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153 relations: Aerodramus, Africa, Allopatric speciation, Americas, Animal communication, Animal echolocation, Animal language, Anti-exhaustion hypothesis, Antonio Vivaldi, Ask a Biologist, Australia, Babbling, Barred owl, Basal ganglia, BBC, Beatrice Harrison, Bertel Bruun, Bioacoustics, Biological specificity, Biomusic, Biophony, Bird, Bird vocalization, Birds in music, Birdwatching, Black jacobin, Black-capped chickadee, Black-throated blue warbler, Brainstem, Brown thrasher, Bushshrike, Canada, Cerebral cortex, Chandler Robbins, Charles Darwin, Chicken, Chris Watson (musician), Chromatography, Cock a doodle doo, Collocalia, Common linnet, Common starling, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cross-fostering, Crow (poetry), David Rothenberg, Dawn chorus (birds), Desert, Dialect, Dihydrotestosterone, ..., Donald J. Borror, Drongo, Drumming (snipe), Efference copy, Emu (journal), Eric Simms (ornithologist), Eurasia, Eurasian treecreeper, Flight call, FOXP2, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Grammar, Great tit, Herd, Homology (biology), Hoopoe, House sparrow, HVC (avian brain region), Hypoglossal nerve, Hypoglossal nucleus, Imitation, Infrasound, Irene Pepperberg, John Keats, Language, Language acquisition, Language of the birds, Larynx, Lateralization of bird song, Lombard effect, Ludwig Karl Koch, Ludwig van Beethoven, Lyrebird, Macaque, Magnocellular cell, Mammal, Manakin, Melatonin, Michigan State University, Mimicry, Mirafra, Mirror neuron, Mixed-species foraging flock, Mobbing (animal behavior), Mockingbird, Motor learning, Motor neuron, Music, Musical note, Neuron, Neurophysiology, New England, Ode to a Nightingale, Oilbird, Old World babbler, Order (biology), Ornithology, Ottorino Respighi, Parrot, Passerine, Percussion instrument, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Persian literature, Pied butcherbird, Pitch (music), Poetry, Premotor cortex, Primate, Rhythm, Scimitar babbler, Sensory neuron, Sexual dimorphism, Sexual selection, Shazam (application), Snipe, Sonation, Sound, Speciation, Spectrogram, Speech, Sri Lanka, Starling, Stork, Stridulation, Swamp sparrow, Syrinx (bird anatomy), Talking bird, Ted Hughes, Territory (animal), The Conference of the Birds, The Guardian, The Sibley Guide to Birds, The Windhover, Theory of mind, To a Skylark, Trachea, Vinkensport, Vocal learning, Western capercaillie, White-throated sparrow, Woodpecker, Xeno-canto, Zebra finch. Expand index (103 more) »
Aerodramus
Aerodramus is a genus of small, dark, cave-nesting birds in the Collocaliini tribe of the swift family.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Allopatric speciation
Allopatric speciation (from the ancient Greek allos, meaning "other", and patris, meaning "fatherland"), also referred to as geographic speciation, vicariant speciation, or its earlier name, the dumbbell model, is a mode of speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange.
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Americas
The Americas (also collectively called America)"America." The Oxford Companion to the English Language.
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Animal communication
Animal communication is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals (sender or senders) to one or more other animals (receiver or receivers) that affects the current or future behavior of the receivers.
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Animal echolocation
Echolocation, also called bio sonar, is the biological sonar used by several kinds of animals.
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Animal language
Animal languages are forms of non-human animal communication that show similarities to human language.
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Anti-exhaustion hypothesis
The anti-exhaustion hypothesis is a possible explanation for the existence of large repertoires and the song switching behaviour exhibited in birds.
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Antonio Vivaldi
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (4 March 1678 – 28 July 1741) was an Italian Baroque musical composer, virtuoso violinist, teacher and cleric.
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Ask a Biologist
Ask A Biologist is a science outreach program originating from Arizona State University's School of Life Sciences.
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Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.
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Babbling
Babbling is a stage in child development and a state in language acquisition during which an infant appears to be experimenting with uttering articulate sounds, but does not yet produce any recognizable words.
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Barred owl
The barred owl (Strix varia), also known as northern barred owl or hoot owl, is a true owl native to eastern North America.
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Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) is a group of subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates including humans, which are situated at the base of the forebrain.
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BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.
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Beatrice Harrison
Beatrice Harrison (9 December 1892 – 10 March 1965) was a British cellist active in the first half of the 20th century.
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Bertel Bruun
Bertel Bruun (November 13, 1937 – September 21, 2011) was a naturalist, international conservationist and neurologist.
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Bioacoustics
Bioacoustics is a cross-disciplinary science that combines biology and acoustics.
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Biological specificity
In biology, biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species.
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Biomusic
Biomusic is a form of experimental music which deals with sounds created or performed by non-humans.
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Biophony
Biophony (also known as the niche hypothesis) consists of the Greek prefix, bio, meaning life, and the suffix, phon, meaning sound.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Bird vocalization
Bird vocalization includes both bird calls and bird songs.
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Birds in music
Birds have played a role in Western Classical music since at least the 14th century, when composers such as Jean Vaillant quoted birdsong in some of their compositions.
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Birdwatching
Birdwatching, or birding, is a form of wildlife observation in which the observation of birds is a recreational activity or citizen science.
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Black jacobin
The black jacobin (Florisuga fusca), previously placed in the monotypic Melanotrochilus, is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae.
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Black-capped chickadee
The black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) is a small, nonmigratory, North American songbird that lives in deciduous and mixed forests.
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Black-throated blue warbler
The black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens) is a small passerine bird of the New World warbler family.
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Brainstem
The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord.
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Brown thrasher
The brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum) is a bird in the family Mimidae, which also includes the New World catbirds and mockingbirds.
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Bushshrike
The bushshrikes are smallish passerine birds.
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Canada
Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.
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Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the largest region of the cerebrum in the mammalian brain and plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.
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Chandler Robbins
Chandler Seymour Robbins (July 17, 1918 – March 20, 2017) was an American ornithologist.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
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Chicken
The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a type of domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the red junglefowl.
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Chris Watson (musician)
Christopher Richard Watson (born 10 December 1952 in Sheffield) is an English musician and sound recordist specialising in natural history.
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Chromatography
Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture.
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Cock a doodle doo
"Cock a doodle doo" is a popular English language nursery rhyme.
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Collocalia
Collocalia is a genus of swifts, containing some of the smaller species termed "swiftlets".
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Common linnet
The common linnet (Linaria cannabina) is a small passerine bird of the finch family, Fringillidae.
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Common starling
The common starling (Sturnus vulgaris), also known as the European starling, or in the British Isles just the starling, is a medium-sized passerine bird in the starling family, Sturnidae.
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Cornell Lab of Ornithology
The Cornell Lab of Ornithology is a member-supported unit of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York which studies birds and other wildlife.
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Cross-fostering
Cross-fostering is a technique used in animal husbandry, animal science, genetic and nature versus nurture studies, and conservation, whereby offspring are removed from their biological parents at birth and raised by surrogates.
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Crow (poetry)
Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow is a literary work by poet Ted Hughes, first published in 1970 by Faber and Faber, and one of Hughes' most important works.
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David Rothenberg
David Rothenberg (born 1962) is a professor of philosophy and music at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, with a special interest in animal sounds as music.
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Dawn chorus (birds)
The dawn chorus occurs when birds sing at the start of a new day.
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Desert
A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.
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Dialect
The term dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word,, "discourse", from,, "through" and,, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.
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Dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), also known as androstanolone or stanolone, is an endogenous androgen sex steroid and hormone.
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Donald J. Borror
Donald Joyce Borror (24 August 1907 – 28 April 1988) was an American entomologist and a pioneer of bioacoustics.
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Drongo
The drongos are a family, Dicruridae, of passerine birds of the Old World tropics.
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Drumming (snipe)
Drumming (also called bleating or winnowing) is a sound produced by snipe as part of their courtship display flights.
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Efference copy
An efference copy or efferent copy is an internal copy of an outflowing (efferent), movement-producing signal generated by the motor system.
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Emu (journal)
Emu, subtitled Austral Ornithology, is the peer-reviewed scientific journal of BirdLife Australia (formerly the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union).
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Eric Simms (ornithologist)
Eric Arthur Simms, DFC (24 August 1921 – 1 March 2009) was an English ornithologist, naturalist, writer, sound recordist, broadcaster and conservationist, as well as a decorated wartime Bomber Command pilot/ bomb-aimer.
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Eurasia
Eurasia is a combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia.
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Eurasian treecreeper
The Eurasian treecreeper or common treecreeper (Certhia familiaris) is a small passerine bird also known in the British Isles, where it is the only living member of its genus, simply as treecreeper.
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Flight call
Flight calls are vocalisations made by birds while flying, which often serve to keep flocks together.
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FOXP2
Forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FOXP2 gene, also known as CAGH44, SPCH1 or TNRC10, and is required for proper development of speech and language.
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Gerard Manley Hopkins
Gerard Manley Hopkins (28 July 1844 – 8 June 1889) was an English poet and Jesuit priest, whose posthumous fame established him among the leading Victorian poets.
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Grammar
In linguistics, grammar (from Greek: γραμματική) is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language.
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Great tit
The great tit (Parus major) is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae.
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Herd
A herd is a social group of certain animals of the same species, either wild or domestic.
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Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.
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Hoopoe
Hoopoes are colourful birds found across Afro-Eurasia, notable for their distinctive "crown" of feathers.
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House sparrow
The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world.
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HVC (avian brain region)
HVC (formerly, hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudalis (HVc), and high vocal center) is a nucleus in the brain of the songbirds (order passeriformes) necessary for both the learning and the production of bird song.
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Hypoglossal nerve
The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve, and innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for the palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve.
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Hypoglossal nucleus
The hypoglossal nucleus is a cranial nerve nucleus, and it extends the length of the medulla, and being a motor nucleus, is close to the midline.
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Imitation
Imitation (from Latin imitatio, "a copying, imitation") is an advanced behavior whereby an individual observes and replicates another's behavior.
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Infrasound
Infrasound, sometimes referred to as low-frequency sound, is sound that is lower in frequency than 20 Hz or cycles per second, the "normal" limit of human hearing.
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Irene Pepperberg
Irene Maxine Pepperberg (born April 1, 1949 in Brooklyn, New York) is a scientist noted for her studies in animal cognition, particularly in relation to parrots.
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John Keats
John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English Romantic poet.
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Language
Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.
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Language acquisition
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.
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Language of the birds
In mythology, medieval literature and occultism, the language of the birds is postulated as a mystical, perfect divine language, green language, adamic language, Enochian, angelic language or a mythical or magical language used by birds to communicate with the initiated.
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Larynx
The larynx, commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck of tetrapods involved in breathing, producing sound, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
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Lateralization of bird song
Passerine birds produce song through the vocal organ, the syrinx, which is composed of bilaterally symmetric halves located where the trachea separates into the two bronchi.
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Lombard effect
issue.
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Ludwig Karl Koch
Ludwig Karl Koch MBE (13 November 1881, Frankfurt am Main – 4 May 1974, Harrow, London) was a broadcaster and sound recordist.
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Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 1770Beethoven was baptised on 17 December. His date of birth was often given as 16 December and his family and associates celebrated his birthday on that date, and most scholars accept that he was born on 16 December; however there is no documentary record of his birth.26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist.
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Lyrebird
A lyrebird is either of two species of ground-dwelling Australian birds that compose the genus Menura, and the family Menuridae.
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Macaque
The macaques (or pronunciation by Oxford Dictionaries) constitute a genus (Macaca) of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae.
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Magnocellular cell
Magnocellular cells, also called M-cells, are neurons located within the Adina magnocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Manakin
The manakins are a family, Pipridae, of small suboscine passerine birds.
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Melatonin
Melatonin, also known as N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine, is a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in animals and regulates sleep and wakefulness.
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Michigan State University
Michigan State University (MSU) is a public research university in East Lansing, Michigan, United States.
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Mimicry
In evolutionary biology, mimicry is a similarity of one organism, usually an animal, to another that has evolved because the resemblance is selectively favoured by the behaviour of a shared signal receiver that can respond to both.
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Mirafra
Mirafra is a genus of lark in the Alaudidae family.
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Mirror neuron
A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another.
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Mixed-species foraging flock
A mixed-species feeding flock, also termed a mixed-species foraging flock, mixed hunting party or informally bird wave, is a flock of usually insectivorous birds of different species that join each other and move together while foraging.
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Mobbing (animal behavior)
Mobbing in animals is an antipredator adaptation in which individuals of prey species mob a predator by cooperatively attacking or harassing it, usually to protect their offspring.
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Mockingbird
Mockingbirds are a group of New World passerine birds from the Mimidae family.
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Motor learning
Motor learning is a change, resulting from practice or a novel experience, in the capability for responding.
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Motor neuron
A motor neuron (or motoneuron) is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands.
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Music
Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time.
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Musical note
In music, a note is the pitch and duration of a sound, and also its representation in musical notation (♪, ♩).
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Neurophysiology
Neurophysiology (from Greek νεῦρον, neuron, "nerve"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia, "knowledge") is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that is concerned with the study of the functioning of the nervous system.
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New England
New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeastern United States: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.
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Ode to a Nightingale
"Ode to a Nightingale" is a poem by John Keats written either in the garden of the Spaniards Inn, Hampstead, London or, according to Keats' friend Charles Armitage Brown, under a plum tree in the garden of Keats' house at Wentworth Place, also in Hampstead.
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Oilbird
The oilbird (Steatornis caripensis), locally known as the guácharo, is a bird species found in the northern areas of South America including the island of Trinidad.
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Old World babbler
The Old World babblers or Timaliidae are a family of mostly Old World passerine birds.
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Order (biology)
In biological classification, the order (ordo) is.
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Ornithology
Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds.
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Ottorino Respighi
Ottorino Respighi (9 July 187918 April 1936) was an Italian violinist, composer and musicologist, best known for his three orchestral tone poems Fountains of Rome (1916), Pines of Rome (1924), and Roman Festivals (1928).
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Parrot
Parrots, also known as psittacines, are birds of the roughly 393 species in 92 genera that make up the order Psittaciformes, found in most tropical and subtropical regions.
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Passerine
A passerine is any bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species.
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Percussion instrument
A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater (including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles); struck, scraped or rubbed by hand; or struck against another similar instrument.
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Percy Bysshe Shelley
Percy Bysshe Shelley (4 August 17928 July 1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets, and is regarded by some as among the finest lyric and philosophical poets in the English language, and one of the most influential.
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Persian literature
Persian literature (ادبیات فارسی adabiyāt-e fārsi), comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and it is one of the world's oldest literatures.
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Pied butcherbird
The pied butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis) is a songbird native to Australia.
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Pitch (music)
Pitch is a perceptual property of sounds that allows their ordering on a frequency-related scale, or more commonly, pitch is the quality that makes it possible to judge sounds as "higher" and "lower" in the sense associated with musical melodies.
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Poetry
Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term, poiesis, "making") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.
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Premotor cortex
The premotor cortex is an area of motor cortex lying within the frontal lobe of the brain just anterior to the primary motor cortex.
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Primate
A primate is a mammal of the order Primates (Latin: "prime, first rank").
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Rhythm
Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός, rhythmos, "any regular recurring motion, symmetry") generally means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions".
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Scimitar babbler
The scimitar babblers are birds in the genera Pomatorhinus and Jabouilleia of the large Old World babbler family of passerines.
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Sensory neuron
Sensory neurons also known as afferent neurons are neurons that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded potentials.
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Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs.
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Sexual selection
Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection).
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Shazam (application)
Shazam is an application developed by Shazam Entertainment Ltd.
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Snipe
A snipe is any of about 26 wading bird species in three genera in the family Scolopacidae.
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Sonation
Sonation is the sound produced by birds, using mechanisms other than the syrinx.
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Sound
In physics, sound is a vibration that typically propagates as an audible wave of pressure, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid.
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Speciation
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.
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Spectrogram
A spectrogram is a visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies of sound or other signal as they vary with time.
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Speech
Speech is the vocalized form of communication used by humans and some animals, which is based upon the syntactic combination of items drawn from the lexicon.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකා; Tamil: இலங்கை Ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea.
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Starling
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Sturnidae.
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Stork
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long, stout bills.
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Stridulation
Stridulation is the act of producing sound by rubbing together certain body parts.
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Swamp sparrow
The swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) is a medium-sized sparrow related to the song sparrow.
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Syrinx (bird anatomy)
The syrinx (Greek σύριγξ for pan pipes) is the vocal organ of birds.
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Talking bird
Talking birds are birds that can mimic the spoken language of humans.
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Ted Hughes
Edward James Hughes (17 August 1930 – 28 October 1998) was an English poet and children's writer.
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Territory (animal)
In ethology, territory is the sociographical area that an animal of a particular species consistently defends against conspecifics (or, occasionally, animals of other species).
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The Conference of the Birds
The Conference of the Birds or Speech of the Birds (منطق الطیر, Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr, also known as مقامات الطیور Maqāmāt-uṭ-Ṭuyūr; 1177), is a celebrated literary masterpiece of Persian literature by poet Farid ud-Din Attar, commonly known as Attar of Nishapur.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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The Sibley Guide to Birds
The Sibley Guide to Birds is a reference work and field guide for the birds found in the United States and Canada.
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The Windhover
"The Windhover" is a sonnet by Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–1889).
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Theory of mind
Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.
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To a Skylark
"To a Skylark" is a poem completed by Percy Bysshe Shelley in late June 1820 and published accompanying his lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound by Charles and James Collier in London.
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Trachea
The trachea, colloquially called the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs.
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Vinkensport
Vinkensport (Dutch for "finch sport") is a competitive animal sport in which male common chaffinches are made to compete for the highest number of bird calls in an hour.
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Vocal learning
Vocal learning is the ability to modify acoustic and syntactic sounds, acquire new sounds via imitation, and produce vocalizations.
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Western capercaillie
The western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), also known as the wood grouse, heather cock, or just capercaillie, is the largest member of the grouse family.
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White-throated sparrow
The white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) is a passerine bird of the American sparrow family Passerellidae.
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Woodpecker
Woodpeckers are part of the family Picidae, a group of near-passerine birds that also consist of piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers.
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Xeno-canto
xeno-canto is a citizen science project in which volunteers record, upload and annotate recordings of birdsong and bird calls.
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Zebra finch
The zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), is the most common estrildid finch of Central Australia and ranges over most of the continent, avoiding only the cool moist south and some areas of the tropical far north.
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Redirects here:
Bird Song, Bird call, Bird calls, Bird identification, Bird identification through sound, Bird song, Bird songs, Bird vocalisation, Bird vocalisations, Bird vocalizations, Bird-call, Bird-calls, Bird-song, Bird-songs, Birdcall, Birdcalls, Birdsong, Birdsongs, Chirp (bird call), Chirping birds, Chirrup, Chirrups, Fågelsång, Tweet (bird call).
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_vocalization
