylonia and Akkad (city)
Akkadian Empire
The Akkadian Empire was the first known ancient empire of Mesopotamia, succeeding the long-lived civilization of Sumer. Babylonia and Akkadian Empire are ancient Levant, former empires and former monarchies of Asia.
See Babylonia and Akkadian Empire
Akkadian language
Akkadian (translit)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.
See Babylonia and Akkadian language
Akshak
Akshak (Sumerian:, akšak) (pre-Sargonic - u4kúsu.KI, Ur III - akúsu.KI, Phonetic - ak-su-wa-ak) was a city of ancient Sumer, situated on the northern boundary of Akkad, sometimes identified with Babylonian Upi (Greek Opis).
Al-Baqara
Al-Baqara, alternatively transliterated Al-Baqarah (الْبَقَرَة.,; "The Heifer" or "The Cow"), is the second and longest chapter (surah) of the Quran.
Aleppo
Aleppo (ﺣَﻠَﺐ, ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous governorate of Syria.
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
See Babylonia and Alexander the Great
Amasis II
Amasis II (Ἄμασις; 𐤇𐤌𐤎 ḤMS) or Ahmose II was a pharaoh (reigned 570526 BCE) of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt, the successor of Apries at Sais.
Amel-Marduk
Amel-Marduk (Babylonian cuneiform: Amēl-Marduk, meaning "man of Marduk"), also known as Awil-Marduk, or under the biblical rendition of his name, Evil-Merodach əwil məroḏaḵ), was the third emperor of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from 562 BCE until his overthrow and murder in 560 BCE.
Ammi-Ditana
Ammi-Ditana was a king of Babylon who reigned from 1683–1640s BC.
Ammi-Saduqa
Ammi-Saduqa (or Ammisaduqa, Ammizaduga) was a king of the First Dynasty of Babylon, dating to around c. 1646–1626 BC (Middle Chronology) or c. 1638–1618 BC (Low Middle Chronology).
Amorites
The Amorites (author-link, Pl. XXVIII e+i|MAR.TU; Amurrūm or Tidnum Tidnum; ʾĔmōrī; Ἀμορραῖοι) were an ancient Northwest Semitic-speaking Bronze Age people from the Levant. Babylonia and Amorites are ancient Levant.
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.
See Babylonia and Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptian medicine
The medicine of the ancient Egyptians is some of the oldest documented.
See Babylonia and Ancient Egyptian medicine
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
See Babylonia and Ancient Greece
Ancient Greek astronomy
Ancient Greek astronomy is the astronomy written in the Greek language during classical antiquity.
See Babylonia and Ancient Greek astronomy
Ancient Greek medicine
Ancient Greek medicine was a compilation of theories and practices that were constantly expanding through new ideologies and trials.
See Babylonia and Ancient Greek medicine
Ancient Greek philosophy
Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC.
See Babylonia and Ancient Greek philosophy
Ancient history
Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history through late antiquity.
See Babylonia and Ancient history
Ancient Mesopotamian religion
Mesopotamian religion refers to the religious beliefs (concerning the gods, creation and the cosmos, the origin of man, and so forth) and practices of the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, particularly Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia between circa 6000 BC and 400 AD.
See Babylonia and Ancient Mesopotamian religion
Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples or Proto-Semitic people were speakers of Semitic languages who lived throughout the ancient Near East and North Africa, including the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Arabian Peninsula and Carthage from the 3rd millennium BC until the end of antiquity, with some, such as Arabs, Arameans, Assyrians, Jews, Mandaeans, and Samaritans having a continuum into the present day.
See Babylonia and Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
Anshan (Persia)
Anshan (Elamite cuneiform: 𒀭𒍝𒀭; 𒀭𒊓𒀭𒆠, 𒀭𒊭𒀭𒆠) modern Tall-e Malyan (تل ملیان), also Tall-i Malyan, was an Elamite and ancient Persian city.
See Babylonia and Anshan (Persia)
Apil-Sin
Apil-Sin was an Amorite King of the First Dynasty of Babylon (the Amorite Dynasty).
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.
See Babylonia and Arabian Peninsula
Arabization
Arabization or Arabicization (translit) is a sociological process of cultural change in which a non-Arab society becomes Arab, meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the Arabic language, culture, literature, art, music, and ethnic identity as well as other socio-cultural factors.
Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.
Aram (region)
Aram (ʾĀrām; ʾĂrām; ܐܪܡ) was a historical region mentioned in early cuneiforms and in the Bible, populated by Arameans.
See Babylonia and Aram (region)
Aramaic
Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.
Arameans
The Arameans, or Aramaeans (𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀,,; אֲרַמִּים; Ἀραμαῖοι; ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were a tribal Semitic people in the ancient Near East, first documented in historical sources from the late 12th century BC. Babylonia and Arameans are ancient Levant.
Arik-den-ili
Arik-den-ili, inscribed mGÍD-DI-DINGIR, “long-lasting is the judgment of god,” was King of Assyria 1317–1306 BC, ruling the Middle Assyrian Empire.
See Babylonia and Arik-den-ili
Arrapha
Arrapha or Arrapkha (Akkadian: Arrapḫa; أررابخا,عرفة) was an ancient city in what today is northeastern Iraq, thought to be located at city of Kirkuk.
Ashur (god)
Ashur, Ashshur, also spelled Ašur, Aššur (𒀭𒊹|translit.
Ashur-bel-kala
Aššūr-bēl-kala, inscribed maš-šur-EN-ka-la and meaning “Aššur is lord of all,” was the king of Assyria 1074/3–1056 BC, the 89th to appear on the Assyrian Kinglist.
See Babylonia and Ashur-bel-kala
Ashur-bel-nisheshu
Aššūr-bēl-nīšēšu, (𒁹𒀭𒀸𒋩𒂗𒌦𒈨𒌍𒋙|translit.
See Babylonia and Ashur-bel-nisheshu
Ashur-dan I
Aššur-dān I, mAš-šur-dān(kal)an, was the 83rd king of Assyria, reigning for 46Khorsabad King List and the SDAS King List both read, iii 19, 46 MU.MEŠ KI.MIN.
Ashur-nirari IV
Aššur-nērārī IV, inscribed maš-šur-ERIM.GABA, "(the god) Aššur is my help," was the king of Assyria, the 94th to appear on the Assyrian Kinglist,Khorsabad Kinglist, tablet IM 60017 (excavation nos.: DS 828, DS 32-54), iv 8.
See Babylonia and Ashur-nirari IV
Ashur-nirari V
Ashur-nirari V (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform:, meaning "Ashur is my help") was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 755 BC to his death in 745 BC.
See Babylonia and Ashur-nirari V
Ashur-resh-ishi I
Aššur-rēša-iši I, inscribed maš-šur-SAG-i-ši and meaning “Aššur has lifted my head,” ruled 1132–1115 BC, son of Mutakkil-Nusku, was a king of Assyria, the 86th to appear on the Assyrian King ListAssyrian King List’s: Nassouhi, iv 4, 6; Khorsabad, iii 37, 39; SDAS, iii 23, 25.
See Babylonia and Ashur-resh-ishi I
Ashur-uballit I
Ashur-uballit I (Aššur-uballiṭ I), who reigned between 1363 and 1328 BC, was the first king of the Middle Assyrian Empire.
See Babylonia and Ashur-uballit I
Ashur-uballit II
Aššur-uballiṭ II, also spelled Assur-uballit II and Ashuruballit II (𒀸𒋩𒌑𒋾𒆷|translit.
See Babylonia and Ashur-uballit II
Ashurbanipal
Ashurbanipal (𒀸𒋩𒆕𒀀|translit.
See Babylonia and Ashurbanipal
Ashurnasirpal II
Ashur-nasir-pal II (transliteration: Aššur-nāṣir-apli, meaning "Ashur is guardian of the heir") was the third king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 883 to 859 BCE.
See Babylonia and Ashurnasirpal II
Asoristan
Asoristan (𐭠𐭮𐭥𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭭 Asōristān, Āsūristān) was the name of the Sasanian province of Assyria and Babylonia from 226 to 637.
Assur
Aššur (𒀭𒊹𒆠 AN.ŠAR2KI, Assyrian cuneiform: Aš-šurKI, "City of God Aššur"; ܐܫܘܪ Āšūr; 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼 Aθur, آشور Āšūr; אַשּׁוּר, اشور), also known as Ashur and Qal'at Sherqat, was the capital of the Old Assyrian city-state (2025–1364 BC), the Middle Assyrian Empire (1363–912 BC), and for a time, of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC).
Assyria
Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC. Babylonia and Assyria are ancient Levant and former empires.
Assyria (Roman province)
Assyria was a short-lived Roman province in Mesopotamia that was created by Trajan in 116 during his campaign against the Parthian Empire.
See Babylonia and Assyria (Roman province)
Assyrian continuity
Assyrian continuity is the study of continuity between the modern Assyrian people, a recognised Semitic indigenous ethnic, religious, and linguistic minority in Western Asia (particularly in Iraq, northeast Syria, southeast Turkey and northwest Iran) and the people of Ancient Mesopotamia in general and ancient Assyria in particular.
See Babylonia and Assyrian continuity
Assyrian people
Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia.
See Babylonia and Assyrian people
Assyriology
Assyriology (from Greek Ἀσσυρίᾱ, Assyriā; and -λογία, -logia), also known as Cuneiform studies or Ancient Near East studies, is the archaeological, anthropological, historical, and linguistic study of the cultures that used cuneiform writing.
Astrolabe
An astrolabe (ἀστρολάβος,; ٱلأَسْطُرلاب; ستارهیاب) is an astronomical instrument dating to ancient times.
Astrology
Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects.
Astronomy
Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Medieval Islamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th–13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language.
See Babylonia and Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Astyages
Astyages was the last king of the Median kingdom, reigning from 585 to 550 BCE.
Austen Henry Layard
Sir Austen Henry Layard (5 March 18175 July 1894) was an English Assyriologist, traveller, cuneiformist, art historian, draughtsman, collector, politician and diplomat.
See Babylonia and Austen Henry Layard
Awal
Awal (أوال) is an ancient name of Bahrain, an island country in the Arabian peninsula.
Axiom
An axiom, postulate, or assumption is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments.
Šamaš-šuma-ukin
Šamaš-šuma-ukin (𒌋𒌋𒈬𒁺|translit.
See Babylonia and Šamaš-šuma-ukin
Šuppiluliuma I
Šuppiluliuma I, also Suppiluliuma or Suppiluliumas was an ancient Hittite king (r. –1322 BC).
See Babylonia and Šuppiluliuma I
Baba-aha-iddina
Bāba-aḫa-iddina, typically inscribed mdBA.Ú-PAB-AŠSynchronistic Kinglist fragment, Ass.
See Babylonia and Baba-aha-iddina
Babylon
Babylon was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day Baghdad.
Babylonian captivity
The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile was the period in Jewish history during which a large number of Judeans from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were forcibly relocated to Babylonia by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
See Babylonia and Babylonian captivity
Babylonian Chronicles
The Babylonian Chronicles are a loosely-defined series of about 45 tablets recording major events in Babylonian history.
See Babylonia and Babylonian Chronicles
Babylonian cuneiform numerals
Babylonian cuneiform numerals, also used in Assyria and Chaldea, were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed stylus to print a mark on a soft clay tablet which would be exposed in the sun to harden to create a permanent record.
See Babylonia and Babylonian cuneiform numerals
Babylonian law
Babylonian law is a subset of cuneiform law that has received particular study due to the large amount of archaeological material that has been found for it.
See Babylonia and Babylonian law
Babylonian religion
Babylonian religion is the religious practice of Babylonia.
See Babylonia and Babylonian religion
Bahrain
Bahrain (Two Seas, locally), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in West Asia.
Balawat
Balawat (ܒܝܬ ܠܒܬ) is an archaeological site of the ancient Assyrian city of Imgur-Enlil, and modern village in Nineveh Province (Iraq).
Balkans
The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.
Bandage
A bandage is a piece of material used either to support a medical device such as a dressing or splint, or on its own to provide support for the movement of a part of the body.
Bel-bani
Bel-bani or Bēl-bāni, inscribed mdEN-ba-ni, “the Lord is the creator,” was the king of Assyria from 1700 to 1691 BC and was the first ruler of what was later to be called the dynasty of the Adasides.
Belshazzar
Belshazzar (Babylonian cuneiform: Bēl-šar-uṣur, meaning "Bel, protect the king"; Bēlšaʾṣṣar) was the son and crown prince of Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
Berossus
Berossus or Berosus (translit; possibly derived from 𒁹𒀭𒂗𒉺𒇻𒋙𒉡|translit.
Beth Garmai
Beth Garmai, (lit, Middle Persian: Garamig/Garamīkān/Garmagān, New Persian/Kurdish: Garmakan, translit, Latin and Greek: Garamaea) is a historical region around the city of Kirkuk in northern Iraq.
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.
Borsippa
Borsippa (Sumerian: BAD.SI.(A).AB.BAKI; Akkadian: Barsip and Til-Barsip): Vol.
Brill Publishers
Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.
See Babylonia and Brill Publishers
Burna-Buriash II
Burna-Buriaš II (rendered in cuneiform as Bur-na- or Bur-ra-Bu-ri-ia-aš, and meaning servant/protégé of the Lord of the lands in the Kassite language), was a king in the Kassite dynasty of Babylon, in a kingdom contemporarily called Karduniaš, ruling ca.
See Babylonia and Burna-Buriash II
Burnaburiash I
Burna-Buriyåš I,For example, inscribed Bur-na-Bu-ra-ri-ia-aš in a votive inscription of Ula-Burariaš or restored as m – in tablet A.117.
See Babylonia and Burnaburiash I
Buttress
A buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Babylonia and Byzantine Empire are former empires.
See Babylonia and Byzantine Empire
Cambyses II
Cambyses II (translit) was the second King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 530 to 522 BC.
Canaan
Canaan (Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 –; כְּנַעַן –, in pausa כְּנָעַן –; Χανααν –;The current scholarly edition of the Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta: id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes. Babylonia and Canaan are ancient Levant.
Carchemish
Carchemish, also spelled Karkemish (Karkamış), was an important ancient capital in the northern part of the region of Syria.
Carlo Ginzburg
Carlo Ginzburg (born 15 April 1939) is an Italian historian and a proponent of the field of microhistory.
See Babylonia and Carlo Ginzburg
Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea.
Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
See Babylonia and Central Asia
Chaldea
Chaldea was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of Babylonia. Babylonia and Chaldea are states and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC.
Charles Sanders Peirce
Charles Sanders Peirce (September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American scientist, mathematician, logician, and philosopher who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".
See Babylonia and Charles Sanders Peirce
Chronicle of Early Kings
The Chronicle of Early Kings, named ABC 20 in Grayson’s Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles and CM 40 in Glassner’s Chroniques mésopotamiennes is a Babylonian chronicle preserved on two tablets: tablet ABM 26472 (98-5-14, 290) tablet A. is well preserved whereas tablet BBM 96152 (1902-4-12, 264) tablet B.
See Babylonia and Chronicle of Early Kings
Chronology of the ancient Near East
The chronology of the ancient Near East is a framework of dates for various events, rulers and dynasties.
See Babylonia and Chronology of the ancient Near East
Cimmerians
The Cimmerians were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, part of whom subsequently migrated into West Asia.
City-state
A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory.
Civil war
A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).
Clay
Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolinite, Al2Si2O5(OH)4).
Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian legal text composed during 1755–1750 BC.
See Babylonia and Code of Hammurabi
Consistency
In classical deductive logic, a consistent theory is one that does not lead to a logical contradiction.
Cream (pharmacy)
A cream is a preparation usually for application to the skin.
See Babylonia and Cream (pharmacy)
Cultural area
In anthropology and geography, a cultural area, cultural region, cultural sphere, or culture area refers to a geography with one relatively homogeneous human activity or complex of activities (culture).
See Babylonia and Cultural area
Cuneiform
Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East.
Curse
A curse (also called an imprecation, malediction, execration, malison, anathema, or commination) is any expressed wish that some form of adversity or misfortune will befall or attach to one or more persons, a place, or an object.
Cyaxares
Cyaxares was the third king of the Medes.
Cyprus
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Cyrus the Great
Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
See Babylonia and Cyrus the Great
Damascus
Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.
Darius the Great
Darius I (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος; – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE.
See Babylonia and Darius the Great
Der (Sumer)
Der (Sumerian: 𒌷𒂦𒀭𒆠 uruBAD3.ANki; Akkadian: 𒌷𒂦𒀭𒆠 uruBAD3.ANki or urude-e-ru(ki)) was a Sumerian city-state at the site of modern Tell Aqar near al-Badra in Iraq's Wasit Governorate.
Dialectic
Dialectic (διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; Dialektik), also known as the dialectical method, refers originally to dialogue between people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to arrive at the truth through reasoned argumentation.
Dialogue
Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in American English) is a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, and a literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange.
Dialogue of Pessimism
The Dialogue of Pessimism is an ancient Mesopotamian literary composition in the form of a dialogue between a master and his slave.
See Babylonia and Dialogue of Pessimism
Digital object identifier
A digital object identifier (DOI) is a persistent identifier or handle used to uniquely identify various objects, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
See Babylonia and Digital object identifier
Dilmun
Dilmun, or Telmun, (Sumerian:,Transliteration: Similar text: later 𒉌𒌇(𒆠), NI.TUKki.
Disease
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury.
Divisor
In mathematics, a divisor of an integer n, also called a factor of n, is an integer m that may be multiplied by some integer to produce n. In this case, one also says that n is a multiple of m. An integer n is divisible or evenly divisible by another integer m if m is a divisor of n; this implies dividing n by m leaves no remainder.
Diyala River
The Diyala (Arabic: نهر ديالى; Sîrwan; Farsi: دیاله, سيروان) is a river and tributary of the Tigris.
See Babylonia and Diyala River
DjVu
DjVu (like French "déjà vu") is a computer file format designed primarily to store scanned documents, especially those containing a combination of text, line drawings, indexed color images, and photographs.
Duhok
Duhok (translit; Dohūk.; Beth Nohadra., Dohok) is a city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
Dur-Kurigalzu
Dur-Kurigalzu (modern عَقَرْقُوف in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq) was a city in southern Mesopotamia, near the confluence of the Tigris and Diyala rivers, about west of the center of Baghdad.
See Babylonia and Dur-Kurigalzu
Dur-Sharrukin
Dur-Sharrukin (𒂦𒈗𒁺|translit.
See Babylonia and Dur-Sharrukin
Early Kassite rulers
The early Kassite rulers are the sequence of eight, or possibly nine, names which appear on the Babylonian and Assyrian King Lists purporting to represent the first or ancestral monarchs of the dynasty that was to become the Kassite or 3rd Dynasty of Babylon which governed for 576 years, 9 months, 36 kings, according to the King List A.King List A, BM 33332.
See Babylonia and Early Kassite rulers
Earth's rotation
Earth's rotation or Earth's spin is the rotation of planet Earth around its own axis, as well as changes in the orientation of the rotation axis in space.
See Babylonia and Earth's rotation
East Semitic languages
The East Semitic languages are one of three divisions of the Semitic languages.
See Babylonia and East Semitic languages
East Syriac Rite
The East Syriac Rite, or East Syrian Rite (also called the Edessan Rite, Assyrian Rite, Persian Rite, Chaldean Rite, Nestorian Rite, Babylonian Rite or Syro-Oriental Rite), is an Eastern Christian liturgical rite that employs the Divine Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari and utilizes the East Syriac dialect as its liturgical language.
See Babylonia and East Syriac Rite
Eastern Aramaic languages
Eastern Aramaic refers to a group of dialects that evolved historically from the varieties of Aramaic spoken in the core territories of Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq, southeastern Turkey and parts of northeastern Syria) and further expanded into northern Syria, eastern Arabia and northwestern Iran.
See Babylonia and Eastern Aramaic languages
Ecbatana
Ecbatana (translit or, literally "the place of gathering" according to Darius the Great's inscription at Bisotun; هگمتانه; 𐭠𐭧𐭬𐭲𐭠𐭭; translit; 𒆳𒀀𒃵𒋫𒉡|translit.
Eclipse
An eclipse is an astronomical event which occurs when an astronomical object or spacecraft is temporarily obscured, by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer.
Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.
Egyptian chronology
The majority of Egyptologists agree on the outline and many details of the chronology of Ancient Egypt.
See Babylonia and Egyptian chronology
Ekallatum
Ekallatum (Akkadian: 𒌷𒂍𒃲𒈨𒌍, URUE2.GAL.MEŠ, Ekallātum, "the Palaces") was an ancient Amorite city-state and kingdom in upper Mesopotamia.
Elam
Elam (Linear Elamite: hatamti; Cuneiform Elamite:; Sumerian:; Akkadian:; עֵילָם ʿēlām; 𐎢𐎺𐎩 hūja) was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. Babylonia and Elam are states and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC.
Elamite language
Elamite, also known as Hatamtite and formerly as Susian, is an extinct language that was spoken by the ancient Elamites.
See Babylonia and Elamite language
Empiricism
In philosophy, empiricism is an epistemological view which holds that true knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience and empirical evidence.
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
See Babylonia and Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is the company known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopaedia.
See Babylonia and Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Enlil
Enlil, later known as Elil and Ellil, is an ancient Mesopotamian god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms.
Enlil-kudurri-usur
Enlil-kudurrī-uṣur, mdEnlil(be)-ku-dúr-uṣur, (Enlil protect the eldest son), was the 81st king of Assyria according to the Assyrian King List.
See Babylonia and Enlil-kudurri-usur
Enlil-nadin-apli
Enlil-nādin-apli, "Enlil (is) giver of an heir," reigned 1099–1096 BC, was the 5th king of the 2nd dynasty of Isin, and the 4th dynasty of Babylon.
See Babylonia and Enlil-nadin-apli
Enlil-nadin-shumi
Enlil-nādin-šumi, inscribed mdEN.LĺL-MU-MUKinglist A, BM 33332, ii 8.
See Babylonia and Enlil-nadin-shumi
Enuma Anu Enlil
Enuma Anu Enlil (The Assyrian Dictionary, volume 7 (I/J) – inūma, The Oriental Institute, Chicago 1960, s. 160. When Anu and Enlil), abbreviated EAE, is a major series of 68 or 70 tablets (depending on the recension) dealing with Babylonian astrology.
See Babylonia and Enuma Anu Enlil
Epic of Gilgamesh
The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic from ancient Mesopotamia.
See Babylonia and Epic of Gilgamesh
Epic poetry
An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures.
Equator
The equator is a circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
Erbil
Erbil (أربيل,; ܐܲܪܒܹܝܠ), also called Hawler, is the capital and most populated city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
Eriba-Marduk
Erība-Marduk, inscribed mri-ba,Kinglist A, tablet BM 33332, iv 1.
See Babylonia and Eriba-Marduk
Eridu
Eridu (𒆠|translit.
Erishum I
Erishum I or Erišu(m) I (inscribed me-ri-šu, or mAPIN-ìš in later texts but always with an initial i in his own seal, inscriptions, and those of his immediate successors, “he has desired,”) 1974–1935 BCE (middle chronology),Some historians quote ca.
Esagil-kin-apli
Esagil-kin-apli, was the ummânū, or chief scholar, of Babylonian king Adad-apla-iddina, 1067–1046 BCE, as he appears on the Uruk List of Sages and Scholars (165 BCE)W 20030,7 the Seleucid List of Sages and Scholars, obverse line 16, recovered from Anu’s Bīt Rēš temple during the 1959/60 excavation.
See Babylonia and Esagil-kin-apli
Esagila
The Ésagila or Esangil (𒂍𒊕𒅍𒆷, "temple whose top is lofty") was a temple dedicated to Marduk, the protector god of Babylon.
Esarhaddon
Esarhaddon, also spelled Essarhaddon, Assarhaddon and Ashurhaddon (𒀭𒊹𒉽𒀸, also 𒀭𒊹𒉽𒋧𒈾, meaning "Ashur has given me a brother"; Biblical Hebrew: ʾĒsar-Ḥaddōn) was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Sennacherib in 681 BC to his own death in 669.
Eshnunna
Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar in Diyala Governorate, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian (and later Akkadian) city and city-state in central Mesopotamia 12.6 miles northwest of Tell Agrab and 15 miles northwest of Tell Ishchali.
Ethics
Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena.
Etiology
Etiology (alternatively spelled aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation or origination.
Exorcism
Exorcism is the religious or spiritual practice of evicting demons, jinns, or other malevolent spiritual entities from a person, or an area, that is believed to be possessed.
Fall of Babylon
The fall of Babylon was the decisive event that marked the total defeat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BCE.
See Babylonia and Fall of Babylon
First Epistle of Peter
The First Epistle of Peter is a book of the New Testament.
See Babylonia and First Epistle of Peter
First Sealand dynasty
The First Sealand dynasty (URU.KÙKIWhere ŠEŠ-ḪA of King List A and ŠEŠ-KÙ-KI of King List B are read as URU.KÙ.KI), or the 2nd Dynasty of Babylon (although it was independent of Amorite-ruled Babylon), very speculatively c. 1732–1460 BC (short chronology), is an enigmatic series of kings attested to primarily in laconic references in the king lists A and B, and as contemporaries recorded on the Assyrian Synchronistic king list A.117.
See Babylonia and First Sealand dynasty
Floruit
Floruit (abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for "flourished") denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active.
Folklore
Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, culture or subculture.
Fresco
Fresco (or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster.
George Sarton
George Alfred Leon Sarton (31 August 1884 – 22 March 1956) was a Belgian-American chemist and historian.
See Babylonia and George Sarton
Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh (𒀭𒄑𒂆𒈦|translit.
Giovanni Morelli
Giovanni Morelli (25 February 1816 – 28 February 1891) was an Italian art critic and political figure.
See Babylonia and Giovanni Morelli
Gnomon
A gnomon is the part of a sundial that casts a shadow.
Gobryas (general)
According to the Cyropedia of Xenophon, Gobryas (Γοβρύας; 𐎥𐎢𐎲𐎽𐎢𐎺 g-u-b-ru-u-v, reads as Gaub(a)ruva?; Elamite: Kambarma) was a Persian general who helped Cyrus II in the conquering of Babylon in 539 BCE.
See Babylonia and Gobryas (general)
Gold
Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and atomic number 79.
Greek mathematics
Greek mathematics refers to mathematics texts and ideas stemming from the Archaic through the Hellenistic and Roman periods, mostly from the 5th century BC to the 6th century AD, around the shores of the Mediterranean.
See Babylonia and Greek mathematics
Gutian people
The Guti, also known by the derived exonyms Gutians or Guteans, were a people of the ancient Near East.
See Babylonia and Gutian people
Hamazi
Hamazi or Khamazi (Sumerian:, ha-ma-ziki, or Ḫa-ma-zi2ki) was an ancient kingdom or city-state which became prominent during the Early Dynastic period.
Hammurabi
Hammurabi (𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉|translit.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World listed by Hellenic culture.
See Babylonia and Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Harran
Harran is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey.
Hatra
Hatra (الحضر; ܚܛܪܐ) was an ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia located in present-day eastern Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq.
Hattians
The Hattians were an ancient Bronze Age people that inhabited the land of Hatti, in central Anatolia (modern Turkey).
Hattusa
Hattusa, also Hattuşa, Ḫattuša, Hattusas, or Hattusha, was the capital of the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age during two distinct periods.
Hebrew Bible
The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.
See Babylonia and Hebrew Bible
Heliacal rising
The heliacal rising of a star or a planet occurs annually when it first becomes visible above the eastern horizon at dawn just before sunrise (thus becoming "the morning star") after a complete orbit of the Earth around the Sun.
See Babylonia and Heliacal rising
Heliocentrism
Heliocentrism (also known as the heliocentric model) is a superseded astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe.
See Babylonia and Heliocentrism
Hellenistic philosophy
Hellenistic philosophy is Ancient Greek philosophy corresponding to the Hellenistic period in Ancient Greece, from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC to the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.
See Babylonia and Hellenistic philosophy
Hellenistic religion
The concept of Hellenistic religion as the late form of Ancient Greek religion covers any of the various systems of beliefs and practices of the people who lived under the influence of ancient Greek culture during the Hellenistic period and the Roman Empire (300 BCE to 300 CE).
See Babylonia and Hellenistic religion
Heraclitus
Heraclitus (Ἡράκλειτος) was an ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from the city of Ephesus, which was then part of the Persian Empire.
Hippocratic Corpus
The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: Corpus Hippocraticum), or Hippocratic Collection, is a collection of around 60 early Ancient Greek medical works strongly associated with the physician Hippocrates and his teachings.
See Babylonia and Hippocratic Corpus
History of astronomy
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy.
See Babylonia and History of astronomy
History of Iran
The history of Iran (or Persia, as it was commonly known in the Western world) is intertwined with that of Greater Iran, a sociocultural region spanning the area between Anatolia in the west and the Indus River and Syr Darya in the east, and between the Caucasus and Eurasian Steppe in the north and the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south. Babylonia and history of Iran are history of West Asia.
See Babylonia and History of Iran
Hit, Iraq
Hit or Heet (هيت, Hīt) is an Iraqi city in Al Anbar Governorate.
Hittites
The Hittites were an Anatolian Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilizations of Bronze Age West Asia. Babylonia and Hittites are former empires and states and territories established in the 17th century BC.
Hurrians
The Hurrians (Ḫu-ur-ri; also called Hari, Khurrites, Hourri, Churri, Hurri) were a people who inhabited the Ancient Near East during the Bronze Age. Babylonia and Hurrians are states and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC.
Hurro-Urartian languages
Hurro-Urartian is an extinct language family of the Ancient Near East, comprising only two known languages: Hurrian and Urartian.
See Babylonia and Hurro-Urartian languages
Hyksos
The Hyksos (Egyptian ḥqꜣ(w)-ḫꜣswt, Egyptological pronunciation: heqau khasut, "ruler(s) of foreign lands"), in modern Egyptology, are the kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt (fl. c. 1650–1550 BC).
Hymn
A hymn is a type of song, and partially synonymous with devotional song, specifically written for the purpose of adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a deity or deities, or to a prominent figure or personification.
Ikunum
Ikunum (𒄿𒆪𒉡𒌝|I-ku-nu-um) was a king of Assyria 1934–1921 BC and the son of Ilushuma.
Ilu-shuma
Ilu-shuma or Ilu-šūma, inscribed DINGIR-šum-ma,Khorsabad copy of the Assyrian King List i 24, 26.
Inanna
Inanna is the ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love, war, and fertility.
Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.
See Babylonia and Indo-European languages
Intercalation (timekeeping)
Intercalation or embolism in timekeeping is the insertion of a leap day, week, or month into some calendar years to make the calendar follow the seasons or moon phases.
See Babylonia and Intercalation (timekeeping)
Ionian school (philosophy)
The Ionian school of pre-Socratic philosophy refers to Ancient Greek philosophers, or a school of thought, in Ionia in the 6th century B.C, the first in the Western tradition.
See Babylonia and Ionian school (philosophy)
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.
See Babylonia and Iranian peoples
Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.
Ishme-Dagan I
Ishme-Dagan I (italic) was a monarch of Ekallatum and Assur during the Old Assyrian period.
See Babylonia and Ishme-Dagan I
Isin
Isin (modern Arabic: Ishan al-Bahriyat) is an archaeological site in Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq which was the location of the Ancient Near East city of Isin, occupied from the late 4th millennium Uruk period up until at least the late 1st millennium BC Neo-Babylonian period.
Israelites
The Israelites were a group of Semitic-speaking tribes in the ancient Near East who, during the Iron Age, inhabited a part of Canaan.
Itti-Marduk-balatu
Itti-Marduk-balāṭu may refer to.
See Babylonia and Itti-Marduk-balatu
Jacques de Morgan
Jean-Jacques de Morgan (3 June 1857 – 14 June 1924) was a French mining engineer, geologist, and archaeologist.
See Babylonia and Jacques de Morgan
Jean-Vincent Scheil
Father Jean-Vincent Scheil (born 10 June 1858, Kœnigsmacker – died 21 September 1940, Paris) was a French Dominican scholar and Assyriologist.
See Babylonia and Jean-Vincent Scheil
Jehoiakim
Jehoiakim, also sometimes spelled Jehoikim was the eighteenth and antepenultimate King of Judah from 609 to 598 BC.
Jordan
Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.
Kadašman-Buriaš
Kadašman-Buriaš, meaning “my trust is in the (Kassite storm-god) Buriaš,” was the governor of the Babylonian province of Dūr-Kurigalzu possibly late in the reign of Marduk-šāpik-zēri, who ruled ca.
See Babylonia and Kadašman-Buriaš
Kadashman-Enlil I
Kadašman-Enlil I, typically rendered mka-dáš-man-dEN.LÍL in contemporary inscriptions (with the archaic masculine determinative preceding his name), was a Kassite King of Babylon from ca.
See Babylonia and Kadashman-Enlil I
Kadashman-Enlil II
Kadašman-Enlil II, typically rendered dka-dáš-man-dEN.LÍLThe replacement of the masculine determinative m by the divine one d is a distinction of Kassite monarchs after Nazi-Maruttaš.
See Babylonia and Kadashman-Enlil II
Kadashman-Harbe II
Kadašman-Ḫarbe II, inscribed dKa-dáš-man-Ḫar-be, Kad-aš-man-Ḫar-be or variants and meaning I believe in Ḫarbe, the lord of the Kassite pantheon corresponding to Enlil, succeeded Enlil-nādin-šumi, as the 30th Kassite or 3rd dynasty king of Babylon.
See Babylonia and Kadashman-Harbe II
Kadashman-Turgu
Kadašman-Turgu, inscribed Ka-da-aš-ma-an Túr-gu and meaning he believes in Turgu, a Kassite deity, (1281–1264 BC short chronology) was the 24th king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty of Babylon.
See Babylonia and Kadashman-Turgu
Kandalanu
Kandalanu (𒃶𒁕𒆷𒉡|translit.
Kara-hardash
Kara-hardash (Kara-ḫardaš), also rendered Kadashman-Harbe and possibly Karaindash, was a king of Babylon.
See Babylonia and Kara-hardash
Karaindash
Karaindaš was one of the more prominent rulers of the Kassite dynasty and reigned towards the end of the 15th century BC.
Karduniaš
Karduniaš, also transcribed Kurduniash, Karduniash, Karaduniše) is a Kassite term used for the kingdom centered on Babylonia and founded by the Kassite dynasty. It is used in the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence, and is also used frequently in Middle Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian texts to refer to the kingdom of Babylon.
Kashtiliash III
Kaštiliašu III, inscribed phonetically in cuneiform as mKaš-til-ia-šu, is a possible Kassite king of Babylonia in the 15th century BC (Short Chronology).
See Babylonia and Kashtiliash III
Kashtiliash IV
Kaštiliašu IV was the twenty-eighth Kassite king of Babylon and the kingdom contemporarily known as Kar-Duniaš, c. 1232–1225 BC (short chronology).
See Babylonia and Kashtiliash IV
Kassite deities
Kassite deities were the pantheon of the Kassites (Akkadian: Kaššû, from Kassite Galzu), a group inhabiting parts of modern Iraq (mostly historical Babylonia and the Nuzi area), as well as Iran and Syria, in the second and first millennia BCE.
See Babylonia and Kassite deities
Kassites
The Kassites were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire and until (short chronology). Babylonia and Kassites are former empires and former monarchies of Asia.
Kazallu
Kazalla or Kazallu (Ka-zal-luki) is the name given in Akkadian sources to a city in the ancient Near East whose locations is unknown.
Kültepe
Kültepe (Turkish: ash-hill), also known as Kanesh or Nesha, is an archaeological site in Kayseri Province, Turkey, inhabited from the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, in the Early Bronze Age.
Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
The Kingdom of Israel, or the Kingdom of Samaria, was an Israelite kingdom in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age, whose beginnings can be dated back to the first half of the 10th century BCE. Babylonia and kingdom of Israel (Samaria) are former monarchies of Asia.
See Babylonia and Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
Kingdom of Judah
The Kingdom of Judah was an Israelite kingdom of the Southern Levant during the Iron Age. Babylonia and kingdom of Judah are ancient Levant and states and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC.
See Babylonia and Kingdom of Judah
Kirkuk
Kirkuk (كركوك; translit;; Kerkük) is a city in Iraq, serving as the capital of the Kirkuk Governorate, located north of Baghdad.
Kish (Sumer)
Kish (Kiš;; cuneiform: 𒆧𒆠; Kiššatu, near modern Tell al-Uhaymir) is an important archaeological site in Babil Governorate (Iraq), located south of Baghdad and east of the ancient city of Babylon.
See Babylonia and Kish (Sumer)
Kudur-Enlil
Kudur-Enlil, rendered in cuneiform as Ku-dur dEN.LÍL (c. 1254–1246 BC short chronology), "son of Enlil," was the 26th king of the 3rd or Kassite dynasty of Babylon.
Kurigalzu I
Kurigalzu I (died c. 1375 BC), usually inscribed ku-ri-gal-zu but also sometimes with the m or d determinative, the 17th king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty that ruled over Babylon, was responsible for one of the most extensive and widespread building programs for which evidence has survived in Babylonia.
Kurigalzu II
Kurigalzu II (c. 1332–1308 BC short chronology) was the 22nd king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty that ruled over Babylon.
See Babylonia and Kurigalzu II
Labashi-Marduk
Labashi-Marduk (𒆷𒁀𒅆𒀭𒀫𒌓|translit.
See Babylonia and Labashi-Marduk
Lagash
Lagash (cuneiform: LAGAŠKI; Sumerian: Lagaš) was an ancient city state located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, about east of the modern town of Al-Shatrah, Iraq.
Language isolate
A language isolate is a language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with any other languages.
See Babylonia and Language isolate
Larsa
Larsa (𒌓𒀕𒆠|translit.
Late Bronze Age collapse
The Late Bronze Age collapse was a time of widespread societal collapse during the 12th century BC associated with environmental change, mass migration, and the destruction of cities.
See Babylonia and Late Bronze Age collapse
Lathe
A lathe is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, deformation, facing, threading and turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis.
Lead
Lead is a chemical element; it has symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
Lead glass
Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass.
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
Lexicography
Lexicography is the study of lexicons, and is divided into two separate academic disciplines.
See Babylonia and Lexicography
Lingua franca
A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.
See Babylonia and Lingua franca
List of Assyrian kings
The king of Assyria (Akkadian:, later) was the ruler of the ancient Mesopotamian kingdom of Assyria, which was founded in the late 21st century BC and fell in the late 7th century BC.
See Babylonia and List of Assyrian kings
List of kings of Babylon
The king of Babylon (Akkadian:, later also) was the ruler of the ancient Mesopotamian city of Babylon and its kingdom, Babylonia, which existed as an independent realm from the 19th century BC to its fall in the 6th century BC.
See Babylonia and List of kings of Babylon
Logic
Logic is the study of correct reasoning.
Louvre
The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world.
Lower Mesopotamia
Lower Mesopotamia is a historical region of Mesopotamia.
See Babylonia and Lower Mesopotamia
Lullubi
Lullubi, Lulubi (𒇻𒇻𒉈: Lu-lu-bi, 𒇻𒇻𒉈𒆠: Lu-lu-biki "Country of the Lullubi"), more commonly known as Lullu, were a group of Bronze Age tribes during the 3rd millennium BC, from a region known as Lulubum, now the Sharazor plain of the Zagros Mountains of modern-day Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq.
Lyrics
Lyrics are words that make up a song, usually consisting of verses and choruses.
Mandaeans
Mandaeans (المندائيون), also known as Mandaean Sabians (الصابئة المندائيون) or simply as Sabians (الصابئة), are an ethnoreligious group who are followers of Mandaeism.
Mar-biti-apla-usur
Mār-bīti-apla-uṣur, inscribed DUMU-É-A-PAB on contemporary inscriptions on Lorestān bronze arrowheads or dA-É-AxA-ŠEŠ in the Dynastic Chronicle, means “O Marbīti, protect the heir.” Marbīti was a deity associated with Dēr with a sanctuary in Borsippa.
See Babylonia and Mar-biti-apla-usur
Marc Van De Mieroop
Marc Van De Mieroop (born 22 October 1956) is a noted Belgian Assyriologist and Egyptologist who has been full professor of Ancient Near Eastern history at Columbia University since 1996.
See Babylonia and Marc Van De Mieroop
Marduk
Marduk (Cuneiform: ᵈAMAR.UTU; Sumerian: "calf of the sun; solar calf") is a god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of Babylon who eventually rose to power in the First Millennium BC.
Marduk-ahhe-eriba
Marduk-aḫḫē-erība, inscribed in cuneiform contemporarily as mdAMAR.UTU-ŠEŠ-MEŠ-SU, meaning: “Marduk has replaced the brothers for me,” a designation given to younger sons whose older siblings have typically predeceased them, ruled 1042 BC as the 9th king of the 2nd Dynasty of Isin and the 4th Dynasty of Babylon, but only for around 6 months using the date formula: MU 1 ITI 6, which first appears in Kassite times and is open to interpretation.
See Babylonia and Marduk-ahhe-eriba
Marduk-apla-iddina I
Marduk-apla-iddina I, contemporarily written in cuneiform as 𒀭𒀫𒌓𒌉𒍑𒋧𒈾 and meaning in Akkadian: "Marduk has given an heir", was the 34th Kassite king of Babylon 1171–1159 BC (short chronology).
See Babylonia and Marduk-apla-iddina I
Marduk-apla-iddina II
Marduk-apla-iddina II (Akkadian:; in the Bible Merodach-Baladan or Berodach-Baladan, lit. Marduk has given me an heir) was a Chaldean leader from the Bit-Yakin tribe, originally established in the territory that once made the Sealand in southern Babylonia.
See Babylonia and Marduk-apla-iddina II
Marduk-apla-usur
Marduk-apla-uṣur, inscribed dAMAR.UTU-A-ŠE,Dynastic Chronicle (ADD 888) vi 3’-5’.
See Babylonia and Marduk-apla-usur
Marduk-balassu-iqbi
Marduk-balāssu-iqbi, inscribed mdAMAR.UTU-TI-su-iq-biKudurru AO 6684 in the Louvre, published as RA 16 (1919) 126 iv 17.
See Babylonia and Marduk-balassu-iqbi
Marduk-bel-zeri
Marduk-bēl-zēri, inscribed in cuneiform as dAMAR.UTU.EN.NUMUNTablet YBC 11546 in the Yale Babylonian Collection.
See Babylonia and Marduk-bel-zeri
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
Marduk-kabit-aḫḫēšu, "Marduk is the most important among his brothers", 1153–1136 BC, was the founder of the 2nd Dynasty of Isin, which was to rule Babylon until around 1022 BC.
See Babylonia and Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
Marduk-nadin-ahhe
Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē, inscribed mdAMAR.UTU-na-din-MU, reigned 1095–1078 BC, was the sixth king of the Second Dynasty of Isin and the 4th Dynasty of Babylon.
See Babylonia and Marduk-nadin-ahhe
Marduk-shapik-zeri
Marduk-šāpik-zēri, inscribed in cuneiform dAMAR.UTU-DUB-NUMUN or phonetically -ša-pi-ik-ze-ri, and meaning “Marduk (is) the outpourer of seed”, reigned 1077–1065 BC, was the 7th king of the 2nd dynasty of Isin and 4th dynasty of Babylon and he ruled for thirteen years.
See Babylonia and Marduk-shapik-zeri
Marduk-zakir-shumi I
Marduk-zâkir-šumi, inscribed mdAMAR.UTU-za-kir-MU in a reconstruction of two kinglists,Synchronistic Kinglist KAV 10 (VAT 11261) ii 9.
See Babylonia and Marduk-zakir-shumi I
Marduk-zakir-shumi II
Marduk-zâkir-šumi II was a Babylonian nobleman who served briefly as King of Babylon for a few months in 703 BC, following a revolt against the rule of the Assyrian king Sennacherib.
See Babylonia and Marduk-zakir-shumi II
Marduk-zer-X
Marduk-zer-X (ruled 1041–1030 BC) was the 10th and penultimate king of the 2nd Dynasty of Isin, the 4th Dynasty of Babylon.
See Babylonia and Marduk-zer-X
Mari, Syria
Mari (Cuneiform:, ma-riki, modern Tell Hariri; تل حريري) was an ancient Semitic city-state in modern-day Syria. Babylonia and Mari, Syria are ancient Levant.
Mario Liverani
Mario Liverani (born 10 January 1939 in Rome), is an Italian historian and Professor of Ancient Near East History at the University of Rome La Sapienza.
See Babylonia and Mario Liverani
Medes
The Medes (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭; Akkadian: 13px, 13px; Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι; Latin: Medi) were an ancient Iranian people who spoke the Median language and who inhabited an area known as Media between western and northern Iran. Around the 11th century BC, they occupied the mountainous region of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia in the vicinity of Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan).
Median
The median of a set of numbers is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution.
Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx, Dx, or Ds) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.
See Babylonia and Medical diagnosis
Medical prescription
A prescription, often abbreviated or Rx, is a formal communication from a physician or other registered healthcare professional to a pharmacist, authorizing them to dispense a specific prescription drug for a specific patient.
See Babylonia and Medical prescription
Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.
See Babylonia and Mediterranean Sea
Meli-Shipak II
Meli-Šipak II, or alternatively MelišiḫuMe-li-dŠI-ḪU or mMe-li-ŠI-ḪU, where the reading of ḪU is uncertain, -ḫu or -pak.
See Babylonia and Meli-Shipak II
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
Mesopotamia (Roman province)
Mesopotamia was the name of a Roman province, initially a short-lived creation of the Roman emperor Trajan in 116–117 and then re-established by Emperor Septimius Severus in c. 198.
See Babylonia and Mesopotamia (Roman province)
Middle Assyrian Empire
The Middle Assyrian Empire was the third stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of Assyria from the accession of Ashur-uballit I 1363 BC and the rise of Assyria as a territorial kingdom to the death of Ashur-dan II in 912 BC.
See Babylonia and Middle Assyrian Empire
Middle Persian
Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg (Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire.
See Babylonia and Middle Persian
Mitanni
Mitanni (–1260 BC), earlier called Ḫabigalbat in old Babylonian texts,; Hanigalbat or Hani-Rabbat in Assyrian records, or Naharin in Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) with Indo-Aryan linguistic and political influences. Babylonia and Mitanni are former monarchies of Asia and states and territories established in the 17th century BC.
Mithridates I of Parthia
Mithridates I (also spelled Mithradates I or Mihrdad I; 𐭌𐭄𐭓𐭃𐭕 Mihrdāt), also known as Mithridates I the Great, was king of the Parthian Empire from 165 BC to 132 BC.
See Babylonia and Mithridates I of Parthia
Moon
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite.
Mudbrick
Mudbrick or mud-brick, also known as unfired brick, is an air-dried brick, made of a mixture of mud (containing loam, clay, sand and water) mixed with a binding material such as rice husks or straw.
MUL.APIN
MUL.APIN is the conventional title given to a Babylonian compendium that deals with many diverse aspects of Babylonian astronomy and astrology.
Multilingualism
Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers.
See Babylonia and Multilingualism
Mursili I
Mursili I (also known as Mursilis; sometimes transcribed as Murshili) was a king of the Hittites 1620-1590 BC, as per the middle chronology, the most accepted chronology in our times (or alternatively c. 1556–1526 BC, short chronology), and was likely a grandson of his predecessor, Hattusili I.
Muslim conquest of Persia
The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654. Babylonia and Muslim conquest of Persia are history of West Asia.
See Babylonia and Muslim conquest of Persia
Mut-Ashkur
Mut-Ashkur (a Hurrian name) was possibly a king of Assyria, or just Ekallatum, in the 18th century BC.
Nabû-mukin-apli
Nabû-mukin-apli, typically inscribed dAG-DU-A, “Nabû (is) establisher of a legitimate heir,” ruled 974–939 BC, founded Babylon’s 8th dynasty, the so-called Dynasty of E, and ruled for thirty-six years.
See Babylonia and Nabû-mukin-apli
Nabonassar
Nabû-nāṣir was the king of Babylon from 747 to 734 BC.
Nabonidus
Nabonidus (Babylonian cuneiform: Nabû-naʾid, meaning "May Nabu be exalted" or "Nabu is praised") was the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from 556 BC to the fall of Babylon to the Achaemenian Empire under Cyrus the Great in 539 BC.
Nabopolassar
Nabopolassar (𒀭𒉺𒀀𒉽|translit.
See Babylonia and Nabopolassar
Nabu-apla-iddina
Nabû-apla-iddina, inscribed mdNábû-ápla-iddinanaSynchronistic History, tablet K4401a (ABC 21), iii 22–26.
See Babylonia and Nabu-apla-iddina
Nabu-mukin-zeri
Nabû-mukin-zēri, inscribed mdAG-DU-NUMUN, also known as Mukin-zēri,Kinglist A, BM 33332, iv 7.
See Babylonia and Nabu-mukin-zeri
Nabu-nadin-zeri
Nabû-nādin-zēri, inscribed mbû-nādìn-zēri in the King List A,Kinglist A, BM 33332 iv.
See Babylonia and Nabu-nadin-zeri
Nabu-shum-libur
Nabû-šumu-libūr, inscribed dAG.MU-li-burTablet BM 33332 Kinglist A, iii 4'.
See Babylonia and Nabu-shum-libur
Nabu-shuma-ishkun
Nabû-šuma-iškun, inscribed mdun,Kinglist A, BM 33332, iv 2.
See Babylonia and Nabu-shuma-ishkun
Nabu-shuma-ukin I
Nabû-šuma-ukin I, inscribed mdNābû-šuma-ú-kin,Synchronistic King List iii 16 and variant fragments KAV 10 ii 7, KAV 182 iii 10.
See Babylonia and Nabu-shuma-ukin I
Nabu-suma-ukin II
Nabû-šuma-ukîn II, inscribed mNabû-šuma-úkînKinglist A, BM 33332, iv 5.
See Babylonia and Nabu-suma-ukin II
Nazi-Maruttash
Nazi-Maruttaš, typically inscribed Na-zi-Ma-ru-ut-ta-aš or mNa-zi-Múru-taš, Maruttaš (a Kassite god synonymous with Ninurta) protects him, was a Kassite king of Babylon c. 1307–1282 BC (short chronology) and self-proclaimed šar kiššati, or "King of the World", according to the votive inscription pictured.
See Babylonia and Nazi-Maruttash
Near East
The Near East is a transcontinental region around the East Mediterranean encompassing parts of West Asia, the Balkans, and North Africa, specifically the historical Fertile Crescent, the Levant, Anatolia, East Thrace, and Egypt.
Nebuchadnezzar I
Nebuchadnezzar I, reigned 1121–1100 BC, was the fourth king of the Second Dynasty of Isin and Fourth Dynasty of Babylon.
See Babylonia and Nebuchadnezzar I
Nebuchadnezzar II
Nebuchadnezzar II (Babylonian cuneiform: Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, meaning "Nabu, watch over my heir"; Biblical Hebrew: Nəḇūḵaḏneʾṣṣar), also spelled Nebuchadrezzar II, was the second king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from the death of his father Nabopolassar in 605 BC to his own death in 562 BC.
See Babylonia and Nebuchadnezzar II
Nebuchadnezzar III
Nebuchadnezzar III (Babylonian cuneiform: Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, meaning "Nabu, watch over my heir", Old Persian: Nabukudracara), alternatively spelled Nebuchadrezzar III and also known by his original name Nidintu-Bêl (Old Persian: Naditabaira or Naditabira), was a rebel king of Babylon in late 522 BC who attempted to restore Babylonia as an independent kingdom and end the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire in Mesopotamia.
See Babylonia and Nebuchadnezzar III
Nebuchadnezzar IV
Nebuchadnezzar IV (Babylonian cuneiform: Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, meaning "Nabu, watch over my heir"; 𐎴𐎲𐎢𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎨𐎼), alternatively spelled Nebuchadrezzar IV and also known by his original name Arakha (𐎠𐎼𐎧), was a nobleman of Urartu's Satrapy of Armenia who in 521 BCE seized power in Babylon, becoming the city's king and leading a revolt against the Persian Achaemenid Empire.
See Babylonia and Nebuchadnezzar IV
Necho II
Necho II (sometimes Nekau, Neku, Nechoh, or Nikuu; Greek: Νεκώς Β') of Egypt was a king of the 26th Dynasty (610–595 BC), which ruled from Sais.
Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history. Babylonia and Neo-Assyrian Empire are 2nd-millennium BC establishments, ancient Levant and history of West Asia.
See Babylonia and Neo-Assyrian Empire
Nergal-ushezib
Nergal-ushezib, originally Shuzub, was a Babylonian nobleman who was installed as King of Babylon by the Elamites in 694 BC, after their capture of Babylon and deposition and murder of the previous king Ashur-nadin-shumi, son of King Sennacherib of Assyria.
See Babylonia and Nergal-ushezib
Neriglissar
Neriglissar (Babylonian cuneiform: Nergal-šar-uṣur or Nergal-šarra-uṣur, meaning "Nergal, protect the king") was the fourth king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from his usurpation of the throne in 560 BC to his death in 556 BC.
New Testament
The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.
See Babylonia and New Testament
Nimrud
Nimrud (ܢܢܡܪܕ النمرود) is an ancient Assyrian city (original Assyrian name Kalḫu, biblical name Calah) located in Iraq, south of the city of Mosul, and south of the village of Selamiyah (السلامية), in the Nineveh Plains in Upper Mesopotamia.
Nineveh
Nineveh (𒌷𒉌𒉡𒀀, URUNI.NU.A, Ninua; נִינְוֵה, Nīnəwē; نَيْنَوَىٰ, Naynawā; ܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ, Nīnwē), also known in early modern times as Kouyunjik, was an ancient Assyrian city of Upper Mesopotamia, located in the modern-day city of Mosul in northern Iraq.
Ninurta-apla-X
Ninurta-apla-X was a 9th/8th century BC king of Babylon during the period of mixed dynasties known as the dynasty of E. The name as currently given is based upon a 1920s reading that is no longer supported by direct evidence as the document from which it was derived is now too badly damaged to discern the characters proposed.
See Babylonia and Ninurta-apla-X
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur II, a name meaning “O Ninurta, protect my offspring”, inscribed in cuneiform as mdMAŠ-NÍG.DU-PAP,Synchronistic King List fragments VAT 11261 (KAV 10) ii 4’ and VAT 11261 (KAV 182) iii 7’.
See Babylonia and Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
Ninurta-nadin-shumi
Ninurta-nādin-šumi, inscribed mdMAŠ-na-din-MUBabylonian King List C, 3.
See Babylonia and Ninurta-nadin-shumi
Nippur
Nippur (Sumerian: Nibru, often logographically recorded as, EN.LÍLKI, "Enlil City;"I. E. S. Edwards, C. J. Gadd, N. G. L. Hammond, The Cambridge Ancient History: Prolegomena & Prehistory: Vol. 1, Part 1, Cambridge University Press, 1970 Akkadian: Nibbur) was an ancient Sumerian city.
Nisroch
Nisroch (Νεσεραχ; Nesroch) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, a god of Assyria in whose temple King Sennacherib was worshiping when he was assassinated by his sons Adrammelech and Sharezer. The name is most likely a scribal error for "Nimrod".
North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.
See Babylonia and North Africa
Northwest Semitic languages
Northwest Semitic is a division of the Semitic languages comprising the indigenous languages of the Levant.
See Babylonia and Northwest Semitic languages
Nubia
Nubia (Nobiin: Nobīn) is a region along the Nile river encompassing the area between the first cataract of the Nile (south of Aswan in southern Egypt) and the confluence of the Blue and White Niles (in Khartoum in central Sudan), or more strictly, Al Dabbah.
Nuzi
Nuzi (Hurrian Nuzi/Nuzu; Akkadian Gasur; modern Yorghan Tepe, Iraq) was an ancient Mesopotamian city southwest of the city of Arrapha (modern Kirkuk), located near the Tigris river.
Observation
Observation in the natural sciences is an act or instance of noticing or perceiving and the acquisition of information from a primary source.
Old Assyrian period
The Old Assyrian period was the second stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of the city of Assur from its rise as an independent city-state under Ushpia 2080 BC, and consolidated under Puzur-Ashur I 2025 BC to the foundation of a larger Assyrian territorial state and empire after the accession of Ashur-uballit I 1363 BC, which marks the beginning of the succeeding Middle Assyrian period.
See Babylonia and Old Assyrian period
Old Babylonian Empire
The Old Babylonian Empire, or First Babylonian Empire, is dated to, and comes after the end of Sumerian power with the destruction of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the subsequent Isin-Larsa period. Babylonia and Old Babylonian Empire are former empires and states and territories established in the 19th century BC.
See Babylonia and Old Babylonian Empire
Opis
Opis (Akkadian Upî or Upija/Upiya; Ὦπις) was an ancient Near East city near the Tigris, not far from modern Baghdad.
Osroene
Osroene or Osrhoene (Ὀσροηνή) was an ancient region and state in Upper Mesopotamia. Babylonia and Osroene are ancient Levant.
Otto E. Neugebauer
Otto Eduard Neugebauer (May 26, 1899 – February 19, 1990) was an Austrian-American mathematician and historian of science who became known for his research on the history of astronomy and the other exact sciences as they were practiced in antiquity and the Middle Ages.
See Babylonia and Otto E. Neugebauer
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Babylonia and Oxford University Press
Parthia
Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran. Babylonia and Parthia are Achaemenid satrapies.
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD. Babylonia and Parthian Empire are former empires and history of West Asia.
See Babylonia and Parthian Empire
Patient
A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals.
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.
See Babylonia and Persian Gulf
Persians
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.
Philosophy
Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.
Philosophy of science
Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.
See Babylonia and Philosophy of science
Phoenicia
Phoenicia, or Phœnicia, was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. Babylonia and Phoenicia are ancient Levant, history of West Asia and states and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC.
Phrygians
The Phrygians (Greek: Φρύγες, Phruges or Phryges) were an ancient Indo-European speaking people who inhabited central-western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) in antiquity.
Physical examination
In a physical examination, medical examination, clinical examination, or medical checkup, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition.
See Babylonia and Physical examination
Pilaster
In architecture, a pilaster is both a load-bearing section of thickened wall or column integrated into a wall, and a purely decorative element in classical architecture which gives the appearance of a supporting column and articulates an extent of wall.
Plato
Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.
Plutarch
Plutarch (Πλούταρχος, Ploútarchos;; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi.
Prognosis
Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing";: prognoses) is a medical term for predicting the likelihood or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).
Prose
Prose is the form of written language (including written speech or dialogue) that follows the natural flow of speech, a language's ordinary grammatical structures, or typical writing conventions and formatting.
Proto-Indo-Europeans
The Proto-Indo-Europeans are a hypothetical prehistoric ethnolinguistic group of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.
See Babylonia and Proto-Indo-Europeans
Proverb
A proverb (from proverbium) or an adage is a simple, traditional saying that expresses a perceived truth based on common sense or experience.
PubMed
PubMed is a free database including primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics.
Puzur-Ashur III
Puzur-Ashur III was the king of Assyria from 1521 BC to 1498 BC.
See Babylonia and Puzur-Ashur III
Puzur-Sin
Puzur-Sin was an Assyrian king in the 18th century BC, during the Old Assyrian period.
Pythagorean theorem
In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras' theorem is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry between the three sides of a right triangle.
See Babylonia and Pythagorean theorem
Rapiqum
Rapiqum (also Rapiku and Rapiqu), ra-bi-qa-wiKI, was a city of the ancient Near East. Babylonia and Rapiqum are 2nd-millennium BC establishments.
Rationality
Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reason.
Reason
Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.
Relief
Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material.
Rock (geology)
In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter.
See Babylonia and Rock (geology)
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome. Babylonia and Roman Empire are former empires.
See Babylonia and Roman Empire
Sabium
Sabium (also Sabum) was an Amorite King in the First Dynasty of Babylon, the Amorite Dynasty.
Sagartians
The Sagartians (Sagartii; Σαγάρτιοι Sagártioi; Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎥𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 Asagartiya "Sagartian"; Elamite: 𒀾𒐼𒋼𒀀𒋾𒅀 Aš-šá-kar-ti-ia, Babylonian: 𒆳𒊓𒂵𒅈𒋫𒀀𒀀 KURSa-ga-ar-ta-a-a) were an ancient Iranian tribe, dwelling in the Iranian plateau.
Samaria
Samaria is the Hellenized form of the Hebrew name Shomron (translit), used as a historical and biblical name for the central region of Israel, bordered by Judea to the south and Galilee to the north.
Samsu-Ditana
Samsu-ditāna, inscribed phonetically in cuneiform sa-am-su-di-ta-na in the seals of his servants, the 11th and last king of the Amorite or First Dynasty of Babylon, reigned for 31 years,BM 33332 Babylonian King List A i 2.
See Babylonia and Samsu-Ditana
Samsu-iluna
Samsu-iluna (Amorite: Shamshu-iluna, "The Sun (is) our god") (–1712 BC) was the seventh king of the founding Amorite dynasty of Babylon.
Sargon I
Sargon I (also transcribed as Šarru-kīn I and Sharru-ken I) was the king (Išši’ak Aššur, "Steward of Assur") during the Old Assyrian period from 1920 BC to 1881 BC.
Sargon II
Sargon II (𒈗𒁺|translit.
Sarpanit
Zarpanitu (also romanized as Ṣarpānītu) was a Mesopotamian goddess regarded as the spouse of Marduk.
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries. Babylonia and Sasanian Empire are former empires.
See Babylonia and Sasanian Empire
Satrap
A satrap was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires.
Sîn-šumu-līšir
Sîn-šumu-līšir or Sîn-šumu-lēšir (𒀭𒌍𒈬𒋛𒁲|translit.
See Babylonia and Sîn-šumu-līšir
Sîn-lēqi-unninni
Sîn-lēqi-unninni (𒁹𒀭𒌍𒋾𒀀𒅆) was a mašmaššu who lived in Mesopotamia, probably in the period between 1300 BC and 1000 BC.
See Babylonia and Sîn-lēqi-unninni
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
See Babylonia and Scientific Revolution
Scythians
The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.
Seleucia
Seleucia (Σελεύκεια), also known as or or Seleucia ad Tigrim, was a major Mesopotamian city, located on the west bank of the Tigris River within the present-day Baghdad Governorate in Iraq.
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period. Babylonia and Seleucid Empire are former empires.
See Babylonia and Seleucid Empire
Seleucus of Seleucia
Seleucus of Seleucia (Σέλευκος Seleukos; born c. 190 BC; fl. c. 150 BC) was a Hellenistic astronomer and philosopher.
See Babylonia and Seleucus of Seleucia
Semiramis
Semiramis (ܫܲܡܝܼܪܵܡ Šammīrām, Շամիրամ Šamiram, Σεμίραμις, سميراميس Samīrāmīs) was the legendary Lydian-Babylonian wife of Onnes and of Ninus, who succeeded the latter on the throne of Assyria, according to Movses Khorenatsi.
Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
See Babylonia and Semitic languages
Sennacherib
Sennacherib (𒀭𒌍𒉽𒈨𒌍𒋢|translit.
Sexagesimal
Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, is a numeral system with sixty as its base.
Shagarakti-Shuriash
Šagarakti-Šuriaš, written phonetically ša-ga-ra-ak-ti-šur-ia-aš or dša-garak-ti-šu-ri-ia-aš in cuneiform or in a variety of other forms, Šuriaš (a Kassite sun god corresponding to Babylonian Šamaš) gives me life, (1245–1233 BC short chronology) was the twenty seventh king of the Third or Kassite dynasty of Babylon.
See Babylonia and Shagarakti-Shuriash
Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III (Šulmānu-ašarēdu, "the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent") was king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Ashurnasirpal II in 859 BC to his own death in 824 BC.
See Babylonia and Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser IV
Shalmaneser IV (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform:, meaning "Salmānu is foremost") was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 783 BC to his death in 773 BC.
See Babylonia and Shalmaneser IV
Shalmaneser V
Shalmaneser V (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: 17px, meaning "Salmānu is foremost"; Biblical Hebrew: שַׁלְמַנְאֶסֶר) was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Tiglath-Pileser III in 727 BC to his deposition and death in 722 BC.
See Babylonia and Shalmaneser V
Shamash-mudammiq
Šamaš-mudammiq, inscribed mdŠamaš-mumudammiq (mdUTU-mu-SIG5),Synchronistic King List fragment, KAV 182, Ass 13956dh, iii 9.
See Babylonia and Shamash-mudammiq
Shammuramat
Shammuramat (Akkadian: Sammu-rāmat or Sammu-ramāt), also known as Sammuramat or Shamiram and Semiramis, was a powerful queen of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Shamshi-Adad I
Shamshi-Adad (Šamši-Adad; Amorite: Shamshi-Addu), ruled 1808–1776 BC, was an Amorite warlord and conqueror who had conquered lands across much of Syria, Anatolia, and Upper Mesopotamia.
See Babylonia and Shamshi-Adad I
Shamshi-Adad V
Shamshi-Adad V (Šamši-Adad) was the King of Assyria from 824 to 811 BC.
See Babylonia and Shamshi-Adad V
Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle.
See Babylonia and Sherlock Holmes
Shuqamuna and Shumaliya
Šuqamuna (dšu-qa-mu-na) and Šumaliya (dšu-ma-li-ia) were a pair of deities introduced to Mesopotamia during the Kassite dynasty of Babylonia.
See Babylonia and Shuqamuna and Shumaliya
Shutruk-Nakhunte
Shutruk-Nakhunte (sometimes Nahhunte) was king of Elam from about 1184 to 1155 BC (middle chronology), and the second king of the Shutrukid Dynasty.
See Babylonia and Shutruk-Nakhunte
Sidon
Sidon or Saida (Ṣaydā) is the third-largest city in Lebanon.
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud (born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it.
See Babylonia and Sigmund Freud
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition.
See Babylonia and Signs and symptoms
Simbar-shipak
Simbar-Šipak, or perhaps Simbar-Šiḫu,Earlier readings render his name as Simmash-Shipak.
See Babylonia and Simbar-shipak
Sin
In a religious context, sin is a transgression against divine law or a law of the deities.
Sin-Muballit
Sin-Muballit was the father of Hammurabi and the fifth Amorite king of the first dynasty (the Amorite Dynasty) of Babylonia, reigning c. 1813-1792 or 1748-1729 BC (see Chronology of the Ancient Near East).
See Babylonia and Sin-Muballit
Sinai Peninsula
The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai (سِينَاء; سينا; Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia.
See Babylonia and Sinai Peninsula
Sinsharishkun
Sîn-šar-iškun (𒁹𒀭𒌍𒌋𒌋𒃻𒌦|translit.
See Babylonia and Sinsharishkun
Sippar
Sippar (Sumerian:, Zimbir) was an ancient Near Eastern Sumerian and later Babylonian city on the east bank of the Euphrates river.
Socrates
Socrates (– 399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and as among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought.
Socratic method
The Socratic method (also known as method of Elenchus or Socratic debate) is a form of argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions.
See Babylonia and Socratic method
Sophist
A sophist (sophistēs) was a teacher in ancient Greece in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE.
Sprachbund
A sprachbund (Sprachbund, lit. "language federation"), also known as a linguistic area, area of linguistic convergence, or diffusion area, is a group of languages that share areal features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact.
Spread of Islam
The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years.
See Babylonia and Spread of Islam
Square root of 2
The square root of 2 (approximately 1.4142) is a real number that, when multiplied by itself or squared, equals the number 2.
See Babylonia and Square root of 2
State (polity)
A state is a political entity that regulates society and the population within a territory.
See Babylonia and State (polity)
Statue of Marduk
The Statue of Marduk, also known as the Statue of Bêl (Bêl, meaning "lord", being a common designation for Marduk), was the physical representation of the god Marduk, the patron deity of the ancient city of Babylon, traditionally housed in the city's main temple, the Esagila.
See Babylonia and Statue of Marduk
Statues of Gudea
Approximately twenty-seven statues of Gudea have been found in southern Mesopotamia.
See Babylonia and Statues of Gudea
Stele
A stele,From Greek στήλη, stēlē, plural στήλαι stēlai; the plural in English is sometimes stelai based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes stelae or stelæ based on the inflection of Greek nouns in Latin, and sometimes anglicized to steles.) or occasionally stela (stelas or stelæ) when derived from Latin, is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the ancient world as a monument.
Sumer
Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.
Sumerian language
Sumerian (Also written 𒅴𒄀 eme-gi.ePSD2 entry for emegir.|'native language'|) was the language of ancient Sumer.
See Babylonia and Sumerian language
Sumu-abum
Sumu-Abum (also Su-abu) was an Amorite, and the first King of the First Dynasty of Babylon (the Amorite Dynasty).
Sumu-la-El
Sumu-la-El (also Sumulael or Sumu-la-ilu) was a King in the First Dynasty of Babylon.
Sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.
Susa
Susa (Middle translit; Middle and Neo-translit; Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid translit; Achaemenid translit; شوش; שׁוּשָׁן; Σοῦσα; ܫܘܫ; 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 or 𐭱𐭥𐭮; 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠) was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran.
Suteans
The Suteans (Akkadian: Sutī’ū, possibly from Amorite: Šetī’u) were a nomadic Semitic people who lived throughout the Levant, Canaan and Mesopotamia, specifically in the region of Suhum, during the Old Babylonian period. Babylonia and Suteans are ancient Levant.
Syllabary
In the linguistic study of written languages, a syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent the syllables or (more frequently) moras which make up words.
Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
Syro-Hittite states
The states called Neo-Hittite, Syro-Hittite (in older literature), or Luwian-Aramean (in modern scholarly works) were Luwian and Aramean regional polities of the Iron Age, situated in southeastern parts of modern Turkey and northwestern parts of modern Syria, known in ancient times as lands of Hatti and Aram. Babylonia and Syro-Hittite states are ancient Levant.
See Babylonia and Syro-Hittite states
Tablet (pharmacy)
A tablet (also known as a pill) is a pharmaceutical oral dosage form (oral solid dosage, or OSD) or solid unit dosage form.
See Babylonia and Tablet (pharmacy)
Tammuz (Babylonian calendar)
Tammuz was a month in the Babylonian calendar, named for one of the main Babylonian gods, Tammuz (Sumerian: Dumuzid, "son of life").
See Babylonia and Tammuz (Babylonian calendar)
Telepinu Proclamation
Telipinu (or Telepinu) Proclamation is a Hittite edict, written during the reign of King Telipinu, c. 1525-1500 BCE.
See Babylonia and Telepinu Proclamation
Tell Halaf
Tell Halaf (تل حلف) is an archaeological site in the Al Hasakah governorate of northeastern Syria, a few kilometers from the city of Ras al-Ayn near the Syria–Turkey border.
Tell Sheikh Hamad
Tell Sheikh Hamad (تل الشيخ حمد), also Dur-Katlimmu, is an archeological site in eastern Syria on the lower Khabur River,.
See Babylonia and Tell Sheikh Hamad
Terracotta
Terracotta, also known as terra cotta or terra-cotta, is a clay-based non-vitreous ceramicOED, "Terracotta";, MFA Boston, "Cameo" database fired at relatively low temperatures.
Thales of Miletus
Thales of Miletus (Θαλῆς) was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus in Ionia, Asia Minor.
See Babylonia and Thales of Miletus
The Cambridge Ancient History
The Cambridge Ancient History is a multi-volume work of ancient history from Prehistory to Late Antiquity, published by Cambridge University Press.
See Babylonia and The Cambridge Ancient History
Theophilus Pinches
Theophilus Goldridge Pinches M.R.A.S. (1856 – 6 June 1934 Muswell Hill, London), was a pioneer British assyriologist.
See Babylonia and Theophilus Pinches
Therapy
A therapy or medical treatment is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a medical diagnosis.
Third Dynasty of Ur
The Third Dynasty of Ur, also called the Neo-Sumerian Empire, refers to a 22nd to 21st century BC (middle chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state which some historians consider to have been a nascent empire.
See Babylonia and Third Dynasty of Ur
Thutmose III
Thutmose III (variously also spelt Tuthmosis or Thothmes), sometimes called Thutmose the Great, was the sixth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty.
See Babylonia and Thutmose III
Tiglath-Pileser I
Tiglath-Pileser I (from the Hebraic form of 𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒈗𒊏|translit.
See Babylonia and Tiglath-Pileser I
Tiglath-Pileser III
Tiglath-Pileser III (𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒈗𒊏|translit.
See Babylonia and Tiglath-Pileser III
Tile
Tiles are usually thin, square or rectangular coverings manufactured from hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, baked clay, or even glass.
Timeline of ancient Assyria
The timeline of ancient Assyria can be broken down into three main eras: the Old Assyrian period, Middle Assyrian Empire, and Neo-Assyrian Empire.
See Babylonia and Timeline of ancient Assyria
Tower of Babel
The Tower of Babel is an origin myth and parable in the Book of Genesis meant to explain why the world's peoples speak different languages.
See Babylonia and Tower of Babel
Trajan
Trajan (born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, adopted name Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 53) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.
Trevor R. Bryce
Trevor Robert Bryce (born 1940) is an Australian Hittitologist specializing in ancient and classical Near-eastern history.
See Babylonia and Trevor R. Bryce
Tukulti-Ninurta I
Tukulti-Ninurta I (meaning: "my trust is in Ninurta"; reigned 1243–1207 BC) was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire.
See Babylonia and Tukulti-Ninurta I
Tukulti-Ninurta II
Tukulti-Ninurta II (meaning: "my trust is in Ninurta") was King of Assyria from 890 BCE to 884 BCE.
See Babylonia and Tukulti-Ninurta II
Turukkaeans
The Turukkaeans were a Bronze and Iron Age people of Zagros Mountains.
Tushhan
Tushhan (alternatively spelled as Tushan or Tušḫan) was a Neo-Assyrian provincial capital in the upper Tigris region.
Tyre, Lebanon
Tyre (translit; translit; Týros) or Tyr, Sur, or Sour is a city in Lebanon, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, though in medieval times for some centuries by just a small population. Babylonia and Tyre, Lebanon are states and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC.
See Babylonia and Tyre, Lebanon
Ulamburiash
Ulam-Buriaš, contemporarily inscribed as Ú-la-Bu-ra-ra-ia-ašMace head VA Bab.
Umma
Umma (𒄑𒆵𒆠; in modern Dhi Qar Province in Iraq, was an ancient city in Sumer. There is some scholarly debate about the Sumerian and Akkadian names for this site. Traditionally, Umma was identified with Tell Jokha. More recently it has been suggested that it was located at Umm al-Aqarib, less than to its northwest or was even the name of both cities.
Universe
The universe is all of space and time and their contents.
University of Georgia
The University of Georgia (UGA or Georgia) is a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Athens, Georgia, United States.
See Babylonia and University of Georgia
Upper Mesopotamia
Upper Mesopotamia constitutes the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East.
See Babylonia and Upper Mesopotamia
Ur
Ur was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar (mound of bitumen) in Dhi Qar Governorate, southern Iraq.
See Babylonia and Ur
Urartu
Urartu (Ուրարտու; Assyrian:,Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament (1885), p. 65. Babylonian: Urashtu, אֲרָרָט Ararat) was an Iron Age kingdom centered around Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands. Babylonia and Urartu are states and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC.
Uruk
Uruk, known today as Warka, was an ancient city in the Near East, located east of the current bed of the Euphrates River, on an ancient, now-dried channel of the river.
Water clock
A water clock or clepsydra is a timepiece by which time is measured by the regulated flow of liquid into (inflow type) or out from (outflow type) a vessel, and where the amount of liquid can then be measured.
West Asia
West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.
West Semitic languages
The West Semitic languages are a proposed major sub-grouping of ancient Semitic languages.
See Babylonia and West Semitic languages
Western Europe
Western Europe is the western region of Europe.
See Babylonia and Western Europe
Whore of Babylon
Babylon the Great, commonly known as the Whore of Babylon, refers to both a symbolic female figure and a place of evil as mentioned in the Book of Revelation of the New Testament.
See Babylonia and Whore of Babylon
Wisdom literature
Wisdom literature is a genre of literature common in the ancient Near East.
See Babylonia and Wisdom literature
Yamhad
Yamhad (Yamḫad) was an ancient Semitic-speaking kingdom centered on Ḥalab (Aleppo) in Syria. Babylonia and Yamhad are 2nd-millennium BC establishments and states and territories established in the 19th century BC.
YBC 7289
YBC 7289 is a Babylonian clay tablet notable for containing an accurate sexagesimal approximation to the square root of 2, the length of the diagonal of a unit square.
Zababa-shuma-iddin
Zababa-šuma-iddinaWritten as mdZa-ba4-ba4-MU-AŠ.
See Babylonia and Zababa-shuma-iddin
Zagros Mountains
The Zagros Mountains (Kuh hā-ye Zāgros; translit; translit;; Luri: Kûya Zagrus کویا زاگرس or کوه یل زاگرس) are a long mountain range in Iran, northern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey.
See Babylonia and Zagros Mountains
Zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
Zodiac
The zodiac is a belt-shaped region of the sky that extends approximately 8° north and south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year.
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.
See Babylonia and Zoroastrianism
2nd century BC
The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC.
See Babylonia and 2nd century BC
2nd millennium BC
The 2nd millennium BC spanned the years 2000 BC to 1001 BC.
See Babylonia and 2nd millennium BC
3rd century
The 3rd century was the period from AD 201 (represented by the Roman numerals CCI) to AD 300 (CCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar.
See also
2nd-millennium BC establishments
- Ain Dara (archaeological site)
- Arkadiko Bridge
- Atlantic Bronze Age
- Babylonia
- Bizerte
- Breeny More Stone Circle
- Bregenz
- Fenghao
- Germanic peoples
- Grave Circle A, Mycenae
- Holzbrücke Rapperswil-Hurden
- Iron Age
- Kabul
- Karim Shahi
- Lacobriga
- Lisbon
- Maya civilization
- Mumun pottery period
- Neo-Assyrian Empire
- Nordic Bronze Age
- Rapiqum
- Royal Palace of Mari
- Tlatilco
- Urnfield culture
- Vedic Sanskrit
- Xinglonggou
- Yamhad
Achaemenid satrapies
- Achaemenid Arabia
- Achaemenid Assyria
- Achaemenid Egypt
- Arachosia
- Aria (region)
- Babylonia
- Bactria (satrapy)
- Cappadocia (satrapy)
- Carmania (region)
- Chorasmia (satrapy)
- Cilicia
- District XVII (satrapy)
- Drangiana
- Eber-Nari
- Gandhara
- Gandāra
- Gedrosia (satrapy)
- Hindush
- Hyrcania
- Ionia (satrapy)
- Kush (satrapy)
- Libya (satrapy)
- Lydia (satrapy)
- Maka (satrapy)
- Media (region)
- Paropamisadae
- Parthia
- Satrapy of Armenia
- Sattagydia
- Skudra
- Sogdia
- Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
- Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
- Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
- Yehud Medinata
Ancient Levant
- 'En Esur
- 92 BC Levant earthquake
- Ahlamu
- Akkadian Empire
- Alalakh
- Amorites
- Ancient Israel and Judah
- Ancient Lebanon
- Ancient Syria
- Ancient synagogues in Palestine
- Arabia Petraea
- Arameans
- Archaeological sites in Israel
- Assyria
- Babylonia
- Canaan
- Ebla
- Edom
- Execration texts
- Ghassulian
- History of the ancient Levant
- King's Highway (ancient)
- Kingdom of Judah
- Levantine mythology
- Mari, Syria
- Names of the Levant
- Neo-Assyrian Empire
- Osroene
- Palmyrene Empire
- Phoenicia
- Phoenician settlement of North Africa
- Pompeian era
- Qatna
- Roman Syria
- Sea Peoples
- Shasu
- Shutu
- Suteans
- Syrian Wars
- Syro-Hittite states
- Temple in antis
- Ugarit
- ʿApiru
History of West Asia
- A History of Babylonia and Assyria
- Abbasid Caliphate
- Achaemenid Empire
- Ancient Mesopotamia at the Dawn of Civilization
- Ancient Near East
- Ancient regions of Anatolia
- Arab conquest of Mesopotamia
- Babylonia
- Fall of the Sasanian Empire
- Galatia
- Greater Khorasan
- History of Anatolia
- History of Armenia
- History of Azerbaijan
- History of Cyprus
- History of Iran
- History of Kurdistan
- History of Turkey
- History of the Caspian Sea
- History of the Caucasus
- History of the Middle East
- Klarjeti
- Late antiquity
- Military conquests of Umar's era
- Muslim conquest of Persia
- Neo-Assyrian Empire
- Ottoman–Persian Wars
- Parthian Empire
- Phoenicia
- Qizilbash
- Roman–Persian Wars
- Saffarid dynasty
- Subartu
- Tao (historical region)
- Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire
- Timeline of cultivation and domestication in South and West Asia
States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC
- Aeolis
- Babylonia
- Caria
- Chaldea
- Chao (state)
- Doric Hexapolis
- Elam
- Hallstatt culture
- Hurrians
- Ionia
- Kingdom of Judah
- Lycia
- Lydia
- Median kingdom
- Neo-Babylonian Empire
- Phoenicia
- Roman Kingdom
- Subartu
- Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
- Tyre, Lebanon
- Urartu
- Xu (state)
States and territories established in the 17th century BC
- Abydos Dynasty
- Babylonia
- Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
- Hittites
- Mitanni
- Mycenaean Greece
- Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
States and territories established in the 19th century BC
References
Also known as Achaemenid Babylonia, Ancient Babylonia, Ancient Babylonians, Babylon Empire, Babylon civilization, Babylonia (Persian province), Babylonia history, Babylonian Empire, Babylonian Medicine, Babylonian philosophy, Babylonians, Leb Kamai, Persian Babylonia, Sack of Babylon, Sumer and Akkad, Sumeri u Akkadi, Sumero-Akkadian, The Babylonian Empire.
, Ashur (god), Ashur-bel-kala, Ashur-bel-nisheshu, Ashur-dan I, Ashur-nirari IV, Ashur-nirari V, Ashur-resh-ishi I, Ashur-uballit I, Ashur-uballit II, Ashurbanipal, Ashurnasirpal II, Asoristan, Assur, Assyria, Assyria (Roman province), Assyrian continuity, Assyrian people, Assyriology, Astrolabe, Astrology, Astronomy, Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world, Astyages, Austen Henry Layard, Awal, Axiom, Šamaš-šuma-ukin, Šuppiluliuma I, Baba-aha-iddina, Babylon, Babylonian captivity, Babylonian Chronicles, Babylonian cuneiform numerals, Babylonian law, Babylonian religion, Bahrain, Balawat, Balkans, Bandage, Bel-bani, Belshazzar, Berossus, Beth Garmai, Bible, Black Sea, Borsippa, Brill Publishers, Burna-Buriash II, Burnaburiash I, Buttress, Byzantine Empire, Cambyses II, Canaan, Carchemish, Carlo Ginzburg, Caspian Sea, Caucasus, Central Asia, Chaldea, Charles Sanders Peirce, Chronicle of Early Kings, Chronology of the ancient Near East, Cimmerians, City-state, Civil war, Clay, Code of Hammurabi, Consistency, Cream (pharmacy), Cultural area, Cuneiform, Curse, Cyaxares, Cyprus, Cyrus the Great, Damascus, Darius the Great, Der (Sumer), Dialectic, Dialogue, Dialogue of Pessimism, Digital object identifier, Dilmun, Disease, Divisor, Diyala River, DjVu, Duhok, Dur-Kurigalzu, Dur-Sharrukin, Early Kassite rulers, Earth's rotation, East Semitic languages, East Syriac Rite, Eastern Aramaic languages, Ecbatana, Eclipse, Egypt, Egyptian chronology, Ekallatum, Elam, Elamite language, Empiricism, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Enlil, Enlil-kudurri-usur, Enlil-nadin-apli, Enlil-nadin-shumi, Enuma Anu Enlil, Epic of Gilgamesh, Epic poetry, Epilepsy, Equator, Erbil, Eriba-Marduk, Eridu, Erishum I, Esagil-kin-apli, Esagila, Esarhaddon, Eshnunna, Ethics, Etiology, Exorcism, Fall of Babylon, First Epistle of Peter, First Sealand dynasty, Floruit, Folklore, Fresco, George Sarton, Gilgamesh, Giovanni Morelli, Gnomon, Gobryas (general), Gold, Greek mathematics, Gutian people, Hamazi, Hammurabi, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Harran, Hatra, Hattians, Hattusa, Hebrew Bible, Heliacal rising, Heliocentrism, Hellenistic philosophy, Hellenistic religion, Heraclitus, Hippocratic Corpus, History of astronomy, History of Iran, Hit, Iraq, Hittites, Hurrians, Hurro-Urartian languages, Hyksos, Hymn, Ikunum, Ilu-shuma, Inanna, Indo-European languages, Intercalation (timekeeping), Ionian school (philosophy), Iran, Iranian peoples, Iraq, Ishme-Dagan I, Isin, Israelites, Itti-Marduk-balatu, Jacques de Morgan, Jean-Vincent Scheil, Jehoiakim, Jordan, Kadašman-Buriaš, Kadashman-Enlil I, Kadashman-Enlil II, Kadashman-Harbe II, Kadashman-Turgu, Kandalanu, Kara-hardash, Karaindash, Karduniaš, Kashtiliash III, Kashtiliash IV, Kassite deities, Kassites, Kazallu, Kültepe, Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), Kingdom of Judah, Kirkuk, Kish (Sumer), Kudur-Enlil, Kurigalzu I, Kurigalzu II, Labashi-Marduk, Lagash, Language isolate, Larsa, Late Bronze Age collapse, Lathe, Lead, Lead glass, Levant, Lexicography, Lingua franca, List of Assyrian kings, List of kings of Babylon, Logic, Louvre, Lower Mesopotamia, Lullubi, Lyrics, Mandaeans, Mar-biti-apla-usur, Marc Van De Mieroop, Marduk, Marduk-ahhe-eriba, Marduk-apla-iddina I, Marduk-apla-iddina II, Marduk-apla-usur, Marduk-balassu-iqbi, Marduk-bel-zeri, Marduk-kabit-ahheshu, Marduk-nadin-ahhe, Marduk-shapik-zeri, Marduk-zakir-shumi I, Marduk-zakir-shumi II, Marduk-zer-X, Mari, Syria, Mario Liverani, Medes, Median, Medical diagnosis, Medical prescription, Medicine, Mediterranean Sea, Meli-Shipak II, Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia (Roman province), Middle Assyrian Empire, Middle Persian, Mitanni, Mithridates I of Parthia, Moon, Mudbrick, MUL.APIN, Multilingualism, Mursili I, Muslim conquest of Persia, Mut-Ashkur, Nabû-mukin-apli, Nabonassar, Nabonidus, Nabopolassar, Nabu-apla-iddina, Nabu-mukin-zeri, Nabu-nadin-zeri, Nabu-shum-libur, Nabu-shuma-ishkun, Nabu-shuma-ukin I, Nabu-suma-ukin II, Nazi-Maruttash, Near East, Nebuchadnezzar I, Nebuchadnezzar II, Nebuchadnezzar III, Nebuchadnezzar IV, Necho II, Neo-Assyrian Empire, Nergal-ushezib, Neriglissar, New Testament, Nimrud, Nineveh, Ninurta-apla-X, Ninurta-kudurri-usur II, Ninurta-nadin-shumi, Nippur, Nisroch, North Africa, Northwest Semitic languages, Nubia, Nuzi, Observation, Old Assyrian period, Old Babylonian Empire, Opis, Osroene, Otto E. 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