Table of Contents
534 relations: Acetogenesis, Acid-fastness, Acidobacteriota, Actin, Actinomycetota, Active transport, Aerobic organism, Agar plate, Agriculture, Agrochemical, Algal bloom, Alphaproteobacteria, Amino acid, Ammonia, Anabolism, Anaerobacter, Anaerobic organism, Ancient Greek, Animalcule, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Annual Review of Genetics, Annual Review of Microbiology, Anthrax, Antibiotic, Antibody, Antigen, Antimicrobial resistance, Antioxidant, Antiseptic, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Aquificota, Archaea, Archean, Armatimonadota, Asexual reproduction, Asteroid, Atmosphere of Earth, Atribacterota, Autoinducer, Autotroph, Bacillota, Bacillus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacterial capsule, Bacterial cellular morphologies, Bacterial conjugation, Bacterial growth, Bacterial secretion system, ... Expand index (484 more) »
- Domains (biology)
Acetogenesis
Acetogenesis is a process through which acetate is produced by prokaryote microorganisms either by the reduction of CO2 or by the reduction of organic acids, rather than by the oxidative breakdown of carbohydrates or ethanol, as with acetic acid bacteria.
Acid-fastness
Acid-fastness is a physical property of certain bacterial and eukaryotic cells, as well as some sub-cellular structures, specifically their resistance to decolorization by acids during laboratory staining procedures.
See Bacteria and Acid-fastness
Acidobacteriota
Acidobacteriota is a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria.
See Bacteria and Acidobacteriota
Actin
Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, and the thin filaments in muscle fibrils.
Actinomycetota
The Actinomycetota (or Actinobacteria) are a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria with high GC content.
See Bacteria and Actinomycetota
Active transport
In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.
See Bacteria and Active transport
Aerobic organism
An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. Bacteria and aerobic organism are biology terminology.
See Bacteria and Aerobic organism
Agar plate
An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains a growth medium solidified with agar, used to culture microorganisms.
Agriculture
Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.
Agrochemical
An agrochemical or agrichemical, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a chemical product used in industrial agriculture.
Algal bloom
An algal bloom or algae bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in freshwater or marine water systems.
Alphaproteobacteria
Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (formerly "Proteobacteria").
See Bacteria and Alphaproteobacteria
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
Ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula.
Anabolism
Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct macromolecules like DNA or RNA from smaller units.
Anaerobacter
Anaerobacter is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria related to Clostridium.
Anaerobic organism
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth.
See Bacteria and Anaerobic organism
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
See Bacteria and Ancient Greek
Animalcule
Animalcule (little animal) is an archaic term for microscopic organisms that included bacteria, protozoans, and very small animals.
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics is an annual scientific journal published by Annual Reviews.
See Bacteria and Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Annual Review of Genetics
The Annual Review of Genetics is an annual peer-reviewed scientific review journal published by Annual Reviews.
See Bacteria and Annual Review of Genetics
Annual Review of Microbiology
The Annual Review of Microbiology is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes review articles about microbiology.
See Bacteria and Annual Review of Microbiology
Anthrax
Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.
Antibody
An antibody (Ab) is the secreted form of a B cell receptor; the term immunoglobulin (Ig) can refer to either the membrane-bound form or the secreted form of the B cell receptor, but they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, and so the terms are often treated as synonymous.
Antigen
In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor.
Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials (drugs used to treat infections).
See Bacteria and Antimicrobial resistance
Antioxidant
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation (usually occurring as autoxidation), a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals.
Antiseptic
An antiseptic (lit and label) is an antimicrobial substance or compound that is applied to living tissue to reduce the possibility of sepsis, infection or putrefaction.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch microbiologist and microscopist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology.
See Bacteria and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Aquificota
The Aquificota phylum is a diverse collection of bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings.
Archaea
Archaea (archaeon) is a domain of single-celled organisms. Bacteria and Archaea are biology terminology and domains (biology).
Archean
The Archean Eon (also spelled Archaean or Archæan), in older sources sometimes called the Archaeozoic, is the second of the four geologic eons of Earth's history, preceded by the Hadean Eon and followed by the Proterozoic.
Armatimonadota
Armatimonadota is a phylum of gram-negative bacteria.
See Bacteria and Armatimonadota
Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes.
See Bacteria and Asexual reproduction
Asteroid
An asteroid is a minor planet—an object that is neither a true planet nor an identified comet— that orbits within the inner Solar System.
Atmosphere of Earth
The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.
See Bacteria and Atmosphere of Earth
Atribacterota
Atribacterota is a phylum of bacteria, which are common in anoxic sediments rich in methane.
See Bacteria and Atribacterota
Autoinducer
In biology, an autoinducer is a signaling molecule that enables detection and response to changes in the population density of bacterial cells.
Autotroph
An autotroph is an organism that can convert abiotic sources of energy into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by other organisms. Bacteria and autotroph are biology terminology.
Bacillota
Bacillota (synonym Firmicutes) is a phylum of bacteria, most of which have gram-positive cell wall structure.
Bacillus
Bacillus (Latin "stick") is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum Bacillota, with 266 named species.
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive and rod-shaped bacterium that causes anthrax, a deadly disease to livestock and, occasionally, to humans.
See Bacteria and Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, humans and marine sponges.
See Bacteria and Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide.
See Bacteria and Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacterial capsule
The bacterial capsule is a large structure common to many bacteria. Bacteria and bacterial capsule are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Bacterial capsule
Bacterial cellular morphologies
Bacterial cellular morphologies are the shapes that are characteristic of various types of bacteria and often key to their identification.
See Bacteria and Bacterial cellular morphologies
Bacterial conjugation
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. Bacteria and bacterial conjugation are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Bacterial conjugation
Bacterial growth
Growth is shown as ''L''. Bacteria and Bacterial growth are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Bacterial growth
Bacterial secretion system
Bacterial secretion systems are protein complexes present on the cell membranes of bacteria for secretion of substances.
See Bacteria and Bacterial secretion system
Bactericide
A bactericide or bacteriocide, sometimes abbreviated Bcidal, is a substance which kills bacteria.
Bacteriohopanepolyol
Bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs), bacteriohopanoids, or bacterial pentacyclic triterpenoids are commonly found in the lipid cell membranes of bacteria.
See Bacteria and Bacteriohopanepolyol
Bacteriology
Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them.
Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage, also known informally as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea.
See Bacteria and Bacteriophage
Bacteriostatic agent
A bacteriostatic agent or bacteriostat, abbreviated Bstatic, is a biological or chemical agent that stops bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarily killing them otherwise.
See Bacteria and Bacteriostatic agent
Bacterium (genus)
The genus Bacterium was a taxon described in 1828 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg.
See Bacteria and Bacterium (genus)
Bacteroidota
The phylum Bacteroidota (synonym Bacteroidetes) is composed of three large classes of Gram-negative, nonsporeforming, anaerobic or aerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sediments, and sea water, as well as in the guts and on the skin of animals.
Balneolales
Balneolales is an order of bacteria.
Base pair
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.
Bdellovibrionota
Bdellovibrionota is a phylum of bacteria.
See Bacteria and Bdellovibrionota
Beneficial insect
Beneficial insects (sometimes called beneficial bugs) are any of a number of species of insects that perform valued services like pollination and pest control.
See Bacteria and Beneficial insect
Betaproteobacteria
Betaproteobacteria are a class of Gram-negative bacteria, and one of the eight classes of the phylum Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria).
See Bacteria and Betaproteobacteria
Biochemistry
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
Biofilm
A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. Bacteria and biofilm are bacteriology.
Bioleaching
Bioleaching is the extraction or liberation of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms.
Biological carbon fixation
Biological carbon fixation, or сarbon assimilation, is the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon (particularly carbon dioxide) to organic compounds.
See Bacteria and Biological carbon fixation
Biological engineering
Biological engineering or bioengineering is the application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically viable products.
See Bacteria and Biological engineering
Biological pest control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, whether pest animals such as insects and mites, weeds, or pathogens affecting animals or plants by using other organisms.
See Bacteria and Biological pest control
Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by living organisms.
See Bacteria and Bioluminescence
Biomass (ecology)
Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time.
See Bacteria and Biomass (ecology)
Biomining
Biomining refers to any process that uses living organisms to extract metals from ores and other solid materials.
Biopolymer
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi in mycoremediation, and plants in phytoremediation), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial settings.
See Bacteria and Bioremediation
Biorepository
A biorepository is a facility that collects, catalogs, and stores samples of biological material for laboratory research.
See Bacteria and Biorepository
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.
See Bacteria and Biotechnology
Biotin
Biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H) is one of the B vitamins.
Bleach
Bleach is the generic name for any chemical product that is used industrially or domestically to remove colour (whitening) from fabric or fiber (in a process called bleaching) or to disinfect after cleaning.
Blood
Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
Borrelia
Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum.
Botulism
Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
Bubonic plague
Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
See Bacteria and Bubonic plague
Burkholderia cenocepacia
Burkholderia cenocepacia is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and water environments and may also be associated with plants and animals, particularly as a human pathogen.
See Bacteria and Burkholderia cenocepacia
Butyric acid
Butyric acid (from βούτῡρον, meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula.
Cadaver
A cadaver or corpse is a dead human body.
Caldisericum
Caldisericum exile is a species of bacteria sufficiently distinct from other bacteria to be placed in its own family, order, class and phylum.
Caldithrix
Caldithrix is a genus of thermophilic and anaerobic bacteria, currently assigned to its own phylum.
Campylobacter
Campylobacter is a type of bacteria that can cause a diarrheal disease in people.
See Bacteria and Campylobacter
Campylobacterota
Campylobacterota are a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria.
See Bacteria and Campylobacterota
Candidatus Carsonella ruddii
"Candidatus Carsonella ruddii" is an obligate endosymbiotic Gammaproteobacterium with one of the smallest genomes of any characterised bacteria.
See Bacteria and Candidatus Carsonella ruddii
Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).
Carbon
Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
See Bacteria and Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air.
See Bacteria and Carbon monoxide
Carboxysome
Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) consisting of polyhedral protein shells filled with the enzymes ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO)—the predominant enzyme in carbon fixation and the rate limiting enzyme in the Calvin cycle—and carbonic anhydrase.
Carl Woese
Carl Woese (July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist.
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.
See Bacteria and Cell (biology)
Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
See Bacteria and Cell division
Cell growth
Cell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
See Bacteria and Cell membrane
Cell nucleus
The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
Cell signaling
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment.
See Bacteria and Cell signaling
Cell theory
In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory first formulated in the mid-nineteenth century, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane.
Cellulose
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates.
See Bacteria and Cerebrospinal fluid
Cheese
Cheese is a dairy product produced in a range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein.
Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other chemicals.
See Bacteria and Chemical industry
Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus.
Chemotroph
A chemotroph Greek words “chemo” (meaning chemical) and “troph” (meaning nourishment) is an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. Bacteria and chemotroph are biology terminology.
Chitin
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n is a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose.
Chlamydia (genus)
Chlamydia is a genus of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites.
See Bacteria and Chlamydia (genus)
Chlamydiota
The Chlamydiota (synonym Chlamydiae) are a bacterial phylum and class whose members are remarkably diverse, including pathogens of humans and animals, symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa, and marine sediment forms not yet well understood.
Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
See Bacteria and Chloramphenicol
Chloroflexota
The Chloroflexota are a phylum of bacteria containing isolates with a diversity of phenotypes, including members that are aerobic thermophiles, which use oxygen and grow well in high temperatures; anoxygenic phototrophs, which use light for photosynthesis (green non-sulfur bacteria); and anaerobic halorespirers, which uses halogenated organics (such as the toxic chlorinated ethenes and polychlorinated biphenyls) as electron acceptors.
See Bacteria and Chloroflexota
Chloroplast
A chloroplast is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells.
Chlorosome
A chlorosome is a photosynthetic antenna complex found in green sulfur bacteria (GSB) and many green non-sulfur bacteria (GNsB), together known as green bacteria.
Cholera
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (19 April 1795 – 27 June 1876) was a German naturalist, zoologist, botanist, comparative anatomist, geologist, and microscopist.
See Bacteria and Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
Chromosome
A chromosome is a package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.
Chrysiogenaceae
Chrysiogenaceae is a family of bacteria.
See Bacteria and Chrysiogenaceae
Circular chromosome
A circular chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA, unlike the linear chromosome of most eukaryotes. Bacteria and circular chromosome are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Circular chromosome
Clonal colony
A clonal colony or genet is a group of genetically identical individuals, such as plants, fungi, or bacteria, that have grown in a given location, all originating vegetatively, not sexually, from a single ancestor.
See Bacteria and Clonal colony
Clostridioides difficile infection
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI or C-diff), also known as Clostridium difficile infection, is a symptomatic infection due to the spore-forming bacterium Clostridioides difficile.
See Bacteria and Clostridioides difficile infection
Clostridium
Clostridium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria.
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce botulinum toxin, which is a neurotoxin.
See Bacteria and Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetani is a common soil bacterium and the causative agent of tetanus.
See Bacteria and Clostridium tetani
Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction).
See Bacteria and Cofactor (biochemistry)
Cold seep
A cold seep (sometimes called a cold vent) is an area of the ocean floor where seepage of fluids rich in hydrogen sulfide, methane, and other hydrocarbons occurs, often in the form of a brine pool.
Comet
A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that warms and begins to release gases when passing close to the Sun, a process called outgassing.
Commensalism
Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed.
Competitive exclusion principle
In ecology, the competitive exclusion principle, sometimes referred to as Gause's law, is a proposition that two species which compete for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values.
See Bacteria and Competitive exclusion principle
Coprothermobacterota
Coprothermobacterota is a phylum of nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria.
See Bacteria and Coprothermobacterota
Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial ischemia, or simply heart disease, involves the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to build-up of atherosclerotic plaque in the arteries of the heart.
See Bacteria and Coronary artery disease
Cosmic dust
Cosmic dustalso called extraterrestrial dust, space dust, or star dustis dust that occurs in outer space or has fallen onto Earth.
CRISPR
CRISPR (an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea.
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also called Cyanobacteriota or Cyanophyta, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis.
See Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive manner that impairs the normal clearance of mucus from the lungs, which facilitates the colonization and infection of the lungs by bacteria, notably Staphylococcus aureus.
See Bacteria and Cystic fibrosis
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
Cytosine
Cytosine (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleobases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.
Dead Sea
The Dead Sea (al-Baḥr al-Mayyit, or label; Yām hamMelaḥ), also known by other names, is a landlocked salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Israel to the west.
Decomposition
Decomposition or rot is the process by which dead organic substances are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and mineral salts.
See Bacteria and Decomposition
Deep biosphere
The deep biosphere is the part of the biosphere that resides below the first few meters of the surface.
See Bacteria and Deep biosphere
Deferribacteraceae
The Deferribacteraceae are a family of gram-negative bacteria which make energy by anaerobic respiration.
See Bacteria and Deferribacteraceae
Deinococcota
Deinococcota (synonym, Deinococcus-Thermus) is a phylum of bacteria with a single class, Deinococci, that are highly resistant to environmental hazards, also known as extremophiles.
Deinococcus radiodurans
Deinococcus radiodurans is a bacterium, an extremophile and one of the most radiation-resistant organisms known.
See Bacteria and Deinococcus radiodurans
Denitrification
Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process where nitrate (NO3−) is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products.
See Bacteria and Denitrification
Desiccation
Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying.
Detergent
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in dilute solutions.
Detritivore
Detritivores (also known as detrivores, detritophages, detritus feeders or detritus eaters) are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces).
Diarrhea
Diarrhea (American English), also spelled diarrhoea or diarrhœa (British English), is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements in a day.
Diazotroph
Diazotrophs are bacteria and archaea that fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere into bioavailable forms such as ammonia.
Dictyoglomus thermophilum
Dictyoglomus is a genus of bacterium, given its own Phylum, called the Dictyoglomi.
See Bacteria and Dictyoglomus thermophilum
Dietary supplement
A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement a person's diet by taking a pill, capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid.
See Bacteria and Dietary supplement
Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Diffusion barrier
A diffusion barrier is a thin layer (usually micrometres thick) of metal usually placed between two other metals.
See Bacteria and Diffusion barrier
Digestive enzyme
Digestive enzymes take part in the chemical process of digestion, which follows the mechanical process of digestion.
See Bacteria and Digestive enzyme
Dimension
In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a mathematical space (or object) is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it.
Dimethylmercury
Dimethylmercury is an extremely toxic organomercury compound with the formula (CH3)2Hg.
See Bacteria and Dimethylmercury
Diminutive
A diminutive is a word obtained by modifying a root word to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, either to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment, and sometimes to derogatorily belittle something or someone.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Directed panspermia
Directed panspermia is a type of panspermia that implies the deliberate transport of microorganisms into space to be used as introduced species on other astronomical objects.
See Bacteria and Directed panspermia
Disease
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury.
Disinfectant
A disinfectant is a chemical substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces.
Division of labour
The division of labour is the separation of the tasks in any economic system or organisation so that participants may specialise (specialisation).
See Bacteria and Division of labour
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
See Bacteria and DNA
DNA repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
DNA replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
See Bacteria and DNA replication
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA.
See Bacteria and DNA sequencing
Domain (biology)
In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also dominion, superkingdom, realm, or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of all organisms taken together. Bacteria and domain (biology) are domains (biology).
See Bacteria and Domain (biology)
Earliest known life forms
The earliest known life forms on Earth may be as old as 4.1 billion years old (or Ga) according to biologically fractionated graphite inside a single zircon grain in the Jack Hills range of Australia. Bacteria and earliest known life forms are biology terminology.
See Bacteria and Earliest known life forms
Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
Earth's crust
Earth's crust is its thick outer shell of rock, referring to less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume.
See Bacteria and Earth's crust
Ecological stability
In ecology, an ecosystem is said to possess ecological stability (or equilibrium) if it is capable of returning to its equilibrium state after a perturbation (a capacity known as resilience) or does not experience unexpected large changes in its characteristics across time.
See Bacteria and Ecological stability
Electrochemical gradient
An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.
See Bacteria and Electrochemical gradient
Electrochemical potential
In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential (ECP),, is a thermodynamic measure of chemical potential that does not omit the energy contribution of electrostatics.
See Bacteria and Electrochemical potential
Electron
The electron (or in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge.
Electron acceptor
An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound.
See Bacteria and Electron acceptor
Electron donor
In chemistry, an electron donor is a chemical entity that transfers electrons to another compound.
See Bacteria and Electron donor
Electron microscope
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.
See Bacteria and Electron microscope
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.
See Bacteria and Electron transport chain
Elusimicrobiota
The phylum Elusimicrobiota, previously known as "Termite Group 1", has been shown to be widespread in different ecosystems like marine environment, sewage sludge, contaminated sites and soils, and toxic wastes.
See Bacteria and Elusimicrobiota
Enantiomer
In chemistry, an enantiomer (/ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ ''ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər''; from Ancient Greek ἐναντίος (enantíos) 'opposite', and μέρος (méros) 'part') – also called optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode – is one of two stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable onto their own mirror image.
Endolith
An endolith or endolithic is an organism (archaeon, bacterium, fungus, lichen, algae or amoeba) that is able to acquire the necessary resources for growth in the inner part of a rock, mineral, coral, animal shells, or in the pores between mineral grains of a rock.
Endospore
An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria in the phylum Bacillota. Bacteria and endospore are bacteriology.
Endosymbiont
An endosymbiont or endobiont is an organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism.
Energy
Energy is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light.
Enterobacteriaceae
Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of Gram-negative bacteria.
See Bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae
Environmentally friendly
Environment friendly processes, or environmental-friendly processes (also referred to as eco-friendly, nature-friendly, and green), are sustainability and marketing terms referring to goods and services, laws, guidelines and policies that claim reduced, minimal, or no harm upon ecosystems or the environment.
See Bacteria and Environmentally friendly
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Enzyme inhibitor
An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and blocks its activity.
See Bacteria and Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme kinetics
Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions.
See Bacteria and Enzyme kinetics
Epulonipiscium
Candidatus Epulopiscium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that have a symbiotic relationship with surgeonfish.
See Bacteria and Epulonipiscium
Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a German zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist and artist.
See Bacteria and Ernst Haeckel
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.
See Bacteria and Escherichia coli
Ethanol
Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. Bacteria and eukaryote are biology terminology and domains (biology).
Evolution
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Exotoxin
An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria.
Exponential growth
Exponential growth is a process that increases quantity over time at an ever-increasing rate.
See Bacteria and Exponential growth
Extracellular polymeric substance
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment. Bacteria and Extracellular polymeric substance are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Extracellular polymeric substance
Extremophile
An extremophile is an organism that is able to live (or in some cases thrive) in extreme environments, i.e., environments with conditions approaching or stretching the limits of what known life can adapt to, such as extreme temperature, pressure, radiation, salinity, or pH level.
Exxon Valdez oil spill
The Exxon Valdez oil spill was a major environmental disaster that made worldwide headlines in the spring of 1989 and occurred in Alaska's Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989.
See Bacteria and Exxon Valdez oil spill
Facultative anaerobic organism
A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.
See Bacteria and Facultative anaerobic organism
Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
Fatty acid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism consists of various metabolic processes involving or closely related to fatty acids, a family of molecules classified within the lipid macronutrient category.
See Bacteria and Fatty acid metabolism
Feces
Feces (or faeces;: faex) are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine.
Ferdinand Cohn
Ferdinand Julius Cohn (24 January 1828 – 25 June 1898) was a German biologist.
See Bacteria and Ferdinand Cohn
Fermentation
Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substances through the action of enzymes.
Fermentation in food processing
In food processing, fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—under anaerobic (oxygen-free) conditions.
See Bacteria and Fermentation in food processing
Fibrobacterota
Fibrobacterota is a small bacterial phylum which includes many of the major rumen bacteria, allowing for the degradation of plant-based cellulose in ruminant animals.
See Bacteria and Fibrobacterota
Filamentation
Filamentation is the anomalous growth of certain bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, in which cells continue to elongate but do not divide (no septa formation).
See Bacteria and Filamentation
Fire blight
Fire blight, also written fireblight, is a contagious disease affecting apples, pears, and some other members of the family Rosaceae.
Fission (biology)
Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts to separate entities resembling the original.
See Bacteria and Fission (biology)
Flagellum
A flagellum (flagella) (Latin for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, from fungal spores (zoospores), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility.
Folate
Folate, also known as vitamin B9 and folacin, is one of the B vitamins.
Foodborne illness
Foodborne illness (also known as foodborne disease and food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the contamination of food by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites, as well as prions (the agents of mad cow disease), and toxins such as aflatoxins in peanuts, poisonous mushrooms, and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes.
See Bacteria and Foodborne illness
Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
Fungus
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
Fusobacteriota
Fusobacteriota are obligately anaerobic non-sporeforming Gram-negative bacilli.
See Bacteria and Fusobacteriota
Gamma ray
A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
Gas vesicle
Gas vesicles, also known as gas vacuoles, are nanocompartments in certain prokaryotic organisms, which help in buoyancy.
Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
See Bacteria and Gastrointestinal tract
GC-content
In molecular biology and genetics, GC-content (or guanine-cytosine content) is the percentage of nitrogenous bases in a DNA or RNA molecule that are either guanine (G) or cytosine (C).
Gemmatimonadota
The Gemmatimonadota are a phylum of bacteria established in 2003.
See Bacteria and Gemmatimonadota
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings.
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.
See Bacteria and Gene expression
Genetic recombination
Genetic recombination (also known as genetic reshuffling) is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
See Bacteria and Genetic recombination
Genetic transformation
In molecular biology and genetics, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
See Bacteria and Genetic transformation
Genetically modified bacteria
Genetically modified bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics.
See Bacteria and Genetically modified bacteria
Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.
Genus
Genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (previously Bacillus stearothermophilus) is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium and a member of the phylum Bacillota.
See Bacteria and Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Germ theory of disease
The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases.
See Bacteria and Germ theory of disease
Geyser
A geyser is a spring with an intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam.
Gliding motility
Gliding motility is a type of translocation used by microorganisms that is independent of propulsive structures such as flagella, pili, and fimbriae.
See Bacteria and Gliding motility
Glycogen
Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria.
Gram stain
Gram stain (Gram staining or Gram's method), is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria and gram stain are bacteriology.
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that unlike gram-positive bacteria do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. Bacteria and gram-negative bacteria are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. Bacteria and gram-positive bacteria are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria
Great Salt Lake
The Great Salt Lake is the largest saltwater lake in the Western Hemisphere and the eighth-largest terminal lake in the world.
See Bacteria and Great Salt Lake
Green sulfur bacteria
The green sulfur bacteria are a phylum, Chlorobiota, of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria that metabolize sulfur.
See Bacteria and Green sulfur bacteria
Growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation.
See Bacteria and Growth factor
Growth medium
A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid, or semi-solid designed to support the growth of a population of microorganisms or cells via the process of cell proliferation or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens.
See Bacteria and Growth medium
Guanine
Guanine (symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
Habitat
In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species.
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae (formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae) is a Gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic, capnophilic pathogenic bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae.
See Bacteria and Haemophilus influenzae
Hans Christian Gram
Hans Christian Joachim Gram (13 September 1853 – 14 November 1938) was a Danish bacteriologist noted for his development of the Gram stain, still a standard technique to classify bacteria and make them more visible under a microscope.
See Bacteria and Hans Christian Gram
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
See Bacteria and Harvard University Press
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, flagellated, helical bacterium.
See Bacteria and Helicobacter pylori
Heliobacteria
Heliobacteria are a unique subset of prokaryotic bacteria that process light for energy.
See Bacteria and Heliobacteria
Helix
A helix is a shape like a cylindrical coil spring or the thread of a machine screw.
Hemolysis (microbiology)
Hemolysis (from Greek αιμόλυση, meaning 'blood breakdown') is the breakdown of red blood cells.
See Bacteria and Hemolysis (microbiology)
Heterotroph
A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter. Bacteria and heterotroph are biology terminology.
Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.
Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction).
See Bacteria and Horizontal gene transfer
Host (biology)
In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont).
See Bacteria and Host (biology)
Hot spring
A hot spring, hydrothermal spring, or geothermal spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater onto the surface of the Earth.
Human microbiome
The human microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside, including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, mammary glands, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, and the biliary tract. Bacteria and human microbiome are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Human microbiome
Hydrocarbon
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula.
See Bacteria and Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogenophilaceae
The Hydrogenophilaceae are a family of the class Hydrogenophilalia in the phylum Pseudomonadota ("Proteobacteria"), with two genera – Hydrogenophilus and Tepidiphilus.
See Bacteria and Hydrogenophilaceae
Hydrogenosome
A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in some anaerobic ciliates, flagellates, and fungi.
See Bacteria and Hydrogenosome
Hydrothermal vent
Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the seabed from which geothermally heated water discharges.
See Bacteria and Hydrothermal vent
Hypha
A hypha (hyphae) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium.
Ignavibacteriales
The Ignavibacteriales are an order of obligately anaerobic, non-photosynthetic bacteria that are closely related to the green sulfur bacteria.
See Bacteria and Ignavibacteriales
Ignaz Semmelweis
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp; 1 July 1818 – 13 August 1865) was a Hungarian physician and scientist of German descent, who was an early pioneer of antiseptic procedures, and was described as the "saviour of mothers". Bacteria and Ignaz Semmelweis are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Ignaz Semmelweis
Immune system
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.
See Bacteria and Immune system
Immunology
Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.
Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system.
See Bacteria and Immunosuppression
Implant (medicine)
An implant is a medical device manufactured to replace a missing biological structure, support a damaged biological structure, or enhance an existing biological structure.
See Bacteria and Implant (medicine)
Infection
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce.
Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
Innate immune system
The innate immune system or nonspecific immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the adaptive immune system) in vertebrates.
See Bacteria and Innate immune system
Insecticide
Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects.
Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the insulin (INS) gene.
Intensive farming
Intensive agriculture, also known as intensive farming (as opposed to extensive farming), conventional, or industrial agriculture, is a type of agriculture, both of crop plants and of animals, with higher levels of input and output per unit of agricultural land area.
See Bacteria and Intensive farming
International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes
The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) or Prokaryotic Code, formerly the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) or Bacteriological Code (BC), governs the scientific names for Bacteria and Archaea.
See Bacteria and International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes
International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes
The International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP), formerly the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB), is the body that oversees the nomenclature of prokaryotes, determines the rules by which prokaryotes are named and whose Judicial Commission issues Opinions concerning taxonomic matters, revisions to the Bacteriological Code, etc. Bacteria and International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes
Intracellular parasite
Intracellular parasites are microparasites that are capable of growing and reproducing inside the cells of a host.
See Bacteria and Intracellular parasite
Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product.
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.
See Bacteria and Ion
Isolation (microbiology)
In microbiology, the term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment, for example in water or soil, or from living beings with skin flora, oral flora or gut flora, in order to identify the microbe(s) of interest.
See Bacteria and Isolation (microbiology)
Joseph Lister
Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, (5 April 1827 – 10 February 1912) was a British surgeon, medical scientist, experimental pathologist and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery and preventive healthcare.
See Bacteria and Joseph Lister
Koch's postulates
Koch's postulates are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease.
See Bacteria and Koch's postulates
Lactic acid
Lactic acid is an organic acid.
Lactic acid bacteria
Lactobacillales are an order of gram-positive, low-GC, acid-tolerant, generally nonsporulating, nonrespiring, either rod-shaped (bacilli) or spherical (cocci) bacteria that share common metabolic and physiological characteristics. These bacteria, usually found in decomposing plants and milk products, produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end product of carbohydrate fermentation, giving them the common name lactic acid bacteria (LAB).
See Bacteria and Lactic acid bacteria
Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobes or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria.
See Bacteria and Lactobacillus
Lactococcus
Lactococcus is a genus of lactic acid bacteria that were formerly included in the genus Streptococcus Group N1.
Last universal common ancestor
The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the hypothesized common ancestral cell from which the three domains of life,--> the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya originated.
See Bacteria and Last universal common ancestor
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Latinisation of names
Latinisation (or Latinization) of names, also known as onomastic Latinisation, is the practice of rendering a non-Latin name in a modern Latin style.
See Bacteria and Latinisation of names
Leaf spot
A leaf spot is a limited, discoloured, diseased area of a leaf that is caused by fungal, bacterial or viral plant diseases, or by injuries from nematodes, insects, environmental factors, toxicity or herbicides.
Lentisphaerota
Lentisphaerota is a phylum of bacteria closely related to Chlamydiota and Verrucomicrobiota.
See Bacteria and Lentisphaerota
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera or lepidopterans is an order of winged insects that includes butterflies and moths.
Leprosy
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
Life
Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from matter that does not.
Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
See Bacteria and Lipid bilayer
Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide, now more commonly known as Endotoxin, is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella.
See Bacteria and Lipopolysaccharide
Lipoprotein
A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly whose primary function is to transport hydrophobic lipid (also known as fat) molecules in water, as in blood plasma or other extracellular fluids.
Listeria
Listeria is a genus of bacteria that acts as an intracellular parasite in mammals.
Lithotroph
Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration.
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist, pharmacist, and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after him.
See Bacteria and Louis Pasteur
Lytic cycle
The lytic cycle is one of the two cycles of viral reproduction (referring to bacterial viruses or bacteriophages), the other being the lysogenic cycle.
Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid.
See Bacteria and Macromolecule
Macrophage
Macrophages (abbreviated Mφ, MΦ or MP) are a type of white blood cell of the innate immune system that engulf and digest pathogens, such as cancer cells, microbes, cellular debris, and foreign substances, which do not have proteins that are specific to healthy body cells on their surface.
Magnetotaxis
Magnetotaxis is a process implemented by a diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that involves orienting and coordinating movement in response to Earth's magnetic field.
Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench is an oceanic trench located in the western Pacific Ocean, about east of the Mariana Islands; it is the deepest oceanic trench on Earth.
See Bacteria and Mariana Trench
Marine prokaryotes
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See Bacteria and Marine prokaryotes
Mastitis in dairy cattle
Bovine mastitis is the persistent, inflammatory reaction of the udder tissue due to physical trauma or microorganisms infections.
See Bacteria and Mastitis in dairy cattle
Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete system using mathematical concepts and language.
See Bacteria and Mathematical model
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy-absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation.
See Bacteria and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
Medical device
A medical device is any device intended to be used for medical purposes.
See Bacteria and Medical device
Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.
Meningitis
Meningitis is acute or chronic inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, collectively called the meninges.
Mercury (element)
Mercury is a chemical element; it has symbol Hg and atomic number 80.
See Bacteria and Mercury (element)
Metabolic pathway
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
See Bacteria and Metabolic pathway
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Meteoroid
A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space.
Methane
Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms).
Methanogen
Methanogens are anaerobic archaea that produce methane as a byproduct of their energy metabolism, i.e., catabolism.
Methanotroph
Methanotrophs (sometimes called methanophiles) are prokaryotes that metabolize methane as their source of carbon and chemical energy.
Methylmercury
Methylmercury (sometimes methyl mercury) is an organometallic cation with the formula.
See Bacteria and Methylmercury
Microbial mat
A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea, or bacteria alone.
See Bacteria and Microbial mat
Microbial toxin
Microbial toxins are toxins produced by micro-organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, dinoflagellates, and viruses.
See Bacteria and Microbial toxin
Microbiological culture
A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions.
See Bacteria and Microbiological culture
Microbiology
Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells).
Micrometre
The micrometre (Commonwealth English) as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American English), also commonly known by the non-SI term micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equalling (SI standard prefix "micro-".
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
See Bacteria and Microorganism
Microscope
A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Milk
Milk is a white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals.
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
See Bacteria and Mitochondrion
Mold
A mold or mould is one of the structures that certain fungi can form.
Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.
See Bacteria and Molecular biology
Molecular cloning
Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms.
See Bacteria and Molecular cloning
Molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.
See Bacteria and Molecular phylogenetics
Morphology (biology)
Morphology in biology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
See Bacteria and Morphology (biology)
Most recent common ancestor
In biology and genetic genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), also known as the last common ancestor (LCA), of a set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms of the set are descended.
See Bacteria and Most recent common ancestor
Motility
Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy.
Mucous membrane
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body of an organism and covers the surface of internal organs.
See Bacteria and Mucous membrane
Mutagen
In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material, usually DNA, in an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.
Mutation
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.
Mutualism (biology)
Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit.
See Bacteria and Mutualism (biology)
Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium is a genus of over 190 species in the phylum Actinomycetota, assigned its own family, Mycobacteriaceae.
See Bacteria and Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium avium complex
Mycobacterium avium complex is a group of mycobacteria comprising Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium avium that are commonly grouped because they infect humans together; this group, in turn, is part of the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria.
See Bacteria and Mycobacterium avium complex
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium leprae (also known as the leprosy bacillus or Hansen's bacillus) is one of the two species of bacteria that cause Hansen's disease (leprosy), a chronic but curable infectious disease that damages the peripheral nerves and targets the skin, eyes, nose, and muscles.
See Bacteria and Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), also known as Koch's bacillus, is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis.
See Bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that, like the other members of the class Mollicutes, lack a cell wall, and its peptidoglycan, around their cell membrane.
Mycoplasmatota
Mycoplasmatota is a phylum of bacteria that contains the class Mollicutes.
See Bacteria and Mycoplasmatota
Myelinogenesis
Myelinogenesis is the formation and development of myelin sheaths in the nervous system, typically initiated in late prenatal neurodevelopment and continuing throughout postnatal development.
See Bacteria and Myelinogenesis
Myxobacteria
The myxobacteria ("slime bacteria") are a group of bacteria that predominantly live in the soil and feed on insoluble organic substances.
Myxococcota
The Myxococcota are a phylum of bacteria known as the fruiting gliding bacteria. All species of this group are Gram-negative. They are predominantly aerobic genera that release myxospores in unfavorable environments.
Myxococcus xanthus
Myxococcus xanthus is a gram-negative, bacillus (or rod-shaped) species of myxobacteria that is typically found in the top-most layer of soil.
See Bacteria and Myxococcus xanthus
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
Natural competence
In microbiology, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, competence is the ability of a cell to alter its genetics by taking up extracellular DNA from its environment through a process called transformation. Bacteria and Natural competence are biology terminology.
See Bacteria and Natural competence
Nature Geoscience
Nature Geoscience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group.
See Bacteria and Nature Geoscience
Neisseria
Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals.
Neo-Latin
Neo-LatinSidwell, Keith Classical Latin-Medieval Latin-Neo Latin in; others, throughout.
Nervous system
In biology, the nervous system is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
See Bacteria and Nervous system
Nitrate
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the chemical formula.
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process by which molecular dinitrogen is converted into ammonia.
See Bacteria and Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogenase
Nitrogenases are enzymes that are produced by certain bacteria, such as cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria) and rhizobacteria.
Nitrospinota
Nitrospinota is a bacterial phylum.
Nitrospirota
Nitrospirota is a phylum of bacteria.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine.
See Bacteria and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.
Nucleoid
The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material. Bacteria and nucleoid are bacteriology.
Nutrient cycle
A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of inorganic and organic matter back into the production of matter.
See Bacteria and Nutrient cycle
Oil spill
An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.
Opportunistic infection
An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available.
See Bacteria and Opportunistic infection
Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function.
Organic acid
An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties.
Organic compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.
See Bacteria and Organic compound
Organism
An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.
Organotroph
An organotroph is an organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates.
Outer space
Outer space (or simply space) is the expanse that exists beyond Earth's atmosphere and between celestial bodies.
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
Palladium
Palladium is a chemical element; it has symbol Pd and atomic number 46.
Parasitism
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
Paratuberculosis
Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants.
See Bacteria and Paratuberculosis
Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and -γενής, "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease.
Pathogenic bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease.
See Bacteria and Pathogenic bacteria
Paul Ehrlich
Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915) was a Nobel Prize-winning German physician and scientist who worked in the fields of hematology, immunology and antimicrobial chemotherapy.
Penicillin
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens.
Penicillium
Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi that is part of the mycobiome of many species and is of major importance in the natural environment, in food spoilage, and in food and drug production.
Peptide
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer (sacculus) that surrounds the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.
See Bacteria and Peptidoglycan
Periplasm
The periplasm is a concentrated gel-like matrix in the space between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the bacterial outer membrane called the periplasmic space in Gram-negative (more accurately "diderm") bacteria. Bacteria and periplasm are bacteriology.
Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests.
Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.
PH
In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").
See Bacteria and PH
Pharmaceutical industry
The pharmaceutical industry is an industry involved in medicine that discovers, develops, produces, and markets pharmaceutical goods for use as drugs that function by being administered to (or self-administered by) patients using such medications with the goal of curing and/or preventing disease (as well as possibly alleviating symptoms of illness and/or injury).
See Bacteria and Pharmaceutical industry
Pheromone
A pheromone is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species.
Phospholipid
Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule).
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.
See Bacteria and Photosynthesis
Phototaxis
Phototaxis is a kind of taxis, or locomotory movement, that occurs when a whole organism moves towards or away from a stimulus of light. Bacteria and Phototaxis are biology terminology.
Phototroph
Phototrophs are organisms that carry out photon capture to produce complex organic compounds (e.g. carbohydrates) and acquire energy. Bacteria and Phototroph are biology terminology.
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.
See Bacteria and Phylogenetics
Pickling
Pickling is the process of preserving or extending the shelf life of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar.
Pilus
A pilus (Latin for 'hair';: pili) is a hair-like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea.
Planctomycetota
The Planctomycetota are a phylum of widely distributed bacteria, occurring in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
See Bacteria and Planctomycetota
Plant
Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic.
Plasmid
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli.
Pollinator
A pollinator is an animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of a flower.
Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHAs are polyesters produced in nature by numerous microorganisms, including through bacterial fermentation of sugars or lipids.
See Bacteria and Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Polymerase chain reaction
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly, allowing scientists to amplify a very small sample of DNA (or a part of it) sufficiently to enable detailed study.
See Bacteria and Polymerase chain reaction
Polyphosphate
A polyphosphate is a salt or ester of polymeric oxyanions formed from tetrahedral PO4 (phosphate) structural units linked together by sharing oxygen atoms.
See Bacteria and Polyphosphate
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food.
See Bacteria and Polysaccharide
Predation
Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey.
Primary nutritional groups
Primary nutritional groups are groups of organisms, divided in relation to the nutrition mode according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction.
See Bacteria and Primary nutritional groups
Prince William Sound
Prince William Sound (Sugpiaq: Suungaaciq) is a sound off the Gulf of Alaska on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska.
See Bacteria and Prince William Sound
Probiotic
Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut microbiota. Bacteria and Probiotic are bacteriology.
Prokaryote
A prokaryote (less commonly spelled procaryote) is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria and prokaryote are bacteriology.
Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is the collective name for all structural filaments in prokaryotes.
See Bacteria and Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
Propionic acid
Propionic acid (from the Greek words πρῶτος: prōtos, meaning "first", and πίων: píōn, meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula.
See Bacteria and Propionic acid
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Protein metabolism
Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism.
See Bacteria and Protein metabolism
Protist
A protist or protoctist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus.
Pseudomonadota
Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria) is a major phylum of Gram-negative bacteria.
See Bacteria and Pseudomonadota
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common encapsulated, Gram-negative, aerobic–facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.
See Bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Puromycin
Puromycin is an antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitor which causes premature chain termination during translation.
Purple bacteria
Purple bacteria or purple photosynthetic bacteria are Gram-negative proteobacteria that are phototrophic, capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis.
See Bacteria and Purple bacteria
Putrefaction
Putrefaction is the fifth stage of death, following pallor mortis, livor mortis, algor mortis, and rigor mortis.
Quinone
The quinones are a class of organic compounds that are formally "derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of –CH.
Quorum sensing
In biology, quorum sensing or quorum signaling (QS) is the process of cell-to-cell communication that allows bacteria to detect and respond to cell population density by gene regulation, typically as a means of acclimating to environmental disadvantages. Bacteria and quorum sensing are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Quorum sensing
R/K selection theory
In ecology, selection theory relates to the selection of combinations of traits in an organism that trade off between quantity and quality of offspring.
See Bacteria and R/K selection theory
Rad (radiation unit)
The rad is a unit of absorbed radiation dose, defined as 1 rad.
See Bacteria and Rad (radiation unit)
Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste is a type of hazardous waste that contains radioactive material.
See Bacteria and Radioactive waste
Random walk
In mathematics, a random walk, sometimes known as a drunkard's walk, is a stochastic process that describes a path that consists of a succession of random steps on some mathematical space.
Redox
Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.
Reduced form
In statistics, and particularly in econometrics, the reduced form of a system of equations is the result of solving the system for the endogenous variables.
Reorient
Reorient was a Canadian online magazine focusing on contemporary Middle Eastern arts and culture.
Respiratory tract infection
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infectious diseases involving the lower or upper respiratory tract.
See Bacteria and Respiratory tract infection
Restriction modification system
The restriction modification system (RM system) is found in bacteria and archaea, and provides a defense against foreign DNA, such as that borne by bacteriophages.
See Bacteria and Restriction modification system
Rhizosphere
The rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
Rhodothermales
The Rhodothermales are an order of bacteria.
See Bacteria and Rhodothermales
Ribosomal DNA
The ribosomal DNA (abbreviated rDNA) consists of a group of ribosomal RNA encoding genes and related regulatory elements, and is widespread in similar configuration in all domains of life.
See Bacteria and Ribosomal DNA
Ribosome
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).
Rickettsia
Rickettsia is a genus of nonmotile, gram-negative, nonspore-forming, highly pleomorphic bacteria that may occur in the forms of cocci (0.1 μm in diameter), bacilli (1–4 μm long), or threads (up to about 10 μm long).
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).
See Bacteria and RNA
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules are involved in sequence-specific suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA, through translational or transcriptional repression.
See Bacteria and RNA interference
Robert Koch
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a bacterial disease spread by ticks.
See Bacteria and Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Root
In vascular plants, the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster.
Royal Society
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences.
See Bacteria and Royal Society
S-layer
An S-layer (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope found in almost all archaea, as well as in many types of bacteria.
Salmonella
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
Salmonellosis
Salmonellosis is a symptomatic infection caused by bacteria of the Salmonella type.
See Bacteria and Salmonellosis
Saprotrophic nutrition
Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter.
See Bacteria and Saprotrophic nutrition
Sauerkraut
Sauerkraut is finely cut raw cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria.
Scanning electron microscope
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
See Bacteria and Scanning electron microscope
Sepsis
Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.
Sequencing
In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (sometimes incorrectly called the primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer.
Serology
Serology is the scientific study of serum and other body fluids.
Sewage treatment
Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater treatment) is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing water pollution from raw sewage discharges.
See Bacteria and Sewage treatment
Sherwood Gorbach
Sherwood Leslie Gorbach (born 1934) is an Emeritus Professor at Tufts University School of Medicine.
See Bacteria and Sherwood Gorbach
Shewanella
Shewanella is the sole genus included in the marine bacteria family Shewanellaceae.
Shigella
Shigella is a genus of bacteria that is Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non–spore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped, and is genetically nested within Escherichia.
Shock (circulatory)
Shock is the state of insufficient blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems with the circulatory system.
See Bacteria and Shock (circulatory)
Slime layer
A slime layer in bacteria is an easily removable (e.g. by centrifugation), unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells.
Small Solar System body
A small Solar System body (SSSB) is an object in the Solar System that is neither a planet, a dwarf planet, nor a natural satellite.
See Bacteria and Small Solar System body
Sorangium cellulosum
Sorangium cellulosum is a soil-dwelling Gram-negative bacterium of the group myxobacteria.
See Bacteria and Sorangium cellulosum
Soy sauce
Soy sauce (sometimes called soya sauce in British English) is a liquid condiment of Chinese origin, traditionally made from a fermented paste of soybeans, roasted grain, brine, and Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae molds.
Spirillum
Spirillum is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the family Spirillaceae of the Nitrosomonadales of the Betaproteobacteria.
Spirochaete
A spirochaete or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota (also called Spirochaetes), which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) Gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells.
Spontaneous generation
Spontaneous generation is a superseded scientific theory that held that living creatures could arise from nonliving matter and that such processes were commonplace and regular.
See Bacteria and Spontaneous generation
Sporohalobacter
Sporohalobacter are a genus of anaerobic bacteria belonging to the family Haloanaerobiaceae.
See Bacteria and Sporohalobacter
Sputum
Sputum is mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways (the trachea and bronchi).
Standard atmosphere (unit)
The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as Pa.
See Bacteria and Standard atmosphere (unit)
Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Staphylococcaceae from the order Bacillales.
See Bacteria and Staphylococcus
Sterilization (microbiology)
Sterilization (sterilisation) refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life (particularly microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spores, and unicellular eukaryotic organisms) and other biological agents (such as prions or viruses) present in or on a specific surface, object, or fluid.
See Bacteria and Sterilization (microbiology)
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment.
See Bacteria and Stimulus (physiology)
Streptococcus
Streptococcus is a genus of gram-positive or spherical bacteria that belongs to the family Streptococcaceae, within the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria), in the phylum Bacillota.
See Bacteria and Streptococcus
Streptomyces
Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinomycetota, and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae.
Stromatolite
Stromatolites or stromatoliths are layered sedimentary formations (microbialite) that are created mainly by photosynthetic microorganisms such as cyanobacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria, and Pseudomonadota (formerly proteobacteria).
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
Subacute bacterial endocarditis, abbreviated SBE, is a type of endocarditis (more specifically, infective endocarditis).
See Bacteria and Subacute bacterial endocarditis
Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.
Sulfate-reducing microorganism
Sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) or sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP) are a group composed of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulfate-reducing archaea (SRA), both of which can perform anaerobic respiration utilizing sulfate as terminal electron acceptor, reducing it to hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
See Bacteria and Sulfate-reducing microorganism
Sulfur
Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16.
Symbiogenesis
Symbiogenesis (endosymbiotic theory, or serial endosymbiotic theory) is the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms.
See Bacteria and Symbiogenesis
Symbiosis
Symbiosis (from Greek,, "living with, companionship, camaraderie", from,, "together", and, bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two biological organisms of different species, termed symbionts, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.
Synergistota
The Synergistota is a phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show Gram-negative staining and have rod/vibrioid cell shape.
Syntrophy
In biology, syntrophy, syntrophism, or cross-feeding (from Greek syn meaning together, trophe meaning nourishment) is the cooperative interaction between at least two microbial species to degrade a single substrate.
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
Taxis
A taxis (taxes) is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization.
Taxonomy (biology)
In biology, taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.
See Bacteria and Taxonomy (biology)
Teichoic acid
Teichoic acids (cf. Greek τεῖχος, teīkhos, "wall", to be specific a fortification wall, as opposed to τοῖχος, toīkhos, a regular wall) are bacterial copolymers of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate and carbohydrates linked via phosphodiester bonds.
See Bacteria and Teichoic acid
Tetanus
Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani and characterized by muscle spasms.
Thermodesulfobacteriota
The Thermodesulfobacteriota are a phylum of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria.
See Bacteria and Thermodesulfobacteriota
Thermomicrobia
The Thermomicrobia is a group of thermophilic green non-sulfur bacteria.
See Bacteria and Thermomicrobia
Thermophile
A thermophile is an organism—a type of extremophile—that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between.
Thermotogae
The Thermotogota are a phylum of the domain Bacteria.
Thermus aquaticus
Thermus aquaticus is a species of bacteria that can tolerate high temperatures, one of several thermophilic bacteria that belong to the Deinococcota phylum.
See Bacteria and Thermus aquaticus
Thiomargarita magnifica
Candidatus Thiomargarita magnifica is a species of sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacteria, found growing underwater on detached leaves of red mangroves from the Guadeloupe archipelago in the Lesser Antilles.
See Bacteria and Thiomargarita magnifica
Thiomargarita namibiensis
Thiomargarita namibiensis is a harmless, gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, coccoid bacterium found in the ocean sediments of the continental shelf of Namibia.
See Bacteria and Thiomargarita namibiensis
Thomas Cavalier-Smith
Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith, FRS, FRSC, NERC Professorial Fellow (21 October 1942 – 19 March 2021), was a professor of evolutionary biology in the Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford.
See Bacteria and Thomas Cavalier-Smith
Three-domain system
The three-domain system is a taxonomic classification system that groups all cellular life into three domains, namely Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, introduced by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark Wheelis in 1990.
See Bacteria and Three-domain system
Timeline of peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori
This is a timeline of the events relating to the discovery that peptic ulcer disease and some cancers are caused by H. pylori.
See Bacteria and Timeline of peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori
Toxic waste
Toxic waste is any unwanted material in all forms that can cause harm (e.g. by being inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin).
Toxoid
A toxoid is an inactivated toxin (usually an exotoxin) whose toxicity has been suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained.
Transduction (genetics)
Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. Bacteria and Transduction (genetics) are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Transduction (genetics)
Treponema pallidum
Treponema pallidum, formerly known as Spirochaeta pallida, is a microaerophilic spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel (also known as endemic syphilis), and yaws.
See Bacteria and Treponema pallidum
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.
Twitching motility
Twitching motility is a form of crawling bacterial motility used to move over surfaces.
See Bacteria and Twitching motility
Typhoid fever
Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a disease caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria, also called Salmonella typhi.
See Bacteria and Typhoid fever
Typhus
Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus.
Ultramicrobacteria
Ultramicrobacteria are bacteria that are smaller than 0.1 μm3 under all growth conditions.
See Bacteria and Ultramicrobacteria
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays.
Universe
The universe is all of space and time and their contents.
Urinary tract infection
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract.
See Bacteria and Urinary tract infection
Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals.
Vacuum
A vacuum (vacuums or vacua) is space devoid of matter.
Vancomycin
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
Vasodilation
Vasodilation, also known as vasorelaxation, is the widening of blood vessels.
Verrucomicrobiota
Verrucomicrobiota is a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria that contains only a few described species.
See Bacteria and Verrucomicrobiota
Viable but nonculturable
Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria refers as to bacteria that are in a state of very low metabolic activity and do not divide, but are alive and have the ability to become culturable once resuscitated. Bacteria and Viable but nonculturable are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Viable but nonculturable
Vibrio
Vibrio is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, possessing a curved-rod (comma) shape, several species of which can cause foodborne infection or soft-tissue infection called Vibriosis.
Vinegar
Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid and trace compounds that may include flavorings.
Virulence
Virulence is a pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host.
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
Vitamin
Vitamins are organic molecules (or a set of closely related molecules called vitamers) that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic function.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism.
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements.
Wildlife
Wildlife refers to undomesticated animal species, but has come to include all organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans.
Wilting
Wilting is the loss of rigidity of non-woody parts of plants.
Wine
Wine is an alcoholic drink made from fermented fruit.
Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
Yogurt
Yogurt (from; also spelled yoghurt, yogourt or yoghourt) is a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.
Ziehl–Neelsen stain
The Ziehl-Neelsen stain, also known as the acid-fast stain, is a bacteriological staining technique used in cytopathology and microbiology to identify acid-fast bacteria under microscopy, particularly members of the Mycobacterium genus. Bacteria and Ziehl–Neelsen stain are bacteriology.
See Bacteria and Ziehl–Neelsen stain
16S ribosomal RNA
16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA).
See Bacteria and 16S ribosomal RNA
See also
Domains (biology)
References
Also known as Antibodies, bacterial, Bacium, Bactera, Bacteria A2Z, Bacteria cells, Bacteria morphology, Bacteriae, Bacterial, Bacterial Index (BI), Bacterial breakdown, Bacterial index, Bacterial predation, Bacterial predator, Bacterial predators, Bacterial proteins, Bacterial shape, Bacterias, Bacterium, Ecnomic importance of bacteria, Economic importance of bacteria, Eubacter, Eubacteria, Harmful bacteria, Human bacteria, Microscopic discovery of bacteria, Predatory bacteria, Schizomycet, Schizomycete, Schizomycetes, Types of bacteria.
, Bactericide, Bacteriohopanepolyol, Bacteriology, Bacteriophage, Bacteriostatic agent, Bacterium (genus), Bacteroidota, Balneolales, Base pair, Bdellovibrionota, Beneficial insect, Betaproteobacteria, Biochemistry, Biofilm, Bioleaching, Biological carbon fixation, Biological engineering, Biological pest control, Bioluminescence, Biomass (ecology), Biomining, Biopolymer, Bioremediation, Biorepository, Biotechnology, Biotin, Bleach, Blood, Borrelia, Botulism, Bubonic plague, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Butyric acid, Cadaver, Caldisericum, Caldithrix, Campylobacter, Campylobacterota, Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, Carbohydrate, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Carboxysome, Carl Woese, Cell (biology), Cell division, Cell growth, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cell signaling, Cell theory, Cell wall, Cellulose, Cerebrospinal fluid, Cheese, Chemical industry, Chemotaxis, Chemotroph, Chitin, Chlamydia (genus), Chlamydiota, Chloramphenicol, Chloroflexota, Chloroplast, Chlorosome, Cholera, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, Chromosome, Chrysiogenaceae, Circular chromosome, Clonal colony, Clostridioides difficile infection, Clostridium, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani, Cofactor (biochemistry), Cold seep, Comet, Commensalism, Competitive exclusion principle, Coprothermobacterota, Coronary artery disease, Cosmic dust, CRISPR, Cyanobacteria, Cystic fibrosis, Cytoplasm, Cytosine, Cytoskeleton, Dead Sea, Decomposition, Deep biosphere, Deferribacteraceae, Deinococcota, Deinococcus radiodurans, Denitrification, Desiccation, Detergent, Detritivore, Diarrhea, Diazotroph, Dictyoglomus thermophilum, Dietary supplement, Diffusion, Diffusion barrier, Digestive enzyme, Dimension, Dimethylmercury, Diminutive, Diphtheria, Directed panspermia, Disease, Disinfectant, Division of labour, DNA, DNA repair, DNA replication, DNA sequencing, Domain (biology), Earliest known life forms, Earth, Earth's crust, Ecological stability, Electrochemical gradient, Electrochemical potential, Electron, Electron acceptor, Electron donor, Electron microscope, Electron transport chain, Elusimicrobiota, Enantiomer, Endolith, Endospore, Endosymbiont, Energy, Enterobacteriaceae, Environmentally friendly, Enzyme, Enzyme inhibitor, Enzyme kinetics, Epulonipiscium, Ernst Haeckel, Escherichia coli, Ethanol, Eukaryote, Evolution, Exotoxin, Exponential growth, Extracellular polymeric substance, Extremophile, Exxon Valdez oil spill, Facultative anaerobic organism, Fatty acid, Fatty acid metabolism, Feces, Ferdinand Cohn, Fermentation, Fermentation in food processing, Fibrobacterota, Filamentation, Fire blight, Fission (biology), Flagellum, Folate, Foodborne illness, Fossil, Fungus, Fusobacteriota, Gamma ray, Gas vesicle, Gastrointestinal tract, GC-content, Gemmatimonadota, Gene, Gene expression, Genetic recombination, Genetic transformation, Genetically modified bacteria, Genetics, Genus, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Germ theory of disease, Geyser, Gliding motility, Glycogen, Gram stain, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Great Salt Lake, Green sulfur bacteria, Growth factor, Growth medium, Guanine, Habitat, Haemophilus influenzae, Hans Christian Gram, Harvard University Press, Helicobacter pylori, Heliobacteria, Helix, Hemolysis (microbiology), Heterotroph, Holocene, Horizontal gene transfer, Host (biology), Hot spring, Human microbiome, Hydrocarbon, Hydrogen, Hydrogen sulfide, Hydrogenophilaceae, Hydrogenosome, Hydrothermal vent, Hypha, Ignavibacteriales, Ignaz Semmelweis, Immune system, Immunology, Immunosuppression, Implant (medicine), Infection, Inflammation, Innate immune system, Insecticide, Insulin, Intensive farming, International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes, Intracellular parasite, Intron, Ion, Isolation (microbiology), Joseph Lister, Koch's postulates, Lactic acid, Lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Last universal common ancestor, Latin, Latinisation of names, Leaf spot, Lentisphaerota, Lepidoptera, Leprosy, Life, Lipid bilayer, Lipopolysaccharide, Lipoprotein, Listeria, Lithotroph, Louis Pasteur, Lytic cycle, Macromolecule, Macrophage, Magnetotaxis, Mariana Trench, Marine prokaryotes, Mastitis in dairy cattle, Mathematical model, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, Medical device, Medicine, Meningitis, Mercury (element), Metabolic pathway, Metabolism, Meteoroid, Methane, Methanogen, Methanotroph, Methylmercury, Microbial mat, Microbial toxin, Microbiological culture, Microbiology, Micrometre, Microorganism, Microscope, Milk, Mitochondrion, Mold, Molecular biology, Molecular cloning, Molecular phylogenetics, Morphology (biology), Most recent common ancestor, Motility, Mucous membrane, Mutagen, Mutation, Mutualism (biology), Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma, Mycoplasmatota, Myelinogenesis, Myxobacteria, Myxococcota, Myxococcus xanthus, NASA, Natural competence, Nature Geoscience, Neisseria, Neo-Latin, Nervous system, Nitrate, Nitrogen fixation, Nitrogenase, Nitrospinota, Nitrospirota, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nucleic acid, Nucleoid, Nutrient cycle, Oil spill, Opportunistic infection, Organelle, Organic acid, Organic compound, Organism, Organotroph, Outer space, Oxygen, Palladium, Parasitism, Paratuberculosis, Pathogen, Pathogenic bacteria, Paul Ehrlich, Penicillin, Penicillium, Peptide, Peptidoglycan, Periplasm, Pesticide, Petroleum, PH, Pharmaceutical industry, Pheromone, Phospholipid, Photosynthesis, Phototaxis, Phototroph, Phylogenetics, Pickling, Pilus, Planctomycetota, Plant, Plasmid, Pneumonia, Pollinator, Pollution, Polyhydroxyalkanoates, Polymerase chain reaction, Polyphosphate, Polysaccharide, Predation, Primary nutritional groups, Prince William Sound, Probiotic, Prokaryote, Prokaryotic cytoskeleton, Propionic acid, Protein, Protein metabolism, Protist, Pseudomonadota, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Puromycin, Purple bacteria, Putrefaction, Quinone, Quorum sensing, R/K selection theory, Rad (radiation unit), Radioactive waste, Random walk, Redox, Reduced form, Reorient, Respiratory tract infection, Restriction modification system, Rhizosphere, Rhodothermales, Ribosomal DNA, Ribosome, Rickettsia, RNA, RNA interference, Robert Koch, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Root, Royal Society, S-layer, Salmonella, Salmonellosis, Saprotrophic nutrition, Sauerkraut, Scanning electron microscope, Sepsis, Sequencing, Serology, Sewage treatment, Sherwood Gorbach, Shewanella, Shigella, Shock (circulatory), Slime layer, Small Solar System body, Sorangium cellulosum, Soy sauce, Spirillum, Spirochaete, Spontaneous generation, Sporohalobacter, Sputum, Standard atmosphere (unit), Staphylococcus, Sterilization (microbiology), Stimulus (physiology), Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Stromatolite, Subacute bacterial endocarditis, Sulfate, Sulfate-reducing microorganism, Sulfur, Symbiogenesis, Symbiosis, Synergistota, Syntrophy, Syphilis, Taxis, Taxonomy, Taxonomy (biology), Teichoic acid, Tetanus, Thermodesulfobacteriota, Thermomicrobia, Thermophile, Thermotogae, Thermus aquaticus, Thiomargarita magnifica, Thiomargarita namibiensis, Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Three-domain system, Timeline of peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori, Toxic waste, Toxoid, Transduction (genetics), Treponema pallidum, Tuberculosis, Twitching motility, Typhoid fever, Typhus, Ultramicrobacteria, Ultraviolet, Universe, Urinary tract infection, Urine, Vacuum, Vancomycin, Vasodilation, Verrucomicrobiota, Viable but nonculturable, Vibrio, Vinegar, Virulence, Virus, Vitamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin K, Wildlife, Wilting, Wine, Yeast, Yogurt, Ziehl–Neelsen stain, 16S ribosomal RNA.