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269 relations: A. J. P. Taylor, Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor, Absinthe, Abstraction, Air force, Airplane, Alain-Fournier, Alexander III of Russia, Alfred Dreyfus, Algeciras Conference, Alsace-Lorraine, Anarchism, Anatole France, André Gide, Années folles, Antisemitism, Apollo Citharoedus, Arcachon, Arms race, Art Nouveau, Arthur Rimbaud, Assembly line, Aubrey Beardsley, Auguste and Louis Lumière, Auguste Escoffier, École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Édouard Belin, Édouard Michelin (industrialist), Édouard Vuillard, Émile Bernard, Émile Henry (anarchist), Émile Zola, Bacteriology, Ballets Russes, Barbara W. Tuchman, Barbizon school, Berlin Conference, Biarritz, Bistro, Bohemianism, Bourgeoisie, Burlesque, Bus, Cabaret, Cairo, Calla, Camille Saint-Saëns, Can-can, Car, Carriage, ..., Casino de Paris, César Franck, Central Europe, Chamber of Deputies (France), Champagne, Charles Ayrout, Charles Baudelaire, Charles Dudley Warner, Cinematograph, Cinematography, Claude Debussy, Claudine (book series), Colette, Colonialism, Commuting, Concrete poetry, Congress of Berlin, Conservatism, Cosmopolis: A Literary Review, Courtesan, Cubism, Dada, Death in Venice, Deauville, Decadent movement, Domestic worker, Dreyfus affair, Edwardian era, Eiffel Tower, Electric light, Emmerich Kálmán, Empire of Brazil, En plein air, Enfant terrible, Erik Satie, Exposition Universelle (1889), Exposition Universelle (1900), Expressionism, Fauvism, Félix Faure, Film, Fin de siècle, Folies Bergère, Ford Model T, Franco-Prussian War, Franz Lehár, Frederic Leighton, Free verse, French colonial empire, French language, French Riviera, French Second Republic, French Third Republic, French–German enmity, Gabriel Fauré, Gabriel Lippmann, Gas lighting, Gay Nineties, Georges Ernest Boulanger, Georges Feydeau, Germ theory of disease, German Empire, Gilded Age, Giuseppe Amisani, Golden Age, Gourmet, Greenhouse, Guillaume Apollinaire, Gustave Moreau, Guy de Maupassant, Haussmann's renovation of Paris, Haute couture, Haute cuisine, Haystacks (Monet series), Hôtel Ritz Paris, Hector Guimard, Henri Becquerel, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Matisse, Henri Poincaré, Henri Rousseau, Igor Stravinsky, Illuminations (poetry collection), Impressionism, In Search of Lost Time, Income segregation, Integral imaging, Interwar period, J'accuse…!, Jane Avril, Jean Richepin, Johann Strauss III, John William Waterhouse, Joie de vivre, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Jules Chéret, Jules Ferry, Jules Grévy, Jules Lavirotte, Jules Massenet, La Goulue, Léon Bouly, Le mage, Les Fleurs du mal, Les Nabis, Liane de Pougy, Liberalism, Lili Boulanger, Literary realism, Loie Fuller, Louis Charles Breguet, Louis Pasteur, Marcel Proust, Marie Curie, Marie François Sadi Carnot, Mark Twain, Maurice Denis, Maurice Ravel, Maxim's, Mexico, Militarism, Modern dance, Modernism, Montmartre, Moped, Moulin Rouge, Music hall, Naturalism (literature), Neon lighting, New Imperialism, Nicholas II of Russia, Nostalgia, Nouveau riche, Odilon Redon, Opéra-Comique, Operetta, Orchidaceae, Pablo Picasso, Palais Garnier, Panic of 1873, Paolo Tosti, Paraguayan War, Paris, Paris architecture of the Belle Époque, Paris Commune, Paris in the Belle Époque, Paris Métro, Passport, Pasteurization, Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta, Paul Bourget, Paul Cornu, Paul Gauguin, Paul Verlaine, Pax Britannica, Peugeot, Phosphorescence, Pierre Bonnard, Pneumatics, Portugal, Post-Impressionism, Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Private railroad car, Propaganda of the deed, Rabies vaccine, Radioactive decay, Rail transport, Raymond Poincaré, Restaurant, Revanchism, Roaring Twenties, Salon de la Rose + Croix, Salon music, Scooter (motorcycle), Scramble for Africa, Second French Empire, Second Industrial Revolution, Second International, Sergei Diaghilev, Social class, Socialism, Socialite, Spa, State dinner, Stéphane Mallarmé, Suburbanization, Succès de scandale, Surrealism, Symbolism (arts), Telegraphy, Telephone, The Firebird, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, The Proud Tower, The Rite of Spring, The Souls, Thomas Mann, Tire, Tout-Paris, Tram, Treaty of Versailles (1871), Ultra high-net-worth individual, Un coup de dés jamais n'abolira le hasard (Mallarmé), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United States, Uranium, Vaslav Nijinsky, Vichy, Victorian era, Vienna Secession, Vincent van Gogh, Western Europe, Western world, Wilhelminism, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Wirephoto, Working class, World War I, 5 October 1910 revolution. Expand index (219 more) »
A. J. P. Taylor
Alan John Percivale Taylor (25 March 1906 – 7 September 1990) was an English historian who specialised in 19th- and 20th-century European diplomacy.
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Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor
Claude Félix Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor (26 July 1805, Saint-Cyr, Saône-et-Loire – 7 April 1870, Paris) was a French photographic inventor.
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Absinthe
Absinthe is historically described as a distilled, highly alcoholic (45–74% ABV / 90–148 U.S. proof) beverage.
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Abstraction
Abstraction in its main sense is a conceptual process where general rules and concepts are derived from the usage and classification of specific examples, literal ("real" or "concrete") signifiers, first principles, or other methods.
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Air force
An air force, also known in some countries as an aerospace force or air army, is in the broadest sense, the national military branch that primarily conducts aerial warfare.
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Airplane
An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller or rocket engine.
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Alain-Fournier
Alain-Fournier was the pseudonym of Henri-Alban Fournier (3 October 1886 – 22 September 1914 Secrétariat Général pour l'Administration), a French author and soldier.
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Alexander III of Russia
Alexander III (r; 1845 1894) was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from until his death on.
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Alfred Dreyfus
Alfred Dreyfus (9 October 1859 – 12 July 1935) was a French Jewish artillery officer whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most tense political dramas in modern French history with a wide echo in all Europe.
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Algeciras Conference
The Algeciras Conference of 1906 took place in Algeciras, Spain, and lasted from 16 January to 7 April.
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Alsace-Lorraine
The Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen or Elsass-Lothringen, or Alsace-Moselle) was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871, after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle department of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War.
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Anarchism
Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions.
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Anatole France
italic (born italic,; 16 April 1844 – 12 October 1924) was a French poet, journalist, and successful novelist with several best-sellers.
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André Gide
André Paul Guillaume Gide (22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.
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Années folles
The term Années folles ("crazy years" in French) refers to the decade of the 1920s in France.
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Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.
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Apollo Citharoedus
An Apollo Citharoedus, or Apollo Citharede, is a statue or other image of Apollo with a cithara (lyre).
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Arcachon
Arcachon (Arcaishon in Gascon) is a commune in the southwestern French department of Gironde.
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Arms race
An arms race, in its original usage, is a competition between two or more states to have the best armed forces.
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Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau is an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, that was most popular between 1890 and 1910.
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Arthur Rimbaud
Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet who is known for his influence on modern literature and arts, which prefigured surrealism.
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Assembly line
An assembly line is a manufacturing process (often called a progressive assembly) in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced.
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Aubrey Beardsley
Aubrey Vincent Beardsley (21 August 187216 March 1898) was an English illustrator and author.
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Auguste and Louis Lumière
The Lumière brothers, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas; 19 October 1862 – 10 April 1954) and Louis Jean; 5 October 1864 – 7 June 1948), were among the first filmmakers in history. They patented an improved cinematograph, which in contrast to Thomas Edison's "peepshow" kinetoscope allowed simultaneous viewing by multiple parties.
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Auguste Escoffier
Georges Auguste Escoffier (28 October 1846 – 12 February 1935) was a French chef, restaurateur and culinary writer who popularized and updated traditional French cooking methods.
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École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts
The École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts (ENSBA) is a fine arts grand school of PSL Research University in Paris, France.
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Édouard Belin
Édouard Belin (Vesoul, Haute-Saône, France, 5 March 1876 – 4 March 1963 in Territet, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland) was a French photographer and inventor, best known for inventing the Bélinographe.
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Édouard Michelin (industrialist)
Édouard Michelin (June 23, 1859August 25, 1940) was a French industrialist.
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Édouard Vuillard
Jean-Édouard Vuillard (11 November 186821 June 1940) was a French painter and printmaker associated with the Nabis.
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Émile Bernard
Émile Henri Bernard (28 April 1868 – 16 April 1941) was a French Post-Impressionist painter and writer, who had artistic friendships with Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Eugène Boch, and at a later time, Paul Cézanne.
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Émile Henry (anarchist)
Émile Henry (26 September 1872 in Barcelona – 21 May 1894 in Paris, France) was a French anarchist, who on 12 February 1894 detonated a bomb at the Café Terminus in the Parisian Gare Saint-Lazare killing one person and wounding twenty.
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Émile Zola
Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (2 April 1840 – 29 September 1902) was a French novelist, playwright, journalist, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism.
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Bacteriology
Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them.
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Ballets Russes
The Ballets Russes was an itinerant ballet company based in Paris that performed between 1909 and 1929 throughout Europe and on tours to North and South America.
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Barbara W. Tuchman
Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (January 30, 1912 – February 6, 1989) was an American historian and author.
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Barbizon school
The Barbizon school of painters were part of an art movement towards Realism in art, which arose in the context of the dominant Romantic Movement of the time.
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Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz), regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.
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Biarritz
Biarritz (Biarritz or Miarritze; Gascon Biàrritz) is a city on the Bay of Biscay, on the Atlantic coast in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the French Basque Country in Southwestern France.
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Bistro
A bistro or bistrot, is, in its original Parisian incarnation, a small restaurant, serving moderately priced simple meals in a modest setting.
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Bohemianism
Bohemianism is the practice of an unconventional lifestyle, often in the company of like-minded people and with few permanent ties.
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Bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.
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Burlesque
A burlesque is a literary, dramatic or musical work intended to cause laughter by caricaturing the manner or spirit of serious works, or by ludicrous treatment of their subjects.
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Bus
A bus (archaically also omnibus, multibus, motorbus, autobus) is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers.
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Cabaret
Cabaret is a form of theatrical entertainment featuring music, song, dance, recitation, or drama.
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Cairo
Cairo (القاهرة) is the capital of Egypt.
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Calla
Calla (bog arum, marsh calla, wild calla, squaw claw, and water-arumDickinson, T.; Metsger, D.; Bull, J.; & Dickinson, R. (2004) ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p. 62.) is a genus of flowering plant in the family Araceae, containing the single species Calla palustris.
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Camille Saint-Saëns
Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns (9 October 183516 December 1921) was a French composer, organist, conductor and pianist of the Romantic era.
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Can-can
The can-can (or cancan as in the original French) is a high-energy, physically demanding dance that became a popular music hall dance in the 1840s, continuing in popularity in French cabaret to this day.
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Car
A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation.
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Carriage
A carriage is a wheeled vehicle for people, usually horse-drawn; litters (palanquins) and sedan chairs are excluded, since they are wheelless vehicles.
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Casino de Paris
The Casino de Paris, located at 16, rue de Clichy, in the 9th arrondissement, is one of the well known music halls of Paris, with a history dating back to the 18th century.
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César Franck
César-Auguste-Jean-Guillaume-Hubert Franck (10 December 1822 – 8 November 1890) was a composer, pianist, organist, and music teacher who worked in Paris during his adult life.
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Central Europe
Central Europe is the region comprising the central part of Europe.
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Chamber of Deputies (France)
Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés) was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Champagne
Champagne is sparkling wine or, in EU countries, legally only that sparkling wine which comes from the Champagne region of France.
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Charles Ayrout
Charles Habib Ayrout (Arabic: شارل حبيب عيروط) was an architect practicing in Cairo and is considered as one of that city's Belle Epoque/Art Déco (1920–1940) architects for his landmark buildings and villas.
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Charles Baudelaire
Charles Pierre Baudelaire (April 9, 1821 – August 31, 1867) was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe.
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Charles Dudley Warner
Charles Dudley Warner (September 12, 1829 – October 20, 1900) was an American essayist, novelist, and friend of Mark Twain, with whom he co-authored the novel The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today.
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Cinematograph
A cinematograph is a motion picture film camera, which also serves as a film projector and printer.
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Cinematography
Cinematography (also called Direction of Photography) is the science or art of motion-picture photography by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as film stock.
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Claude Debussy
Achille-Claude Debussy (22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer.
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Claudine (book series)
The Claudine series consists of four early novels by the French author Colette, published 1900-1904.
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Colette
Colette (Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, 28 January 1873 – 3 August 1954) was a French novelist nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948.
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Colonialism
Colonialism is the policy of a polity seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of developing or exploiting them to the benefit of the colonizing country and of helping the colonies modernize in terms defined by the colonizers, especially in economics, religion and health.
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Commuting
Commuting is periodically recurring travel between one's place of residence and place of work, or study, and in doing so exceed the boundary of their residential community.
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Concrete poetry
Concrete, pattern, or shape poetry is an arrangement of linguistic elements in which the typographical effect is more important in conveying meaning than verbal significance.
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Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of six great powers of the time (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro).
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Conservatism
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.
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Cosmopolis: A Literary Review
Cosmopolis: A Literary Review was a multi-lingual literary magazine published between January 1896 and November 1898.
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Courtesan
A courtesan was originally a courtier, which means a person who attends the court of a monarch or other powerful person.
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Cubism
Cubism is an early-20th-century art movement which brought European painting and sculpture historically forward toward 20th century Modern art.
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Dada
Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (circa 1916); New York Dada began circa 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris.
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Death in Venice
Death in Venice is a novella written by the German author Thomas Mann and was first published in 1912 as Der Tod in Venedig.
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Deauville
Deauville is a commune in the Calvados département in the Normandy region in northwestern France.
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Decadent movement
The Decadent Movement was a late 19th-century artistic and literary movement, centered in Western Europe, that followed an aesthetic ideology of excess and artificiality.
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Domestic worker
A domestic worker, domestic helper, domestic servant, manservant or menial, is a person who works within the employer's household.
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Dreyfus affair
The Dreyfus Affair (l'affaire Dreyfus) was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.
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Edwardian era
The Edwardian era or Edwardian period of British history covers the brief reign of King Edward VII, 1901 to 1910, and is sometimes extended in both directions to capture long-term trends from the 1890s to the First World War.
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Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower (tour Eiffel) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France.
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Electric light
An electric light is a device that produces visible light from electric current.
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Emmerich Kálmán
Emmerich Kálmán (24 October 1882 – 30 October 1953) was a Hungarian composer of operettas.
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Empire of Brazil
The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and (until 1828) Uruguay.
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En plein air
En plein air (French for outdoors, or plein air painting) is the act of painting outdoors.
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Enfant terrible
Enfant terrible ("unruly child") is a French expression, traditionally referring to a child who is terrifyingly candid by saying embarrassing things to parents or others.
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Erik Satie
Éric Alfred Leslie Satie (17 May 18661 July 1925), who signed his name Erik Satie after 1884, was a French composer and pianist.
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Exposition Universelle (1889)
The Exposition Universelle of 1889 was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 6 May to 31 October 1889.
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Exposition Universelle (1900)
The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next.
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Expressionism
Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Fauvism
Fauvism is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts"), a group of early twentieth-century modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism.
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Félix Faure
Félix François Faure (30 January 1841 – 16 February 1899) was President of France from 1895 until his death in 1899.
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Film
A film, also called a movie, motion picture, moving pícture, theatrical film, or photoplay, is a series of still images that, when shown on a screen, create the illusion of moving images.
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Fin de siècle
Fin de siècle is a French term meaning end of the century, a term which typically encompasses both the meaning of the similar English idiom turn of the century and also makes reference to the closing of one era and onset of another.
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Folies Bergère
The Folies Bergère is a cabaret music hall, located in Paris, France.
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Ford Model T
The Ford Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, Leaping Lena, or flivver) is an automobile produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927.
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Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, Guerre franco-allemande), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1871) or in Germany as 70/71, was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.
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Franz Lehár
Franz Lehár (italic; 30 April 1870 – 24 October 1948) was an Austro-Hungarian composer.
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Frederic Leighton
Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton, (3 December 1830 – 25 January 1896), known as Sir Frederic Leighton between 1878 and 1896, was an English painter and sculptor.
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Free verse
Free verse is an open form of poetry.
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French colonial empire
The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.
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French language
French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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French Riviera
The French Riviera (known in French as the Côte d'Azur,; Còsta d'Azur; literal translation "Coast of Azure") is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast corner of France.
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French Second Republic
The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte that initiated the Second Empire.
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French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.
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French–German enmity
French–German (Franco-German) enmity (Rivalité franco-allemande Deutsch–französische Erbfeindschaft) was the idea of unavoidably hostile relations and mutual revanchism between Germans and French people that arose in the 16th century and became popular with the Franco–Prussian War of 1870–1871.
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Gabriel Fauré
Gabriel Urbain Fauré (12 May 1845 – 4 November 1924) was a French composer, organist, pianist and teacher.
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Gabriel Lippmann
Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann (16 August 1845 – 13 July 1921) was a Franco-Luxembourgish physicist and inventor, and Nobel laureate in physics for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference.
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Gas lighting
Gas lighting is production of artificial light from combustion of a gaseous fuel, such as hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, propane, butane, acetylene, ethylene, or natural gas.
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Gay Nineties
The Gay Nineties is an American nostalgic term and a periodization of the history of the United States referring to the decade of the 1890s.
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Georges Ernest Boulanger
Georges Ernest Jean-Marie Boulanger (29 April 1837 – 30 September 1891), nicknamed Général Revanche, was a French general and politician.
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Georges Feydeau
Georges Feydeau (8 December 1862 – 5 June 1921) was a French playwright of the era known as the Belle Époque.
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Germ theory of disease
The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory of disease.
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German Empire
The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.
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Gilded Age
The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900.
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Giuseppe Amisani
Giuseppe Amisani (7 December 1881 – 8 September 1941) was an Italian portrait painter of the Belle Époque.
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Golden Age
The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology, particularly the Works and Days of Hesiod, and is part of the description of temporal decline of the state of peoples through five Ages, Gold being the first and the one during which the Golden Race of humanity (chrýseon génos) lived.
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Gourmet
Gourmet is a cultural ideal associated with the culinary arts of fine food and drink, or haute cuisine, which is characterised by refined, even elaborate preparations and presentations of aesthetically balanced meals of several contrasting, often quite rich courses.
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Greenhouse
A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse) is a structure with walls and roof made mainly of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown.
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Guillaume Apollinaire
Guillaume Apollinaire (26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic of Polish descent.
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Gustave Moreau
Gustave Moreau (6 April 1826 – 18 April 1898) was a major figure in French Symbolist painting whose main emphasis was the illustration of biblical and mythological figures.
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Guy de Maupassant
Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a French writer, remembered as a master of the short story form, and as a representative of the naturalist school of writers, who depicted human lives and destinies and social forces in disillusioned and often pessimistic terms.
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Haussmann's renovation of Paris
Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works program commissioned by Emperor Napoléon III and directed by his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870.
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Haute couture
Haute couture (French for "high sewing" or "high dressmaking" or "high fashion") is the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing.
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Haute cuisine
Haute cuisine (French: literally "high cooking") or grande cuisine refers to the cuisine of "high-level" establishments, gourmet restaurants and luxury hotels.
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Haystacks (Monet series)
Haystacks is the common English title for a series of impressionist paintings by Claude Monet.
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Hôtel Ritz Paris
The Ritz Paris is a hotel in central Paris, in the 1st arrondissement.
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Hector Guimard
Hector Guimard (10 March 1867 – 20 May 1942) was a French architect, who is now the best-known representative of the Art Nouveau style of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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Henri Becquerel
Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity.
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Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa (24 November 1864 – 9 September 1901), also known as Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, was a French painter, printmaker, draughtsman, caricaturist, and illustrator whose immersion in the colourful and theatrical life of Paris in the late 19th century allowed him to produce a collection of enticing, elegant, and provocative images of the modern, sometimes decadent, affairs of those times.
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Henri Matisse
Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship.
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Henri Poincaré
Jules Henri Poincaré (29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science.
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Henri Rousseau
Henri Julien Félix Rousseau (May 21, 1844 – September 2, 1910) at the Guggenheim was a French post-impressionist painter in the Naïve or Primitive manner.
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Igor Stravinsky
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (ˈiɡərʲ ˈfʲɵdərəvʲɪtɕ strɐˈvʲinskʲɪj; 6 April 1971) was a Russian-born composer, pianist, and conductor.
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Illuminations (poetry collection)
Illuminations is an incompleted suite of prose poems by the French poet Arthur Rimbaud, first published partially in, a Paris literary review, in May–June 1886.
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Impressionism
Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement characterised by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles.
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In Search of Lost Time
In Search of Lost Time (À la recherche du temps perdu) – previously also translated as Remembrance of Things Past – is a novel in seven volumes, written by Marcel Proust (1871–1922).
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Income segregation
Income segregation is the separation of various peoples by class based on income.
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Integral imaging
Integral imaging is an autostereoscopic and multiscopic three-dimensional imaging technique that captures and reproduces a light field by using a two-dimensional array of microlenses, sometimes called a fly's-eye lens, normally without the aid of a larger overall objective or viewing lens.
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Interwar period
In the context of the history of the 20th century, the interwar period was the period between the end of the First World War in November 1918 and the beginning of the Second World War in September 1939.
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J'accuse…!
"J'accuse...!" ("I accuse...!") was an open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper L'Aurore by the influential writer Émile Zola.
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Jane Avril
Jane Avril (9 June 186817 January 1943) was a French can-can dancer made famous by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec through his paintings.
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Jean Richepin
Jean Richepin (4 February 1849 – 12 December 1926), French poet, novelist and dramatist, the son of an army doctor, was born at Médéa, French Algeria.
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Johann Strauss III
Johann Strauss III (16 February 18669 January 1939; Johann Strauß III; also known as Johann Maria Eduard Strauss) was an Austrian composer whose father was Eduard Strauss, whose uncles were Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss, and whose grandfather was Johann Strauss I. He was unofficially entrusted with the task of upholding his family's tradition after the dissolution of the Strauss Orchestra by his father in 1901.
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John William Waterhouse
John William Waterhouse (6 April 1849 – 10 February 1917) was an English painter known for working first in the Academic style and for then embracing the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood's style and subject matter.
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Joie de vivre
Joie de vivre (joy of living) is a French phrase often used in English to express a cheerful enjoyment of life; an exultation of spirit.
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Joris-Karl Huysmans
Charles-Marie-Georges Huysmans (5 February 1848 in Paris – 12 May 1907 in Paris) was a French novelist and art critic who published his works as Joris-Karl Huysmans (variably abbreviated as J. K. or J.-K.). He is most famous for the novel À rebours (1884, published in English as Against the Grain or Against Nature).
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Jules Chéret
Jules Chéret (31 May 1836 – 23 September 1932) was a French painter and lithographer who became a master of Belle Époque poster art.
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Jules Ferry
Jules François Camille Ferry (5 April 183217 March 1893) was a French statesman and republican.
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Jules Grévy
François Paul Jules Grévy (15 August 1807 – 9 September 1891) was a President of the French Third Republic and one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republican faction.
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Jules Lavirotte
Jules Aimé Lavirotte (March 25, 1864 in Lyon – March 1, 1929 in Paris) was a French architect who is best known for the Art Nouveau buildings he created in the 7th arrondissement in Paris.
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Jules Massenet
Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet (12 May 184213 August 1912) was a French composer of the Romantic era best known for his operas, of which he wrote more than thirty.
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La Goulue
La Goulue (13 July 1866 – 30 January 1929) was the stage name of Louise Weber, a French can-can dancer who was a star of the Moulin Rouge, a popular cabaret in the Pigalle district of Paris, near Montmartre.
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Léon Bouly
Léon Guillaume Bouly (1872–1932) was a French inventor who created the word cinematograph.
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Le mage
Le mage is an opera in five acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Jean Richepin.
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Les Fleurs du mal
Les Fleurs du mal (italic) is a volume of French poetry by Charles Baudelaire.
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Les Nabis
Les Nabis were a group of Post-Impressionist avant-garde artists who set the pace for fine arts and graphic arts in France in the 1890s.
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Liane de Pougy
Liane de Pougy (2 July 1869 – 26 December 1950), was a Folies Bergère vedette and dancer renowned as one of Paris's most beautiful and notorious courtesans.
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Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.
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Lili Boulanger
Marie-Juliette Olga ("Lili") Boulanger (21 August 189315 March 1918) was a French composer, and the first female winner of the Prix de Rome composition prize.
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Literary realism
Literary realism is part of the realist art movement beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature (Stendhal), and Russian literature (Alexander Pushkin) and extending to the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
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Loie Fuller
Loie Fuller (also Loïe Fuller; January 15, 1862 – January 1, 1928) was an American actress and dancer who was a pioneer of both modern dance and theatrical lighting techniques.
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Louis Charles Breguet
Louis Charles Breguet (2 January 1880 in Paris – 4 May 1955 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France) was a French aircraft designer and builder, one of the early aviation pioneers.
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Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization.
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Marcel Proust
Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922), known as Marcel Proust, was a French novelist, critic, and essayist best known for his monumental novel À la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time; earlier rendered as Remembrance of Things Past), published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927.
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Marie Curie
Marie Skłodowska Curie (born Maria Salomea Skłodowska; 7 November 18674 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.
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Marie François Sadi Carnot
Marie François Sadi Carnot (11 August 1837 – 25 June 1894) was a French statesman, who served as the President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894.
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Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer.
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Maurice Denis
Maurice Denis (25 November 1870 – 13 November 1943) was a French painter, decorative artist and writer, who was an important figure in the transitional period between impressionism and modern art.
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Maurice Ravel
Joseph Maurice Ravel (7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor.
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Maxim's
Maxim's is a restaurant in Paris, France, located at No.
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Mexico
Mexico (México; Mēxihco), officially called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America.
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Militarism
Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values; examples of modern militarist states include the United States, Russia and Turkey.
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Modern dance
Modern dance is a broad genre of western concert or theatrical dance, primarily arising out of Germany and the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Modernism
Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Montmartre
Montmartre is a large hill in Paris's 18th arrondissement.
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Moped
A moped is a small motorcycle, generally having a less stringent licensing requirement than motorcycles or automobiles because mopeds typically travel about the same speed as bicycles on public roads.
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Moulin Rouge
Moulin Rouge (French for "Red Mill") is a cabaret in Paris, France.
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Music hall
Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment that was popular from the early Victorian era circa 1850 and lasting until 1960.
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Naturalism (literature)
The term naturalism was coined by Émile Zola, who defines it as a literary movement which emphasizes observation and the scientific method in the fictional portrayal of reality.
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Neon lighting
Neon lighting consists of brightly glowing, electrified glass tubes or bulbs that contain rarefied neon or other gases.
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New Imperialism
In historical contexts, New Imperialism characterizes a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Nicholas II of Russia
Nicholas II or Nikolai II (r; 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas II of Russia in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917.
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Nostalgia
Nostalgia is a sentimentality for the past, typically for a period or place with happy personal associations.
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Nouveau riche
"Nouveau riche" (French: 'new rich') is a term, usually derogatory, to describe those whose wealth has been acquired within their own generation, rather than by familial inheritance.
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Odilon Redon
Odilon Redon (born Bertrand-Jean Redon;; April 20, 1840July 6, 1916) was a French symbolist painter, printmaker, draughtsman and pastellist.
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Opéra-Comique
The Opéra-Comique is a Parisian opera company, which was founded around 1714 by some of the popular theatres of the Parisian fairs.
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Operetta
Operetta is a genre of light opera, light in terms both of music and subject matter.
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Orchidaceae
The Orchidaceae are a diverse and widespread family of flowering plants, with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant, commonly known as the orchid family.
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Pablo Picasso
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France.
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Palais Garnier
The Palais Garnier (French) is a 1,979-seat opera house, which was built from 1861 to 1875 for the Paris Opera.
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Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879, and even longer in some countries (France and Britain).
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Paolo Tosti
Francesco Paolo Tosti (9 April 18462 December 1916) was an Italian, later British, composer and music teacher.
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Paraguayan War
The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance and the Great War in Paraguay, was a South American war fought from 1864 to 1870 between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Paris architecture of the Belle Époque
The architecture of Paris created during the Belle Époque, between 1871 and the beginning of the First World War in 1914, was notable for its variety of different styles, from neo-Byzantine and neo-Gothic to classicism, Art Nouveau and Art Deco.
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Paris Commune
The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris) was a radical socialist and revolutionary government that ruled Paris from 18 March to 28 May 1871.
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Paris in the Belle Époque
Paris in the Belle Époque was a period in the history of the city between the years 1871 to 1914, from the beginning of the Third French Republic until the First World War.
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Paris Métro
The Paris Métro, short for Métropolitain (Métro de Paris), is a rapid transit system in the Paris metropolitan area.
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Passport
A passport is a travel document, usually issued by a country's government, that certifies the identity and nationality of its holder primarily for the purpose of international travel.
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Pasteurization
Pasteurization or pasteurisation is a process in which packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juice) are treated with mild heat (Today, pasteurization is used widely in the dairy industry and other food processing industries to achieve food preservation and food safety. This process was named after the French scientist Louis Pasteur, whose research in the 1880s demonstrated that thermal processing would inactivate unwanted microorganisms in wine. Spoilage enzymes are also inactivated during pasteurization. Most liquid products are heat treated in a continuous system where heat can be applied using plate heat exchanger and/or direct or indirect use of steam and hot water. Due to the mild heat there are minor changes to the nutritional quality of foods as well as the sensory characteristics. Pascalization or high pressure processing (HPP) and Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) are non-thermal processes that are also used to pasteurize foods.
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Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta
Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta, 6th Marquess of MacMahon, 1st Duke of Magenta (born Marie Edme Patrice Maurice; 13 June 1808 – 17 October 1893), was a French general and politician, with the distinction of Marshal of France.
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Paul Bourget
Paul Charles Joseph Bourget (2 September 185225 December 1935) was a French novelist and critic.
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Paul Cornu
Paul Cornu (June 15, 1881 – 6 June 1944) was a French engineer.
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Paul Gauguin
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French post-Impressionist artist.
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Paul Verlaine
Paul-Marie Verlaine (30 March 1844 – 8 January 1896) was a French poet associated with the Decadent movement.
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Pax Britannica
Pax Britannica (Latin for "British Peace", modelled after Pax Romana) was the period of relative peace between the Great Powers during which the British Empire became the global hegemonic power and adopted the role of a global police force.
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Peugeot
Peugeot is a French automotive manufacturer, part of Groupe PSA.
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Phosphorescence
Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence.
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Pierre Bonnard
Pierre Bonnard (3 October 1867 — 23 January 1947) was a French painter and printmaker, as well as a founding member of the Post-Impressionist group of avant-garde painters Les Nabis.
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Pneumatics
Pneumatics (From Greek: πνεύμα) is a branch of engineering that makes use of gas or pressurized air.
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Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.
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Post-Impressionism
Post-Impressionism (also spelled Postimpressionism) is a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism.
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Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (later known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.
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Private railroad car
A private railroad car, private railway coach, private car or private varnish is a railroad passenger car which was either originally built or later converted for service as a business car for private individuals.
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Propaganda of the deed
Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is specific political action meant to be exemplary to others and serve as a catalyst for revolution.
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Rabies vaccine
Rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies.
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Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.
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Rail transport
Rail transport is a means of transferring of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks.
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Raymond Poincaré
Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served three times as 58th Prime Minister of France, and as President of France from 1913 to 1920.
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Restaurant
A restaurant, or an eatery, is a business which prepares and serves food and drinks to customers in exchange for money.
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Revanchism
Revanchism (from revanche, "revenge") is the political manifestation of the will to reverse territorial losses incurred by a country, often following a war or social movement.
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Roaring Twenties
The Roaring Twenties was the period in Western society and Western culture that occurred during and around the 1920s.
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Salon de la Rose + Croix
The Salon de la Rose + Croix was a series of six art and music salons hosted by Joséphin Péladan in 1890s Paris.
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Salon music
Salon music was a popular music genre in Europe during the 19th century.
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Scooter (motorcycle)
A scooter (also referred to as a motor scooter to avoid confusion with kick scooter, but not to be confused with a motorized scooter) is a type of motorcycle with a step-through frame and a platform for the rider's feet.
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Scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa was the occupation, division, and colonization of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914.
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Second French Empire
The French Second Empire (Second Empire) was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.
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Second Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.
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Second International
The Second International (1889–1916), the original Socialist International, was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889.
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Sergei Diaghilev
Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev (sʲɪˈrɡʲej ˈpavɫovʲɪtɕ ˈdʲæɡʲɪlʲɪf; 19 August 1929), usually referred to outside Russia as Serge Diaghilev, was a Russian art critic, patron, ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes, from which many famous dancers and choreographers would arise.
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Social class
A social class is a set of subjectively defined concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes.
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Socialism
Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
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Socialite
A socialite is a person (usually from a privileged, wealthy, or aristocratic background) who has a wide reputation and a high position in society.
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Spa
A spa is a location where mineral-rich spring water (and sometimes seawater) is used to give medicinal baths.
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State dinner
A state dinner or state lunch is a dinner or banquet paid for by a government and hosted by a head of state in his or her official residence in order to renew and celebrate diplomatic ties between the host country and the country of a foreign head of state or head of government who was issued an invitation.
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Stéphane Mallarmé
Stéphane Mallarmé (18 March 1842 – 9 September 1898), whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French poet and critic.
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Suburbanization
Suburbanization is a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of (sub)urban sprawl.
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Succès de scandale
Succès de scandale (French for "success from scandal") is a term for any artistic work whose success is attributed, in whole or in part, to public controversy surrounding the work.
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Surrealism
Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings.
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Symbolism (arts)
Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts.
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Telegraphy
Telegraphy (from Greek: τῆλε têle, "at a distance" and γράφειν gráphein, "to write") is the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic (as opposed to verbal or audio) messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message.
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Telephone
A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly.
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The Firebird
The Firebird (L'Oiseau de feu; Zhar-ptitsa) is a ballet and orchestral concert work by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky.
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The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today
The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today is a novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner first published in 1873.
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The Proud Tower
The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914 is a 1966 book by Barbara Tuchman, consisting of a collection of essays she had published in various periodicals during the mid-1960s.
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The Rite of Spring
The Rite of Spring (Le Sacre du printemps; sacred spring) is a ballet and orchestral concert work by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky.
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The Souls
The Souls were a small, loosely-knit but distinctive social group in England, from 1885 to about 1920.
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Thomas Mann
Paul Thomas Mann (6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate.
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Tire
A tire (American English) or tyre (British English; see spelling differences) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the surface traveled over.
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Tout-Paris
Le Tout-Paris ("everyone in Paris") is a French expression referring to the fashionable and affluent elite of the city, who frequent fashionable events and places, and establish trends in upper-class culture.
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Tram
A tram (also tramcar; and in North America streetcar, trolley or trolley car) is a rail vehicle which runs on tramway tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way.
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Treaty of Versailles (1871)
The Treaty of Versailles of 1871 ended the Franco-Prussian War and was signed by Adolphe Thiers, of the French Third Republic, and Otto von Bismarck, of the German Empire on 26 February 1871.
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Ultra high-net-worth individual
Ultra high-net-worth individuals (UHNWI) are defined as having a net worth of at least US$30 million in constant 2018 dollars.
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Un coup de dés jamais n'abolira le hasard (Mallarmé)
Un coup de dés jamais n'abolira le hasard (A Throw of the Dice will Never Abolish Chance) is a poem by the French Symbolist poet Stéphane Mallarmé.
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.
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Vaslav Nijinsky
Vaslav Nijinsky (also Vatslav; Ва́цлав Фоми́ч Нижи́нский;; Wacław Niżyński; 12 March 1889/18908 April 1950) was a ballet dancer and choreographer cited as the greatest male dancer of the early 20th century.
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Vichy
Vichy (Vichèi in Occitan) is a city in the Allier department of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France, in the historic province of Bourbonnais.
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Victorian era
In the history of the United Kingdom, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901.
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Vienna Secession
The Vienna Secession (Wiener Secession; also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was an art movement formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists who had resigned from the Association of Austrian Artists, housed in the Vienna Künstlerhaus.
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Vincent van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh (30 March 185329 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art.
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Western Europe
Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe.
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Western world
The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.
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Wilhelminism
The Wilhelmine Period comprises the period of German history between 1890 and 1918, embracing the reign of Emperor Wilhelm II in the German Empire from the resignation of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck until the end of World War I and Wilhelm's abdication during the November Revolution.
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William-Adolphe Bouguereau
William-Adolphe Bouguereau (30 November 1825 – 19 August 1905) was a French academic painter.
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Wirephoto
Wirephoto, telephotography or radiophoto is the sending of pictures by telegraph, telephone or radio.
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Working class
The working class (also labouring class) are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and industrial work.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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5 October 1910 revolution
The 5 October 1910 revolution was the overthrow of the centuries-old Portuguese Monarchy and its replacement by the Portuguese Republic.
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Redirects here:
Belle Epoque, Belle epoque, Belle époque, Belle-Époque, La Belle Époque, La bell epoque, La belle epoque, La belle époque.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Époque
