Bashar al-Assad

Bashar al-Assad (born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who is the current and 19th president of Syria since 17 July 2000. ^[1]

ABC News (United States)

ABC News is the news division of the American television network ABC.

See Bashar al-Assad and ABC News (United States)

ABC-Clio, LLC (stylized ABC-CLIO) is an American publishing company for academic reference works and periodicals primarily on topics such as history and social sciences for educational and public library settings.

See Bashar al-Assad and ABC-Clio

Abdelaziz Bouteflika

Abdelaziz Bouteflika (ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Būtaflīqa; 2 March 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician and diplomat who served as the seventh president of Algeria from 1999 to his resignation in 2019.

See Bashar al-Assad and Abdelaziz Bouteflika

Abdul Halim Khaddam

Abdul Halim Khaddam (عبد الحليمخدام; 15 September 1932 – 31 March 2020) was a Syrian politician who served as interim President of Syria in 2000. Bashar al-Assad and Abdul Halim Khaddam are 20th-century Syrian politicians, 20th-century presidents in Asia, Damascus University alumni, members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, people of the Syrian civil war and presidents of Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Abdul Halim Khaddam

Abdullah al-Ahmar

Abdullah Al-Ahmar (عبدالله الأحمر; born 6 June 1936) is a Syrian politician and prominent member of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. Bashar al-Assad and Abdullah al-Ahmar are Damascus University alumni, members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction), members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region and Syrian Muslims.

See Bashar al-Assad and Abdullah al-Ahmar

Abkhazia

Abkhazia, officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Abkhazia

Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi (أَبُو ظَبِي) is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

See Bashar al-Assad and Abu Dhabi

Abu Mohammad al-Julani

Ahmed Hussein al-Shar’a (ʾAḥmad Ḥusayn aš-Šarʿ; born 1982), known by his nom de guerre as Abu Mohammad al-Julani (ʾAbū Muḥammad al-Jawlānī), is a Syrian militant leader who is the current commander-in-chief of the militant group Tahrir al-Sham.

See Bashar al-Assad and Abu Mohammad al-Julani

Activism

Activism (or advocacy) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good.

See Bashar al-Assad and Activism

Acton, London

Acton is a town and area in west London, England, within the London Borough of Ealing.

See Bashar al-Assad and Acton, London

Adel Safar

Adel Safar (ʿĀdil Safar, born 1953) is a Syrian politician and academic, who served as Prime Minister of Syria from 14 April 2011 to 23 June 2012. Bashar al-Assad and Adel Safar are Damascus University alumni and politicians from Damascus.

See Bashar al-Assad and Adel Safar

Agence France-Presse

Agence France-Presse (AFP) is a French international news agency headquartered in Paris, France.

See Bashar al-Assad and Agence France-Presse

Air Force Intelligence Directorate

The Air Force Intelligence Directorate (translit) is an intelligence service of Syria, possibly the country's most powerful agency, owing its importance to Hafez al-Assad's role as the Air Force commander.

See Bashar al-Assad and Air Force Intelligence Directorate

Al Arabiya

Al Arabiya (العربية, transliterated:; meaning "The Arabic One" or "The Arab One") is a Saudi state-owned international Arabic news television channel.

See Bashar al-Assad and Al Arabiya

Al Jazeera Arabic

Al Jazeera Arabic (الجزيرة) is a Qatari state-owned Arabic-language news television network.

See Bashar al-Assad and Al Jazeera Arabic

Al Jazeera English

Al Jazeera English (AJE; lit) is a 24-hour English-language news channel operating under Al Jazeera Media Network, which is partially funded by the government of Qatar.

See Bashar al-Assad and Al Jazeera English

Al Jazeera Media Network

Al Jazeera Media Network (AJMN; The Peninsula) is a private-media conglomerate headquartered at Wadi Al Sail, Doha, funded in part by the government of Qatar.

See Bashar al-Assad and Al Jazeera Media Network

Al-Assad family

The al-Assad family, also known as the Assad dynasty, is a Syrian political family that has ruled Syria since Hafez al-Assad became president of Syria in 1971 under the Ba'ath Party. Bashar al-Assad and al-Assad family are Ba'athism and Syrian Alawites.

See Bashar al-Assad and Al-Assad family

Al-Hayat

Al-Hayat (الحياة Life) was a London-based, pan-Arab newspaper owned by Saudi Prince Khalid bin Sultan, that had a circulation estimated over 200,000.

See Bashar al-Assad and Al-Hayat

Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda is a pan-Islamist militant organization led by Sunni Jihadists who self-identify as a vanguard spearheading a global Islamist revolution to unite the Muslim world under a supra-national Islamic caliphate. Bashar al-Assad and al-Qaeda are anti-Americanism.

See Bashar al-Assad and Al-Qaeda

Al-Qubeir massacre

The Al-Qubeir massacre (مجزرة القبير), also known as the Hama massacre, occurred in the small village of Al-Qubeir near Hama, Syria, on 6 June 2012 during the country's ongoing civil conflict.

See Bashar al-Assad and Al-Qubeir massacre

Alawites

The Alawites, also known as Nusayrites, are an Arab ethnoreligious group that live primarily in the Levant and follow Alawism, a religious sect that splintered from early Shi'ism as a ghulat branch during the ninth century.

See Bashar al-Assad and Alawites

Aleppo

Aleppo (ﺣَﻠَﺐ, ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous governorate of Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Aleppo

Alexander Lukashenko

Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko (also transliterated as Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Lukashenka; born 30 August 1954) is a Belarusian politician who has been the president of Belarus since the office's establishment in 1994, currently the longest in Europe. Bashar al-Assad and Alexander Lukashenko are Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List.

See Bashar al-Assad and Alexander Lukashenko

Ali al-Assad

Ali al-Assad (''né'' al-Wahsh; 18751963) was a Syrian farmer and tribal leader who was the father of former Syrian President Hafez al-Assad and grandfather of current president Bashar al-Assad. Bashar al-Assad and ali al-Assad are al-Assad family.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ali al-Assad

Ali Farzat

Ali Farzat or Ali Ferzat (علي فرزات; born 22 June 1951) is a Syrian political cartoonist.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ali Farzat

Ali Mamlouk

Ali Mamlouk (علي مملوك; born 19 February 1946) is a Syrian intelligence officer and special security and military advisor to President Bashar al-Assad. Bashar al-Assad and ali Mamlouk are Fugitives wanted by France and people of the Syrian civil war.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ali Mamlouk

Allies of World War II

The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.

See Bashar al-Assad and Allies of World War II

Amnesty

Amnesty is defined as "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." Though the term general pardon has a similar definition, an amnesty constitutes more than a pardon, in so much as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense.

See Bashar al-Assad and Amnesty

Amnesty International

Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom.

See Bashar al-Assad and Amnesty International

Anadolu Agency

Anadolu Agency (Anadolu Ajansı,; abbreviated AA) is a state-run news agency headquartered in Ankara, Turkey.

See Bashar al-Assad and Anadolu Agency

Ancestral home

An ancestral home is the place of origin of one's extended family, particularly the home owned and preserved by the same family for several generations.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ancestral home

Anisa Makhlouf

Anisa Makhlouf (ʾAnīsah Maḵlūf, 5 November 1930 – 6 February 2016), onpcsb.ro; accessed 9 July 2017. Bashar al-Assad and Anisa Makhlouf are al-Assad family, people of the Syrian civil war and Syrian Alawites.

See Bashar al-Assad and Anisa Makhlouf

Anonymous (hacker group)

Anonymous is a decentralized international activist and hacktivist collective and movement primarily known for its various cyberattacks against several governments, government institutions and government agencies, corporations and the Church of Scientology.

See Bashar al-Assad and Anonymous (hacker group)

Anti-imperialism

Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is opposition to imperialism or neocolonialism.

See Bashar al-Assad and Anti-imperialism

Anti-Sunnism

Anti-Sunnism is hatred of, prejudice against, discrimination against, persecution of, and violence against Sunni Muslims.

See Bashar al-Assad and Anti-Sunnism

Anti-Western sentiment

Anti-Western sentiment, also known as anti-Atlanticism or Westernophobia, refers to broad opposition, bias, or hostility towards the people, culture, or policies of the Western world. Bashar al-Assad and anti-Western sentiment are anti-Americanism.

See Bashar al-Assad and Anti-Western sentiment

Aporrea

Aporrea is a Venezuelan website that publishes news and opinions from the point of view of supporters of former President Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution.

See Bashar al-Assad and Aporrea

April 2018 missile strikes against Syria

On 14 April 2018, beginning at 04:00 Syrian time (UTC+3), the United States, France, and the United Kingdom carried out a series of military strikes involving aircraft and ship-based missiles against multiple government sites in Syria during the Syrian Civil War.

See Bashar al-Assad and April 2018 missile strikes against Syria

Arab League

The Arab League (الجامعة العربية), formally the League of Arab States (جامعة الدول العربية), is a regional organization in the Arab world.

See Bashar al-Assad and Arab League

Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region (حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي- مصر Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-Arabi Al-Ishtiraki – Misr) is an Egyptian Neo-Ba'athist political party.

See Bashar al-Assad and Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region

Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region (حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا Ḥizb al-Ba'th al-'Arabī al-Ishtirākī – Quṭr Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Regional Branch (Syria being a "region" of the Arab nation in Ba'ath ideology), is a neo-Ba'athist organisation founded on 7 April 1947 by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and followers of Zaki al-Arsuzi.

See Bashar al-Assad and Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

Arab Spring

The Arab Spring (ar-rabīʻ al-ʻarabī) or the First Arab Spring (to distinguish from the Second Arab Spring) was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s.

See Bashar al-Assad and Arab Spring

Arab world

The Arab world (اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), formally the Arab homeland (اَلْوَطَنُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), also known as the Arab nation (اَلْأُمَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in Western Asia and Northern Africa.

See Bashar al-Assad and Arab world

Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

See Bashar al-Assad and Arabic

Arabic Wikipedia

The Arabic Wikipedia (ويكيبيديا العربية) is the Modern Standard Arabic version of Wikipedia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Arabic Wikipedia

Arbitrary arrest and detention

Arbitrary arrest and arbitrary detention is the arrest or detention of an individual in a case in which there is no likelihood or evidence that they committed a crime against legal statute, or in which there has been no proper due process of law or order.

See Bashar al-Assad and Arbitrary arrest and detention

Arrest warrant

An arrest warrant or bench warrant is a warrant issued by a judge or magistrate on behalf of the state which authorizes the arrest and detention of an individual or the search and seizure of an individual's property.

See Bashar al-Assad and Arrest warrant

As-Suwayda

As-Suwayda (ٱلسُّوَيْدَاء / ALA-LC romanization: as-Suwaydāʾ), also spelled Sweida, is a mainly Druze city located in southwestern Syria, close to the border with Jordan.

See Bashar al-Assad and As-Suwayda

Asian Games

The Asian Games, also known as Asiad, is a continental multi-sport event held every fourth year among athletes from all over Asia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Asian Games

Asma al-Assad

Asma Fawaz al-Assad (أسماء فواز الأسد; née Akhras; born 11 August 1975) is the First Lady of Syria. Bashar al-Assad and Asma al-Assad are al-Assad family, people of the Syrian civil war and Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List.

See Bashar al-Assad and Asma al-Assad

Assassination of Rafic Hariri

On 14 February 2005, former Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafic Hariri was killed along with 21 others in an explosion in Beirut, Lebanon.

See Bashar al-Assad and Assassination of Rafic Hariri

Assef Shawkat

Assef Shawkat (ʾĀṣif Šawkat&lrm;; 15 January 1950 – 18 July 2012) was a Syrian military officer who was the Deputy Minister of Defense of Syria from September 2011 until his death in July 2012. Bashar al-Assad and Assef Shawkat are al-Assad family and Damascus University alumni.

See Bashar al-Assad and Assef Shawkat

Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

See Bashar al-Assad and Associated Press

Assyrian people

Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Assyrian people

Émile Lahoud

Émile Jamil Lahoud (born 12 January 1936) is a Lebanese politician who served as the 16th president of Lebanon from 1998 to 2007.

See Bashar al-Assad and Émile Lahoud

Ba'ath Party

The Arab Socialist Baʿth Party (also anglicized as Ba'ath in loose transcription; البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was a political party founded in Syria by Mishel ʿAflaq, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Bīṭār, and associates of Zakī al-ʾArsūzī. Bashar al-Assad and Ba'ath Party are Ba'athism.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ba'ath Party

Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (spelled "Ba'th" or "Baath", "resurrection" or "renaissance"; حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي Ḥizb al-Ba‘th al-‘Arabī al-Ishtirākī), also referred to as the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath movement, is a neo-Ba'athist political party which was headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq, until 2003.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)

Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Ḥizb al-Ba‘th al-‘Arabī al-Ishtirākī; meaning "resurrection"), also referred to as the pro-Syrian Ba'ath movement, is a neo-Ba'athist political party with branches across the Arab world.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)

Ba'athism

Ba'athism, also spelled Baathism, is an Arab nationalist ideology which promotes the creation and development of a unified Arab state through the leadership of a vanguard party over a socialist revolutionary government.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ba'athism

Bahjat Suleiman

Bahjat Suleiman (بهجت سليمان; 194925 February 2021), also known as Bahjat Sulayman, was a Syrian Ambassador to Jordan and head of the internal branch of the Syrian General Intelligence Directorate (GID), also known as Branch 251, in Syria. Bashar al-Assad and Bahjat Suleiman are homs Military Academy alumni, people of the Syrian civil war and Syrian Alawites.

See Bashar al-Assad and Bahjat Suleiman

Ban Ki-moon

Ban Ki-moon (born 13 June 1944) is a South Korean politician and diplomat who served as the eighth secretary-general of the United Nations between 2007 and 2016.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ban Ki-moon

Banderite

A Banderite or Banderovite (banderivets; Banderowiec; banderovets; Banderovec) was a member of OUN-B, a faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.

See Bashar al-Assad and Banderite

Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017.

See Bashar al-Assad and Barack Obama

Barrel bomb

A barrel bomb is an improvised unguided bomb, sometimes described as a flying IED (improvised explosive device).

See Bashar al-Assad and Barrel bomb

Bassel al-Assad

Bassel al-Assad (translit; 23 March 196221 January 1994) was a Syrian engineer, colonel, equestrian and politician who was the eldest son of Syrian President Hafez al-Assad and the older brother of (later) President Bashar al-Assad. Bashar al-Assad and Bassel al-Assad are al-Assad family and Damascus University alumni.

See Bashar al-Assad and Bassel al-Assad

Battle of Tabqa Airbase

The Battle of Tabqa Airbase refers to a series of clashes between the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and the Syrian Arab Army in August 2014, during the Syrian Civil War.

See Bashar al-Assad and Battle of Tabqa Airbase

Bayda and Baniyas massacres

The Bayda and Baniyas massacres were two widely reported massacres that occurred in May 2013 in the village of Bayda and the city of Baniyas, in Tartus Governorate, Syria, where Syrian Army troops, supported by paramilitaries, killed civilians in the predominantly Sunni locales.

See Bashar al-Assad and Bayda and Baniyas massacres

BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

See Bashar al-Assad and BBC

BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

See Bashar al-Assad and BBC News

Beirut

Beirut (help) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.

See Bashar al-Assad and Beirut

Bell Pottinger

Bell Pottinger Private (legally BPP Communications Ltd.) was a British multinational public relations, reputation management and marketing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom.

See Bashar al-Assad and Bell Pottinger

Brasília

Brasília is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District, located in the Brazilian highlands in the country's Central-West region.

See Bashar al-Assad and Brasília

British National Party

The British National Party (BNP) is a far-right, British fascist political party in the United Kingdom.

See Bashar al-Assad and British National Party

Brookings Institution

The Brookings Institution, often stylized as Brookings, is an American think tank that conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics (and tax policy), metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, global economy, and economic development.

See Bashar al-Assad and Brookings Institution

Brown Lloyd James

Brown Lloyd James is a public relations firm with offices in New York, Washington, D.C., London, and Doha.

See Bashar al-Assad and Brown Lloyd James

Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials.

See Bashar al-Assad and Bureaucracy

Bushra al-Assad

Bushra al-Assad (Bušrā al-ʾAsad) (born 24 October 1960) is the first child and only daughter of Hafez al-Assad, who was the president of Syria from 1971 to 2000. Bashar al-Assad and Bushra al-Assad are al-Assad family, Damascus University alumni, Syrian Alawites and Syrian Muslims.

See Bashar al-Assad and Bushra al-Assad

Canada

Canada is a country in North America.

See Bashar al-Assad and Canada

Canada and the Netherlands v. Syrian Arab Republic

On June 8, 2023, the governments of Canada and The Netherlands brought a case against Syria before the International Court of Justice accusing the Syrian Government of torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment of its own population beginning at least in 2011 and failing to fulfill its obligations regarding the prohibition against torture violating the United Nations Convention Against Torture.

See Bashar al-Assad and Canada and the Netherlands v. Syrian Arab Republic

Caracas

Caracas, officially Santiago de León de Caracas (CCS), is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, and the center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas (or Greater Caracas).

See Bashar al-Assad and Caracas

Carter-Ruck

Carter-Ruck is a British law firm founded by Peter Carter-Ruck.

See Bashar al-Assad and Carter-Ruck

Casualties of the Syrian civil war

Estimates of the total number of deaths in the Syrian Civil War, by various war monitors, range between 580,000 as of May 2021, and approximately 617,910 as of March 2024.

See Bashar al-Assad and Casualties of the Syrian civil war

CBS News

CBS News is the news division of the American television and radio broadcaster CBS.

See Bashar al-Assad and CBS News

Cedar Revolution

The Cedar Revolution (translit) or the Independence Intifada (translit) was a chain of demonstrations in Lebanon (especially in the capital Beirut) triggered by the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri.

See Bashar al-Assad and Cedar Revolution

Cellular network

A cellular network or mobile network is a telecommunications network where the link to and from end nodes is wireless and the network is distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver (typically three cell sites or base transceiver stations).

See Bashar al-Assad and Cellular network

Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

The Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (القيادة المركزية لحزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي), which was established through the merger of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in 2018, is the ruling organ of the Ba'ath Party organization in Syria and the Syrian-led Ba'athist movement.

See Bashar al-Assad and Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.

See Bashar al-Assad and Central Intelligence Agency

Centre-left politics

Centre-left politics is the range of left-wing political ideologies that lean closer to the political centre and broadly conform with progressivism.

See Bashar al-Assad and Centre-left politics

Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)

Charles McArthur Ghankay Taylor (born 28 January 1948) is a Liberian former politician and convicted war criminal who served as the 22nd president of Liberia from 2 August 1997 until his resignation on 11 August 2003 as a result of the Second Liberian Civil War and growing international pressure.

See Bashar al-Assad and Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)

Charlottesville, Virginia

Charlottesville, colloquially known as C'ville, is an independent city in Virginia, United States.

See Bashar al-Assad and Charlottesville, Virginia

Chemical warfare

Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons.

See Bashar al-Assad and Chemical warfare

Chemical Weapons Convention

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), officially the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, is an arms control treaty administered by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), an intergovernmental organization based in The Hague, The Netherlands.

See Bashar al-Assad and Chemical Weapons Convention

Child

A child is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty.

See Bashar al-Assad and Child

Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)

Christopher Henry Smith (born March 4, 1953) is an American politician serving his 22nd term as the U.S. representative for.

See Bashar al-Assad and Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)

Christian Broadcasting Network

The Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) is an American Christian media production and distribution organization.

See Bashar al-Assad and Christian Broadcasting Network

Christianity in Syria

Christians in Syria made up about 10% of the pre-war Syrian population.

See Bashar al-Assad and Christianity in Syria

Circassians in Syria

Circassians in Syria refer to the Circassian diaspora that settled in Syria (then part of the Ottoman Empire) in the 19th century.

See Bashar al-Assad and Circassians in Syria

Civil and political rights

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.

See Bashar al-Assad and Civil and political rights

Civil defense

Civil defense or civil protection is an effort to protect the citizens of a state (generally non-combatants) from human-made and natural disasters.

See Bashar al-Assad and Civil defense

Civil Rights Defenders

Civil Rights Defenders (Formerly the Swedish Helsinki Committee) is an international non-governmental organisation based in Stockholm, Sweden, that does human rights work with a focus on civil and political rights.

See Bashar al-Assad and Civil Rights Defenders

Civil war

A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).

See Bashar al-Assad and Civil war

Collar (order)

A collar, also known as collar of an order, is an ornate chain, often made of gold and enamel, and set with precious stones, which is worn about the neck as a symbol of membership in various chivalric orders.

See Bashar al-Assad and Collar (order)

Commander-in-chief

A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed force or a military branch.

See Bashar al-Assad and Commander-in-chief

Committee to Protect Journalists

The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) is an American independent non-profit, non-governmental organization, based in New York City, with correspondents around the world.

See Bashar al-Assad and Committee to Protect Journalists

Communist Labour Party (Syria)

The Communist labor Party (حزب العمل الشيوعي Hizb Al-'Amal Al-Shuyu'iy) is a Syrian communist party active in the 1980s and early 1990s.

See Bashar al-Assad and Communist Labour Party (Syria)

Conservatism

Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values.

See Bashar al-Assad and Conservatism

Constitution of Syria

The current Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic was adopted on 26 February 2012, replacing one that had been in force since 13 March 1973.

See Bashar al-Assad and Constitution of Syria

Corrective Movement (Syria)

The Corrective Movement (translit), also referred to as the Corrective Revolution or the 1970 coup, was a bloodless coup d'état led by General Hafez al-Assad on 13 November 1970 in Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Corrective Movement (Syria)

Corruption Perceptions Index

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index that scores and ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as assessed by experts and business executives.

See Bashar al-Assad and Corruption Perceptions Index

Council of Ministers (Syria)

The Cabinet of Syria (Arabic: مجلس وزراء سوريا, majlis wuzara' suria) or Council of Ministers is the chief executive body of the Syrian Arab Republic.

See Bashar al-Assad and Council of Ministers (Syria)

Council on Foreign Relations

The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an American think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international relations.

See Bashar al-Assad and Council on Foreign Relations

Crimes against humanity

Crimes against humanity are certain serious crimes committed as part of a large-scale attack against civilians.

See Bashar al-Assad and Crimes against humanity

Criticism of Israel

Criticism of Israel is a subject of journalistic and scholarly commentary and research within the scope of international relations theory, expressed in terms of political science.

See Bashar al-Assad and Criticism of Israel

Cyberspace

Cyberspace is an interconnected digital environment.

See Bashar al-Assad and Cyberspace

Czech Television

Czech Television (italics; abbreviation: ČT) is a public television broadcaster in the Czech Republic, broadcasting six channels.

See Bashar al-Assad and Czech Television

Damascus

Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.

See Bashar al-Assad and Damascus

Damascus Declaration

The Damascus Declaration (إعلان دمشق) was a statement of unity by Syrian opposition figures issued in October 2005.

See Bashar al-Assad and Damascus Declaration

Damascus Spring

The Damascus Spring (ربيع دمشق) was a period of intense political and social debate in Syria which started after the death of President Hafiz al-Assad in June 2000 and continued to some degree until autumn 2001, when most of the activities associated with it were suppressed by the government.

See Bashar al-Assad and Damascus Spring

Damascus University

The Damascus University (translit) is the largest and oldest university in Syria, located in the capital Damascus, with campuses in other Syrian cities.

See Bashar al-Assad and Damascus University

Daniel Ortega

José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (born 11 November 1945) is a Nicaraguan politician and the 58th president of Nicaragua since 2007. Bashar al-Assad and Daniel Ortega are anti-Americanism.

See Bashar al-Assad and Daniel Ortega

Darayya District

Darayya District (manṭiqat Dārayyā) is a district of the Rif Dimashq Governorate in southern Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Darayya District

David Crane (lawyer)

David Michael Crane (born May 29, 1950) is an American lawyer who was the Chief Prosecutor of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) from April 2002 until July 15, 2005.

See Bashar al-Assad and David Crane (lawyer)

De facto

De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.

See Bashar al-Assad and De facto

Death and state funeral of Hafez al-Assad

Hafez al-Assad, the 18th president of Syria, died from a heart attack on 10 June 2000 at the age of 69.

See Bashar al-Assad and Death and state funeral of Hafez al-Assad

Defense Companies (Syria)

The Brigades for the Defense of the Revolution, commonly referred to as Defense Companies, Defense Corps or Defense Brigades (سرايا الدفاع) were an all-Alawite paramilitary force in Syria that were commanded by Rifaat al-Assad.

See Bashar al-Assad and Defense Companies (Syria)

Democratic Arab Socialist Union

The Democratic Arab Socialist Union (الاتحاد الاشتراكي العربي الديمقراطي, Al-ittiḥād al-ishtirākī al-'arabī al-dīmūqrāṭī; French: Union arabe socialiste démocratique) is a Nasserist democratic socialist Syrian political party based in Paris, France.

See Bashar al-Assad and Democratic Arab Socialist Union

Democratic transition

A democratic transition describes a phase in a country's political system as a result of an ongoing change from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one.

See Bashar al-Assad and Democratic transition

Democratic Union Party (Syria)

The Democratic Union Party (Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat,, PYD; translit; translit) is a Kurdish left-wing political party established on 20 September 2003 in northern Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Democratic Union Party (Syria)

Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons

The destruction of Syria's chemical weapons began on 14 September 2013 after Syria entered into several international agreements which called for the elimination of Syria's chemical weapon stockpiles and set a destruction deadline of 30 June 2014.

See Bashar al-Assad and Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons

Deutsche Welle

("German Wave"), commonly shortened to DW, is a German public, state-owned international broadcaster funded by the German federal tax budget.

See Bashar al-Assad and Deutsche Welle

Dictatorship

A dictatorship is an autocratic form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, who hold governmental powers with few to no limitations.

See Bashar al-Assad and Dictatorship

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

See Bashar al-Assad and Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Donald Ramotar

Donald Rabindranauth Ramotar (born 22 October 1950) is a Guyanese politician who was President of Guyana from 2011 to 2015.

See Bashar al-Assad and Donald Ramotar

Donald Trump

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. Bashar al-Assad and Donald Trump are people stripped of honorary degrees.

See Bashar al-Assad and Donald Trump

Donetsk People's Republic

The Donetsk People's Republic (DPR; Donetskaya Narodnaya Respublika (DNR),; ДНР) is a republic of Russia, comprising the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast, with its capital in Donetsk.

See Bashar al-Assad and Donetsk People's Republic

Douma chemical attack

On 7 April 2018, a chemical warfare attack was launched by the forces of the government of Bashar al-Assad in the city of Douma, Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Douma chemical attack

Druze

The Druze (دَرْزِيّ, or دُرْزِيّ, rtl), who call themselves al-Muwaḥḥidūn (lit. 'the monotheists' or 'the unitarians'), are an Arab and Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group from West Asia who adhere to the Druze faith, an Abrahamic, monotheistic, syncretic, and ethnic religion whose main tenets assert the unity of God, reincarnation, and the eternity of the soul.

See Bashar al-Assad and Druze

Druze in Israel

Israeli Druze or Druze Israelis (الدروز الإسرائيليون; דְּרוּזִים יִשְׂרְאֵלִים) are an ethnoreligious minority among the Arab citizens of Israel.

See Bashar al-Assad and Druze in Israel

Druze in Syria

The Druze in Syria refers to adherents of the Druze religious minority who reside in Syia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Druze in Syria

DW News

DW News is a global news TV program broadcast by German public state-owned international broadcaster Deutsche Welle (DW).

See Bashar al-Assad and DW News

Dynastic order

A dynastic order, monarchical order, or house order is an order under royal patronage.

See Bashar al-Assad and Dynastic order

Eastern Mediterranean

Eastern Mediterranean is a loose definition of the eastern approximate half, or third, of the Mediterranean Sea, often defined as the countries around the Levantine Sea.

See Bashar al-Assad and Eastern Mediterranean

Economic liberalization

Economic liberalization, or economic liberalisation, is the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities.

See Bashar al-Assad and Economic liberalization

Eichmann in Jerusalem

Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil is a 1963 book by the philosopher and political thinker Hannah Arendt.

See Bashar al-Assad and Eichmann in Jerusalem

Election

An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.

See Bashar al-Assad and Election

Elections in Syria

A civil war has been going on in Syria since 2011, following the events of the 2011 Syrian Revolution, which was part of the international wave of protest known as the Arab Spring.

See Bashar al-Assad and Elections in Syria

Emmanuel Macron

Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron (born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has been serving as the 25th president of France since 2017 and ex officio one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra.

See Bashar al-Assad and Emmanuel Macron

Enforced disappearance

An enforced disappearance (or forced disappearance) is the secret abduction or imprisonment of a person with the support or acquiescence of a state followed by a refusal to acknowledge the person's fate or whereabouts with the intent of placing the victim outside the protection of the law.

See Bashar al-Assad and Enforced disappearance

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of economic value in ways that generally entail beyond the minimal amount of risk (assumed by a traditional business), and potentially involving values besides simply economic ones.

See Bashar al-Assad and Entrepreneurship

Ethnic cleansing

Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic, racial, or religious groups from a given area, with the intent of making the society ethnically homogeneous.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ethnic cleansing

Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War

Ethnic cleansing occurred during the Bosnian War (1992–95) as large numbers of Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) and Bosnian Croats were forced to flee their homes or were expelled by the Army of Republika Srpska and Serb paramilitaries.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War

European Council on Foreign Relations

The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) is a pan-European think tank with offices in seven European capitals.

See Bashar al-Assad and European Council on Foreign Relations

European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

See Bashar al-Assad and European Union

Extraordinary rendition

Extraordinary rendition is a euphemism for state-sponsored kidnapping in another jurisdiction and transfer to a third state.

See Bashar al-Assad and Extraordinary rendition

Fahd Jassem al-Freij

Fahd Jassem al-Freij (فهد جاسمالفريج; born 17 January 1950) is the former Minister of Defense of Syria, took office on 18 July 2012 and left office on 1 January 2018. Bashar al-Assad and Fahd Jassem al-Freij are members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region and people of the Syrian civil war.

See Bashar al-Assad and Fahd Jassem al-Freij

Faisal Mekdad

Faisal Mekdad (فيصل المقداد; born 5 February 1954) is a Syrian diplomat and politician who has been Foreign Minister of Syria since 2020. He served as Syria's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 2003 until 2006. Bashar al-Assad and Faisal Mekdad are Damascus University alumni and Syrian Muslims.

See Bashar al-Assad and Faisal Mekdad

Far-right politics

Far-right politics, or right-wing extremism, is a spectrum of political thought that tends to be radically conservative, ultra-nationalist, and authoritarian, often also including nativist tendencies.

See Bashar al-Assad and Far-right politics

Farouk al-Sharaa

Farouk al-Sharaa (فاروق الشرع; born 10 December 1938) is a Syrian politician and diplomat. Bashar al-Assad and Farouk al-Sharaa are 20th-century Syrian politicians, 21st-century Syrian politicians and members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region.

See Bashar al-Assad and Farouk al-Sharaa

Fatah

Fatah (Fatḥ), formally the Palestinian National Liberation Movement (label), is a Palestinian nationalist and social democratic political party.

See Bashar al-Assad and Fatah

Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

See Bashar al-Assad and Federal Bureau of Investigation

Fenethylline

Fenethylline (BAN, USAN) or fenetylline (INN) is a codrug of amphetamine and theophylline and so a mutual prodrug of both.

See Bashar al-Assad and Fenethylline

Field marshal

Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the second most senior military rank, ordinarily senior to the general officer ranks, but junior to the rank of Generalissimo.

See Bashar al-Assad and Field marshal

Fifth column

A fifth column is a group of people who undermine a larger group or nation from within, usually in favor of an enemy group or another nation.

See Bashar al-Assad and Fifth column

Filippo Grandi

Filippo Grandi (born March 30, 1957) is an Italian diplomat and United Nations official, currently serving as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

See Bashar al-Assad and Filippo Grandi

Financial Times

The Financial Times (FT) is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs.

See Bashar al-Assad and Financial Times

First Hussein Arnous government

The first government of Hussein Arnous was formed on 30 August 2020 and took the oath of office on 2 September 2020.

See Bashar al-Assad and First Hussein Arnous government

Fitna (word)

Fitna (or, pl.; فتنة, فتن: "temptation, trial; sedition, civil strife, conflict"Wehr (1976), p. 696.) is an Arabic word with extensive connotations of trial, affliction, or distress.

See Bashar al-Assad and Fitna (word)

Forced displacement

Forced displacement (also forced migration or forced relocation) is an involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region.

See Bashar al-Assad and Forced displacement

Foreign Affairs

Foreign Affairs is an American magazine of international relations and U.S. foreign policy published by the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, membership organization and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs.

See Bashar al-Assad and Foreign Affairs

Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war

Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war refers to political, military and operational support to parties involved in the ongoing conflict in Syria that began in March 2011, as well as active foreign involvement.

See Bashar al-Assad and Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war

Foreign policy of the Bashar al-Assad administration

Syrian foreign policy during the presidency of Bashar al-Assad is based on continuity from the Cold War-era policies of his father and predecessor, Hafiz al-Assad.

See Bashar al-Assad and Foreign policy of the Bashar al-Assad administration

Foreign Secretary

The secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs, also known as the foreign secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with responsibility for the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office.

See Bashar al-Assad and Foreign Secretary

Free Syrian Army

The Free Syrian Army (FSA; al-jaysh as-Sūrī al-ḥur) is a big-tent coalition of decentralized Syrian opposition rebel groups in the Syrian civil war founded on 29 July 2011 by Colonel Riad al-Asaad and six officers who defected from the Syrian Armed Forces.

See Bashar al-Assad and Free Syrian Army

Freelancer

Freelance (sometimes spelled free-lance or free lance), freelancer, or freelance worker, are terms commonly used for a person who is self-employed and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term.

See Bashar al-Assad and Freelancer

Friends of Syria Group

The Group of Friends of the Syrian People (sometimes Friends of Syria Group, Friends of the Syrian People Group, Friends of Democratic Syria or simply Friends of Syria) is an international diplomatic collective of countries and bodies convening periodically on the topic of Syria outside the U.N. Security Council.

See Bashar al-Assad and Friends of Syria Group

General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)

The General Intelligence Directorate (translit), also known as the General Security Directorate or Syrian GID, is the most important civil intelligence service of Syria and plays an important role in quelling internal dissent.

See Bashar al-Assad and General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)

Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Georgia (country)

Getty Images

Getty Images Holdings, Inc. is a visual media company and supplier of stock images, editorial photography, video, and music for business and consumers, with a library of over 477 million assets.

See Bashar al-Assad and Getty Images

Ghazi Kanaan

Ghazi Kanaan (غازي كنعان; 1942 – 12 October 2005), also known as Abu Yo'roub, was Syria's interior minister from 2004 to 2005, and long-time head of Syria's security apparatus in Lebanon from 1982 to 2002. Bashar al-Assad and Ghazi Kanaan are homs Military Academy alumni and Syrian Alawites.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ghazi Kanaan

Ghouta chemical attack

The Ghouta chemical attack was a chemical attack carried out by the forces of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, in the early hours of 21 August 2013 in Ghouta, Syria during the Syrian civil war.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ghouta chemical attack

Gilbert Achcar

Gilbert Achcar (جلبير الأشقر; 5 November 1951) is a Lebanese socialist academic and writer.

See Bashar al-Assad and Gilbert Achcar

Giorgio Napolitano

Giorgio Napolitano (29 June 1925 – 22 September 2023) was an Italian politician who served as the 11th president of Italy from 2006 to 2015, the first to be re-elected to the office.

See Bashar al-Assad and Giorgio Napolitano

Global Public Policy Institute

The Global Public Policy Institute (GPPi) is a non-profit think tank based in Berlin.

See Bashar al-Assad and Global Public Policy Institute

Globalism

Globalism has multiple meanings.

See Bashar al-Assad and Globalism

Grand Cross

Grand Cross is the highest class in many orders, and manifested in its insignia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Grand Cross

Greenwood Publishing Group

Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.

See Bashar al-Assad and Greenwood Publishing Group

GRU (Russian Federation)

The Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation,r formerly the Main Intelligence Directorate,(p) and still commonly known by its previous abbreviation GRU,p, is the foreign military intelligence agency of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Bashar al-Assad and GRU (Russian Federation) are Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List.

See Bashar al-Assad and GRU (Russian Federation)

Haaretz

Haaretz (originally Ḥadshot Haaretz –) is an Israeli newspaper.

See Bashar al-Assad and Haaretz

Hafez al-Assad

Hafez al-Assad (6 October 193010 June 2000) was a Syrian statesman, military officer and revolutionary who served as the 18th president of Syria from 1971 until his death in 2000. Bashar al-Assad and Hafez al-Assad are 20th-century Syrian politicians, 20th-century presidents in Asia, al-Assad family, anti-Zionism in the Arab world, far-left politics in Asia, homs Military Academy alumni, members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction), members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, Muslim socialists, Politicide perpetrators, presidents of Syria, Syrian Alawites, Syrian Arab nationalists, Syrian mass murderers, Syrian nationalists and Totalitarianism.

See Bashar al-Assad and Hafez al-Assad

Hafez Bashar al-Assad

Hafez Bashar al-Assad (حافظ بشار الأسد; born 4 December 2001) is the eldest son of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad and his wife Asma al-Assad. Bashar al-Assad and Hafez Bashar al-Assad are al-Assad family.

See Bashar al-Assad and Hafez Bashar al-Assad

Hafez Makhlouf

Hafez Mohamad Makhlouf (حافظ مخلوف&lrm;; born 2 April 1971), also known as Hafez Makhlouf, is a Syrian brigadier general and intelligence officer who headed the Damascus branch of the Syrian General Intelligence Directorate. Bashar al-Assad and Hafez Makhlouf are al-Assad family, people of the Syrian civil war and politicians from Damascus.

See Bashar al-Assad and Hafez Makhlouf

Hajj

Hajj (translit; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims.

See Bashar al-Assad and Hajj

Hangzhou

Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang, China. It is located in the northeastern part of the province, sitting at the head of Hangzhou Bay, which separates Shanghai and Ningbo. As of 2022, the Hangzhou metropolitan area was estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product (nominal) of 4 trillion yuan (US$590 billion), making it larger than the economy of Sweden.

See Bashar al-Assad and Hangzhou

Hannah Arendt

Hannah Arendt (born Johanna Arendt; 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German-American historian and philosopher.

See Bashar al-Assad and Hannah Arendt

Heir apparent

An heir apparent (heiress apparent) or simply heir is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person.

See Bashar al-Assad and Heir apparent

Hezbollah

Hezbollah (Ḥizbu 'llāh) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group, led since 1992 by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah.

See Bashar al-Assad and Hezbollah

High commissioner

High commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment.

See Bashar al-Assad and High commissioner

Hilal Hilal

Hilal al-Hilal (هلال هلال; born 1966) is a Syrian politician who is the former Assistant Secretary-General of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party, and was the Party Secretary of the Branch Command of Aleppo in 2011. Bashar al-Assad and Hilal Hilal are members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, people of the Syrian civil war and Syrian Muslims.

See Bashar al-Assad and Hilal Hilal

Hillary Clinton

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (Rodham; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the 67th United States secretary of state in the administration of Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, as a U.S. senator representing New York from 2001 to 2009, and as the first lady of the United States to former president Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001.

See Bashar al-Assad and Hillary Clinton

History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak

The history of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak spans a period of 29 years, beginning with the 1981 assassination of President Anwar Sadat and lasting until the Egyptian revolution of January 2011, when Mubarak was overthrown in a popular uprising as part of the broader Arab Spring movement.

See Bashar al-Assad and History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak

History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état.

See Bashar al-Assad and History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

History of the Jews in Europe

The history of the Jews in Europe spans a period of over two thousand years.

See Bashar al-Assad and History of the Jews in Europe

Homs

Homs (حِمْص / ALA-LC:; Levantine Arabic: حُمْص / Ḥomṣ), known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa (Émesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate.

See Bashar al-Assad and Homs

Homs Military Academy

Homs Military Academy is a military educational and training institution located in Homs, Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Homs Military Academy

Houla massacre

The Houla massacre (مجزرة الحولة) was a mass murder of civilians by Syrian government forces that took place on May 25, 2012, in the midst of the Syrian Civil War, in the town of Taldou, in the Houla Region of Syria, a string of towns northwest of Homs.

See Bashar al-Assad and Houla massacre

House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

The House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies is a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon that ruled Southern Italy and Sicily for more than a century in the 18th and 19th centuries.

See Bashar al-Assad and House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

HuffPost

HuffPost (The Huffington Post until 2017; often abbreviated as HuffPo) is an American progressive news website, with localized and international editions.

See Bashar al-Assad and HuffPost

Human rights in Syria

The situation for human rights in Syria is considered one of the worst in the world and has been globally condemned by international organizations like the United Nations, Human rights Watch, Amnesty International,, pg.

See Bashar al-Assad and Human rights in Syria

Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

See Bashar al-Assad and Human Rights Watch

Hussein Arnous

Hussein Arnous (حسين عرنوس|translit. Bashar al-Assad and Hussein Arnous are 21st-century Syrian politicians and members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region.

See Bashar al-Assad and Hussein Arnous

Ibrahim al-Hadid

Ibrahim al-Hadid (ابراهيمالحديد; born 1956) is a Syrian doctor and politician, current Assistant General Secretary of the Ba'ath Party, and was the Ba'ath Party Secretary of the Branch Command in the University of Aleppo between 2018 and 2024. Bashar al-Assad and Ibrahim al-Hadid are members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, people of the Syrian civil war and Syrian Muslims.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ibrahim al-Hadid

Igor Sergun

Igor Dmitrievich Sergun (p; 28 March 1957 – 3 January 2016) was Director of GRU, Russia's military intelligence service, from 2011 until his death in January 2016.

See Bashar al-Assad and Igor Sergun

Imad Khamis

Imad Muhammad Dib Khamis (ʿImād Muḥammad Dīb Khamīs; born 1 August 1961) is a Syrian politician who served as the 67th prime minister of Syria from 2016 to 2020 under president Bashar al-Assad. Bashar al-Assad and Imad Khamis are 21st-century Syrian politicians, Damascus University alumni and members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region.

See Bashar al-Assad and Imad Khamis

Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic

The Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic was set up by the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) on 22 August 2011 to investigate human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War to establish the facts and circumstances that may amount to violations and crimes and, where possible, to identify those responsible to be held accountable with a future prosecution of Syrian civil war criminals.

See Bashar al-Assad and Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic

Instagram

Instagram is a photo and video sharing social networking service owned by Meta Platforms.

See Bashar al-Assad and Instagram

Intellectual disability

Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom) and formerly mental retardation (in the United States),Rosa's Law, Pub.

See Bashar al-Assad and Intellectual disability

Interfax

Interfax (Интерфакс) is a Russian news agency.

See Bashar al-Assad and Interfax

International Committee of the Red Cross

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, and is a three-time Nobel Prize laureate.

See Bashar al-Assad and International Committee of the Red Cross

International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (ICJ; Cour internationale de justice, CIJ), or colloquially the World Court, is the only international court that adjudicates general disputes between nations, and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues.

See Bashar al-Assad and International Court of Justice

International Criminal Court

The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands.

See Bashar al-Assad and International Criminal Court

International Institute for Strategic Studies

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) is an international research institute or think tank focusing on defence and security issues.

See Bashar al-Assad and International Institute for Strategic Studies

International order

In international relations, international order refers to patterned or structured relationships between actors on the international level.

See Bashar al-Assad and International order

International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Abkhazia and South Ossetia are separatist regions of Georgia in the Caucasus.

See Bashar al-Assad and International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

International sanctions against Syria

International sanctions against Syria are a series of economic sanctions and restrictions imposed by the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, and Switzerland, mainly as a result of the repression of civilians in the Syrian civil war from 2011 onwards.

See Bashar al-Assad and International sanctions against Syria

Internet café

An Internet café, also known as a cybercafé, is a café (or a convenience store or a fully dedicated Internet access business) that provides the use of computers with high bandwidth Internet access on the payment of a fee.

See Bashar al-Assad and Internet café

Internet censorship in Syria

Internet censorship in Syria is extensive; with numerous websites and online platforms being banned for political reasons.

See Bashar al-Assad and Internet censorship in Syria

Interpol notice

An Interpol notice is an international alert circulated by Interpol to communicate information about crimes, criminals, and threats by police in a member state (or an authorised international entity) to their counterparts around the world.

See Bashar al-Assad and Interpol notice

Interwar period

In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period (or interbellum) lasted from 11November 1918 to 1September 1939 (20years, 9months, 21days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II (WWII).

See Bashar al-Assad and Interwar period

Intifada

Intifada (intifāḍah) is an Arabic word for a rebellion or uprising, or a resistance movement.

See Bashar al-Assad and Intifada

Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

See Bashar al-Assad and Iran

Iran–Iraq War

The Iran–Iraq War, also known as the First Gulf War, was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988.

See Bashar al-Assad and Iran–Iraq War

Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war

The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Syrian Arab Republic are close strategic allies, and Iran has provided significant support for the Syrian government in the Syrian civil war, including logistical, technical and financial support, as well as training and some combat troops.

See Bashar al-Assad and Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war

Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)

An Iraqi insurgency began shortly after the 2003 American invasion deposed longtime leader Saddam Hussein.

See Bashar al-Assad and Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)

Islamic State

The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state. Bashar al-Assad and Islamic State are anti-Americanism and anti-Zionism in the Arab world.

See Bashar al-Assad and Islamic State

Islamism

Islamism (also often called political Islam) refers to a broad set of religious and political ideological movements.

See Bashar al-Assad and Islamism

Islamophobia

Islamophobia is the irrational fear of, hostility towards, or prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general.

See Bashar al-Assad and Islamophobia

Isma'ilism

Isma'ilism (translit) is a branch or sect of Shia Islam.

See Bashar al-Assad and Isma'ilism

Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Israel

Israeli Air Force

The Israeli Air Force (IAF; tl, "Air and Space Arm", commonly known as, Kheil HaAvir, "Air Corps") operates as the aerial and space warfare branch of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).

See Bashar al-Assad and Israeli Air Force

Jacob Zuma

Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (born 12 April 1942) is a South African politician who served as the fourth president of South Africa from 2009 to 2018.

See Bashar al-Assad and Jacob Zuma

Jamil Hassan

Jamil Hassan (جميل حسن) was the head of the Syrian Air Force Intelligence Directorate and a former close adviser to President Bashar al-Assad. Bashar al-Assad and Jamil Hassan are Fugitives wanted by France, people of the Syrian civil war and Syrian Alawites.

See Bashar al-Assad and Jamil Hassan

Jeremy Bowen

Jeremy Francis John Bowen (born 6 February 1960) is a Welsh journalist and television presenter.

See Bashar al-Assad and Jeremy Bowen

Joshua Landis

Joshua M. Landis (born May 14, 1957) is an American academic who specializes in the Middle East and is an expert on Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Joshua Landis

Khan Shaykhun chemical attack

The Khan Shaykhun chemical attack took place on 4 April 2017 on the town of Khan Shaykhun in the Idlib Governorate of Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Khan Shaykhun chemical attack

Khomeinism

Khomeinism (also transliterated Khumaynism) refers to the religious and political ideas of the leader of the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution, Ruhollah Khomeini. Bashar al-Assad and Khomeinism are anti-Americanism.

See Bashar al-Assad and Khomeinism

Kim Jong Un

Kim Jong Un (born 8 January 1982, 1983 or 1984) is a North Korean politician who has been supreme leader of North Korea since 2011 and the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) since 2012. Bashar al-Assad and Kim Jong Un are Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List.

See Bashar al-Assad and Kim Jong Un

Knight

A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity.

See Bashar al-Assad and Knight

Kurdish language

Kurdish (Kurdî, کوردی) is a Northwestern Iranian language or group of languages spoken by Kurds in the region of Kurdistan, namely in Turkey, northern Iraq, northwest and northeast Iran, and Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Kurdish language

Kurdish National Council

The Kurdish National Council (KNC,, ENKS; المجلس الوطني الكوردي al-Majlis al-Waṭaniyy Al-Kurdi) is a Syrian Kurdish political party.

See Bashar al-Assad and Kurdish National Council

Kurdish population

The Kurdish population is estimated to be between 30 and 45 million.

See Bashar al-Assad and Kurdish population

Kurdish Supreme Committee

The Kurdish Supreme Committee (Desteya Bilind a Kurd; DBK) was a self-proclaimed governing body in Northern Syria, which was founded by the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD) and the Kurdish National Council (KNC), following the signing on 12 July 2012 of a cooperation agreement between the two parties in Hewlêr, Iraqi Kurdistan under the auspice of the Iraqi Kurdistan President Massoud Barzani.

See Bashar al-Assad and Kurdish Supreme Committee

Kurds in Syria

The Kurdish population of Syria is the country's largest ethnic minority, usually estimated at around 10% of the Syrian population Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria, constituting around 10 per cent of the population – around 2 million of the pre-conflict population of around 22 million.

See Bashar al-Assad and Kurds in Syria

Kyiv

Kyiv (also Kiev) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine.

See Bashar al-Assad and Kyiv

Latakia

Latakia (translit; Syrian pronunciation) is the principal port city of Syria and capital city of the Latakia Governorate located on the Mediterranean coast.

See Bashar al-Assad and Latakia

Laurent Fabius

Laurent Fabius (born 20 August 1946) is a French politician serving as president of the Constitutional Council since 8 March 2016.

See Bashar al-Assad and Laurent Fabius

Le Monde diplomatique

(meaning "The Diplomatic World", and shortened as Le Diplo in French) is a French monthly newspaper founded in 1954 offering analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs.

See Bashar al-Assad and Le Monde diplomatique

Lebanese people

The Lebanese people (الشعب اللبناني / ALA-LC) are the people inhabiting or originating from Lebanon.

See Bashar al-Assad and Lebanese people

Lebanon

Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Lebanon

Left-wing politics

Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy as a whole or certain social hierarchies.

See Bashar al-Assad and Left-wing politics

Legion of Honour

The National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre royal de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil, and currently comprises five classes.

See Bashar al-Assad and Legion of Honour

Legitimacy of the State of Israel

Since 1948, a number of countries and individuals have challenged the political legitimacy of the state of Israel and/or its occupation of Arab territories.

See Bashar al-Assad and Legitimacy of the State of Israel

Levantine Arabic

Levantine Arabic, also called Shami (autonym: or اللهجة الشامية), is an Arabic variety spoken in the Levant, namely in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel and southern Turkey (historically only in Adana, Mersin and Hatay provinces).

See Bashar al-Assad and Levantine Arabic

List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations

The United States ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U.S. delegation, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations.

See Bashar al-Assad and List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations

List of international presidential trips made by Bashar al-Assad

This is a list of presidential trips made by Bashar al-Assad during his presidency, which began with his inauguration on 17 July 2000.

See Bashar al-Assad and List of international presidential trips made by Bashar al-Assad

List of prime ministers of Lebanon

This is a list of prime ministers of Lebanon (officially titled President of the Council of Ministers) since the creation of the office in 1926.

See Bashar al-Assad and List of prime ministers of Lebanon

London School of Economics

The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) is a public research university in London, England, and amember institution of the University of London.

See Bashar al-Assad and London School of Economics

Luhansk People's Republic

The Luhansk or Lugansk People's Republic (Luganskaya Narodnaya Respublika,; abbreviated as LPR or LNR, ЛНР) is a republic of Russia in the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast, with its capital in Luhansk.

See Bashar al-Assad and Luhansk People's Republic

Mafia state

In politics, a mafia state or pakhanate is a state system where the government is tied with organized crime to the degree when government officials, the police, and/or military became a part of the criminal enterprise.

See Bashar al-Assad and Mafia state

Maher al-Assad

Major General Maher al-Assad (Māhir al-ʾAsad, born 8 December 1967) is a Syrian military officer and commander of the Syrian Army's elite 4th Armoured Division, which together with Syria's Military Intelligence form the core of the country's security forces. Bashar al-Assad and Maher al-Assad are al-Assad family, Damascus University alumni, Fugitives wanted by France, people of the Syrian civil war and Syrian mass murderers.

See Bashar al-Assad and Maher al-Assad

Mahmoud Abbas

Mahmoud Abbas (Maḥmūd ʿAbbās; born 15 November 1935), also known by the kunya Abu Mazen (أَبُو مَازِن), is the president of the State of Palestine and the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). Bashar al-Assad and Mahmoud Abbas are Damascus University alumni, heads of state who denied the Holocaust and Muslim socialists.

See Bashar al-Assad and Mahmoud Abbas

Maria Stephan

Maria J. Stephan is an American political scientist.

See Bashar al-Assad and Maria Stephan

Marxism–Leninism

Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology that became the largest faction of the communist movement in the world in the years following the October Revolution. Bashar al-Assad and Marxism–Leninism are Totalitarianism.

See Bashar al-Assad and Marxism–Leninism

Mass media in Syria

The mass media in Syria consists primarily of television, radio, Internet, film and print.

See Bashar al-Assad and Mass media in Syria

Mass murder

Mass murder is the violent crime of killing a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity.

See Bashar al-Assad and Mass murder

Massacre

A massacre is an event of killing people who are not engaged in hostilities or are defenseless.

See Bashar al-Assad and Massacre

Media blackout

Media blackout is the censorship of news related to a certain topic, particularly in mass media, for any reason.

See Bashar al-Assad and Media blackout

Mezzeh prison

Mezzeh prison is a now-defunct Syrian prison overlooking the capital, Damascus.

See Bashar al-Assad and Mezzeh prison

Michel Samaha

Michel Samaha (ميشال سماحة; born 9 September 1948) is a former minister of information and minister of tourism in Lebanon, and a longtime politician and intelligence operative.

See Bashar al-Assad and Michel Samaha

Middle East Forum

The Middle East Forum (MEF) is an American conservative 501(c)(3) think tank founded in 1990 by Daniel Pipes, who serves as its president.

See Bashar al-Assad and Middle East Forum

Middle East Institute

The Middle East Institute (MEI) is a non-profit, non-partisan think tank and cultural centre in Washington, D.C., founded in 1946.

See Bashar al-Assad and Middle East Institute

Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)

The Military Intelligence Directorate (MID; translit) is the military intelligence service of Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)

Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)

The Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE) is the ministry of the Government of France that handles France's foreign relations.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)

MIT Press

The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

See Bashar al-Assad and MIT Press

Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan

Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan (born 11 March 1961), popularly known by his initials as MBZ or MbZ, is an Emirati royal and politician who currently serves as the third president of the United Arab Emirates and the ruler of Abu Dhabi.

See Bashar al-Assad and Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan

Mohammed bin Salman

Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud (translit; born 31 August 1985), popularly known by his initials as MBS or MbS, is the heir apparent to the Saudi Arabian throne.

See Bashar al-Assad and Mohammed bin Salman

Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan

Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan (محمد سعيد بخيتان; 1945 – 11 March 2022) was a Syrian politician who was the Assistant Secretary of the Syrian Regional Command of the Ba'ath Party. Bashar al-Assad and Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan are members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region and people of the Syrian civil war.

See Bashar al-Assad and Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan

Moscow

Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Moscow

Moscow State University

Moscow State University (MSU; Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Moscow State University

Muhammad al-Yaqoubi

Muhammad Abul Huda al-Yaqoubi (محمد أبو الهدى اليعقوبي; born 7 May 1963) is a Syrian religious leader and Islamic scholar. Bashar al-Assad and Muhammad al-Yaqoubi are Damascus University alumni.

See Bashar al-Assad and Muhammad al-Yaqoubi

Muhammad Mustafa Mero

Muhammad Mustafa Mero (Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Mīrū; 1941 – 22 December 2020) was a Syrian politician who served as Prime Minister of Syria from 7 March 2000 to 10 September 2003. Bashar al-Assad and Muhammad Mustafa Mero are Damascus University alumni and members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region.

See Bashar al-Assad and Muhammad Mustafa Mero

Muhammad Naji al-Otari

Muhammad Naji al-Otari (translit, also Etri, Itri and Otri; born 1 January 1944) is a Syrian politician who was Prime Minister of Syria from 2003 to 2011. Bashar al-Assad and Muhammad Naji al-Otari are members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region and Syrian Muslims.

See Bashar al-Assad and Muhammad Naji al-Otari

Mukhabarat

(مخابرات, also transliterated /), is the Arabic term for intelligence, as used by an intelligence agency.

See Bashar al-Assad and Mukhabarat

Muslim Brotherhood

The Society of the Muslim Brothers (جماعة الإخوان المسلمين), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون) is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928.

See Bashar al-Assad and Muslim Brotherhood

Nadim Shehadi

Nadim Shehadi (born 11 February 1956) is the current Executive Director of Lebanese American University's New York Headquarters & Academic Center and an Associate Fellow at Chatham House where he was formerly head of the Middle East program.

See Bashar al-Assad and Nadim Shehadi

Najah al-Attar

Najah Al-Attar (نجاح العطار; born 10 January 1933) is a Syrian politician who has been the Vice President since 2006. Bashar al-Assad and Najah al-Attar are 20th-century Syrian politicians, 21st-century Syrian politicians and Damascus University alumni.

See Bashar al-Assad and Najah al-Attar

National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

The National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces (الائتلاف الوطني لقوى الثورة والمعارضة السورية), commonly named the Syrian National Coalition (SNC) (الائتلاف الوطني السوري), or the Syrian National Revolutionary Coalition (SNRC) is a coalition of opposition groups in the Syrian civil war that was founded in Doha, Qatar, in November 2012.

See Bashar al-Assad and National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

National Command of the Ba'ath Party

The National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party was the ruling organ of the party between sessions of the National Congress, and was headed by a Secretary General.

See Bashar al-Assad and National Command of the Ba'ath Party

National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

The National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change (NCC), or National Coordination Body for Democratic Change (NCB) (هيئة التنسيق الوطنية لقوى التغيير الديمقراطي), is a Syrian bloc chaired by Hassan Abdel Azim consisting of 13 left-wing political parties and "independent political and youth activists".

See Bashar al-Assad and National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

National Defence Forces

The National Defence Forces (NDF; قوات الدفاع الوطني Quwāt ad-Difāʿ al-Watanī) is a pro-Syrian government militia, that was formed on 1 November 2012 and organized by the Syrian government during the Syrian Civil War as a part-time volunteer reserve component of the Syrian Armed Forces.

See Bashar al-Assad and National Defence Forces

National Democratic Rally (Syria)

The National Democratic Rally or National Democratic Gathering (التجمع الوطني الديمقراطي, at-tajammuʻ al-waţanī ad-dīmūqrāţī) is a banned opposition alliance in Syria, comprising five political parties of a secularist, pan-Arabist, Arab nationalist and socialist bent.

See Bashar al-Assad and National Democratic Rally (Syria)

National Geographic

National Geographic (formerly The National Geographic Magazine, sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners.

See Bashar al-Assad and National Geographic

National Order of the Cedar

The National Order of the Cedar (وسامالأرز الوطني Wisām al-Arz al-Waṭaniy) is the highest state order of Lebanon, established on 31 December 1936.

See Bashar al-Assad and National Order of the Cedar

National Progressive Front (Syria)

The National Progressive Front (al-Jabha al-Waṭaniyyah al-Taqaddumiyyah, NPF) is a pro-government coalition of left-wing parties in Syria that supports the Arab nationalist and Arab socialist orientation of the government and accepts the "leading role" of the ruling Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party.

See Bashar al-Assad and National Progressive Front (Syria)

National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine

The National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine (NSDC; translit, RNBO or RNBOU) is the coordinating state body of the executive power under the President of Ukraine on issues of national security and defense.

See Bashar al-Assad and National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine

National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

The National Security Bureau, officially the National Security Bureau of the Central Command of the Syrian Regional Branch, is a Ba'ath Party bureau which coordinates the work of Syria's intelligence agencies and advises the General Secretary.

See Bashar al-Assad and National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

Navi Pillay

Navanethem "Navi" Pillay (born 23 September 1941) is a South African jurist who served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2008 to 2014.

See Bashar al-Assad and Navi Pillay

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

See Bashar al-Assad and Nazi Germany

Nazi Party

The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.

See Bashar al-Assad and Nazi Party

NBC News

NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC.

See Bashar al-Assad and NBC News

Neo-Nazism

Neo-Nazism comprises the post-World War II militant, social, and political movements that seek to revive and reinstate Nazi ideology.

See Bashar al-Assad and Neo-Nazism

Nerve agent

Nerve agents, sometimes also called nerve gases, are a class of organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs.

See Bashar al-Assad and Nerve agent

Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

See Bashar al-Assad and Netherlands

New Jersey

New Jersey is a state situated within both the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.

See Bashar al-Assad and New Jersey

Nicaragua

Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the geographically largest country in Central America, comprising.

See Bashar al-Assad and Nicaragua

Nick Griffin

Nicholas John Griffin (born 1 March 1959) is a British far-right politician who was chairman of the British National Party (BNP) from 1999 to 2014, and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for North West England from 2009 to 2014.

See Bashar al-Assad and Nick Griffin

Nicolás Maduro

Nicolás Maduro Moros (born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician who has served as the 53rd President of Venezuela since 2013. Bashar al-Assad and Nicolás Maduro are anti-Americanism and Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List.

See Bashar al-Assad and Nicolás Maduro

Nikki Haley

Nimarata Nikki Haley (née Randhawa; born January 20, 1972) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the 116th governor of South Carolina from 2011 to 2017 and as the 29th U.S. ambassador to the United Nations from January 2017 to December 2018.

See Bashar al-Assad and Nikki Haley

North Korea

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia.

See Bashar al-Assad and North Korea

NOW News

NOW News (sometimes abbreviated NOW, formerly NOW Lebanon) is a Beirut-based Lebanese news website focused on the Middle East founded in late 2012 and published in both English and Arabic by M Publishing SAL.

See Bashar al-Assad and NOW News

Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor is a device used to initiate and control a fission nuclear chain reaction or nuclear fusion reactions.

See Bashar al-Assad and Nuclear reactor

Occupy Wall Street

Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a left-wing populist movement against economic inequality, corporate greed, big finance, and the influence of money in politics that began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Financial District, and lasted for fifty-nine days—from September 17 to November 15, 2011.

See Bashar al-Assad and Occupy Wall Street

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) is a department of the United Nations Secretariat that works to promote and protect human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.

See Bashar al-Assad and Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

Ohio State University

The Ohio State University (Ohio State or OSU) is a public land-grant research university in Columbus, Ohio, United States.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ohio State University

Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji

Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji (translit; born 1954) is a Syrian politician who was the caretaker Prime Minister of Syria in August 2012, following the defection of Riyad Farid Hijab.

See Bashar al-Assad and Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji

OPCW Fact-Finding Mission in Syria

The OPCW Fact-Finding Mission in Syria is a mission of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to investigate some possible cases of the use of toxic chemicals in Syria during the civil war, including chlorine.

See Bashar al-Assad and OPCW Fact-Finding Mission in Syria

OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism

The United Nations Security Council adopted United Nations Security Council resolution 2235 (2015) on 7 August 2015, in response to use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War.

See Bashar al-Assad and OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism

Operation Outside the Box

Operation Outside the Box (מבצע מחוץ לקופסה, Mivtza MiHutz LaKufsa), also known as Operation Orchard (מבצע בוסתן, Mivtza Bustan), was an Israeli airstrike on a suspected nuclear reactor, Associated Press Latest Update: 04.28.11, 18:10 referred to as the Al Kibar site (also referred to in IAEA documents as Dair Alzour), in the Deir ez-Zor region of Syria, which occurred just after midnight (local time) on 6 September 2007.

See Bashar al-Assad and Operation Outside the Box

Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology is a clinical and surgical specialty within medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ophthalmology

Order of Islamic Republic

The Excellent Order of the Islamic Republic (Nešān-e Āli-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi) is Iran's state decoration of honour, established by "Council of Iran Ministers" on November 21, 1990.

See Bashar al-Assad and Order of Islamic Republic

Order of King Abdulaziz

The Order of King Abdulaziz (Arabic: وسامالملك عبد العزيز Wisām al-malik ‘Abd al-‘Azīz) is a Saudi Arabian order of merit.

See Bashar al-Assad and Order of King Abdulaziz

Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana) is the most senior Italian order of merit.

See Bashar al-Assad and Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise

The Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (Orden kniazia Yaroslava Mudroho) is a Ukrainian award.

See Bashar al-Assad and Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise

Order of the Liberator

The Order of the Liberator was the highest distinction of Venezuela and was appointed for services to the country, outstanding merit and benefits made to the community.

See Bashar al-Assad and Order of the Liberator

Order of the Southern Cross

The National Order of the Southern Cross (Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul.) is a Brazilian order of chivalry founded by Emperor Pedro I on 1 December 1822.

See Bashar al-Assad and Order of the Southern Cross

Order of the White Rose of Finland

The Order of the White Rose of Finland (Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ritarikunta; Finlands Vita Ros’ orden) is one of three official orders in Finland, along with the Order of the Cross of Liberty, and the Order of the Lion of Finland.

See Bashar al-Assad and Order of the White Rose of Finland

Order of Uatsamonga

The Order of Uatsamonga (Orden "Uatsamonga") is a state award of South Ossetia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Order of Uatsamonga

Order of Zayed

The Order of Zayed (وسامزايد) is the United Arab Emirates' highest civil decoration named after the first president of the UAE, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.

See Bashar al-Assad and Order of Zayed

Orders, decorations, and medals of Finland

The orders, decorations and medals of Finland form a system through which the Finnish government shows its respect to persons who have distinguished themselves on some walk of life.

See Bashar al-Assad and Orders, decorations, and medals of Finland

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is an intergovernmental organisation and the implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which entered into force on 29 April 1997.

See Bashar al-Assad and Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; Munaẓẓamat at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmī; Organisation de la coopération islamique), formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1969.

See Bashar al-Assad and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

Palestinian political violence

Palestinian political violence refers to actions carried out by Palestinians with the intent to achieve political objectives that can involve the use of force, some of which are considered acts of terror, and often carried out in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

See Bashar al-Assad and Palestinian political violence

Palmyra offensive (May 2015)

The Palmyra offensive of May 2015 was a military operation launched during the Syrian Civil War by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) on May 13–26, 2015, in an attempt to capture the government-held Tadmur District of the Homs Governorate, including the administrative centre of Tadmur, known in English as Palmyra.

See Bashar al-Assad and Palmyra offensive (May 2015)

Paramilitary

A paramilitary is a military that is not part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces.

See Bashar al-Assad and Paramilitary

Pariah state

A pariah state (also called an international pariah or a global pariah) is a nation considered to be an outcast in the international community.

See Bashar al-Assad and Pariah state

Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

See Bashar al-Assad and Paris

Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement (or Paris Accords, Paris Climate Accords) is an international treaty on climate change that was signed in 2016.

See Bashar al-Assad and Paris Agreement

Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro

Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro (born 8 January 1944) is a Brazilian legal scholar with relevant work within the United Nations System.

See Bashar al-Assad and Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro

PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.

See Bashar al-Assad and PBS

Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five sovereign states to whom the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States.

See Bashar al-Assad and Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

Persona non grata

In diplomacy, a persona non grata (PNG) (Latin: "person not welcome", plural: personae non gratae) is a foreign diplomat who is asked by the host country to be recalled to their home country.

See Bashar al-Assad and Persona non grata

Police state

A police state describes a state whose government institutions exercise an extreme level of control over civil society and liberties.

See Bashar al-Assad and Police state

Political dissent

Political dissent is a dissatisfaction with or opposition to the policies of a governing body.

See Bashar al-Assad and Political dissent

Political repression

Political repression is the act of a state entity controlling a citizenry by force for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing the citizenry's ability to take part in the political life of a society, thereby reducing their standing among their fellow citizens.

See Bashar al-Assad and Political repression

Politics of Qatar

The political system of Qatar runs under an authoritarian semi-constitutional monarchy with the emir as head of state and chief executive, and the prime minister as the head of government.

See Bashar al-Assad and Politics of Qatar

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP; translit) is a secular Palestinian Marxist–Leninist and revolutionary socialist organization founded in 1967 by George Habash.

See Bashar al-Assad and Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

Post–Cold War era

The post–Cold War era is a period of history that follows the end of the Cold War, which represents history after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.

See Bashar al-Assad and Post–Cold War era

Presidency of Hafez al-Assad

Hafez al-Assad served as the President of Syria from 12 March 1971 until his death on 10 June 2000.

See Bashar al-Assad and Presidency of Hafez al-Assad

President of Algeria

The president of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (translit) is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian People's National Armed Forces.

See Bashar al-Assad and President of Algeria

President of France

The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (Président de la République française), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces.

See Bashar al-Assad and President of France

President of Guyana

The president of Guyana is the head of state and the head of government of Guyana, as well as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Republic, according to the Constitution of Guyana.

See Bashar al-Assad and President of Guyana

President of Italy

The president of Italy, officially titled President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica Italiana), is the head of state of Italy.

See Bashar al-Assad and President of Italy

President of Lebanon

The president of the Lebanese Republic (Ra’īs al-Jumhūriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah) is the head of state of Lebanon.

See Bashar al-Assad and President of Lebanon

President of South Africa

The president of South Africa is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of South Africa.

See Bashar al-Assad and President of South Africa

President of Syria

The president of Syria (رئيس سوريا.), officially the president of the Syrian Arab Republic (رئيس الجمهورية العربية السورية.), is the head of state of the Syrian Arab Republic.

See Bashar al-Assad and President of Syria

President of the State of Palestine

The president of the State of Palestine (translit) is the head of state of Palestine.

See Bashar al-Assad and President of the State of Palestine

President of Ukraine

The president of Ukraine (Prezydent Ukrainy) is the head of state of Ukraine.

See Bashar al-Assad and President of Ukraine

President of Venezuela

The president of Venezuela (Presidente de Venezuela), officially known as the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is the head of state and head of government in Venezuela.

See Bashar al-Assad and President of Venezuela

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom.

See Bashar al-Assad and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro

Prince Carlo of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro (born 24 February 1963) is one of the two claimants to the headship of the former House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

See Bashar al-Assad and Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro

Progressive Socialist Party

The Progressive Socialist Party (translit) is a Lebanese political party.

See Bashar al-Assad and Progressive Socialist Party

Progressivism

Progressivism is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to advance the human condition through social reform – primarily based on purported advancements in social organization, science, and technology.

See Bashar al-Assad and Progressivism

Public relations

Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) to the public in order to influence their perception.

See Bashar al-Assad and Public relations

Qardaha

Qardaha (القَرْدَاحَة / ALA-LC: Qardāḥah) is a town in northwestern Syria, in the mountains overlooking the coastal town of Latakia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Qardaha

Quilliam (think tank)

Quilliam was a British think tank co-founded in 2008 by Maajid Nawaz that focused on counter-extremism, specifically against Islamism, which it argued represents a desire to impose a given interpretation of Islam on society.

See Bashar al-Assad and Quilliam (think tank)

Rafic Hariri

Rafic Bahaa El Deen al-Hariri (translit; 1 November 1944 – 14 February 2005), also known as Rafiq al-Hariri, was a Lebanese businessman and politician, who served as the Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 until he resigned on, before his assassination in 2005.

See Bashar al-Assad and Rafic Hariri

Rami Makhlouf

Rami Makhlouf (Rāmī Maḫlūf; born 10 July 1969) is a Syrian businessman and the maternal cousin of president Bashar al-Assad. Bashar al-Assad and Rami Makhlouf are al-Assad family, people of the Syrian civil war and Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List.

See Bashar al-Assad and Rami Makhlouf

Raqqa Governorate

Raqqa Governorate (Muḥāfaẓat ar-Raqqah) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Raqqa Governorate

Reciprocity (international relations)

In international relations and treaties, the principle of reciprocity states that favors, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind.

See Bashar al-Assad and Reciprocity (international relations)

Refugee

A refugee, conventionally speaking, is a person who has lost the protection of their country of origin and who cannot or is unwilling to return there due to well-founded fear of persecution. Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by a contracting state or by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) if they formally make a claim for asylum.

See Bashar al-Assad and Refugee

Refugee crisis

A refugee crisis can refer to difficulties and dangerous situations in the reception of large groups of forcibly displaced persons.

See Bashar al-Assad and Refugee crisis

Refugees of the Syrian civil war

Refugees of the Syrian civil war are citizens and permanent residents of Syria who have fled the country throughout the Syrian civil war.

See Bashar al-Assad and Refugees of the Syrian civil war

ReliefWeb

ReliefWeb (RW) is a humanitarian information portal founded in 1996.

See Bashar al-Assad and ReliefWeb

Religion in Syria

Religion in Syria refers to the range of religions practiced by the citizens of Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Religion in Syria

Reporters Without Borders

Reporters Without Borders (RWB; Reporters sans frontières; RSF) is an international non-profit and non-governmental organization focused on safeguarding the right to freedom of information.

See Bashar al-Assad and Reporters Without Borders

Republic

A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica ('public affair'), is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives—in contrast to a monarchy.

See Bashar al-Assad and Republic

Republican Guard (Syria)

The Syrian Republican Guard (al-Ḥaras as-Sūrīyah al-Jumhūrīy), also known as the Presidential Guard, is an elite 25,000 man praetorian guard unit in the Syrian Army, although it may actually approach corps size with around 60,000 guardsmen.

See Bashar al-Assad and Republican Guard (Syria)

Resistance movement

A resistance movement are Political Movements that tries to resist or overthrow a government or an occupying power, causing disruption and unrest in civil order and stability.

See Bashar al-Assad and Resistance movement

Reuters

Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.

See Bashar al-Assad and Reuters

Rifaat al-Assad

Rifaat Ali al-Assad (Rifʿat al-ʾAsad; born 22 August 1937) is the younger brother of the late President of Syria, Hafez al-Assad, and Jamil al-Assad, and the uncle of the incumbent President Bashar al-Assad. Bashar al-Assad and Rifaat al-Assad are al-Assad family, Damascus University alumni, homs Military Academy alumni, members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, people of the Syrian civil war and Syrian mass murderers.

See Bashar al-Assad and Rifaat al-Assad

Right-wing politics

Right-wing politics is the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this position based on natural law, economics, authority, property, religion, biology, or tradition.

See Bashar al-Assad and Right-wing politics

Riyad Farid Hijab

Riyad Farid Hijab (Riyāḍ Farīd Ḥijāb; born 1966) is a Syrian politician. Bashar al-Assad and Riyad Farid Hijab are people of the Syrian civil war.

See Bashar al-Assad and Riyad Farid Hijab

Rome Statute

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC).

See Bashar al-Assad and Rome Statute

Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

See Bashar al-Assad and Routledge

Royal Order of Francis I

The Royal Order of Francis I (properly 'The Royal Order of Francis I of the Two Sicilies' Reale Ordine di Francesco I) was an extinct order of merit of the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies which was annexed in 1861 by the King of Italy (until 1860 King of Piedmont and Sardinia).

See Bashar al-Assad and Royal Order of Francis I

Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Russia

Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts

On 30 September 2022, Russia, amid an ongoing invasion of Ukraine, unilaterally declared its annexation of areas in and around four Ukrainian oblasts—Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts

Russian Armed Forces

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military of Russia.

See Bashar al-Assad and Russian Armed Forces

Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war

On 30 September 2015, Russia launched a military intervention in Syria after a request by the government of Bashar al-Assad for military support in its fight against the Syrian opposition and Islamic State (IS) in the Syrian civil war.

See Bashar al-Assad and Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war

Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which started in 2014.

See Bashar al-Assad and Russian invasion of Ukraine

Russian-occupied territories in Georgia

Russian-occupied territories in Georgia (tr) are areas of Georgia that have been occupied by Russia since the Russo-Georgian War in 2008.

See Bashar al-Assad and Russian-occupied territories in Georgia

Rustum Ghazaleh

Rustum Ghazaleh (رستمغزالة) also transl. Bashar al-Assad and Rustum Ghazaleh are people of the Syrian civil war.

See Bashar al-Assad and Rustum Ghazaleh

Samson Option

The Samson Option (b'rerat shimshon) is Israel's deterrence strategy of massive retaliation with nuclear weapons as a "last resort" against a country whose military has invaded and/or destroyed much of Israel.

See Bashar al-Assad and Samson Option

Sarin

Sarin (NATO designation GB) is an extremely toxic organophosphorus compound.

See Bashar al-Assad and Sarin

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East.

See Bashar al-Assad and Saudi Arabia

Scorched earth

A scorched-earth policy is a military strategy of destroying everything that allows an enemy military force to be able to fight a war, including the deprivation and destruction of water, food, humans, animals, plants and any kind of tools and infrastructure.

See Bashar al-Assad and Scorched earth

Second Chechen War

The Second Chechen War is also known as the Second Chechen Campaign (Втора́я чече́нская кампа́ния) or the Second Russian Invasion of Chechnya from the Chechen insurgents' point of view.

See Bashar al-Assad and Second Chechen War

Second Hussein Arnous government

The second government of Hussein Arnous was formed after appointment by the President of Syria on 10 August 2021 and took the oath of office on 14 August 2021, after the presidential election held in May.

See Bashar al-Assad and Second Hussein Arnous government

Secret police

pages. Bashar al-Assad and Secret police are Totalitarianism.

See Bashar al-Assad and Secret police

Secretary-General of the United Nations

The secretary-general of the United Nations (UNSG or UNSECGEN) is the chief administrative officer of the United Nations and head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the six principal organs of the United Nations.

See Bashar al-Assad and Secretary-General of the United Nations

Sectarianism

Sectarianism is a debated concept.

See Bashar al-Assad and Sectarianism

Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war

The Syrian Civil War is an intensely sectarian war.

See Bashar al-Assad and Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war

Secular state

A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.

See Bashar al-Assad and Secular state

September 11 attacks

The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001. Bashar al-Assad and September 11 attacks are anti-Americanism.

See Bashar al-Assad and September 11 attacks

Sergey Lavrov

Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov (Сергей Викторович Лавров; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian diplomat who has served as the foreign minister of Russia since 2004. Bashar al-Assad and Sergey Lavrov are anti-Americanism, people stripped of honorary degrees and Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List.

See Bashar al-Assad and Sergey Lavrov

Sexual violence

Sexual violence is any harmful or unwanted sexual act—or attempt to obtain a sexual act through violence or coercion—or an act directed against a person's sexuality without their consent, by any individual regardless of their relationship to the victim.

See Bashar al-Assad and Sexual violence

Shabiha

Shabiha (Levantine Arabic: شَبِّيحَة,; also romanized Shabeeha or Shabbiha) is a colloquial and generally derogatory term for various loosely-organised Syrian militias loyal to Assad family, used particularly during the initial phase of the Syrian Civil War.

See Bashar al-Assad and Shabiha

Shia crescent

The Shia Crescent (or Shiite Crescent) is the notionally crescent-shaped region of the Middle East where the majority population is Shia or where there is a strong Shia minority in the population.

See Bashar al-Assad and Shia crescent

Show trial

A show trial is a public trial in which the guilt or innocence of the defendant has already been determined.

See Bashar al-Assad and Show trial

Siege

A siege (lit) is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault.

See Bashar al-Assad and Siege

Siege of Eastern Ghouta

The siege of Eastern Ghouta was a siege that was laid by Syrian Government forces in April 2013, to the area in eastern Ghouta held by anti-government forces since November 2012, during the Syrian civil war.

See Bashar al-Assad and Siege of Eastern Ghouta

Simon & Schuster

Simon & Schuster LLC is an American publishing company owned by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.

See Bashar al-Assad and Simon & Schuster

Slobodan Milošević

Slobodan Milošević (20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was a Yugoslav and Serbian politician who was the President of Serbia between 1989–1997 and President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 until his оverthrow in 2000. Bashar al-Assad and Slobodan Milošević are anti-Americanism, Politicide perpetrators and Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List.

See Bashar al-Assad and Slobodan Milošević

Social media

Social media are interactive technologies that facilitate the creation, sharing and aggregation of content (such as ideas, interests, and other forms of expression) amongst virtual communities and networks.

See Bashar al-Assad and Social media

Socialism

Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

See Bashar al-Assad and Socialism

South Ossetia

South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus.

See Bashar al-Assad and South Ossetia

Southern Syria protests (2023–present)

On 17 August 2023, popular protests driven by escalating economic hardships erupted in the Druze majority city of As-Suwayda, initially drawing hundreds of participants.

See Bashar al-Assad and Southern Syria protests (2023–present)

Stanford University Press

Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.

See Bashar al-Assad and Stanford University Press

State of emergency

A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens.

See Bashar al-Assad and State of emergency

State terrorism

State terrorism refers to acts of terrorism which a state conducts against another state or against its own citizens.

See Bashar al-Assad and State terrorism

Stephen Rapp

Stephen J. Rapp (born January 26, 1949) is an American lawyer and the former United States ambassador-at-large for war crimes issues in the Office of Global Criminal Justice.

See Bashar al-Assad and Stephen Rapp

Students' union

A students' union or student union, also known by many other names, is a student organization present in many colleges, universities, and high schools.

See Bashar al-Assad and Students' union

Sufism

Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.

See Bashar al-Assad and Sufism

Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

See Bashar al-Assad and Sunni Islam

Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution

Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution (SCSR) (المجلس الأعلى للثورة السورية) is a Syrian opposition group supporting the overthrow of the Bashar al-Assad government in Syria during the Syrian civil war.

See Bashar al-Assad and Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution

Sussex Academic Press

Sussex Academic Press, founded in 1994, is a publishing company based in Eastbourne, East Sussex, United Kingdom.

See Bashar al-Assad and Sussex Academic Press

Sutoro

The Syriac Security Office (Mawtbo d'Sutoro Suryoyo, سوتورو), commonly known as the Sutoro or the Sutoro Police, is a Christian Assyrian/Syriac police force in Jazira Region of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria in Syria, where it works in concert with the general Asayish police force of the canton with the mission to police ethnic Assyrian areas and neighbourhoods.

See Bashar al-Assad and Sutoro

Syracuse University Press

Syracuse University Press, founded in 1943, is a university press that is part of Syracuse University.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syracuse University Press

Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syria

Syria Accountability Act

The Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act (SALSRA) is a bill of the United States Congress passed into law on December 12, 2003.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syria Accountability Act

Syria chemical weapons program

Syria's chemical weapons program began in the 1970s with weapons and training from Egypt and the Soviet Union, with production of chemical weapons in Syria beginning in the mid-1980s.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syria chemical weapons program

Syriac Military Council

The Syriac Military Council (translit, MFS; المجلس العسكري السرياني السوري) is an Assyrian/Syriac military organisation in Syria, part of the Syrian Democratic Forces.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syriac Military Council

Syrian Air Force

The Syrian Air Force (SyAF or SAF), officially the Syrian Arab Air Force (SyAAF or SAAF; al-Quwwāt al-Jawwīyah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is the air force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian Air Force

Syrian Arab News Agency

The Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA) (الوكالة العربية السورية للأنباء (سانا)) is a Syrian state-controlled news agency, linked to the country's ministry of information.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian Arab News Agency

Syrian Armed Forces

The Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF; al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah) are the military forces of the Syrian Arab Republic.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian Armed Forces

Syrian Army

The Syrian Army (SyA or SA), officially the Syrian Arab Army (SyAA or SAA) (al-Jayš al-ʿArabī as-Sūrī), is the land force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian Army

Syrian civil war

The Syrian civil war is an ongoing multi-sided conflict in Syria involving various state-sponsored and non-state actors.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian civil war

Syrian Computer Society

The Syrian Computer Society is an organization in Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian Computer Society

Syrian Democratic Forces

The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) is a Kurdish-led coalition formed by ethnic militias and rebel groups, and serves as the official military wing of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES).

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian Democratic Forces

Syrian Democratic People's Party

The Syrian Democratic People's Party (Hizb Al-Sha'ab Al-Dimuqratiy Al-Suriy) is a centre-left, democratic opposition party in Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian Democratic People's Party

Syrian Interim Government

The Syrian Interim Government (SIG) is an alternative government in Syria, formed by the umbrella opposition group, the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian Interim Government

Syrian National Council

The Syrian National Council (SNC; المجلس الوطني السوري., al-Majlis al-Waṭanī as-Sūri, Conseil national syrien), sometimes known as the Syrian National Transitional Council or the National Council of Syria, is a Syrian opposition coalition, based in Istanbul, Turkey, formed in August 2011 during the Syrian civil uprising (which escalated into civil war) against the government of Bashar al-Assad.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian National Council

Syrian occupation of Lebanon

The Syrian occupation of Lebanon (Arabic: الاحتلال السوري للبنان) lasted from 1976, beginning with the Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War, until April 30, 2005.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian occupation of Lebanon

Syrian opposition

The Syrian opposition (المعارضة السورية) is the political structure represented by the Syrian National Coalition and associated Syrian anti-Assad groups with certain territorial control as an alternative Syrian government.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian opposition

Syrian revolution

The Syrian revolution, also known as the Syrian Revolution of Dignity, was a series of mass protests and uprisings in Syria – with a subsequent violent reaction by the Syrian Arab Republic – lasting from March 2011 to June 2012, as part of the wider Arab Spring in the Arab world.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrian revolution

Syrians

Syrians (سوريون) are the majority inhabitants of Syria, indigenous to the Levant, who have Arabic, especially its Levantine dialect, as a mother tongue.

See Bashar al-Assad and Syrians

Tadamon massacre

The Tadamon massacre took place in the vicinity of Othman Mosque, Tadamon neighbourhood of the Syrian capital of Damascus, on 16 April 2013 during the Syrian civil war.

See Bashar al-Assad and Tadamon massacre

Tahrir al-Sham

Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), commonly referred to as Tahrir al-Sham, is a Sunni Islamist political and armed organisation involved in the Syrian Civil War.

See Bashar al-Assad and Tahrir al-Sham

Tartus

Tartus (طَرْطُوس / ALA-LC: Ṭarṭūs; known in the County of Tripoli as Tortosa and also transliterated from French Tartous) is a major port city on the Mediterranean coast of Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Tartus

Tehran

Tehran (تهران) or Teheran is the capital and largest city of Iran as well as the largest in Tehran Province.

See Bashar al-Assad and Tehran

The Atlantic

The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Atlantic

The Christian Science Monitor

The Christian Science Monitor (CSM), commonly known as The Monitor, is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles both in electronic format and a weekly print edition.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Christian Science Monitor

The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, known online and elsewhere as The Telegraph, is a British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed in the United Kingdom and internationally.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Daily Telegraph

The Economist

The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Economist

The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies

The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies is an interdisciplinary education and research organization founded in 2001, devoted to the regional study of the Eastern Mediterranean within the greater Middle East.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies

The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Guardian

The Hindu

The Hindu is an Indian English-language daily newspaper owned by The Hindu Group, headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Hindu

The Holocaust

The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Holocaust

The Independent

The Independent is a British online newspaper.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Independent

The Moscow Times

The Moscow Times is an independent English-language and Russian-language online newspaper.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Moscow Times

The New Arab

The New Arab or Al-Araby Al-Jadeed (العربي الجديد) is a London-based pan-Arab news outlet owned by Qatari company Fadaat Media.

See Bashar al-Assad and The New Arab

The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

See Bashar al-Assad and The New York Times

The New Yorker

The New Yorker is an American magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry.

See Bashar al-Assad and The New Yorker

The Times

The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Times

The Times of Israel

The Times of Israel is an Israeli multi-language online newspaper that was launched in 2012.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Times of Israel

The Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal (WSJ), also referred to simply as the Journal, is an American newspaper based in New York City, with a focus on business and finance.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Wall Street Journal

The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

See Bashar al-Assad and The Washington Post

Tony Blair

Sir Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007.

See Bashar al-Assad and Tony Blair

Torture

Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a person for reasons including punishment, extracting a confession, interrogation for information, intimidating third parties, or entertainment.

See Bashar al-Assad and Torture

Torture chamber

A torture chamber is a room where torture is inflicted.

See Bashar al-Assad and Torture chamber

Totalitarianism

Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.

See Bashar al-Assad and Totalitarianism

Trade union

A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages and benefits, improving working conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees (rules governing promotions, just-cause conditions for termination) and protecting and increasing the bargaining power of workers.

See Bashar al-Assad and Trade union

Transparency International

Transparency International e.V. (TI) is a German registered association founded in 1993 by former employees of the World Bank.

See Bashar al-Assad and Transparency International

Tribunal

A tribunal, generally, is any person or institution with authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputes—whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title.

See Bashar al-Assad and Tribunal

Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

See Bashar al-Assad and Turkey

Uğur Ümit Üngör

Uğur Ümit Üngör (born in Erzincan, 1980) is a Dutch–Turkish academic, historian, sociologist, and professor of Genocide studies, specializing as a scholar and researcher of Holocaust studies and studies on mass violence.

See Bashar al-Assad and Uğur Ümit Üngör

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

See Bashar al-Assad and Ukraine

Union for the Mediterranean

The Union for the Mediterranean (UfM; Union pour la Méditerranée, الإتحاد من أجل المتوسط Al-Ittiḥād min ajl al-Mutawasseṭ) is an intergovernmental organization of 43 member states from Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: the 27 EU member states (including those not on the Mediterranean) and 16 Mediterranean partner countries from North Africa, Western Asia and Southern Europe.

See Bashar al-Assad and Union for the Mediterranean

Unite the Right rally

The Unite the Right rally was a white supremacist rally that took place in Charlottesville, Virginia, from August 11 to 12, 2017.

See Bashar al-Assad and Unite the Right rally

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East.

See Bashar al-Assad and United Arab Emirates

United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

See Bashar al-Assad and United Nations

United Nations Convention Against Torture

The Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (commonly known as the United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT)) is an international human rights treaty under the review of the United Nations that aims to prevent torture and other acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment around the world.

See Bashar al-Assad and United Nations Convention Against Torture

United Nations General Assembly

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; Assemblée générale, AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as its main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ.

See Bashar al-Assad and United Nations General Assembly

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency mandated to aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.

See Bashar al-Assad and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter.

See Bashar al-Assad and United Nations Security Council

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559

United Nations Security Council resolution 1559, adopted on 2 September 2004, after recalling resolutions 425 (1978), 426 (1978), 520 (1982) and 1553 (2004) on the situation in Lebanon, the Council supported free and fair presidential elections in Lebanon, urging the Lebanese government to establish control over its territory, disarm militias like Hezbollah, and facilitate the withdrawal of any remaining foreign forces from the country.

See Bashar al-Assad and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559

United Nations Security Council veto power

The United Nations Security Council veto power is the power of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) to veto any "substantive" resolution.

See Bashar al-Assad and United Nations Security Council veto power

United Press International

United Press International (UPI) is an American international news agency whose newswires, photo, news film, and audio services provided news material to thousands of newspapers, magazines, radio and television stations for most of the 20th century until its eventual decline beginning in the early 1980s.

See Bashar al-Assad and United Press International

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

See Bashar al-Assad and United States

United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Criminal Justice

The United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Criminal Justice is the head of the Office of Global Criminal Justice in the United States Department of State.

See Bashar al-Assad and United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Criminal Justice

United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

See Bashar al-Assad and United States Department of State

United States Department of the Treasury

The Department of the Treasury (USDT) is the national treasury and finance department of the federal government of the United States, where it serves as an executive department.

See Bashar al-Assad and United States Department of the Treasury

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust.

See Bashar al-Assad and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs

The United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, also known as the House Foreign Affairs Committee, is a standing committee of the U.S. House of Representatives with jurisdiction over bills and investigations concerning the foreign affairs of the United States.

See Bashar al-Assad and United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs

United States invasion of Afghanistan

Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the United States declared the war on terror and subsequently led a multinational military operation against Taliban-ruled Afghanistan.

See Bashar al-Assad and United States invasion of Afghanistan

United States involvement in regime change

Since the 19th century, the United States government has participated and interfered, both overtly and covertly, in the replacement of many foreign governments.

See Bashar al-Assad and United States involvement in regime change

University of California Press

The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

See Bashar al-Assad and University of California Press

University Press of Kentucky

The University Press of Kentucky (UPK) is the scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and was organized in 1969 as successor to the University of Kentucky Press.

See Bashar al-Assad and University Press of Kentucky

US intervention in the Syrian civil war

On 22 September 2014, the United States officially intervened in the Syrian civil war with the stated aim of fighting the terrorist organization ISIS in support of the international war against it, code named Operation Inherent Resolve.

See Bashar al-Assad and US intervention in the Syrian civil war

Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war

There have been numerous reports of chemical weapons attacks in the Syrian Civil War, beginning in 2012, and corroborated by national governments, the United Nations (UN), the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Human Rights Watch (HRW), and media organizations.

See Bashar al-Assad and Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war

Veil

A veil is an article of clothing or hanging cloth that is intended to cover some part of the head or face, or an object of some significance.

See Bashar al-Assad and Veil

Veto

A veto is a legal power to unilaterally stop an official action.

See Bashar al-Assad and Veto

Vice President of Syria

The vice president of Syria (نائب رئيس سوريا.) is a political position in Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and Vice President of Syria

Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who is the president of Russia. Bashar al-Assad and Vladimir Putin are anti-Americanism, people of the Syrian civil war, people stripped of honorary degrees and Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List.

See Bashar al-Assad and Vladimir Putin

Vogue (magazine)

Vogue U.S., also known as American Vogue, or simply Vogue, (stylized in all caps) is a monthly fashion and lifestyle magazine that covers style news, including haute couture fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway.

See Bashar al-Assad and Vogue (magazine)

Voice of America

Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is an international radio broadcasting state media agency owned by the United States of America.

See Bashar al-Assad and Voice of America

Volodymyr Zelenskyy

Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelenskyy (born 25 January 1978) is a Ukrainian politician and former entertainer who has been serving as the sixth president of Ukraine since 2019, including during the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine ongoing since 2022.

See Bashar al-Assad and Volodymyr Zelenskyy

Wael Nader al-Halqi

Wael Nader Al-Halqi (Wāʾil Nādir al-Ḥalqī; born 4 February 1964) is a Syrian politician who was Prime Minister of Syria from 2012 to 2016. Bashar al-Assad and Wael Nader al-Halqi are Damascus University alumni and members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region.

See Bashar al-Assad and Wael Nader al-Halqi

Walid Jumblatt

Walid Kamal Jumblatt (translit; born 7 August 1949) is a Lebanese politician who was the leader of the Progressive Socialist Party from 1977 until 2023.

See Bashar al-Assad and Walid Jumblatt

War crime

A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing mass killings including genocide or ethnic cleansing, the granting of no quarter despite surrender, the conscription of children in the military and flouting the legal distinctions of proportionality and military necessity.

See Bashar al-Assad and War crime

War economy

A war economy or wartime economy is the set of contingencies undertaken by a modern state to mobilize its economy for war production.

See Bashar al-Assad and War economy

War on terror

The war on terror, officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), is a global counterterrorist military campaign initiated by the United States following the September 11 attacks and is the most recent global conflict spanning multiple wars.

See Bashar al-Assad and War on terror

Western Eye Hospital

Western Eye Hospital is an ophthalmology hospital in west London.

See Bashar al-Assad and Western Eye Hospital

Western world

The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.

See Bashar al-Assad and Western world

White nationalism

White nationalism is a type of racial nationalism or pan-nationalism which espouses the belief that white people are a raceHeidi Beirich and Kevin Hicks.

See Bashar al-Assad and White nationalism

White supremacy

White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to those of other races and thus should dominate them.

See Bashar al-Assad and White supremacy

William Hague

William Jefferson Hague, Baron Hague of Richmond, (born 26 March 1961) is a British politician and life peer who was Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition from 1997 to 2001.

See Bashar al-Assad and William Hague

Woman

A woman is an adult female human.

See Bashar al-Assad and Woman

Xi Jinping

Xi Jinping (or often;, pronounced; born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has been the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), and thus the paramount leader of China, since 2012.

See Bashar al-Assad and Xi Jinping

Yale University Press

Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University.

See Bashar al-Assad and Yale University Press

Zuhair Masharqa

Muhammad Zuhair Masharqa (1938 – 23 April 2007) (زهير مشارقة) was a Syrian politician who served as Vice President of Syria from 1984 to 2005. Bashar al-Assad and Zuhair Masharqa are Damascus University alumni and members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region.

See Bashar al-Assad and Zuhair Masharqa

1966 Syrian coup d'état

The 1966 Syrian coup d'état refers to events between 21 and 23 February during which the government of the Syrian Arab Republic was overthrown and replaced. Bashar al-Assad and 1966 Syrian coup d'état are Ba'athism.

See Bashar al-Assad and 1966 Syrian coup d'état

2000 Syrian presidential election

A presidential referendum was held in Syria on 10 July 2000, following the death of President Hafez al-Assad.

See Bashar al-Assad and 2000 Syrian presidential election

2004 Qamishli riots

The 2004 Qamishli riots were an uprising by Syrian Kurds in the northeastern city of Qamishli in March 2004, which culminated in a massacre by the Syrian Arab Armed Forces.

See Bashar al-Assad and 2004 Qamishli riots

2007 Syrian presidential election

A referendum to confirm the presidential candidate Bashar al-Assad was held in Syria on 27 May 2007, after the People's Council of Syria unanimously The Washington Post, 29 May 2007 voted to propose the incumbent for a second term on 10 May 2007.

See Bashar al-Assad and 2007 Syrian presidential election

2012 Syrian constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Syria on 26 February 2012.

See Bashar al-Assad and 2012 Syrian constitutional referendum

2012 Syrian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Syria on 7 May 2012 to elect the members of the Syrian People's Council.

See Bashar al-Assad and 2012 Syrian parliamentary election

2014 Syrian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Syria on 3 June 2014.

See Bashar al-Assad and 2014 Syrian presidential election

2015 European migrant crisis

During 2015, there was a period of significantly increased movement of refugees and migrants into Europe.

See Bashar al-Assad and 2015 European migrant crisis

2017 Shayrat missile strike

On the morning of 7 April 2017, the United States launched 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles from the Mediterranean Sea into Syria, aimed at Shayrat Airbase controlled by the Syrian government.

See Bashar al-Assad and 2017 Shayrat missile strike

2021 Syrian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Syria on 26 May 2021, with expatriates able to vote in some embassies abroad on 20 May.

See Bashar al-Assad and 2021 Syrian presidential election

2023 Arab League summit

The 2023 Arab League summit, officially the 32nd Ordinary Session of the Council of the League of Arab States at the Summit Level, was a meeting of heads of state and government of member states of the League of Arab States that took place in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, on 19 May 2023.

See Bashar al-Assad and 2023 Arab League summit

2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes

On 6 February 2023, at 04:17 TRT (01:17 UTC), a 7.8 earthquake struck southern and central Turkey and northern and western Syria.

See Bashar al-Assad and 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes

25th Special Mission Forces Division

The 25th Special Mission Forces Division, mostly known by their former name Tiger Forces or Quwwat al-Nimr (قُوَّات النِّمْر), is an elite formation (special forces unit) of the Syrian Arab Army under the charge of the commander Major General Saleh Abdullah.

See Bashar al-Assad and 25th Special Mission Forces Division

4th Armoured Division (Syria)

The 4th Armoured Division (al-Firqa ar-Rābiʿah) is an elite formation of the Syrian Army whose primary purpose is to defend the Syrian government from internal and external threats.

See Bashar al-Assad and 4th Armoured Division (Syria)

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad

Also known as Bachar Al-Assad, Bashar Al Assad, Bashar Al-Asad, Bashar AlAssad, Bashar Asad, Bashar Assad, Bashar El Assad, Bashar El-Assaad, Bashar Hafez al-Assad, Bashar al- Assad, Bashar el-Assad, Bashar-al Assad, Bashar-el-Assad, Basher al-Assad, Bashir Al-Assad, Bashir al Assad, Bashshar al-Asad, Bassar al-Asad, Baššār al-Asad, Baššār al-ʾAsad, Baššār Ḥāfiẓ al-ʾAsad, Butcher of Damascus, Dr. Bashar el Assad, Presidency of Bashar al-Assad, President Assad (junior), President Bashar al-Assad, Pro-Assadist, بشار حافظ الأسد.

, Asma al-Assad, Assassination of Rafic Hariri, Assef Shawkat, Associated Press, Assyrian people, Émile Lahoud, Ba'ath Party, Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction), Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction), Ba'athism, Bahjat Suleiman, Ban Ki-moon, Banderite, Barack Obama, Barrel bomb, Bassel al-Assad, Battle of Tabqa Airbase, Bayda and Baniyas massacres, BBC, BBC News, Beirut, Bell Pottinger, Brasília, British National Party, Brookings Institution, Brown Lloyd James, Bureaucracy, Bushra al-Assad, Canada, Canada and the Netherlands v. Syrian Arab Republic, Caracas, Carter-Ruck, Casualties of the Syrian civil war, CBS News, Cedar Revolution, Cellular network, Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, Central Intelligence Agency, Centre-left politics, Charles Taylor (Liberian politician), Charlottesville, Virginia, Chemical warfare, Chemical Weapons Convention, Child, Chris Smith (New Jersey politician), Christian Broadcasting Network, Christianity in Syria, Circassians in Syria, Civil and political rights, Civil defense, Civil Rights Defenders, Civil war, Collar (order), Commander-in-chief, Committee to Protect Journalists, Communist Labour Party (Syria), Conservatism, Constitution of Syria, Corrective Movement (Syria), Corruption Perceptions Index, Council of Ministers (Syria), Council on Foreign Relations, Crimes against humanity, Criticism of Israel, Cyberspace, Czech Television, Damascus, Damascus Declaration, Damascus Spring, Damascus University, Daniel Ortega, Darayya District, David Crane (lawyer), De facto, Death and state funeral of Hafez al-Assad, Defense Companies (Syria), Democratic Arab Socialist Union, Democratic transition, Democratic Union Party (Syria), Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons, Deutsche Welle, Dictatorship, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Ramotar, Donald Trump, Donetsk People's Republic, Douma chemical attack, Druze, Druze in Israel, Druze in Syria, DW News, Dynastic order, Eastern Mediterranean, Economic liberalization, Eichmann in Jerusalem, Election, Elections in Syria, Emmanuel Macron, Enforced disappearance, Entrepreneurship, Ethnic cleansing, Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War, European Council on Foreign Relations, European Union, Extraordinary rendition, Fahd Jassem al-Freij, Faisal Mekdad, Far-right politics, Farouk al-Sharaa, Fatah, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Fenethylline, Field marshal, Fifth column, Filippo Grandi, Financial Times, First Hussein Arnous government, Fitna (word), Forced displacement, Foreign Affairs, Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war, Foreign policy of the Bashar al-Assad administration, Foreign Secretary, Free Syrian Army, Freelancer, Friends of Syria Group, General Intelligence Directorate (Syria), Georgia (country), Getty Images, Ghazi Kanaan, Ghouta chemical attack, Gilbert Achcar, Giorgio Napolitano, Global Public Policy Institute, Globalism, Grand Cross, Greenwood Publishing Group, GRU (Russian Federation), Haaretz, Hafez al-Assad, Hafez Bashar al-Assad, Hafez Makhlouf, Hajj, Hangzhou, Hannah Arendt, Heir apparent, Hezbollah, High commissioner, Hilal Hilal, Hillary Clinton, History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak, History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi, History of the Jews in Europe, Homs, Homs Military Academy, Houla massacre, House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, HuffPost, Human rights in Syria, Human Rights Watch, Hussein Arnous, Ibrahim al-Hadid, Igor Sergun, Imad Khamis, Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, Instagram, Intellectual disability, Interfax, International Committee of the Red Cross, International Court of Justice, International Criminal Court, International Institute for Strategic Studies, International order, International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, International sanctions against Syria, Internet café, Internet censorship in Syria, Interpol notice, Interwar period, Intifada, Iran, Iran–Iraq War, Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war, Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011), Islamic State, Islamism, Islamophobia, Isma'ilism, Israel, Israeli Air Force, Jacob Zuma, Jamil Hassan, Jeremy Bowen, Joshua Landis, Khan Shaykhun chemical attack, Khomeinism, Kim Jong Un, Knight, Kurdish language, Kurdish National Council, Kurdish population, Kurdish Supreme Committee, Kurds in Syria, Kyiv, Latakia, Laurent Fabius, Le Monde diplomatique, Lebanese people, Lebanon, Left-wing politics, Legion of Honour, Legitimacy of the State of Israel, Levantine Arabic, List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations, List of international presidential trips made by Bashar al-Assad, List of prime ministers of Lebanon, London School of Economics, Luhansk People's Republic, Mafia state, Maher al-Assad, Mahmoud Abbas, Maria Stephan, Marxism–Leninism, Mass media in Syria, Mass murder, Massacre, Media blackout, Mezzeh prison, Michel Samaha, Middle East Forum, Middle East Institute, Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria), Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France), MIT Press, Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Mohammed bin Salman, Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan, Moscow, Moscow State University, Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, Muhammad Mustafa Mero, Muhammad Naji al-Otari, Mukhabarat, Muslim Brotherhood, Nadim Shehadi, Najah al-Attar, National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, National Command of the Ba'ath Party, National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change, National Defence Forces, National Democratic Rally (Syria), National Geographic, National Order of the Cedar, National Progressive Front (Syria), National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, Navi Pillay, Nazi Germany, Nazi Party, NBC News, Neo-Nazism, Nerve agent, Netherlands, New Jersey, Nicaragua, Nick Griffin, Nicolás Maduro, Nikki Haley, North Korea, NOW News, Nuclear reactor, Occupy Wall Street, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ohio State University, Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji, OPCW Fact-Finding Mission in Syria, OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism, Operation Outside the Box, Ophthalmology, Order of Islamic Republic, Order of King Abdulaziz, Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, Order of the Liberator, Order of the Southern Cross, Order of the White Rose of Finland, Order of Uatsamonga, Order of Zayed, Orders, decorations, and medals of Finland, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Palestinian political violence, Palmyra offensive (May 2015), Paramilitary, Pariah state, Paris, Paris Agreement, Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, PBS, Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, Persona non grata, Police state, Political dissent, Political repression, Politics of Qatar, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Post–Cold War era, Presidency of Hafez al-Assad, President of Algeria, President of France, President of Guyana, President of Italy, President of Lebanon, President of South Africa, President of Syria, President of the State of Palestine, President of Ukraine, President of Venezuela, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro, Progressive Socialist Party, Progressivism, Public relations, Qardaha, Quilliam (think tank), Rafic Hariri, Rami Makhlouf, Raqqa Governorate, Reciprocity (international relations), Refugee, Refugee crisis, Refugees of the Syrian civil war, ReliefWeb, Religion in Syria, Reporters Without Borders, Republic, Republican Guard (Syria), Resistance movement, Reuters, Rifaat al-Assad, Right-wing politics, Riyad Farid Hijab, Rome Statute, Routledge, Royal Order of Francis I, Russia, Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, Russian Armed Forces, Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war, Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian-occupied territories in Georgia, Rustum Ghazaleh, Samson Option, Sarin, Saudi Arabia, Scorched earth, Second Chechen War, Second Hussein Arnous government, Secret police, Secretary-General of the United Nations, Sectarianism, Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war, Secular state, September 11 attacks, Sergey Lavrov, Sexual violence, Shabiha, Shia crescent, Show trial, Siege, Siege of Eastern Ghouta, Simon & Schuster, Slobodan Milošević, Social media, Socialism, South Ossetia, Southern Syria protests (2023–present), Stanford University Press, State of emergency, State terrorism, Stephen Rapp, Students' union, Sufism, Sunni Islam, Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution, Sussex Academic Press, Sutoro, Syracuse University Press, Syria, Syria Accountability Act, Syria chemical weapons program, Syriac Military Council, Syrian Air Force, Syrian Arab News Agency, Syrian Armed Forces, Syrian Army, Syrian civil war, Syrian Computer Society, Syrian Democratic Forces, Syrian Democratic People's Party, Syrian Interim Government, Syrian National Council, Syrian occupation of Lebanon, Syrian opposition, Syrian revolution, Syrians, Tadamon massacre, Tahrir al-Sham, Tartus, Tehran, The Atlantic, The Christian Science Monitor, The Daily Telegraph, The Economist, The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies, The Guardian, The Hindu, The Holocaust, The Independent, The Moscow Times, The New Arab, The New York Times, The New Yorker, The Times, The Times of Israel, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Tony Blair, Torture, Torture chamber, Totalitarianism, Trade union, Transparency International, Tribunal, Turkey, Uğur Ümit Üngör, Ukraine, Union for the Mediterranean, Unite the Right rally, United Arab Emirates, United Nations, United Nations Convention Against Torture, United Nations General Assembly, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Security Council, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559, United Nations Security Council veto power, United Press International, United States, United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Criminal Justice, United States Department of State, United States Department of the Treasury, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States invasion of Afghanistan, United States involvement in regime change, University of California Press, University Press of Kentucky, US intervention in the Syrian civil war, Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war, Veil, Veto, Vice President of Syria, Vladimir Putin, Vogue (magazine), Voice of America, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Wael Nader al-Halqi, Walid Jumblatt, War crime, War economy, War on terror, Western Eye Hospital, Western world, White nationalism, White supremacy, William Hague, Woman, Xi Jinping, Yale University Press, Zuhair Masharqa, 1966 Syrian coup d'état, 2000 Syrian presidential election, 2004 Qamishli riots, 2007 Syrian presidential election, 2012 Syrian constitutional referendum, 2012 Syrian parliamentary election, 2014 Syrian presidential election, 2015 European migrant crisis, 2017 Shayrat missile strike, 2021 Syrian presidential election, 2023 Arab League summit, 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes, 25th Special Mission Forces Division, 4th Armoured Division (Syria).

Unionpedia is a concept map or semantic network organized like an encyclopedia – dictionary. It gives a brief definition of each concept and its relationships.

This is a giant online mental map that serves as a basis for concept diagrams. It's free to use and each article or document can be downloaded. It's a tool, resource or reference for study, research, education, learning or teaching, that can be used by teachers, educators, pupils or students; for the academic world: for school, primary, secondary, high school, middle, technical degree, college, university, undergraduate, master's or doctoral degrees; for papers, reports, projects, ideas, documentation, surveys, summaries, or thesis. Here is the definition, explanation, description, or the meaning of each significant on which you need information, and a list of their associated concepts as a glossary. Available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Polish, Dutch, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Swedish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Catalan, Czech, Hebrew, Danish, Finnish, Indonesian, Norwegian, Romanian, Turkish, Vietnamese, Korean, Thai, Greek, Bulgarian, Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Filipino, Latvian, Estonian and Slovenian. More languages soon.

The information is based on Wikipedia articles and other Wikimedia projects, and it's available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

Unionpedia is not endorsed by or affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation.

Google Play, Android and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc.

Languages

Bashar al-Assad

Table of Contents