Benito Mussolini

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian dictator who founded and led the National Fascist Party (PNF). ^[1]

Abruzzo

Abruzzo (Abbrùzze, Abbrìzze or Abbrèzze; Abbrùzzu), historically known as Abruzzi, is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.3 million.

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The Abyssinia Crisis, also known in Italy as the Walwal incident, was an international crisis in 1935 that originated in a dispute over the town of Walwal, which then turned into a conflict between the Fascist-ruled Kingdom of Italy and the Ethiopian Empire (then commonly known as "Abyssinia").

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Acerbo Law

The Acerbo Law was an Italian electoral law proposed by Baron Giacomo Acerbo and passed by the Italian Parliament in November 1923.

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Achille Starace

Achille Starace (18 August 1889 – 29 April 1945) was a prominent leader of Fascist Italy before and during World War II. Benito Mussolini and Achille Starace are executed Italian fascists, italian military personnel of World War I and people executed by Italy by firing squad.

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Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa (fountain of hot mineral water, new flower) is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler are politicians killed in World War II, Totalitarianism and world War II political leaders.

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Affair

An affair is a union of more than two people in one romantic and sexual relationship,, passionate attachment in which at least one of its participants has betrayed their partner (regardless of formal or informal relationship status) with a third person or more people (regardless if the partner and the third person(s) were aware, not aware, and/or disagreed to having an affair).

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Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)

The Albanian Kingdom (Tosk Albanian: Mbretëria Shqiptare) was the official name of Albania between 1928 and 1939.

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Alceste De Ambris

Alceste De Ambris (15 September 1874 – 9 December 1934) was an Italian journalist, socialist activist and syndicalist, considered one of the greatest representatives of revolutionary syndicalism in Italy. Benito Mussolini and Alceste De Ambris are national syndicalists.

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Alessandra Mussolini

Alessandra Mussolini (born 30 December 1962) is an Italian politician, television personality, model and former actress and singer. Benito Mussolini and Alessandra Mussolini are italian anti-communists and Mussolini family.

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Alessandro Lessona

Alessandro Lessona (Rome, 9 September 1891 – Florence, 10 November 1991) was an Italian Fascist politician, Minister of the Colonies of the Kingdom of Italy from June 1936 to April 1937 and Minister of Italian Africa from April to November 1937. Benito Mussolini and Alessandro Lessona are italian military personnel of World War I and Mussolini Cabinet.

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Alessandro Mussolini

Alessandro Mussolini (11 November 1854 – 19 November 1910) was the father of Italian Fascist founder and leader Benito Mussolini, the father of Arnaldo and Edvige Mussolini, the father-in-law of Rachele Mussolini, and the paternal grandfather of Edda Mussolini, Romano Mussolini, Vittorio Mussolini and Bruno Mussolini. Benito Mussolini and Alessandro Mussolini are italian atheists and Mussolini family.

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Alfred Rosenberg

Alfred Ernst Rosenberg (– 16 October 1946) was a Baltic German Nazi theorist and ideologue. Benito Mussolini and Alfred Rosenberg are critics of the Catholic Church and fascist writers.

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Allied invasion of Sicily

The Allied invasion of Sicily, also known as the Battle of Sicily and Operation Husky, was a major campaign of World War II in which the Allied forces invaded the island of Sicily in July 1943 and took it from the Axis powers (Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany).

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Allies of World War I

The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).

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Alpine Line

The Alpine Line (Ligne Alpine) or Little Maginot Line (French: Petite Ligne Maginot) was the component of the Maginot Line that defended the southeastern portion of France.

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Alps

The Alps are one of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia.

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Amerigo Dumini

Amerigo Dumini (January 3, 1894 – December 25, 1967) was an American-born Italian fascist hitman who led the group responsible for the 1924 assassination of Unitary Socialist Party leader Giacomo Matteotti. Benito Mussolini and Amerigo Dumini are italian people of World War II.

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Amilcare Cipriani

Amilcare Cipriani (October 18, 1844 in Anzio – April 30, 1918 in Paris), Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 25 (1981) was an Italian socialist, anarchist and patriot.

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Anarchism

Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including the state and capitalism.

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Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

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André François-Poncet

André François-Poncet (13 June 1887 – 8 January 1978) was a French politician and diplomat whose post as ambassador to Germany allowed him to witness first-hand the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, and the Nazi regime's preparations for World War II.

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Andrea Costa

Andrea Costa (29 November 1851 – 19 January 1910) was an Italian politician who was initiated on September 25, 1883 to the Masonic Lodge "Rienzi" in Rome and progressively become 32nd-degree Mason and adjunctive Great Master of the Grande Oriente of Italy. Benito Mussolini and Andrea Costa are italian Socialist Party politicians and italian political party founders.

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Angelica Balabanoff

Angelica Balabanoff (or Balabanov, Balabanova; Анжелика Балабанова – Anzhelika Balabanova; 4 August 1878 – 25 November 1965) was a Russian-Italian communist and social democratic activist of Jewish origin. Benito Mussolini and Angelica Balabanoff are italian Socialist Party politicians.

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Angelo Oliviero Olivetti

Angelo Oliviero Olivetti (21 June 1874 – 17 November 1931) was an Italian lawyer, journalist, and political activist. Benito Mussolini and Angelo Oliviero Olivetti are national syndicalists.

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Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (السودان الإنجليزي المصري) was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt between 1899 and 1956, corresponding mostly to the territory of present-day South Sudan and Sudan.

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Anna Kuliscioff

Anna Kuliscioff (ˈanːə kʊlʲɪˈʂovə; born Anna Moiseyevna Rozenshtein, Анна Моисеевна Розенштейн; 9 January 1857 – 27 December 1925) was a Russian-born Italian revolutionary, a prominent feminist, an anarchist influenced by Mikhail Bakunin, and eventually a Marxist socialist militant. Benito Mussolini and Anna Kuliscioff are italian Socialist Party politicians and italian political party founders.

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Anna Maria Mussolini

Anna Maria Mussolini (3 September 1929 – 25 April 1968), was an Italian radio presenter. Benito Mussolini and Anna Maria Mussolini are Mussolini family.

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Annulment

Annulment is a legal procedure within secular and religious legal systems for declaring a marriage null and void.

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Anschluss

The Anschluss (or Anschluß), also known as the Anschluß Österreichs (Annexation of Austria), was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938.

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Anti-Austrian sentiment

Anti-Austrian sentiment (also known as Austrophobia) refers to hostile sentiment toward the nation of Austria and/or its people.

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Anti-clericalism

Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters.

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Anti-Comintern Pact

The Anti-Comintern Pact, officially the Agreement against the Communist International was an anti-Communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan on 25 November 1936 and was directed against the Communist International (Comintern).

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.

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Antonino Di Giorgio

Antonino Di Giorgio (San Fratello, 22 September 1867 – Palermo, 17 April 1932) was an Italian general and politician, who fought in the First Italo-Ethiopian War, the Italo-Turkish War and the First World War, and served as Minister of War of the Kingdom of Italy from April 1924 to April 1925. Benito Mussolini and Antonino Di Giorgio are italian Ministers of War, italian military personnel of World War I and Mussolini Cabinet.

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Antonio Sorice

Antonio Sorice (3 November 1897 – 14 January 1971) was an Italian general during World War II, Undersecretary for War from February to July 1943 and Minister of War from July 1943 to February 1944. Benito Mussolini and Antonio Sorice are italian Ministers of War, italian anti-communists and italian military personnel of World War I.

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Apartheid

Apartheid (especially South African English) was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s.

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Apulia

Apulia, also known by its Italian name Puglia, is a region of Italy, located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Strait of Otranto and Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Gulf of Taranto to the south.

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Arborea

Arborea is a town and comune in the province of Oristano, Sardinia, Italy, whose economy is largely based on agriculture and cattle breeding with production of vegetables, rice, fruit and milk (notably the local milk product Arborea).

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Arditi

Arditi (from the Italian verb ardire, 'to dare', and translates as "The Daring ") was the name adopted by a Royal Italian Army elite special force of World War I. They and the opposing German Stormtroopers were the first modern shock troops, and they have been called "the most feared corps by opposing armies".

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Armistice of 22 June 1940

The Armistice of 22 June 1940, sometimes referred to as the Second Armistice at Compiègne, was an agreement signed at 18:36 on 22 June 1940 near Compiègne, France by officials of Nazi Germany and the French Third Republic.

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Armistice of Cassibile

The Armistice of Cassibile was an armistice that was signed on 3 September 1943 between Italy and the Allies during World War II.

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Arnaldo Mussolini

Arnaldo Mussolini (11 January 1885 – 21 December 1931) was an Italian journalist and politician. Benito Mussolini and Arnaldo Mussolini are 20th-century Italian journalists, italian anti-communists, italian male journalists, Mussolini family and people from Predappio.

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Arthur de Gobineau

Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (14 July 1816 – 13 October 1882) was a French aristocrat and anthropologist, who is best known for helping to legitimise racism by the use of scientific race theory and "racial demography", and for developing the theory of the Aryan master race and Nordicism.

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Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher.

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Aryan

Aryan or Arya (Indo-Iranian arya) is a term originally used as an ethnocultural self-designation by Indo-Iranians in ancient times, in contrast to the nearby outsiders known as 'non-Aryan' (an-arya).

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Aryan race

The Aryan race is a pseudoscientific historical race concept that emerged in the late-19th century to describe people who descend from the Proto-Indo-Europeans as a racial grouping.

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Assassination attempts on Benito Mussolini

Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini survived several assassination attempts while head of government of Italy in the 1920s and 1930s.

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Atheism

Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.

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Attack on Pearl Harbor

The attack on Pearl HarborAlso known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, in the United States, just before 8:00a.m. (local time) on Sunday, December 7, 1941.

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Attilio Teruzzi

Attilio Teruzzi (5 May 1882 – 26 April 1950) was an Italian soldier, colonial administrator, and Fascist politician. Benito Mussolini and Attilio Teruzzi are Deputies of Legislature XXIX of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVIII of the Kingdom of Italy, italian military personnel of World War I, italian people of World War II, members of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations, Mussolini Cabinet and people of the Italian Social Republic.

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Augustus

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.

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Autarky

Autarky is the characteristic of self-sufficiency, usually applied to societies, communities, states, and their economic systems.

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Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.

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Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista

Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista (A.G.F.) was a fascist student youth organization established in the 1920s by the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini.

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Avanti! (newspaper)

Avanti! (English: "Forward!") is an Italian daily newspaper, born as the official voice of the Italian Socialist Party, published since 25 December 1896.

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Aventine Secession (20th century)

The Aventine Secession was the withdrawal of the parliament opposition, mainly comprising the Italian Socialist Party, Italian Liberal Party, Italian People's Party and Italian Communist Party, from the Chamber of Deputies in 1924–25, following the murder of the deputy Giacomo Matteotti by fascists on 10 June 1924.

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Axis occupation of Greece

The occupation of Greece by the Axis Powers (the occupation) began in April 1941 after Nazi Germany invaded the Kingdom of Greece in order to assist its ally, Italy, in their ongoing war that was initiated in October 1940, having encountered major strategical difficulties.

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Axis powers

The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis and also Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies.

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Übermensch

The Übermensch ("Overman", "Super-man") is a concept in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.

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Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

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Balkans campaign (World War II)

The Balkans campaign of World War II began with the Italian invasion of Greece on 28 October 1940.

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Baptism

Baptism (from immersion, dipping in water) is a Christian sacrament of initiation almost invariably with the use of water.

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Bari

Bari (Bare; Barium) is the capital city of the Metropolitan City of Bari and of the Apulia region, on the Adriatic Sea, southern Italy.

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Battle for Grain

The Battle for Grain, also known as the Battle for Wheat, was a propaganda campaign launched in 1925 during the fascist regime of Italy by Benito Mussolini, with the aim of gaining self-sufficiency in wheat production and freeing Italy from the "slavery of foreign bread".

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Battle for Land

The Battle for Land, started in 1928 in Italy by Benito Mussolini, aimed to clear marshland and make it suitable for farming, as well as reclaiming land and reducing health risks.

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Battle of France

The Battle of France (bataille de France; 10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign (German: Westfeldzug), the French Campaign (Frankreichfeldzug, campagne de France) and the Fall of France, during the Second World War was the German invasion of France, that notably introduced tactics that are still used.

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Battle of Gazala

The Battle of Gazala (near the village of Gazala) was fought during the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, west of the port of Tobruk in Libya, from 26 May to 21 June 1942.

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Battle of Gondar

The Battle of Gondar or Capture of Gondar was the last stand of the Italian forces in Italian East Africa during the Second World War.

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Battle of Keren

The Battle of Keren (Battaglia di Cheren) took place from 3 February to 27 March 1941.

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Bauhaus

The Staatliches Bauhaus, commonly known as the, was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

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BBC World Service

The BBC World Service is an international broadcaster owned and operated by the BBC.

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Bellinzona

Bellinzona (Ticinese Belinzóna; Bellinzone; Bellenz; Blizuna) is a municipality, a historic Swiss town, and the capital of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

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Benito Juárez

Benito Pablo Juárez García (21 March 1806 – 18 July 1872) was a Mexican politician, military commander, lawyer, and statesman who served as the 26th president of Mexico from 1858 until his death in office in 1872.

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Bergen Evans

Bergen Baldwin Evans (September 19, 1904 – February 4, 1978) was a Northwestern University professor of English and a television host.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Bern

Bern, or Berne,Bärn; Bèrna; Berna; Berna.

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Bersaglieri

The Bersaglieri, singular Bersagliere, ("sharpshooter") are a troop of marksmen in the Italian Army's infantry corps.

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Betar Naval Academy

The Betar Naval Academy was a Jewish naval training school established in Civitavecchia, Italy in 1934 by the Revisionist Zionist movement under the direction of Ze'ev Jabotinsky, with the agreement of Benito Mussolini.

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Black people

Black is a racialized classification of people, usually a political and skin color-based category for specific populations with a mid- to dark brown complexion.

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Blackshirts

The Voluntary Militia for National Security (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, MVSN), commonly called the Blackshirts (Camicie Nere, CCNN, singular: Camicia Nera) or squadristi (singular: squadrista), was originally the paramilitary wing of the National Fascist Party, known as the Squadrismo, and after 1923 an all-volunteer militia of the Kingdom of Italy under Fascist rule, similar to the SA.

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Blacksmith

A blacksmith is a metalsmith who creates objects primarily from wrought iron or steel, but sometimes from other metals, by forging the metal, using tools to hammer, bend, and cut (cf. tinsmith).

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Blue Grotto (Capri)

The Blue Grotto is a sea cave on the coast of the island of Capri, southern Italy.

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Blue Riband

The Blue Riband is an unofficial accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the record highest average speed.

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Boarding school

A boarding school is a school where pupils live within premises while being given formal instruction.

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Bombing of Rome in World War II

Rome was bombed several times during 1943 and 1944, primarily by Allied and to a smaller degree by Axis aircraft, before the city was liberated by the Allies on June 4, 1944.

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Brenner Pass

The Brenner Pass (Brennerpass, shortly Brenner; Passo del Brennero) is a mountain pass over the Alps which forms the border between Italy and Austria.

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Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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British Somaliland

British Somaliland, officially the Somaliland Protectorate (Maxmiyadda Dhulka Soomaalida), was a protectorate of the United Kingdom in modern Somaliland.

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Brothers of Italy

Brothers of Italy (Fratelli d'Italia, FdI) is a national-conservative and right-wing populist political party in Italy, that is currently the country's ruling party.

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Bruno Fornaciari

Bruno Fornaciari (Sondrio, 17 October 1881 – Rome, 19 June 1959) was an Italian civil servant, who served as prefect of Trieste and Milan under the Fascist regime and briefly as Minister of the Interior of the Badoglio I Cabinet, the first after the fall of the regime. Benito Mussolini and Bruno Fornaciari are italian Ministers of the Interior.

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Bruno Mussolini

Bruno Mussolini (22 April 1918 – 7 August 1941) was the son of Prime Minister of Italy Benito Mussolini and Mussolini's second wife Rachele, the nephew of Arnaldo Mussolini, and also the grandson of Alessandro Mussolini and Rosa Mussolini. Benito Mussolini and Bruno Mussolini are Mussolini family.

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Bryn Mawr College

Bryn Mawr College (Welsh) is a private women's liberal arts college in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.

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Campo Imperatore

Campo Imperatore ("Emperor's Field") is a mountain grassland or alpine meadow formed by a high basin shaped plateau located above Gran Sasso massif, the largest plateau of Apennine ridge.

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Canton of Geneva

The Canton of Geneva, officially the Republic and Canton of Geneva, is one of the 26 cantons of the Swiss Confederation.

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Capri

Capri (adjective Caprese) is an island located in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrento Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples in the Campania region of Italy.

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Carabinieri

The Carabinieri (also,; formally Arma dei Carabinieri, "Arm of Carabineers"; previously Corpo dei Carabinieri Reali, "Royal Carabineers Corps") are the national gendarmerie of Italy who primarily carry out domestic and foreign policing duties.

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Carlo Cafiero

Carlo Cafiero (1 September 1846 – 17 July 1892) was an Italian anarchist that led the Italian section of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA). Benito Mussolini and Carlo Cafiero are italian revolutionaries.

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Carlo Favagrossa

Carlo Secillano Favagrossa (22 November 1888 – 22 March 1970), was an Italian general and politician. Benito Mussolini and Carlo Favagrossa are 20th-century Italian politicians, italian people of World War II and Mussolini Cabinet.

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Carlo Pisacane

Carlo Pisacane, Duke of San Giovanni (1818–1857) was an Italian patriot and one of the first Italian socialist thinkers. Benito Mussolini and Carlo Pisacane are critics of the Catholic Church and italian atheists.

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Carlo Schanzer

Carlo Schanzer (18 December 1865 – 23 October 1953) was a Vienna-born Italian jurist and politician. Benito Mussolini and Carlo Schanzer are foreign ministers of Italy.

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Case Anton

Case Anton (Fall Anton) was the military occupation of France carried out by Germany and Italy in November 1942.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Central Powers

The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).

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Cesare Battisti (politician)

Cesare Battisti (4 February 1875 – 12 July 1916) was an Italian patriot, geographer, socialist politician and journalist of Austrian citizenship, who became a prominent Irredentist at the start of World War I. Benito Mussolini and Cesare Battisti (politician) are italian military personnel of World War I.

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Cesare Mori

Cesare Mori (22 December 1871 – 5 July 1942) was a prefect (prefetto) before and during the Italian Fascism period.

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Chamber of Deputies (Italy)

The Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei deputati) is the lower house of the bicameral Italian Parliament, the upper house being the Senate of the Republic.

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Chamber of Fasces and Corporations

Chamber of Fasces and Corporations (Camera dei Fasci e delle Corporazioni) was the lower house of the legislature of the Kingdom of Italy from 23 March 1939 to 5 August 1943, during the height of the regime of Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party.

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Charles Péguy

Charles Pierre Péguy (7 January 1873 – 5 September 1914) was a French poet, essayist, and editor.

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Chiasso

Chiasso (Ciass) is a municipality in the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

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Chigi Palace

The Chigi Palace (Palazzo Chigi) is a palace and former noble residence in Rome which is the seat of the Council of Ministers and the official residence of the Prime Minister of Italy.

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Christian socialism

Christian socialism is a religious and political philosophy that blends Christianity and socialism, endorsing socialist economics on the basis of the Bible and the teachings of Jesus.

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Civil ceremony

A civil, or registrar, ceremony is a non-religious legal marriage ceremony performed by a government official or functionary.

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Civitavecchia

Civitavecchia (meaning "ancient town") is a city and major sea port on the Tyrrhenian Sea west-northwest of Rome.

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Clara Petacci

Clara "Claretta" Petacci (28 February 1912 – 28 April 1945) was a mistress of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Benito Mussolini and Clara Petacci are executed Italian fascists and people executed by Italy by firing squad.

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Class collaboration

Class collaboration is a principle of social organization based upon the belief that the division of society into a hierarchy of social classes is a positive and essential aspect of civilization.

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Class conflict

In political science, the term class conflict, or class struggle, refers to the political tension and economic antagonism that exist among the social classes of society, because of socioeconomic competition for resources among the social classes, between the rich and the poor.

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Claustrophobia

Claustrophobia is a fear of confined spaces.

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Commando

Royal Marines from 40 Commando on patrol in the Sangin area of Afghanistan are picturedA commando is a combatant, or operative of an elite light infantry or special operations force, specially trained for carrying out raids and operating in small teams behind enemy lines.

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Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

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Como

Como (Comasco, Cómm or Cùmm; Novum Comum) is a city and comune (municipality) in Lombardy, Italy.

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Congress of Verona (1943)

The Congress of Verona in November 1943 was the only congress of the Italian Republican Fascist Party, the successor of the National Fascist Party.

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Constitution of Italy

The Constitution of the Italian Republic (Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana) was ratified on 22 December 1947 by the Constituent Assembly, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against, before coming into force on 1 January 1948, one century after the previous Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy had been enacted.

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Corfu

Corfu or Kerkyra (Kérkyra) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the margin of the nation's northwestern frontier with Albania.

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Corfu incident

The Corfu incident (Katalipsi tis Kerkyras, crisi di Corfù) was a 1923 diplomatic and military crisis between Greece and Italy.

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Corpo Aereo Italiano

The Corpo Aereo Italiano (literally, "Italian Air Corps"), or CAI, was an expeditionary force from the Italian Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) that participated in the Battle of Britain and the Blitz in the final months of 1940 during World War II.

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Corporal

Corporal is a military rank in use by the armed forces of many countries.

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Corporate statism

Corporate statism, state corporatism, or simply corporatism, is a political culture and a form of corporatism the proponents of which claim or believe that corporate groups should form the basis of society and the state. Benito Mussolini and corporate statism are Totalitarianism.

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Corsica

Corsica (Corse; Còrsega) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France.

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County of Nice

The County of Nice (Comté de Nice / Pays Niçois; Contea di Nizza / Paese Nizzardo; Niçard Contèa de Niça / País Niçard) was a historical region of France located around the southeastern city of Nice and roughly equivalent to the modern arrondissement of Nice.

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Cult of personality

A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader,Mudde, Cas and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) Populism: A Very Short Introduction.

See Benito Mussolini and Cult of personality

Cultural movement

A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work.

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Curse of the pharaohs

The curse of the pharaohs or the mummy's curse is a curse alleged to be cast upon anyone who disturbs the mummy of an ancient Egyptian, especially a pharaoh.

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Czechoslovak Legion

The Czechoslovak Legion (Czech: Československé legie; Slovak: Československé légie) were volunteer armed forces consisting predominantly of Czechs and Slovaks fighting on the side of the Entente powers during World War I and the White Army during the Russian Civil War until November 1919.

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Da Capo Press

Da Capo Press is an American publishing company with headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Dante Alighieri Society

The Dante Alighieri Society (Società Dante Alighieri) is a society that promotes Italian culture and language around the world.

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Darwinism

Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

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Davide Rodogno

Davide Rodogno is a Swiss and Italian historian of humanitarianism, human rights and international organisations since the nineteenth century. Benito Mussolini and Davide Rodogno are historians of fascism.

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Death of Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini, the deposed Italian fascist dictator, was summarily executed by an Italian partisan in the village of Giulino di Mezzegra in northern Italy on 28 April 1945, in the final days of World War II in Europe.

See Benito Mussolini and Death of Benito Mussolini

Delirium tremens

Delirium tremens (DTs) is a rapid onset of confusion usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol.

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Democratic socialism

Democratic socialism is a centre-left to left-wing set of political philosophies that supports political democracy and some form of a socially owned economy, with a particular emphasis on economic democracy, workplace democracy, and workers' self-management within a market socialist, decentralised planned, or democratic centrally planned socialist economy.

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Demography

Demography is the statistical study of human populations: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration.

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Denis Mack Smith

Denis Mack Smith CBE FBA FRSL (March 3, 1920 – July 11, 2017) was an English historian who specialized in the history of Italy from the Risorgimento onwards.

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Der Stürmer

Der Stürmer (literally, "The Stormer / Stormtrooper / Attacker") was a weekly German tabloid-format newspaper published from 1923 to the end of World War II by Julius Streicher, the Gauleiter of Franconia, with brief suspensions in publication due to legal difficulties.

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Deuxième Bureau

The Deuxième Bureau de l'État-major général ("Second Bureau of the General Staff") was France's external military intelligence agency from 1871 to 1940.

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Dinaric Alps

The Dinaric Alps, also Dinarides, are a mountain range in Southern and Southcentral Europe, separating the continental Balkan Peninsula from the Adriatic Sea.

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Dino Grandi

Dino Grandi, 1st Conte di Mordano (4 June 1895 – 21 May 1988) was an Italian Fascist politician, minister of justice, minister of foreign affairs and president of parliament. Benito Mussolini and Dino Grandi are Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy, foreign ministers of Italy, italian military personnel of World War I, italian people of World War II, members of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations, members of the Grand Council of Fascism, Mussolini Cabinet and Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland).

See Benito Mussolini and Dino Grandi

Direct action

Direct action is a term for economic and political behavior in which participants use agency—for example economic or physical power—to achieve their goals.

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Djibouti

Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the east.

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Dongo, Lombardy

Dongo (Comasco: Dongh) is a comune in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy.

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Duce

Duce is an Italian title, derived from the Latin word dux 'leader', and a cognate of duke.

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight David Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. Benito Mussolini and Dwight D. Eisenhower are knights of the Holy Sepulchre.

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East Africa Protectorate

East Africa Protectorate (also known as British East Africa) was a British protectorate in the African Great Lakes, occupying roughly the same area as present-day Kenya, from the Indian Ocean inland to the border with Uganda in the west.

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East African campaign (World War II)

The East African campaign (also known as the Abyssinian campaign) was fought in East Africa during the Second World War by Allies of World War II, mainly from the British Empire, against Italy and its colony of Italian East Africa, between June 1940 and November 1941.

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Easter Accords

The Anglo-Italian Agreements of 1938, also called the Easter Pact or the Easter Accords (Italian: Patto or Accordi di Pasqua), were a series of agreements concluded between the British and the Italian governments in Rome on 16 April 1938 to facilitate the Italian government's co-operation in keeping the existing world order and to prevent it from allying with Germany.

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Eastern Front (World War II)

The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War in contemporary German and Ukrainian historiographies, was a theatre of World War II fought between the European Axis powers and Allies, including the Soviet Union (USSR) and Poland.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.

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Economic determinism

Economic determinism is a socioeconomic theory that economic relationships (such as being an owner or capitalist or being a worker or proletarian) are the foundation upon which all other societal and political arrangements in society are based.

See Benito Mussolini and Economic determinism

Edda Mussolini

Edda Ciano, Countess of Cortellazzo and Buccari (née Mussolini; 1 September 1910 – 9 April 1995) was the daughter of Benito Mussolini, fascist Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943. Benito Mussolini and Edda Mussolini are italian people of World War II and Mussolini family.

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Edvige Mussolini

Edvige Mussolini (Predappio, 10 November 1888 – Rome, 20 May 1952) was the younger sister of Arnaldo and Benito Mussolini. Benito Mussolini and Edvige Mussolini are Mussolini family and people from Predappio.

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Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne

Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne (4 September 1837 – 22 May 1913), was an Anglo-Irish lawyer and Lord Chancellor of Ireland.

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Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax

Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, (16 April 1881 – 23 December 1959), known as the Lord Irwin from 1925 until 1934 and the Viscount Halifax from 1934 until 1944, was a senior British Conservative politician of the 1930s.

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Egalitarianism

Egalitarianism, or equalitarianism, is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds on the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people.

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Egypt in World War II

Egypt was a major battlefield in the North African campaign during the Second World War, being the location of the First and Second Battles of El Alamein.

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Emigration

Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country).

See Benito Mussolini and Emigration

Emil Ludwig

Emil Ludwig (25 January 1881 – 17 September 1948) was a German-Swiss author, known for his biographies and study of historical "greats.".

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Emilio De Bono

Emilio De Bono (19 March 1866 – 11 January 1944) was an Italian general, fascist activist, marshal, war criminal, and member of the Fascist Grand Council (Gran Consiglio del Fascismo). Benito Mussolini and Emilio De Bono are executed mass murderers, field marshals of Italy, italian atheists, italian military personnel of World War I, Libyan genocide perpetrators, members of the Grand Council of Fascism and Mussolini Cabinet.

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Empire of Japan

The Empire of Japan, also referred to as the Japanese Empire, Imperial Japan, or simply Japan, was the Japanese nation-state that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the reformed Constitution of Japan in 1947.

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Engelbert Dollfuss

Engelbert Dollfuß (alternatively: Dolfuss,; 4 October 1892 – 25 July 1934) was an Austrian politician who served as Chancellor and Dictator of Austria between 1932 and 1934. Benito Mussolini and Engelbert Dollfuss are anti-Masonry.

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Enrico Corradini

Enrico Corradini (20 July 1865 – 10 December 1931) was an Italian novelist, essayist, journalist and nationalist political figure. Benito Mussolini and Enrico Corradini are italian male journalists and italian newspaper founders.

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Ernst Nolte

Ernst Nolte (11 January 1923 – 18 August 2016) was a German historian and philosopher. Benito Mussolini and Ernst Nolte are historians of fascism.

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Errico Malatesta

Errico Malatesta (4 December 1853 – 22 July 1932) was an Italian anarchist propagandist and revolutionary socialist. Benito Mussolini and Errico Malatesta are italian atheists.

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Esso

Esso is a trading name for ExxonMobil.

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Ethiopia

Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa.

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Ettore Ovazza

Ettore Ovazza (21 March 1892 – 11 October 1943) was an Italian Jewish banker. Benito Mussolini and Ettore Ovazza are executed Italian fascists.

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Eugenics

Eugenics is a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population.

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European Parliament

The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions.

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European theatre of World War II

The European theatre of World War II was one of the two main theatres of combat during World War II.

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Excommunication in the Catholic Church

In the canon law of the Catholic Church, excommunication (Lat. ex, "out of", and communio or communicatio, "communion"; literally meaning "exclusion from communion") is a form of censure.

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Faenza

Faenza (Fènza or Fẽza; Faventia) is an Italian city and comune of 59,063 inhabitants in the province of Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, situated southeast of Bologna.

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Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy

The fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, also known in Italy as 25 Luglio (Venticinque Luglio), came as a result of parallel plots led respectively by Count Dino Grandi and King Victor Emmanuel III during the spring and summer of 1943, culminating with a successful vote of no confidence against the Prime Minister Benito Mussolini at the meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism on 24–25 July 1943. Benito Mussolini and fall of the Fascist regime in Italy are italy in World War II.

See Benito Mussolini and Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy

Fallschirmjäger

The were the paratrooper branch of the German Luftwaffe before and during World War II.

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Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria

The Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria (English: "Fasces of Revolutionary Action";: 'Leagues of Revolutionary Action') was an Italian political movement founded in 1914 by Benito Mussolini, and active mainly in 1915.

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Fasci Italiani di Combattimento

The Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (English: "Italian Fasces of Combat", also translatable as "Italian Fighting Bands" or "Italian Fighting Leagues") was an Italian fascist organisation created by Benito Mussolini in 1919.

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Fascio

Fascio (fasci) is an Italian word literally meaning "a bundle" or "a sheaf", and figuratively "league", and which was used in the late 19th century to refer to political groups of many different (and sometimes opposing) orientations.

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Fascism

Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. Benito Mussolini and Fascism are Totalitarianism.

See Benito Mussolini and Fascism

Fascist Italy

Fascist Italy is a term which is used to describe the Kingdom of Italy when it was governed by the National Fascist Party from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as prime minister and dictator. Benito Mussolini and Fascist Italy are Totalitarianism.

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Fascist syndicalism

Fascist syndicalism was an Italian trade syndicate movement (means trade union in French) that rose out of the pre-World War II provenance of the revolutionary syndicalist movement led mostly by Edmondo Rossoni, Sergio Panunzio, Angelo Oliviero Olivetti, Michele Bianchi, Alceste De Ambris, Paolo Orano, Massimo Rocca, and Guido Pighetti, under the influence of Georges Sorel, who was considered the "'metaphysician' of syndicalism".

See Benito Mussolini and Fascist syndicalism

Fatherland Front (Austria)

The Fatherland Front (Vaterländische Front, VF) was the right-wing conservative, authoritarian, nationalist, and corporatist ruling political organisation of the Federal State of Austria. Benito Mussolini and Fatherland Front (Austria) are anti-Masonry.

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Feltre

Feltre (Fèltre) is a town and comune of the province of Belluno in Veneto, northern Italy.

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Ferruccio Lantini

Ferruccio Lantini (1886–1958) was one of the leading figures in the Fascist Italy. Benito Mussolini and Ferruccio Lantini are 20th-century Italian journalists, italian military personnel of World War I and Mussolini Cabinet.

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Filippo Corridoni

Filippo Corridoni (19 August 1887 – 23 October 1915) was an Italian trade unionist and syndicalist.

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Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti (22 December 1876 – 2 December 1944) was an Italian poet, editor, art theorist, and founder of the Futurist movement. Benito Mussolini and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti are anti-Masonry, italian anti-communists, italian military personnel of World War I and people of the Italian Social Republic.

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First marshal of the empire

First Marshal of the Empire (Primo Maresciallo dell'Impero) was a military rank established by the Italian Parliament on March 30, 1938. Benito Mussolini and First marshal of the empire are field marshals of Italy.

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Forlì

Forlì (Furlè; Forum Livii) is a comune (municipality) and city in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, and is, together with Cesena, the capital of the Province of Forlì-Cesena.

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Forlimpopoli

Forlimpopoli (Frampùl) is a town and comune in the province of Forlì-Cesena, north-eastern Italy.

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Forza Italia (2013)

The name is not usually translated into English: forza is the second-person singular imperative of ''forzare'', in this case translating to "to compel" or "to press", and so means something like "Forward, Italy", "Come on, Italy" or "Go, Italy!".

See Benito Mussolini and Forza Italia (2013)

Four-Power Pact

The Four-Power Pact, also known as the Quadripartite Agreement, was an international treaty between the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany that was initialed on 7 June 1933 and signed on 15 July 1933 in the Palazzo Venezia, Rome. Benito Mussolini and Four-Power Pact are italy in World War II.

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Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo. Benito Mussolini and Francisco Franco are anti-Masonry, leaders who took power by coup, Politicide perpetrators and world War II political leaders.

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Franco-Italian Agreement of 1935

The Franco-Italian Agreements (often called Mussolini-Laval Accord) were signed in Rome by both French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval and Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini on 7 January 1935.

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Francoist Spain

Francoist Spain (España franquista), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (dictadura franquista), was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title Caudillo.

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Freedom of thought

Freedom of thought is the freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or thought, independent of others' viewpoints.

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Fribourg

italics is the capital of the Swiss canton of Fribourg and district of La Sarine.

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Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, political theorist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

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Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers. Benito Mussolini and Friedrich Nietzsche are critics of the Catholic Church.

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Friendship

Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people.

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Friuli

Friuli (Friûl; Friul or Friułi; Furlanija; Friaul) is a historical region of northeast Italy.

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Futurism

Futurism (Futurismo) was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy, and to a lesser extent in other countries, in the early 20th century.

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Gabriele D'Annunzio

General Gabriele D'Annunzio, Prince of Montenevoso (12 March 1863 – 1 March 1938), sometimes written d'Annunzio as he used to sign himself, was an Italian poet, playwright, orator, journalist, aristocrat, and Royal Italian Army officer during World War I. He occupied a prominent place in Italian literature from 1889 to 1910 and in its political life from 1914 to 1924. Benito Mussolini and Gabriele D'Annunzio are italian anti-communists, italian male journalists, italian military personnel of World War I, italian nationalists, italian revolutionaries and members of the Grand Council of Fascism.

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Galeazzo Ciano

Gian Galeazzo Ciano, 2nd Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari (18 March 1903 – 11 January 1944), was an Italian diplomat and politician who served as Foreign Minister in the government of his father-in-law, Benito Mussolini, from 1936 until 1943. Benito Mussolini and Galeazzo Ciano are foreign ministers of Italy, members of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations, members of the Grand Council of Fascism, Mussolini Cabinet, Mussolini family and Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland).

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Gargnano

Gargnano (Gardesano: Gargnà) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

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Gauleiter

A Gauleiter was a regional leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) who served as the head of a Gau or Reichsgau.

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General strike

A general strike is a strike action in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal.

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Geneva

Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.

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George Seldes

Henry George Seldes (November 16, 1890 – July 2, 1995) was an American investigative journalist, foreign correspondent, editor, author, and media critic best known for the publication of the newsletter In Fact from 1940 to 1950.

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Georges Sorel

Georges Eugène Sorel (2 November 1847 – 29 August 1922) was a French social thinker, political theorist, historian, and later journalist. Benito Mussolini and Georges Sorel are 20th-century atheists, former Marxists and national syndicalists.

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Georges Vacher de Lapouge

Count Georges Vacher de Lapouge (12 December 1854 – 20 February 1936) was a French anthropologist and a theoretician of eugenics and scientific racism.

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Giacomo Matteotti

Giacomo Matteotti (22 May 1885 – 10 June 1924) was an Italian socialist politician and secretary of the Partito Socialista Unitario. Benito Mussolini and Giacomo Matteotti are Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy, italian Socialist Party politicians and italian atheists.

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Gianfranco Fini

Gianfranco Fini (born 3 January 1952) is an Italian politician who served as the president of the Italian Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2013. Benito Mussolini and Gianfranco Fini are foreign ministers of Italy.

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Gino Lucetti

Gino Lucetti (31 August 1900 – 17 September 1943) was an Italian anarchist and anti-fascist who attempted to assassinate the dictator Benito Mussolini in 1926. Benito Mussolini and Gino Lucetti are italian revolutionaries.

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Gio. Ansaldo & C.

Ansaldo was one of Italy's oldest and most important engineering companies, existing for 140 years from 1853 to 1993.

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Giorgia Meloni

Giorgia Meloni (born 15 January 1977) is an Italian politician who has been serving as the prime minister of Italy since October 2022, the first woman to hold this position. Benito Mussolini and Giorgia Meloni are italian anti-communists, italian nationalists and prime ministers of Italy.

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Giovanni Gentile

Giovanni Gentile (30 May 1875 – 15 April 1944) was an Italian philosopher, fascist politician, and pedagogue. Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile are 20th-century Italian politicians, anti-Masonry, fascist writers, historians of fascism, italian anti-communists, italian atheists, Mussolini Cabinet and people of the Italian Social Republic.

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Giovanni Giolitti

Giovanni Giolitti (27 October 1842 – 17 July 1928) was an Italian statesman. Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Giolitti are Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy, italian Ministers of the Interior, italian Ministers of the Navy and prime ministers of Italy.

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Giulino

Giulino (also known as Giulino di Mezzegra) is an Italian frazione of the Comune of Mezzegra, in the province of Como.

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Giuseppe Bottai

Giuseppe Bottai (3 September 1895 – 9 January 1959) was an Italian journalist and member of the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini. Benito Mussolini and Giuseppe Bottai are 20th-century Italian journalists, Deputies of Legislature XXIX of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVIII of the Kingdom of Italy, italian male journalists, italian military personnel of World War I, members of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations, members of the Grand Council of Fascism, Mussolini Cabinet and national syndicalists.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi (In his native Ligurian language, he is known as Gioxeppe Gaibado. In his particular Niçard dialect of Ligurian, he was known as Jousé or Josep. 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. Benito Mussolini and Giuseppe Garibaldi are critics of the Catholic Church, italian nationalists and italian revolutionaries.

See Benito Mussolini and Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Mazzini

Giuseppe Mazzini (22 June 1805 – 10 March 1872) was an Italian politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. Benito Mussolini and Giuseppe Mazzini are critics of the Catholic Church, italian anti-communists and italian nationalists.

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Giuseppe Sirianni

Giuseppe Sirianni (18 April 1874 – 13 August 1955) was an Italian admiral, minister of the navy from 12 September 1929 to 6 November 1933; as such, he was one of the key figures of the Regia Marina during the interwar period and the Fascist regime. Benito Mussolini and Giuseppe Sirianni are italian Ministers of the Navy, italian military personnel of World War I and Mussolini Cabinet.

See Benito Mussolini and Giuseppe Sirianni

Giuseppe Volpi

Giuseppe Volpi, 1st Count of Misurata (19 November 1877 – 16 November 1947) was an Italian businessman and politician. Benito Mussolini and Giuseppe Volpi are Mussolini Cabinet.

See Benito Mussolini and Giuseppe Volpi

Giustizia e Libertà

Giustizia e Libertà (Justice and Freedom) was an Italian anti-fascist resistance movement, active from 1929 to 1945.

See Benito Mussolini and Giustizia e Libertà

God is dead

"God is dead" (nocat; also known as the death of God) is a statement made by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.

See Benito Mussolini and God is dead

Gold

Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and atomic number 79.

See Benito Mussolini and Gold

Governorate of Dalmatia

The Governorate of Dalmatia (Governatorato di Dalmazia) was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Italy, established in 1941, following the military conquest of Yugoslavian Dalmatia by General Vittorio Ambrosio, during World War II.

See Benito Mussolini and Governorate of Dalmatia

Gran Sasso raid

During World War II, the Gran Sasso raid (codenamed Unternehmen Eiche,, literally "Operation Oak", by the German military) on 12 September 1943 was a successful operation by German paratroopers and Waffen-SS commandos to rescue the deposed Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini from custody in the Gran Sasso d'Italia massif.

See Benito Mussolini and Gran Sasso raid

Grand Council of Fascism

The Grand Council of Fascism (also translated "Fascist Grand Council") was the main body of Mussolini's Fascist regime in Italy, which held and applied great power to control the institutions of government.

See Benito Mussolini and Grand Council of Fascism

Great Depression

The Great Depression (19291939) was a severe global economic downturn that affected many countries across the world.

See Benito Mussolini and Great Depression

Greco-Italian War

The Greco-Italian War (Ellinoïtalikós Pólemos), also called the Italo-Greek War, Italian campaign in Greece, Italian invasion of Greece, and the War of '40 in Greece, took place between Italy and Greece from 28 October 1940 to 23 April 1941.

See Benito Mussolini and Greco-Italian War

Guild

A guild is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory.

See Benito Mussolini and Guild

Gustave Hervé

Gustave Hervé (Brest, January 2, 1871 – Paris, October 25, 1944) was a French politician.

See Benito Mussolini and Gustave Hervé

Haile Selassie

Haile Selassie I (Power of the Trinity; born Tafari Makonnen; 23 July 189227 August 1975) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. Benito Mussolini and Haile Selassie are heads of government who were later imprisoned, leaders ousted by a coup, Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) and world War II political leaders.

See Benito Mussolini and Haile Selassie

Half-caste

Half-caste is a term used for individuals of multiracial descent.

See Benito Mussolini and Half-caste

Harald Mors

Harald-Otto Mors (18 November 1910 – 11 February 2001) was a German Luftwaffe officer (1934–1945) during the Second World War.

See Benito Mussolini and Harald Mors

Head of government

In the executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments.

See Benito Mussolini and Head of government

Hearst Communications

Hearst Communications, Inc. (often referred to simply as Hearst and formerly known as Hearst Corporation) is an American multinational mass media and business information conglomerate based in Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan in New York City.

See Benito Mussolini and Hearst Communications

Hellenic State (1941–1944)

The Hellenic State (Elliniki Politeia, also translated as Greek State) was the collaborationist government of Greece during the country's occupation by the Axis powers in the Second World War.

See Benito Mussolini and Hellenic State (1941–1944)

Historical Jesus

The term "historical Jesus" refers to the life and teachings of Jesus as interpreted through critical historical methods, in contrast to what are traditionally religious interpretations.

See Benito Mussolini and Historical Jesus

Holy See

The Holy See (url-status,; Santa Sede), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome.

See Benito Mussolini and Holy See

Honorary degree

An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements.

See Benito Mussolini and Honorary degree

House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.

See Benito Mussolini and House of Habsburg

House of Hohenzollern

The House of Hohenzollern (Haus Hohenzollern,; Casa de Hohenzollern) is a formerly royal (and from 1871 to 1918, imperial) German dynasty whose members were variously princes, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania.

See Benito Mussolini and House of Hohenzollern

House of Savoy

The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia) is an Italian royal house (formally a dynasty) that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region.

See Benito Mussolini and House of Savoy

Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Houston Stewart Chamberlain (9 September 1855 – 9 January 1927) was a British-German philosopher who wrote works about political philosophy and natural science. Benito Mussolini and Houston Stewart Chamberlain are critics of the Catholic Church.

See Benito Mussolini and Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Hubert Lagardelle

Hubert Lagardelle (8 July 1874 – 20 September 1958) was a pioneer of French revolutionary syndicalism. Benito Mussolini and Hubert Lagardelle are former Marxists and national syndicalists.

See Benito Mussolini and Hubert Lagardelle

Humanism

Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential, and agency of human beings, whom it considers the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry.

See Benito Mussolini and Humanism

Hussites

Catholic crusaders in the 15th century The Lands of the Bohemian Crown during the Hussite Wars. The movement began in Prague and quickly spread south and then through the rest of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Eventually, it expanded into the remaining domains of the Bohemian Crown as well. The Hussites (Czech: Husité or Kališníci, "Chalice People"; Latin: Hussitae) were a Czech proto-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of reformer Jan Hus (fl.

See Benito Mussolini and Hussites

Ida Dalser

Ida Irene Dalser (20 August 1880 – 3 December 1937) was the first wife of Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. Benito Mussolini and Ida Dalser are Mussolini family.

See Benito Mussolini and Ida Dalser

Idealism

Idealism in philosophy, also known as philosophical idealism or metaphysical idealism, is the set of metaphysical perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally, reality is equivalent to mind, spirit, or consciousness; that reality is entirely a mental construct; or that ideas are the highest type of reality or have the greatest claim to being considered "real".

See Benito Mussolini and Idealism

Il Popolo d'Italia

Il Popolo d'Italia (English: "The People of Italy") was an Italian newspaper published from 15 November 1914 until 24 July 1943.

See Benito Mussolini and Il Popolo d'Italia

Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.

See Benito Mussolini and Immanuel Kant

Imperialism

Imperialism is the practice, theory or attitude of maintaining or extending power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing both hard power (military and economic power) and soft power (diplomatic power and cultural imperialism).

See Benito Mussolini and Imperialism

Independent State of Croatia

The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) was a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and Independent State of Croatia

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

The organized International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a humanitarian movement with approximately 16million volunteers, members, and staff worldwide.

See Benito Mussolini and International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

Interwar period

In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period (or interbellum) lasted from 11November 1918 to 1September 1939 (20years, 9months, 21days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II (WWII).

See Benito Mussolini and Interwar period

Invasion of Poland

The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, War of Poland of 1939, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II.

See Benito Mussolini and Invasion of Poland

Invasion of Yugoslavia

The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II.

See Benito Mussolini and Invasion of Yugoslavia

Irredentism

Irredentism is one state's desire to annex the territory of another state.

See Benito Mussolini and Irredentism

Irreligion

Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.

See Benito Mussolini and Irreligion

Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.

See Benito Mussolini and Israel

Istria

Istria (Croatian and Slovene: Istra; Italian and Venetian: Istria) is the largest peninsula to border the Adriatic Sea.

See Benito Mussolini and Istria

Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II

The Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II was part of an effort by the Italian Royal Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) to strike at the United Kingdom by attacking those parts of the British Empire in the Middle East.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II

Italian declaration of war on the United States

On December 11, 1941, Italy declared war on the United States in response to the latter's declaration of war upon the Empire of Japan following the attack on Pearl Harbor four days earlier.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian declaration of war on the United States

Italian East Africa

Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana, AOI) was an Italian colony in the Horn of Africa.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian East Africa

Italian Empire

The Italian colonial empire (Impero coloniale italiano), also known as the Italian Empire (Impero italiano) between 1936 and 1941, was founded in Africa in the 19th century.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian Empire

Italian Eritrea

Italian Eritrea (Colonia Eritrea, "Colony of Eritrea") was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy in the territory of present-day Eritrea.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian Eritrea

Italian Ethiopia

Italian Ethiopia (Etiopia italiana), also known as the Italian Empire of Ethiopia, was the territory of the Ethiopian Empire, which Italy occupied for approximately five years.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian Ethiopia

Italian fascism

Italian fascism (fascismo italiano), also classical fascism and Fascism, is the original fascist ideology, which Giovanni Gentile and Benito Mussolini developed in Italy. Benito Mussolini and italian fascism are anti-Masonry and Totalitarianism.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian fascism

Italian governorate of Montenegro

The Italian governorate of Montenegro (Governatorato del Montenegro) existed from October 1941 to September 1943 as an occupied territory under military government of Fascist Italy during World War II.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian governorate of Montenegro

Italian imperialism under fascism

Imperialism, colonialism and irredentism played an important role in the foreign policy of Fascist Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian imperialism under fascism

Italian invasion of Albania

The Italian invasion of Albania was a brief military campaign which was launched by the Kingdom of Italy against the Albanian Kingdom in 1939.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian invasion of Albania

Italian invasion of British Somaliland

The Italian invasion of British Somaliland (3–19 August 1940) was part of the East African campaign (1940–1941) in which Italian, Eritrean and Somali forces of Fascist Italy entered the Somaliland Protectorate and defeated its garrison of British, Commonwealth and colonial forces supported by Somali irregulars.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian invasion of British Somaliland

Italian invasion of Egypt

The Italian invasion of Egypt (Operazione E) was an offensive in the Second World War from Italian Libya, against British, Commonwealth and Free French in the neutral Kingdom of Egypt.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian invasion of Egypt

Italian irredentism

Italian irredentism (irredentismo italiano) was a political movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Italy with irredentist goals which promoted the unification of geographic areas in which indigenous peoples were considered to be ethnic Italians.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian irredentism

Italian Islands of the Aegean

The Italian Islands of the Aegean (Isole italiane dell'Egeo; Ἰταλικαὶ Νῆσοι ΑἰγαίουΠελάγους; Ege'deki İtalyan Adaları) were an archipelago of fourteen islands (the Dodecanese, except Kastellorizo) in the southeastern Aegean Sea, that—together with the surrounding islets—were ruled by the Kingdom of Italy from 1912 to 1943 and the Italian Social Republic (under German occupation) from 1943 to 1945.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian Islands of the Aegean

Italian Liberal Party

The Italian Liberal Party (Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI) was a liberal political party in Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian Liberal Party

Italian Libya

Libya (Libia; Lībyā al-Īṭālīya) was a colony of Fascist Italy located in North Africa, in what is now modern Libya, between 1934 and 1943.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian Libya

Italian military intervention in Spain

The Italian military intervention in Spain took place during the Spanish Civil War in order to support the nationalist cause against the Second Spanish Republic.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian military intervention in Spain

Italian nationalism

Italian nationalism (Nazionalismo italiano) is a movement which believes that the Italians are a nation with a single homogeneous identity, and therefrom seeks to promote the cultural unity of Italy as a country.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian nationalism

Italian nationality law

Italian nationality law is the law of Italy governing the acquisition, transmission and loss of Italian citizenship.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian nationality law

Italian occupation of Corsica

The Italian occupation of Corsica refers to the military (and administrative) occupation by the Kingdom of Italy of the French island of Corsica during the Second World War, from November 1942 to September 1943.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian occupation of Corsica

Italian occupation of France

Italian-occupied France was an area of south-eastern France and Monaco occupied by Fascist Italy between 1940 and 1943 in parallel to the German occupation of France.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian occupation of France

Italian People's Party (1919)

The Italian People's Party (Partito Popolare Italiano, PPI), also translated as Italian Popular Party, was a Christian-democratic political party in Italy inspired by Catholic social teaching.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian People's Party (1919)

Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)

The Italian protectorate of Albania, also known as Italian Albania, the Kingdom of Albania or Greater Albania, existed as a puppet state and protectorate of Fascist Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)

Italian racial laws

The Italian racial laws, otherwise referred to as the Racial Laws (Leggi Razziali), were a series of laws promulgated by the government of Benito Mussolini in Fascist Italy from 1938 to 1944 in order to enforce racial discrimination and segregation in the Kingdom of Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian racial laws

Italian resistance movement

The Italian Resistance (Resistenza italiana,, or simply La Resistenza) consisted of all the Italian resistance groups who fought the occupying forces of Nazi Germany and the fascist collaborationists of the Italian Social Republic during the Second World War in Italy from 1943 to 1945.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian resistance movement

Italian Social Movement

The Italian Social Movement (Movimento Sociale Italiano, MSI) was a neo-fascist political party in Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian Social Movement

Italian Social Republic

The Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana,; RSI), known prior to December 1943 as the National Republican State of Italy (Stato Nazionale Repubblicano d'Italia; SNRI), but more popularly known as the Republic of Salò (Repubblica di Salò), was a German Fascist puppet state with limited diplomatic recognition that was created during the latter part of World War II.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian Social Republic

Italian Socialist Party

The Italian Socialist Party (PSI) was a social-democratic and democratic-socialist political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parties of the country.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian Socialist Party

Italian Somaliland

Italian Somaliland (Somalia Italiana; Al-Sumal Al-Italiy; Dhulka Soomaalida ee Talyaaniga) was a protectorate and later colony of the Kingdom of Italy in present-day Somalia, which was ruled in the 19th century by the Sultanate of Hobyo and Majeerteen in the north, and in the south by the political entities; Hiraab Imamate and the Geledi Sultanate.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian Somaliland

Italian Tunisians

Italian Tunisians (Italo-tunisini, or Italians of Tunisia) are Tunisian-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Tunisia during the Italian diaspora, or Italian-born people in Tunisia.

See Benito Mussolini and Italian Tunisians

Italianization

Italianization (italianizzazione; talijanizacija; italianisation; poitaljančevanje; Italianisierung; Italopoíisi) is the spread of Italian culture, language and identity by way of integration or assimilation.

See Benito Mussolini and Italianization

Italians

Italians (italiani) are an ethnic group native to the Italian geographical region.

See Benito Mussolini and Italians

Italo Balbo

Italo Balbo (6 June 1896 – 28 June 1940) was an Italian fascist politician and Blackshirts' leader who served as Italy's Marshal of the Air Force, Governor-General of Italian Libya and Commander-in-Chief of Italian North Africa. Benito Mussolini and Italo Balbo are Deputies of Legislature XXIX of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVIII of the Kingdom of Italy, italian Ministers of Aeronautics, italian military personnel of World War I, Libyan genocide perpetrators, members of the Grand Council of Fascism, Mussolini Cabinet and politicians killed in World War II.

See Benito Mussolini and Italo Balbo

Italo-Turkish War

The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War (Trablusgarp Savaşı, "Tripolitanian War", Guerra di Libia, "War of Libya") was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire from 29 September 1911, to 18 October 1912.

See Benito Mussolini and Italo-Turkish War

Ivanoe Bonomi

Ivanoe Bonomi (18 October 1873 – 20 April 1951) was an Italian politician and journalist who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1921 to 1922 and again from 1944 to 1945. Benito Mussolini and Ivanoe Bonomi are Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy, foreign ministers of Italy, italian Ministers of War, italian Ministers of the Interior, italian Socialist Party politicians, prime ministers of Italy and world War II political leaders.

See Benito Mussolini and Ivanoe Bonomi

Jagiellonian University

The Jagiellonian University (UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland.

See Benito Mussolini and Jagiellonian University

Jan Hus

Jan Hus (1370 – 6 July 1415), sometimes anglicized as John Hus or John Huss, and referred to in historical texts as Iohannes Hus or Johannes Huss, was a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a Church reformer and the inspiration of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism, and a seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation.

See Benito Mussolini and Jan Hus

Jewish question

The Jewish question was a wide-ranging debate in 19th- and 20th-century Europe that pertained to the appropriate status and treatment of Jews.

See Benito Mussolini and Jewish question

John Gunther

John Gunther (August 30, 1901 – May 29, 1970) was an American journalist and writer.

See Benito Mussolini and John Gunther

Joseph Goebbels

Paul Joseph Goebbels (29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician and philologist who was the Gauleiter (district leader) of Berlin, chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 1945.

See Benito Mussolini and Joseph Goebbels

Julian March

The Julian March (Croatian and Julijska krajina), also called Julian Venetia (Venezia Giulia; Venesia Julia; Vignesie Julie; Julisch Venetien), is an area of southern Central Europe which is currently divided among Croatia, Italy, and Slovenia.

See Benito Mussolini and Julian March

Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. Benito Mussolini and Julius Caesar are Genocide perpetrators.

See Benito Mussolini and Julius Caesar

Julius Streicher

Julius Streicher (12 February 1885 – 16 October 1946) was a member of the Nazi Party, the Gauleiter (regional leader) of Franconia and a member of the Reichstag, the national legislature. Benito Mussolini and Julius Streicher are fascist writers.

See Benito Mussolini and Julius Streicher

July Putsch

The July Putsch was a failed coup attempt against the Austrofascist regime by Austrian Nazis from 25 to 30 July 1934.

See Benito Mussolini and July Putsch

Karl Marx

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

See Benito Mussolini and Karl Marx

Kętrzyn

Kętrzyn (until 1946 Rastembork; Rastenburg) is a town in northeastern Poland with 27,478 inhabitants (2019).

See Benito Mussolini and Kętrzyn

Kenneth Roberts (author)

Kenneth Lewis Roberts (December 8, 1885 – July 21, 1957) was an American writer of historical novels.

See Benito Mussolini and Kenneth Roberts (author)

King of Italy

King of Italy (Re d'Italia; Rex Italiae) was the title given to the ruler of the Kingdom of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

See Benito Mussolini and King of Italy

King of Rome

The king of Rome (rex Romae) was the ruler of the Roman Kingdom.

See Benito Mussolini and King of Rome

Kingdom of Greece

The Kingdom of Greece (Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος) was established in 1832 and was the successor state to the First Hellenic Republic.

See Benito Mussolini and Kingdom of Greece

Kingdom of Italy

The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June 1946.

See Benito Mussolini and Kingdom of Italy

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941.

See Benito Mussolini and Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Kobarid

Kobarid (Caporetto; Cjaurêt; Karfreit) is a settlement in Slovenia, the administrative centre of the Municipality of Kobarid.

See Benito Mussolini and Kobarid

Konrad Jarausch

Konrad H. Jarausch (born 14 August 1941 in Magdeburg, Germany) is a German-American historian and the Lurcy Professor of European Civilization at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

See Benito Mussolini and Konrad Jarausch

Kotor

Kotor (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Котор), historically known as Cattaro (from Italian), is a town in Coastal region of Montenegro.

See Benito Mussolini and Kotor

Kraków

(), also spelled as Cracow or Krakow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

See Benito Mussolini and Kraków

Kurt Schuschnigg

Kurt Alois Josef Johann von Schuschnigg (14 December 1897 – 18 November 1977) was an Austrian politician who was the Chancellor of the Federal State of Austria from the 1934 assassination of his predecessor Engelbert Dollfuss until the 1938 Anschluss with Nazi Germany. Benito Mussolini and Kurt Schuschnigg are heads of government who were later imprisoned.

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Kurt von Schleicher

Kurt Ferdinand Friedrich Hermann von Schleicher (7 April 1882 – 30 June 1934) was a German general and the penultimate chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic.

See Benito Mussolini and Kurt von Schleicher

La Maddalena

La Maddalena (Gallurese: Madalena or La Madalena, Sa Madalena) is a town and comune located on the islands of the Maddalena archipelago in the province of Sassari, northern Sardinia, Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and La Maddalena

La Voce (magazine)

La Voce (Italian: the Voice) was an Italian weekly literary magazine which was published in Florence, Italy, between 1908 and 1916.

See Benito Mussolini and La Voce (magazine)

Lake Como

Lake Como (Lago di Como), also known as Lario, is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of, making it the third-largest lake in Italy, after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore. At over deep, it is the fifth-deepest lake in Europe and the deepest outside Norway; the bottom of the lake is below sea level.

See Benito Mussolini and Lake Como

Lake Garda

Lake Garda (Lago di Garda,, or (Lago) Benaco,; Lach de Garda; Ƚago de Garda) is the largest lake in Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and Lake Garda

Land reclamation

Land reclamation, often known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds.

See Benito Mussolini and Land reclamation

Lateran Treaty

The Lateran Treaty (Patti Lateranensi; Pacta Lateranensia) was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between the Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel III (with his Prime Minister Benito Mussolini) and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman question.

See Benito Mussolini and Lateran Treaty

Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Benito Mussolini and Latin

Latina, Lazio

Latina is the capital of the province of Latina, in the Lazio region, in Central Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and Latina, Lazio

Lausanne

Lausanne (Losena) is the capital and largest city of the Swiss French-speaking canton of Vaud.

See Benito Mussolini and Lausanne

Le Monde diplomatique

(meaning "The Diplomatic World", and shortened as Le Diplo in French) is a French monthly newspaper founded in 1954 offering analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs.

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League of Nations

The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

See Benito Mussolini and League of Nations

Lebensraum

Lebensraum (living space) is a German concept of expansionism and ''Völkisch'' nationalism, the philosophy and policies of which were common to German politics from the 1890s to the 1940s.

See Benito Mussolini and Lebensraum

Leonida Bissolati

Leonida Bissolati (20 February 1857 – 6 May 1920) was a leading exponent of the Italian socialist movement at the turn of the 19th century. Benito Mussolini and Leonida Bissolati are Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy and italian Socialist Party politicians.

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Liberal democracy

Liberal democracy, western-style democracy, or substantive democracy is a form of government that combines the organization of a representative democracy with ideas of liberal political philosophy.

See Benito Mussolini and Liberal democracy

List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)

This is a list of people and other topics appearing on the cover of Time magazine in the 1920s.

See Benito Mussolini and List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)

List of fascist movements

This page lists political regimes and movements that have been described as fascist.

See Benito Mussolini and List of fascist movements

Locarno Treaties

The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated in Locarno, Switzerland, from 5 to 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 1 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return for normalizing relations with the defeated German Reich (the Weimar Republic).

See Benito Mussolini and Locarno Treaties

Lombardy

Lombardy (Lombardia; Lombardia) is an administrative region of Italy that covers; it is located in northern Italy and has a population of about 10 million people, constituting more than one-sixth of Italy's population.

See Benito Mussolini and Lombardy

Ludwig Woltmann

Ludwig Woltmann (born 18 February 1871 in Solingen; died 30 January 1907) was a German anthropologist, zoologist and neo-Kantian.

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Luigi Facta

Luigi Facta (16 November 1861 – 5 November 1930) was an Italian politician, lawyer and journalist and the last prime minister of Italy before the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini. Benito Mussolini and Luigi Facta are italian Ministers of the Interior, italian male journalists and prime ministers of Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and Luigi Facta

Luigi Federzoni

Luigi Federzoni (27 September 1878 – 24 January 1967) was an Italian nationalist and later Fascist politician. Benito Mussolini and Luigi Federzoni are 20th-century Italian journalists, Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy, italian Ministers of the Interior, italian male journalists, italian military personnel of World War I, members of the Grand Council of Fascism and Mussolini Cabinet.

See Benito Mussolini and Luigi Federzoni

Luigi Longo

Luigi Longo (15 March 1900 – 16 October 1980), also known as Gallo, was an Italian communist politician and general secretary of the Italian Communist Party from 1964 to 1972. Benito Mussolini and Luigi Longo are italian Socialist Party politicians.

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Lynching

Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group.

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Macchi M.C.72

The Macchi M.C. 72 is an experimental floatplane designed and built by the Italian aircraft company Macchi Aeronautica.

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MacGregor Knox

MacGregor Knox is an American historian of 20th-century Europe, and was from 1994 to 2010 the Stevenson Professor of International History at the London School of Economics.

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Machismo

Machismo is the sense of being "manly" and self-reliant, a concept associated with "a strong sense of masculine pride: an exaggerated masculinity".

See Benito Mussolini and Machismo

Malta

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.

See Benito Mussolini and Malta

Manifesto of Race

The "Manifesto of Race" (Manifesto della razza), otherwise referred to as the Charter of Race or the Racial Manifesto, was an Italian manifesto promulgated by the government of Benito Mussolini on 14 July 1938.

See Benito Mussolini and Manifesto of Race

March on Rome

The March on Rome (Marcia su Roma) was an organized mass demonstration in October 1922 which resulted in Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) ascending to power in the Kingdom of Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and March on Rome

Margherita Sarfatti

Margherita Sarfatti (8 April 1880 – 30 October 1961) was an Italian journalist, art critic, patron, collector, socialite, and prominent propaganda adviser of the National Fascist Party. Benito Mussolini and Margherita Sarfatti are 20th-century Italian journalists.

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Maria Scicolone

Marianna Pia "Maria" Villani Scicolone (born Villani on 11 May 1938) is an Italian television personality, columnist and singer. Benito Mussolini and Maria Scicolone are Mussolini family.

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Mario Robotti

Mario Robotti (25 November 1882 – 1955) was a general in the Royal Italian Army who commanded the XI Corps during the World War II Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941. Benito Mussolini and Mario Robotti are italian mass murderers and italian military personnel of World War I.

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Marriage in the Catholic Church

Marriage in the Catholic Church, also known as holy matrimony, is the "covenant by which a man and woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life and which is ordered by its nature to the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring", and which "has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament between the baptized".

See Benito Mussolini and Marriage in the Catholic Church

Martial law

Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers.

See Benito Mussolini and Martial law

Marxism

Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis.

See Benito Mussolini and Marxism

Mary Magdalene

Mary Magdalene (sometimes called Mary of Magdala, or simply the Magdalene or the Madeleine) was a woman who, according to the four canonical gospels, traveled with Jesus as one of his followers and was a witness to his crucifixion and resurrection.

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Mass (liturgy)

Mass is the main Eucharistic liturgical service in many forms of Western Christianity.

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Master race

The master race (Herrenrasse) is a pseudoscientific concept in Nazi ideology in which the putative "Aryan race" is deemed the pinnacle of human racial hierarchy.

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Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.

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Mediterraneanism

Mediterraneanism is an ideology that claims that there are distinctive characteristics that Mediterranean cultures have in common.

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MI5

MI5 (Military Intelligence, Section 5), officially the Security Service, is the United Kingdom's domestic counter-intelligence and security agency and is part of its intelligence machinery alongside the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), and Defence Intelligence (DI).

See Benito Mussolini and MI5

Mikhail Bakunin

Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (30 May 1814 – 1 July 1876) was a Russian revolutionary anarchist.

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Milan

Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.

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Military logistics

Military logistics is the discipline of planning and carrying out the movement, supply, and maintenance of military forces.

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Military Order of the Tower and Sword

The Ancient and Most Noble Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of the Valour, Loyalty and Merit (Antiga e Muito Nobre Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada, do Valor, Lealdade e Mérito), before 1910 Royal Military Order of the Tower and Sword (Real Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada), is a Portuguese order of knighthood and the pinnacle of the Portuguese honours system.

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Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy)

The Minister of Foreign Affairs is the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Italy. Benito Mussolini and Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy) are foreign ministers of Italy.

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Minister of Labour and Social Policies

This is a list of ministers of labour and social policies, a senior member of the Italian government who leads the Ministry of Labour and Social Policies.

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Minister of the Interior (Italy)

The Minister of the Interior (Italian: Ministro dell'Interno) in Italy is one of the most important positions in the Italian Council of Ministers and leads the Ministry of the Interior. Benito Mussolini and Minister of the Interior (Italy) are italian Ministers of the Interior.

See Benito Mussolini and Minister of the Interior (Italy)

Minister of War (Italy)

The Minister of War of Italy (Ministri della guerra del Regno d'Italia), was the minister responsible for the Ministry of War, which in turn oversaw the Royal Italian Army under the Kingdom of Italy between 1861 and 1946 and the Italian Army under the Italian Republic from 1946 to 1947. Benito Mussolini and minister of War (Italy) are italian Ministers of War.

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Ministry of Aeronautics

The Ministry of Aeronautics (Ministero dell'aeronautica) was a department of the Kingdom of Italy, and subsequently of the Italian Republic, with jurisdiction over both military and civil aviation.

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Ministry of the Colonies (Italy)

The Ministry of the Colonies was the ministry of the government of the Kingdom of Italy responsible for the governing of the country's colonial possessions and the direction of their economies.

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Ministry of the Navy (Italy)

The Ministry of the Navy (Ministero della marina) was a ministry of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1946 and of the Italian Republic from 1946 to 1947.

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Ministry of War (Italy)

The Ministry of War (Ministero della guerra) was a ministry of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1946 and of the Italian Republic from 1946 to 1947.

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Miscegenation

Miscegenation is marriage or admixture between people who are members of different races.

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Mistress (lover)

A mistress is a woman who is in a relatively long-term sexual and romantic relationship with someone who is married to a different person.

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Motion of no confidence

A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion of confidence and corresponding vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fit to continue to occupy their office.

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Munich Agreement

The Munich Agreement was an agreement reached in Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, and Fascist Italy.

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Mussolini family

The Mussolini family is a well-known family in Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and Mussolini family

Mustard gas

Mustard gas or sulfur mustard are names commonly used for the organosulfur chemical compound bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, which has the chemical structure S(CH2CH2Cl)2, as well as other species.

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Mutilated victory

Mutilated victory (vittoria mutilata) is a term coined by Gabriele D’Annunzio at the end of World War I, used by a part of Italian nationalists to denounce the partial infringement (and request the full application) of the 1915 pact of London concerning territorial rewards in favor of the Kingdom of Italy.

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Natalism

Natalism (also called pronatalism or the pro-birth position) is a policy paradigm or personal value that promotes the reproduction of human life as an important objective of humanity and therefore advocates high birthrate.

See Benito Mussolini and Natalism

National Alliance (Italy)

National Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale, AN) was a national conservative political party in Italy.

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National Fascist Party

The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) was a political party in Italy, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian fascism and as a reorganisation of the previous Italian Fasces of Combat.

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National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy

The Committee of National Liberation for Northern Italy (CLNAI) was set up in February 1944 by partisans behind German lines in the Italian Social Republic, a German puppet state in Northern Italy.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

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Nazism

Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. Benito Mussolini and Nazism are anti-Masonry and Totalitarianism.

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Neville Chamberlain

Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 18699 November 1940) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940 and Leader of the Conservative Party from May 1937 to October 1940. Benito Mussolini and Neville Chamberlain are world War II political leaders.

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Niccolò Machiavelli

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was a Florentine diplomat, author, philosopher, and historian who lived during the Italian Renaissance.

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Nordicism

Nordicism is an ideology which views the historical race concept of the "Nordic race" as an endangered and superior racial group.

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Nuremberg Laws

The Nuremberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party.

See Benito Mussolini and Nuremberg Laws

Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)

The military occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany began with the German annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938, continued with the creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and by the end of 1944 extended to all parts of Czechoslovakia.

See Benito Mussolini and Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)

Office of Strategic Services

The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was an intelligence agency of the United States during World War II.

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Omar al-Mukhtar

Omar al-Mukhṭār Muḥammad bin Farḥāṭ al-Manifī (عُمَر الْمُخْتَار مُحَمَّد بِن فَرْحَات الْمَنِفِي; 20 August 1858 – 16 September 1931), called The Lion of the Desert, known among the colonial Italians as Matari of the Mnifa, was an Imam and leader of native resistance in Cyrenaica (currently Eastern Libya) under the Senussids, against the Italian colonization of Libya. Benito Mussolini and Omar al-Mukhtar are executed revolutionaries.

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One-party state

A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.

See Benito Mussolini and One-party state

Opera Nazionale Balilla

Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) was an Italian Fascist youth organization functioning between 1926 and 1937, when it was absorbed into the Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), a youth section of the National Fascist Party.

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Operation Achse

Operation Achse (Axis), originally called Operation Alaric (Unternehmen Alarich), was the codename for the German operation to forcibly disarm the Italian armed forces after Italy's armistice with the Allies on 3 September 1943.

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Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.

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Operation Compass

Operation Compass (also Battaglia della Marmarica) was the first large British military operation of the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) during the Second World War.

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Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral

The Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral (Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland, OZAK; or colloquially: Operationszone Adria; Zona d'operazioni del Litorale adriatico; Operativna zona Jadransko primorje; Operacijska cona Jadransko primorje) was a Nazi German district on the northern Adriatic coast created during World War II in 1943.

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Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills

The Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills (Operationszone Alpenvorland (OZAV); Zona d'operazione delle Prealpi) was a Nazi German occupation zone in the sub-Alpine area in Italy during World War II.

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Order of the Golden Spur

The Order of the Golden Spur (Ordine dello Speron d'Oro, Ordre de l'Éperon d'or), officially known also as the Order of the Golden Militia (Ordo Militia Aurata, Milizia Aurata), is a papal order of knighthood conferred upon those who have rendered distinguished service in propagating the Catholic faith, or who have contributed to the glory of the Church, either by feat of arms, by writings, or by other illustrious acts.

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Orthodox Marxism

Orthodox Marxism is the body of Marxist thought which emerged after the deaths of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the late 19th century, expressed in its primary form by Karl Kautsky.

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Otto Skorzeny

Otto Johann Anton Skorzeny (12 June 1908 – 5 July 1975) was an Austrian-born German SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) in the Waffen-SS during World War II.

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OVRA

The OVRA, unoffically known as the Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism (Opera Vigilanza Repressione Antifascismo), was the secret police of the Kingdom of Italy during the reign of King Victor Emmanuel III.

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Pacifism

Pacifism is the opposition or resistance to war, militarism (including conscription and mandatory military service) or violence.

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Pact of Pacification

The Pact of Pacification or Pacification Pact was a peace agreement officially signed by Benito Mussolini, who would later become dictator of Italy, and other leaders of the Fasci with the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and the General Confederation of Labor (CGL) in Rome on August 2 or 3, 1921.

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Pact of Steel

The Pact of Steel (Stahlpakt, Patto d'Acciaio), formally known as the Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy was a military and political alliance between Italy and Germany.

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Palazzo Venezia

The Palazzo Venezia or Palazzo Barbo, formerly "'Palace of Saint Mark'", is a large early Renaissance palace in central Rome, Italy, situated to the north of the Capitoline Hill.

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Paolino Taddei

Paolino Taddei (22 January 1860 – 15 October 1925) was an Italian politician and the last minister of Interior before the March on Rome. Benito Mussolini and Paolino Taddei are italian Ministers of the Interior.

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Paolo Boselli

Paolo Boselli (8 June 1838 – 10 March 1932) was an Italian politician who served as the 34th prime minister of Italy during World War I. Benito Mussolini and Paolo Boselli are Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy and prime ministers of Italy.

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Paolo Thaon di Revel

Paolo Camillo Thaon, Marquess of Revel (10 June 1859 – 24 March 1948), latterly titled with the honorary title of 1st Duke of the Sea, was an Italian admiral of the Regia Marina during World War I and later a politician. Benito Mussolini and Paolo Thaon di Revel are 20th-century Italian politicians, italian Ministers of the Navy and italian military personnel of World War I.

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Papal States

The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.

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Paratyphoid fever

Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of three types of Salmonella enterica.

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Pazin

Pazin (Pisino, Mitterburg) is a town in western Croatia, the administrative seat of Istria County.

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Peasant

A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: non-free slaves, semi-free serfs, and free tenants.

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Phosgene

Phosgene is an organic chemical compound with the formula.

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Piaggio P.108

The Piaggio P.108 Bombardiere was an Italian four-engine heavy bomber that saw service with the Regia Aeronautica during World War II.

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Piazzale Loreto

is a major city square in Milan, Italy.

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Pierre Laval

Pierre Jean Marie Laval (28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. Benito Mussolini and Pierre Laval are executed mass murderers, executed prime ministers, former Marxists, heads of government who were later imprisoned and world War II political leaders.

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Pietro Badoglio

Pietro Badoglio, 1st Duke of Addis Abeba, 1st Marquess of Sabotino (28 September 1871 – 1 November 1956), was an Italian general during both World Wars and the first viceroy of Italian East Africa. Benito Mussolini and Pietro Badoglio are 20th-century Italian politicians, field marshals of Italy, foreign ministers of Italy, italian anti-communists, italian military personnel of World War I, knights of the Holy Sepulchre, Libyan genocide perpetrators, prime ministers of Italy and world War II political leaders.

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Pietro Gazzera

Pietro Gazzera (11 December 1879 – 30 June 1953) was an officer in the Italian Royal Army during World War II, as well as a prewar Italian politician. Benito Mussolini and Pietro Gazzera are italian Ministers of War, italian military personnel of World War I and Mussolini Cabinet.

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Plato

Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.

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Plutocracy

A plutocracy or plutarchy is a society that is ruled or controlled by people of great wealth or income.

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Podestà

Podestà, also potestate or podesta in English, was the name given to the holder of the highest civil office in the government of the cities of central and northern Italy during the Late Middle Ages.

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Police state

A police state describes a state whose government institutions exercise an extreme level of control over civil society and liberties.

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Political commissar

In the military, a political commissar or political officer (or politruk, a portmanteau word from politicheskiy rukovoditel; or political instructor) is a supervisory officer responsible for the political education (ideology) and organization of the unit to which they are assigned, with the intention of ensuring political control of the military.

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Politician

A politician is a person who has political power in the government of a state, a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking an elected office in government.

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Pontine Marshes

Lake Fogliano, a coastal lagoon in the Pontine Plain The Pontine Marshes (Agro Pontino, formerly also Paludi Pontine; Pomptīnus Ager by Titus Livius, Pomptīna Palus and Pomptīnae Paludes by Pliny the ElderNatural History 3.59.) is an approximately quadrangular area of former marshland in the Lazio Region of central Italy, extending along the coast southeast of Rome about from just east of Anzio to Terracina (ancient Tarracina), varying in distance inland between the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Volscian Mountains (the Monti Lepini in the north, the Monti Ausoni in the center, and the Monti Aurunci in the south) from The northwestern border runs approximately from the mouth of the river Astura along the river and from its upper reaches to Cori in the Monti Lepini.

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Ponza

Ponza (Italian: isola di Ponza) is the largest island of the Italian Pontine Islands archipelago, located south of Cape Circeo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

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Pope

The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Pope Pius XI

Pope Pius XI (Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was the Bishop of Rome and supreme pontiff of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to 10 February 1939. Benito Mussolini and Pope Pius XI are italian anti-communists and Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland).

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Predappio

Predappio (La Pré or Dviais) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Forlì-Cesena, in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, with a population of 6,135 as of 1 January 2021.

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Price controls

Price controls are restrictions set in place and enforced by governments, on the prices that can be charged for goods and services in a market.

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Prime Minister of Italy

The prime minister of Italy, officially the president of the Council of Ministers (Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri), is the head of government of the Italian Republic. Benito Mussolini and prime Minister of Italy are prime ministers of Italy.

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Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca

The Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca (Gefürstete Grafschaft Görz und Gradisca; Principesca Contea di Gorizia e Gradisca; Poknežena grofija Goriška in Gradiščanska), historically sometimes shortened to and spelled "Goritz", was a crown land of the Habsburg dynasty within the Austrian Littoral on the Adriatic Sea, in what is now a multilingual border area of Italy and Slovenia.

See Benito Mussolini and Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca

Proletarian nation

Proletarian nation was a term used by 20th century Italian nationalist intellectuals such as Enrico Corradini to refer to Italy and other nations that they regarded as being productive, morally vigorous, and inclined to bold action, which they considered to be characteristics associated with the proletariat.

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Propaganda in Fascist Italy

Propaganda in Fascist Italy was used by the National Fascist Party in the years leading up to and during Benito Mussolini's leadership of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 to 1943, and was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power and the implementation of Fascist policies.

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Province of Belluno

The province of Belluno (provincia di Belluno; provinz Belluno; provinzia de Belum) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy.

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Province of Forlì-Cesena

The Province of Forlì-Cesena (Provincia di Forlì-Cesena) is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.

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Province of Ljubljana

The Province of Ljubljana (Provincia di Lubiana, Ljubljanska pokrajina, Provinz Laibach) was the central-southern area of Slovenia.

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Province of Palermo

The province of Palermo (provincia di Palermo; Sicilian: pruvincia di Palermu) was a province in the autonomous region of Sicily, a major island in Southern Italy.

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Province of Trieste

The province of Trieste (provincia di Trieste) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy.

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Pseudonym

A pseudonym or alias is a fictitious name that a person assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true name (orthonym).

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Pula

Pula, also known as Pola (Pola; Puola; Pulj; Póla), is the largest city in Istria County, Croatia, and the seventh-largest city in the country, situated at the southern tip of the Istrian peninsula in northwestern Croatia, with a population of 52,220 in 2021.

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Puppet state

A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government is a state that is de jure independent but de facto completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders.

See Benito Mussolini and Puppet state

Rachele Mussolini

Rachele Guidi (11 April 1890 – 30 October 1979), also known (particularly in Italy) as Donna Rachele (Italian for "Lady Rachel") and incorrectly as Rachele Mussolini in the English-speaking world, was the second wife of Prime Minister of Italy and fascist leader Benito Mussolini. Benito Mussolini and Rachele Mussolini are italian people of World War II, Mussolini family and people from Predappio.

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Racial segregation

Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.

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Raffaele de Courten

Raffaele de Courten (Milan, 23 September 1888 – Frascati, 23 August 1978) was an Italian admiral. Benito Mussolini and Raffaele de Courten are italian Ministers of the Navy and italian military personnel of World War I.

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Raffaele Guariglia

Raffaele Guariglia, Barone di Vituso (Naples, 19 February 1889 – Rome, 25 April 1970) was an Italian diplomat. Benito Mussolini and Raffaele Guariglia are foreign ministers of Italy.

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Rapprochement

In international relations, a rapprochement, which comes from the French word rapprocher ("to bring together"), is a re-establishment of cordial relations between two countries.

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Rationalism

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976.

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Ravenna

Ravenna (also; Ravèna, Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy.

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Reactionary

In political science, a reactionary or a reactionist is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante—the previous political state of society—which the person believes possessed positive characteristics that are absent from contemporary society.

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Recession

In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction that occurs when there is a general decline in economic activity.

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Red Week (Italy)

Red Week was the name given to a week of unrest which occurred from 7 to 14 June 1914.

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Referendum

A referendum (referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue.

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Reformism

Reformism is a trend advocating the reform of an existing system or institution – often a political or religious establishment – as opposed to its abolition and replacement via revolution.

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Renato Ricci

Renato Ricci (1 June 1896 – 22 January 1956) was an Italian fascist politician active during the Mussolini government. Benito Mussolini and Renato Ricci are Deputies of Legislature XXIX of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVIII of the Kingdom of Italy, italian military personnel of World War I, members of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations, members of the Grand Council of Fascism, Mussolini Cabinet and people of the Italian Social Republic.

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Renato Sandalli

Renato Sandalli (25 February 1897 – 23 October 1968) was an Italian Air Force general that led the Regia Aeronautica between 27 July 1943 to 18 June 1944. Benito Mussolini and Renato Sandalli are italian Ministers of Aeronautics and italian military personnel of World War I.

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Republic (Plato)

The Republic (Politeia) is a Socratic dialogue, authored by Plato around 375 BC, concerning justice, the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man.

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Republican Fascist Party

The Republican Fascist Party (Partito Fascista Repubblicano, PFR) was a political party in Italy led by Benito Mussolini during the German occupation of Central and Northern Italy and was the sole legal representative party of the Italian Social Republic.

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Republicanism

Republicanism is a Western political ideology that encompasses a range of ideas from civic virtue, political participation, harms of corruption, positives of mixed constitution, rule of law, and others.

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Revisionism (Marxism)

Revisionism (Marxism), otherwise known as Marxist reformism, represents various ideas, principles, and theories that are based on a reform or revision of Marxism.

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Revolutionary

A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates for, a revolution.

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Rijeka

Rijeka (local Chakavian: Reka or Rika; Reka, Fiume (Fiume; Fiume; outdated German name: Sankt Veit am Flaum), is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and in 2021 had a population of 108,622 inhabitants.

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Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell

Lieutenant-General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, (22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was a British Army officer, writer, founder and first Chief Scout of the world-wide Scout Movement, and founder, with his sister Agnes, of the world-wide Girl Guide/Girl Scout Movement.

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Rodolfo Graziani

Rodolfo Graziani, 1st Marquis of Neghelli (11 August 1882 – 11 January 1955), was a prominent Italian military officer in the Kingdom of Italy's Royal Army, primarily noted for his campaigns in Africa before and during World War II. Benito Mussolini and Rodolfo Graziani are field marshals of Italy, italian anti-communists, italian military personnel of World War I, Libyan genocide perpetrators and people of the Italian Social Republic.

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Romagna

Romagna (Rumâgna) is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman Ghetto

The Roman Ghetto or Ghetto of Rome (Ghetto di Roma) was a Jewish ghetto established in 1555 in the Rione Sant'Angelo, in Rome, Italy, in the area surrounded by present-day Via del Portico d'Ottavia, Lungotevere dei Cenci, Via del Progresso and Via di Santa Maria del Pianto, close to the River Tiber and the Theatre of Marcellus.

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Roman Italy

Italia (in both the Latin and Italian languages), also referred to as Roman Italy, was the homeland of the ancient Romans.

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Romano Mussolini

Romano Bruno Mussolini (26 September 1927 – 3 February 2006) was an Italian jazz pianist, painter, and film producer. Benito Mussolini and Romano Mussolini are Mussolini family.

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Rosa Maltoni

Rosa Maltoni (married Mussolini; 22 April 1858 – 19 February 1905) was the mother of Italian Fascist founder and leader Benito Mussolini. Benito Mussolini and Rosa Maltoni are Mussolini family.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Royal Air Force

The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air and space force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.

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Royal Italian Army

The Royal Italian Army (Royal Army) (RE) was the land force of the Kingdom of Italy, established with the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy.

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Royal Italian Army during World War II

The Royal Italian Army (Regio Esercito), participated in World War II on the side of the Axis Powers on 1940.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

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Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.

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Ruth Ben-Ghiat

Ruth Ben-Ghiat is an American historian. Benito Mussolini and Ruth Ben-Ghiat are historians of fascism.

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Sabaudia

Sabaudia is a coastal town in the province of Latina, Lazio, in central Italy.

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Salò

Salò (Salodium) is a town and comune in the Province of Brescia in the region of Lombardy (northern Italy) on the banks of Lake Garda, on which it has the longest promenade.

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Salesians of Don Bosco

The Salesians of Don Bosco (SDB), formally known as the Society of Saint Francis de Sales, is a religious congregation of men in the Catholic Church, founded in 1859 by the Italian priest John Bosco to help poor and migrant youngsters during the Industrial Revolution.

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Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood

Samuel John Gurney Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood, (24 February 1880 – 7 May 1959), more commonly known as Sir Samuel Hoare, was a senior British Conservative politician who served in various Cabinet posts in the Conservative and National governments of the 1920s and 1930s.

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Sardinia

Sardinia (Sardegna; Sardigna) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the twenty regions of Italy.

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Savoy

Savoy (Savouè; Savoie; Italian: Savoia) is a cultural-historical region in the Western Alps.

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Scientific racism

Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority.

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Scouting

Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worldwide youth social movement employing the Scout method, a program of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking, and sports.

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Scramble for Africa

The Scramble for Africa was the conquest and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the era of "New Imperialism" (1833–1914): Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Portugal and Spain.

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Seaplane

A seaplane is a powered fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting) on water.

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Second Italo-Ethiopian War

The Second Italo-Ethiopian War, also referred to as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, was a war of aggression waged by Italy against Ethiopia, which lasted from October 1935 to February 1937.

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Second Italo-Senussi War

The Second Italo-Senussi War, also referred to as the Pacification of Libya, was a conflict that occurred during the Italian colonization of Libya between Italian military forces (composed mainly by colonial troops from Libya, Eritrea, and Somalia) and indigenous rebels associated with the Senussi Order.

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Secret police

pages. Benito Mussolini and Secret police are Totalitarianism.

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Senate of the Kingdom of Italy

The Senate of the Kingdom of Italy was the upper house of the bicameral parliament of the Kingdom of Italy, officially created on 4 March 1848, acting as an evolution of the original Subalpine Senate.

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Senate of the Republic (Italy)

The Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica), or simply the Senate (Senato), is the upper house of the bicameral Italian Parliament, the lower house being the Chamber of Deputies.

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Sergio Panunzio

Sergio Panunzio (20 July 1886 – 8 October 1944) was an Italian theoretician of national syndicalism. Benito Mussolini and Sergio Panunzio are national syndicalists.

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Sicilian Mafia

The Sicilian Mafia or Cosa Nostra ("our thing"), also referred to as simply Mafia, is a criminal society originating on the island of Sicily and dates back to the mid-19th century.

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Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

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Sidi Barrani

Sidi Barrani (سيدي براني) is a town in Egypt, near the Mediterranean Sea, about east of the Egypt–Libya border, and around from Tobruk, Libya.

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Siena

Siena (Sena Iulia) is a city in Tuscany, Italy.

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Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi (29 September 1936 – 12 June 2023) was an Italian media tycoon and politician who served as the prime minister of Italy in four governments from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006 and 2008 to 2011. Benito Mussolini and Silvio Berlusconi are italian anti-communists, italian political party founders and prime ministers of Italy.

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Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)

The Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947) was the indigenous Slovene population—approximately 327,000 out of a total population of 1.3Lipušček, U. (2012) Sacro egoismo: Slovenci v krempljih tajnega londonskega pakta 1915, Cankarjeva založba, Ljubljana.

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Snežnik (plateau)

Snežnik (Snežnik, Snježnik, Mons Albus, Monte Nevoso, Krainer Schneeberg) is a wide karst limestone plateau with an area of about in the Dinaric Alps.

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Social Alternative

Social Alternative (Alternativa Sociale) was a coalition of far-right political parties in Italy.

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Social democracy

Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy and supports a gradualist, reformist and democratic approach towards achieving socialism.

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Social imperialism

As a political term, social imperialism is the political ideology of people, parties, or nations that are, according to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, "socialist in words, imperialist in deeds".

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Social science

Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.

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Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life.

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Sokol movement

The Sokol movement (falcon) is an all-age gymnastics organization first founded in Prague in the Czech lands of Austria-Hungary in 1862 by Miroslav Tyrš and Jindřich Fügner.

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Sophia Loren

Sofia Costanza Brigida Villani Scicolone (born 20 September 1934), known professionally as Sophia Loren, is an Italian actress, active in her native country and the United States.

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South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.

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South Tyrol

South Tyrol (Südtirol,; Alto Adige,; Südtirol) is an autonomous province in northern Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and South Tyrol

Southern Italy

Southern Italy (Sud Italia,, or Italia meridionale,; 'o Sudde; Italia dû Suddi), also known as Meridione or Mezzogiorno (Miezojuorno; Menzujornu), is a macroregion of Italy consisting of its southern regions.

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Sovereign Military Order of Malta

The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), officially the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, di Rodi e di Malta; Supremus Militaris Ordo Hospitalarius Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodiensis et Melitensis), commonly known as the Order of Malta or Knights of Malta, is a Catholic lay religious order, traditionally of a military, chivalric, and noble nature. Benito Mussolini and Sovereign Military Order of Malta are knights of Malta.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española) was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalists.

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Spazio vitale

Spazio vitale ("living space") was the territorial expansionist concept of Italian Fascism.

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Split, Croatia

Split (Spalato:; see other names), is the second-largest city of Croatia after the capital Zagreb, the largest city in Dalmatia and the largest city on the Croatian coast.

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Squadrismo

Squadrismo was the movement of squadre d'azione (English: action squads), the fascist militias that were organised outside the authority of the Italian state and led by local leaders called ras (a title given to Abyssinian headmen).

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SS Rex

SS Rex was an Italian ocean liner launched in 1931.

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State religion

A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.

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Statuto Albertino

The Statuto Albertino (English: Albertine Statute) was the constitution granted by King Charles Albert of Sardinia to the Kingdom of Sardinia on 4 March 1848 and written in Italian and French.

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Stonemasonry

Stonemasonry or stonecraft is the creation of buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone as the primary material.

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Stresa Front

The Stresa Front was an agreement made in Stresa, a town on the banks of Lake Maggiore in Italy, between French prime minister Pierre-Étienne Flandin (with Pierre Laval), British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald, and Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini on 14 April 1935.

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Strike action

Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike and industrial action in British English, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.

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Subsidy

A subsidy or government incentive is a type of government expenditure for individuals and households, as well as businesses with the aim of stabilizing the economy.

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Sudetenland

The Sudetenland (Czech and Sudety) is the historical German name for the northern, southern, and western areas of former Czechoslovakia which were inhabited primarily by Sudeten Germans.

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Sword of Islam (Mussolini)

The Sword of Islam (Sayf al-Islām) was a ceremonial weapon given in 1937 to Benito Mussolini, who was pronounced as the Protector of Islam (Hāmī al-Islām).

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Syndicalism

Syndicalism is a revolutionary current within the labour movement that, through industrial unionism, seeks to unionize workers according to industry and advance their demands through strikes, with the eventual goal of gaining control over the means of production and the economy at large through social ownership.

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Tariff

A tariff is a tax imposed by the government of a country or by a supranational union on imports or exports of goods.

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Technophobia

Technophobia (from Greek τέχνη technē, "art, skill, craft" and φόβος phobos, "fear"), also known as technofear, is the fear or dislike of, or discomfort with, advanced technology or complex devices, especially personal computers, smartphones, and tablet computers.

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The Anatomy of Fascism

The Anatomy of Fascism is a 2004 book by Robert O. Paxton, published by Alfred A. Knopf.

See Benito Mussolini and The Anatomy of Fascism

The Atlantic

The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher.

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The Blitz

The Blitz was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom, in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War.

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The Doctrine of Fascism

"The Doctrine of Fascism" (italics) is an essay attributed to Benito Mussolini.

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The Herald (Glasgow)

The Herald is a Scottish broadsheet newspaper founded in 1783.

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The Illustrated London News

The Illustrated London News, founded by Herbert Ingram and first published on Saturday 14 May 1842, was the world's first illustrated weekly news magazine.

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The Myth of the Twentieth Century

The Myth of the Twentieth Century (Der Mythus des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts) is a 1930 book by Alfred Rosenberg, a Nazi theorist and official who was convicted of crimes against humanity and other crimes at the Nuremberg trials and executed in 1946.

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The People of Freedom

The People of Freedom (Il Popolo della Libertà, PdL) was a centre-right political party in Italy.

See Benito Mussolini and The People of Freedom

The Times

The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London.

See Benito Mussolini and The Times

TIGR

TIGR (an acronym of the place-names Trst, Istra, Gorica, and Reka), fully the Revolutionary Organization of the Julian March T.I.G.R. (Revolucionarna organizacija Julijske krajine T.I.G.R.), was a militant anti-fascist and insurgent organization established as a response to the Fascist Italianization of the Slovene and Croat people on part of the former Austro-Hungarian territories that became part of Italy after the First World War, and were known at the time as the Julian March.

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Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

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Totalitarianism

Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.

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Traditionalist conservatism

Traditionalist conservatism, often known as classical conservatism, is a political and social philosophy that emphasizes the importance of transcendent moral principles, manifested through certain posited natural laws to which it is claimed society should adhere.

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Treaty of Lausanne

The Treaty of Lausanne (Traité de Lausanne, Lozan Antlaşması.) is a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–23 and signed in the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923.

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Treaty of London (1915)

The Treaty of London (Trattato di Londra) or the Pact of London (Patto di Londra) was a secret agreement concluded on 26 April 1915 by the United Kingdom, France, and Russia on the one part, and Italy on the other, in order to entice the latter to enter World War I on the side of the Triple Entente.

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Treaty of Rome (1924)

The Treaty of Rome was agreed on 27 January 1924, when Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes agreed that Fiume would be annexed to Italy as the Province of Fiume, and the town of Sušak would be part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

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Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919.

See Benito Mussolini and Treaty of Versailles

Treccani

The Institute of the Italian Encyclopaedia Treccani (Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani), also known as the Treccani Institute, is a cultural institution of national interest, active in the publishing field, founded by Giovanni Treccani in 1925.

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Trentino

Provincia autonoma di Trento (Provinzia Autonoma de Trent; Autonome Provinz Trient), commonly known as Trentino, is an autonomous province of Italy in the country's far north.

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Trento

Trento (or; Ladin and Trent; Trient; Tria), also known in English as Trent, is a city on the Adige River in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in Italy.

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Treviglio

Treviglio (Treì) is a town and comune (i.e. municipality) in the province of Bergamo, in Lombardy, Northern Italy.

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Tunisian campaign

The Tunisian campaign (also known as the Battle of Tunisia) was a series of battles that took place in Tunisia during the North African campaign of the Second World War, between Axis and Allied forces from 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943.

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Turin

Turin (Torino) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy.

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Ulrich von Hassell

Christian August Ulrich von Hassell (12 November 1881 – 8 September 1944) was a German diplomat during World War II.

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Umberto II of Italy

Umberto II (15 September 190418 March 1983) was the last King of Italy. Benito Mussolini and Umberto II of Italy are field marshals of Italy, grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles and Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland).

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Unemployment

Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the reference period.

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Unification of Italy

The unification of Italy (Unità d'Italia), also known as the Risorgimento, was the 19th century political and social movement that in 1861 resulted in the consolidation of various states of the Italian Peninsula and its outlying isles into a single state, the Kingdom of Italy.

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Universal Newsreel

Universal Newsreel (sometimes known as Universal-International Newsreel or just U-I Newsreel) was a series of 7- to 10-minute newsreels that were released twice a week between 1929 and 1967 by Universal Studios.

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University of Lausanne

The University of Lausanne (UNIL; Université de Lausanne) in Lausanne, Switzerland was founded in 1537 as a school of Protestant theology, before being made a university in 1890.

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University of Michigan Press

The University of Michigan Press is a new university press (NUP) that is a part of Michigan Publishing at the University of Michigan Library.

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Uprising in Montenegro (1941)

The Uprising in Montenegro, commonly known as the 13 July Uprising was an uprising against Italian occupation forces in Montenegro (Axis occupied Yugoslavia).

See Benito Mussolini and Uprising in Montenegro (1941)

Urbano Lazzaro

Urbano Lazzaro (November 4, 1924 – January 3, 2006) was an Italian resistance fighter who played an important role in capturing Benito Mussolini near the end of World War II.

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Vanguardism

Vanguardism, in the context of Leninist revolutionary struggle, relates to a strategy whereby the most class-conscious and politically "advanced" sections of the proletariat or working class, described as the revolutionary vanguard, form organizations to advance the objectives of communism.

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Var (river)

The Var (Varo; Varus) is a river located in the southeast of France.

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Vatican City

Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy.

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Vatican Radio

Vatican Radio (Radio Vaticana; Statio Radiophonica Vaticana) is the official broadcasting service of Vatican City.

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Vichy France

Vichy France (Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State (État français), was the French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Benito Mussolini and Vichy France are anti-Masonry.

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Victor Emmanuel III

Victor Emmanuel III (11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947), born Vittorio Emanuele Ferdinando Maria Gennaro di Savoia, was King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946. Benito Mussolini and Victor Emmanuel III are Annulled Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles, italian people of World War II, Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) and world War II political leaders.

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Vilfredo Pareto

Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto (born Wilfried Fritz Pareto; 15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923) was an Italian polymath, whose areas of interest included sociology, civil engineering, economics, political science, and philosophy. Benito Mussolini and Vilfredo Pareto are italian anti-communists and italian newspaper founders.

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Villa Borghese gardens

Villa Borghese is a landscape garden in Rome, containing a number of buildings, museums (see Galleria Borghese) and attractions.

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Villa Mussolini

Villa Mussolini is a seaside villa in Riccione, in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy.

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Violet Gibson

Violet Albina Gibson (31 August 1876 – 2 May 1956) was an Irish-born British woman who attempted to assassinate Benito Mussolini in 1926.

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Virgil

Publius Vergilius Maro (traditional dates 15 October 70 BC21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period.

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Vittorio Mussolini

Vittorio Mussolini (27 September 1916 – 12 June 1997) was an Italian film critic and producer. Benito Mussolini and Vittorio Mussolini are Mussolini family.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. Benito Mussolini and Vladimir Lenin are 20th-century atheists and leaders who took power by coup.

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Waffen-SS

The Waffen-SS was the combat branch of the Nazi Party's paramilitary Schutzstaffel (SS) organisation.

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Walter Audisio

Walter Audisio (28 June 1909 – 11 October 1973) was an Italian partisan and communist politician, also known by his nom-de-guerre Colonel Valerio. Benito Mussolini and Walter Audisio are 20th-century Italian politicians.

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Wartime collaboration

Wartime collaboration is cooperation with the enemy against one's country of citizenship in wartime.

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Weapon

A weapon, arm, or armament is any implement or device that is used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill.

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Western Desert campaign

The Western Desert campaign (Desert War) took place in the deserts of Egypt and Libya and was the main theatre in the North African campaign of the Second World War.

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Wolf's Lair

The Wolf's Lair (Wolfsschanze; Wilczy Szaniec) served as Adolf Hitler's first Eastern Front military headquarters in World War II.

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World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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World War I reparations

Following their defeat in World War I, the Central Powers agreed to pay war reparations to the Allied Powers.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Wristband

Wristbands are encircling strips worn on the wrist or lower forearm.

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Ze'ev Jabotinsky

Ze'ev Jabotinsky (Ze'ev Zhabotinski; born Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky; 17 October 1880 – 3 August 1940) was a Revisionist Zionist leader, author, poet, orator, soldier, and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa.

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Zionism

Zionism is an ethno-cultural nationalist movement that emerged in Europe in the late 19th century and aimed for the establishment of a Jewish state through the colonization of a land outside of Europe.

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Zog I

Zog I (Ahmed Muhtar Zogolli; 8 October 18959 April 1961) was the leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939. Benito Mussolini and Zog I are Recipients of the Order of the White Lion.

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10th Army (Italy)

The 10th Army (10ª Armata) was a field army of the Royal Italian Army, which fought in World War I and in Italian North Africa during World War II.

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11th Bersaglieri Regiment

The 11th Bersaglieri Regiment (11° Reggimento Bersaglieri) is an active unit of the Italian Army based in Orcenico Superiore in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region.

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1921 Italian general election

General elections were held in Italy on 15 May 1921.

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1924 Italian general election

General elections were held in Italy on 6 April 1924 to elect the members of the Chamber of Deputies.

See Benito Mussolini and 1924 Italian general election

1929 Italian general election

General elections were held in Italy on 24 March 1929 to elect the members of the Chamber of Deputies.

See Benito Mussolini and 1929 Italian general election

2013 Italian general election

The 2013 Italian general election was held on 24 and 25 February 2013 to determine the 630 members of the Chamber of Deputies and the 315 elective members of the Senate of the Republic for the 17th Italian Parliament.

See Benito Mussolini and 2013 Italian general election

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini

Also known as Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, Benito Amilcare Mussolini, Benito Andrea Mussolini, Benito Musolini, Benito Mussalini, Benito Mussilini, Benito Mussolini's religious beliefs, Benito Mussollini, Benny Mussolini, Make the trains run on time, Mouselini, Mouselinni, Moussolini, Muselini, Musolini, Musollini, Mussalini, Mussloini, Mussolini, Mussolini, Benito, Mussolini, Benito, 1883-1945, Mussolinian, Racial views of Benito Mussolini, Religious views of Benito Mussolini.

, Attilio Teruzzi, Augustus, Austria-Hungary, Autarky, Authoritarianism, Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista, Avanti! 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Loreto, Pierre Laval, Pietro Badoglio, Pietro Gazzera, Plato, Plutocracy, Podestà, Police state, Political commissar, Politician, Pontine Marshes, Ponza, Pope, Pope Pius XI, Predappio, Price controls, Prime Minister of Italy, Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, Proletarian nation, Propaganda in Fascist Italy, Province of Belluno, Province of Forlì-Cesena, Province of Ljubljana, Province of Palermo, Province of Trieste, Pseudonym, Pula, Puppet state, Rachele Mussolini, Racial segregation, Raffaele de Courten, Raffaele Guariglia, Rapprochement, Rationalism, Ravenna, Reactionary, Recession, Red Week (Italy), Referendum, Reformism, Renato Ricci, Renato Sandalli, Republic (Plato), Republican Fascist Party, Republicanism, Revisionism (Marxism), Revolutionary, Rijeka, Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, Rodolfo Graziani, Romagna, Roman Empire, Roman Ghetto, Roman Italy, Romano Mussolini, Rosa Maltoni, Routledge, Royal Air Force, Royal Italian Army, Royal Italian Army during 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Fascism, The Herald (Glasgow), The Illustrated London News, The Myth of the Twentieth Century, The People of Freedom, The Times, TIGR, Time (magazine), Totalitarianism, Traditionalist conservatism, Treaty of Lausanne, Treaty of London (1915), Treaty of Rome (1924), Treaty of Versailles, Treccani, Trentino, Trento, Treviglio, Tunisian campaign, Turin, Ulrich von Hassell, Umberto II of Italy, Unemployment, Unification of Italy, Universal Newsreel, University of Lausanne, University of Michigan Press, Uprising in Montenegro (1941), Urbano Lazzaro, Vanguardism, Var (river), Vatican City, Vatican Radio, Vichy France, Victor Emmanuel III, Vilfredo Pareto, Villa Borghese gardens, Villa Mussolini, Violet Gibson, Virgil, Vittorio Mussolini, Vladimir Lenin, Waffen-SS, Walter Audisio, Wartime collaboration, Weapon, Western Desert campaign, Wolf's Lair, World War I, World War I reparations, World War II, Wristband, Ze'ev Jabotinsky, Zionism, Zog I, 10th Army (Italy), 11th Bersaglieri Regiment, 1921 Italian general election, 1924 Italian general election, 1929 Italian general election, 2013 Italian general election.

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Benito Mussolini

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