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173 relations: Accrington brick, Acid brick, Anatolia, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Arris, Asphalt concrete, Autoclave, Autoclaved aerated concrete, Çatalhöyük, Babylon, Banna'i, Baroque architecture, Berlin, Bogotá, Bradley & Craven Ltd, Brick clamp, Brick Gothic, Brick tax, Brickwork, Brickworks, Bristol, Buhen, Building material, Building Research Establishment, Bulk cargo, Cali, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Canal, Cast iron, Ceramic building material, Ceramic glaze, Chengtoushan, Chimney, Clay, Clinker brick, Colombia, Colourant, Compressed earth block, Concrete, Concrete masonry unit, Conveyor belt, Cream City brick, Daxi culture, Denmark, Die (manufacturing), Diyarbakır, Dutch brick, Dutch people, Early Middle Ages, ..., Engineering brick, ETH Zurich, Expanded clay aggregate, Fareham red brick, Farmhouse, Fire brick, Flint, Fly ash brick, Folkestone, Furnace, Germany, Glass, Glossary of British bricklaying, Gothic architecture, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Green Gate, Grog (clay), Hainan, Harappa, Hydraulics, Inch, India, Indus River, Industrial Revolution, Ironstone, Ishtar Gate, Italian Renaissance, Italy, Jericho, Kalibangan, Kiln, Lübeck, Lime (material), List of Brick Renaissance buildings, London, London stock brick, Masonry, Mediterranean Sea, Mehrgarh, Metallurgy, Michigan, Middlesex, Millimetre, Ming dynasty, Mohenjo-daro, Monadnock Building, Mortar (masonry), Mudéjar, Mudbrick, Munich, Munich Frauenkirche, Nanak Shahi bricks, Netherlands, Normanby, Redcar and Cleveland, Northern Europe, Opus africanum, Opus latericium, Opus mixtum, Opus reticulatum, Opus spicatum, Opus vittatum, Oxbridge, Pascal (unit), Patent, Pedestrian zone, Pergamon Museum, Periclase, Poland, Polychrome brickwork, Porosity, Portland, Oregon, Pugmill, Quartz, Qujialing culture, Radzyń Chełmiński, Rail transport, Red brick university, Refractory, Renaissance architecture, Road, Rogelio Salmona, Roman brick, Roman Empire, Roman legion, Russia, Salt glaze pottery, Schwerin, Schwerin Palace, Silicon dioxide, Skyscraper, Slip (ceramics), Song dynasty, Song Yingxing, South Eastern Railway, UK, Spain, St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre, Staffordshire blue brick, Stockade Building System, Tamil Nadu, Tell Aswad, Teruel, Thames & Hudson, Thermal shock, Thornbury Castle, Tigris, Tile, Timothy Brook, Tivoli, Lazio, Toruń, Traffic calming, United Kingdom, USA Today, Wageningen, Water, Watford, Western Zhou, Wienerberger, Wismar, Wrought iron, Xi'an, Yingzao Fashi, 1906 San Francisco earthquake, 1933 Long Beach earthquake. Expand index (123 more) »
Accrington brick
Accrington bricks, or Noris are a type of iron-hard engineering brick, produced in Altham near Accrington, Lancashire, England from 1887 to 2008 and again from 2015.
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Acid brick
Acid brick or acid resistant brick is a specially made form of masonry brick that is chemically resistant and thermally durable.
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Anatolia
Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.
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Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 13th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (AD 600).
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Ancient Rome
In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.
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Arris
In architecture, an arris is the sharp edge formed by the intersection of two surfaces, such as the corner of a masonry unit; the edge of a timber in timber framing; the junction between two planes of plaster or any intersection of divergent architectural details.
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Asphalt concrete
Asphalt concrete (commonly called asphalt, blacktop, or pavement in North America, and tarmac, bitumen macadam or rolled asphalt in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland) is a composite material commonly used to surface roads, parking lots, airports, as well as the core of embankment dams.
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Autoclave
An autoclave is a pressure chamber used to carry out industrial processes requiring elevated temperature and pressure different from ambient air pressure.
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Autoclaved aerated concrete
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), also known as autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC), autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC), autoclaved concrete, cellular concrete, porous concrete, Aircrete, Hebel Block, and Ytong is a lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material invented in the mid-1920s that simultaneously provides structure, insulation, and fire- and mold-resistance.
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Çatalhöyük
Çatalhöyük (also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük; from Turkish çatal "fork" + höyük "mound") was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC.
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Babylon
Babylon (KA2.DIĜIR.RAKI Bābili(m); Aramaic: בבל, Babel; بَابِل, Bābil; בָּבֶל, Bavel; ܒܒܠ, Bāwēl) was a key kingdom in ancient Mesopotamia from the 18th to 6th centuries BC.
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Banna'i
In Iranian architecture, banna'i (بنائی, "builder's technique" in Persian) is an architectural decorative art in which glazed tiles are alternated with plain bricks to create geometric patterns over the surface of a wall or to spell out sacred names or pious phrases.
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Baroque architecture
Baroque architecture is the building style of the Baroque era, begun in late 16th-century Italy, that took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church.
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Berlin
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.
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Bogotá
Bogotá, officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca.
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Bradley & Craven Ltd
Bradley & Craven Ltd was a manufacturing company specializing in brickmaking machinery in Wakefield England.
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Brick clamp
A brick clamp is a traditional method of baking bricks, done by stacking the unbaked bricks with fuel under or among them and then setting the fuel on fire.
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Brick Gothic
Brick Gothic (Backsteingotik, Gotyk ceglany, Baksteengotiek) is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northwest and Central Europe especially in the regions in and around the Baltic Sea, which do not have resources of standing rock, but in many places a lot of glacial boulders.
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Brick tax
The brick tax was a property tax introduced in Great Britain in 1784, during the reign of King George III, to help pay for the wars in the American Colonies.
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Brickwork
Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using bricks and mortar.
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Brickworks
A brickworks, also known as a brick factory, is a factory for the manufacturing of bricks, from clay or shale.
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Bristol
Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 456,000.
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Buhen
Buhen was an ancient Egyptian settlement situated on the West bank of the Nile below (to the North of) the Second Cataract in what is now Northern State, Sudan.
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Building material
Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes.
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Building Research Establishment
Building Research Establishment (BRE) is a centre of building science in the United Kingdom, owned by charitable organisation the BRE Trust.
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Bulk cargo
Bulk cargo is commodity cargo that is transported unpackaged in large quantities.
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Cali
Santiago de Cali, usually known by its short name "Cali", is the capital of the Valle del Cauca department, and the most populous city in southwest Colombia, with an estimated 2,319,655 residents according to 2005-2020/DANE population projections.
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Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and part of the Boston metropolitan area.
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Canal
Canals, or navigations, are human-made channels, or artificial waterways, for water conveyance, or to service water transport vehicles.
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Cast iron
Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%.
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Ceramic building material
Ceramic building material, often abbreviated to CBM, is an umbrella term used in archaeology to cover all building materials made from baked clay.
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Ceramic glaze
Ceramic glaze is an impervious layer or coating of a vitreous substance which has been fused to a ceramic body through firing.
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Chengtoushan
Chengtoushan was a Neolithic settlement located on the northwestern edge of Dongting Lake in Li County, Hunan, China.
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Chimney
A chimney is a structure that provides ventilation for hot flue gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere.
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Clay
Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO2), metal oxides (Al2O3, MgO etc.) and organic matter.
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Clinker brick
Clinker bricks are partially-vitrified bricks used in the construction of buildings.
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Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America.
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Colourant
A colourant/colour additive (British spelling) or colorant/color additive (American spelling) is a substance that is added or applied in order to change the colour of a material or surface.
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Compressed earth block
A compressed earth block (CEB), also known as a pressed earth block or a compressed soil block, is a building material made primarily from damp soil compressed at high pressure to form blocks.
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Concrete
Concrete, usually Portland cement concrete, is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time—most frequently a lime-based cement binder, such as Portland cement, but sometimes with other hydraulic cements, such as a calcium aluminate cement.
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Concrete masonry unit
A concrete masonry unit (CMU) is a standard size rectangular block used in building construction.
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Conveyor belt
A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system (often shortened to belt conveyor).
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Cream City brick
Cream City brick is a cream or light yellow-colored brick made from a clay found around Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the Menomonee River Valley and on the western banks of Lake Michigan.
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Daxi culture
The Daxi culture (5000–3300 BC) was a Neolithic culture centered in the Three Gorges region around the middle Yangtze, China.
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Denmark
Denmark (Danmark), officially the Kingdom of Denmark,Kongeriget Danmark,.
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Die (manufacturing)
A die is a specialized tool used in manufacturing industries to cut or shape material mostly using a press.
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Diyarbakır
Diyarbakır (Amida, script) is one of the largest cities in southeastern Turkey.
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Dutch brick
Dutch brick is a type of brick made in the Netherlands, or similar brick, and an architectural style of building with brick developed by the Dutch.
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Dutch people
The Dutch (Dutch), occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, "Nederlanders"—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands.
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Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages or Early Medieval Period, typically regarded as lasting from the 5th or 6th century to the 10th century CE, marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history.
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Engineering brick
Engineering bricks are a type of brick used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue gas) resistance are needed.
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ETH Zurich
ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich) is a science, technology, engineering and mathematics STEM university in the city of Zürich, Switzerland.
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Expanded clay aggregate
Lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) or expanded clay (exclay) is a light weight aggregate made by heating clay to around in a rotary kiln.
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Fareham red brick
Fareham red brick is a famous red-tinged clay brick, from Fareham, Hampshire.
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Farmhouse
A farmhouse is a building that serves as the primary residence in a rural or agricultural setting.
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Fire brick
A fire brick, firebrick, or refractory brick is a block of refractory ceramic material used in lining furnaces, kilns, fireboxes, and fireplaces.
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Flint
Flint is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as a variety of chert.
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Fly ash brick
Fly ash brick (FAB) is a building material, specifically masonry units, containing fly ash and water.
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Folkestone
Folkestone is a port town on the English Channel, in Kent, south-east England.
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Furnace
A furnace is a device used for high-temperature heating.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Glass
Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics.
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Glossary of British bricklaying
*Air brick: A brick with perforations to allow the passage of air through a wall.
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Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages.
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Grand Rapids, Michigan
Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan, and the largest city in West Michigan.
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Green Gate
The Green Gate (Brama Zielona, former Koggentor, now Grünes Tor) in Gdańsk, Poland, is one of the city's most notable tourist attractions.
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Grog (clay)
Grog, also known as firesand and chamotte, is a ceramic raw material.
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Hainan
Hainan is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea.
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Harappa
Harappa (Urdu/ہڑپّہ) is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about west of Sahiwal.
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Hydraulics
Hydraulics (from Greek: Υδραυλική) is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids.
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Inch
The inch (abbreviation: in or &Prime) is a unit of length in the (British) imperial and United States customary systems of measurement now formally equal to yard but usually understood as of a foot.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Indus River
The Indus River (also called the Sindhū) is one of the longest rivers in Asia.
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
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Ironstone
Ironstone is a sedimentary rock, either deposited directly as a ferruginous sediment or created by chemical replacement, that contains a substantial proportion of an iron compound from which iron either can be or once was smelted commercially.
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Ishtar Gate
The Ishtar Gate (بوابة عشتار) was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon.
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Italian Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance (Rinascimento) was the earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century (Trecento) and lasted until the 17th century (Seicento), marking the transition between Medieval and Modern Europe.
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Italy
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Jericho
Jericho (יְרִיחוֹ; أريحا) is a city in the Palestinian Territories and is located near the Jordan River in the West Bank.
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Kalibangan
Kalibangān is a town located at on the left or southern banks of the Ghaggar (Ghaggar-Hakra River) in Tehsil Pilibangān, between Suratgarh and Hanumangarh in Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan, India 205 km.
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Kiln
A kiln (or, originally pronounced "kill", with the "n" silent) is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes.
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Lübeck
Lübeck is a city in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany.
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Lime (material)
Lime is a calcium-containing inorganic mineral in which oxides, and hydroxides predominate.
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List of Brick Renaissance buildings
Brick Renaissance is the Northern European continuation of brick architecture after Brick Romanesque and Brick Gothic.
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London
London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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London stock brick
London stock brick is the type of handmade brick which was used for the majority of building work in London and South East England until the growth in the use of Flettons and other machine-made bricks in the early 20th century.
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Masonry
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
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Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant.
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Mehrgarh
Mehrgarh (Balochi: Mehrgaŕh; مهرګړ; مہرگڑھ), sometimes anglicized as Mehergarh or Mehrgar, is a Neolithic (7000 BCE to c. 2500/2000 BCE) site located near the Bolan Pass on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan, to the west of the Indus River valley.
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Metallurgy
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys.
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Michigan
Michigan is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States.
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Middlesex
Middlesex (abbreviation: Middx) is an historic county in south-east England.
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Millimetre
The millimetre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI unit symbol mm) or millimeter (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one thousandth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length.
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Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China – then known as the – for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.
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Mohenjo-daro
Mohenjo-daro (موئن جو دڙو, meaning 'Mound of the Dead Men'; موئن جو دڑو) is an archaeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan.
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Monadnock Building
The Monadnock Building (historically the Monadnock Block; pronounced) is a skyscraper located at 53 West Jackson Boulevard in the south Loop area of Chicago, Illinois.
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Mortar (masonry)
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units together, fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, and sometimes add decorative colors or patterns in masonry walls.
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Mudéjar
Mudéjar (Mudèjar, مدجن trans. Mudajjan, "tamed; domesticated") is also the name given to Moors or Muslims of Al-Andalus who remained in Iberia after the Christian Reconquista but were not initially forcibly converted to Christianity.
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Mudbrick
A mudbrick or mud-brick is a brick, made of a mixture of loam, mud, sand and water mixed with a binding material such as rice husks or straw.
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Munich
Munich (München; Minga) is the capital and the most populated city in the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps.
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Munich Frauenkirche
The Frauenkirche (Full name: Dom zu Unserer Lieben Frau, Cathedral of Our Dear Lady) is a church in the Bavarian city of Munich that serves as the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising and seat of its Archbishop.
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Nanak Shahi bricks
Nanak Shahi bricks (ਨਾਨਕਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਇੱਟ) were decorative bricks used for structural walls during the Mughal era.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.
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Normanby, Redcar and Cleveland
Normanby is an area in the unitary authority of Redcar and Cleveland and the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England.
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Northern Europe
Northern Europe is the general term for the geographical region in Europe that is approximately north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea.
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Opus africanum
Opus africanum is a form of ashlar masonry used in Carthaginian and ancient Roman architecture, characterized by pillars of vertical blocks of stone alternating with horizontal blocks, filled in with smaller blocks in between.
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Opus latericium
Example of ''opus latericium'' on a tomb of the ancient Appian Way in Rome. Opus latericium (Latin for "brick work") is an ancient Roman form of construction in which coarse-laid brickwork is used to face a core of opus caementicium.
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Opus mixtum
Example of ''Opus mixtum'' in the substruction of Brest Castle, France. Opus mixtum (Latin: "mixed work"), or Opus vagecum and Opus compositum, was an ancient Roman construction technique.
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Opus reticulatum
Opus reticulatum (also known as reticulated work) is a form of brickwork used in ancient Roman architecture.
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Opus spicatum
Opus spicatum, literally "spiked work," is a type of masonry construction used in Roman and medieval times.
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Opus vittatum
Theatre of Augustus in Augusta Raurica. The steps are in ''opus vittatum''. Opus vittatum, also called Opus listatum was an ancient Roman construction technique introduced at the beginning of the fourth century, made by parallel horizontal courses of tuff blocks alternated with bricks.
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Oxbridge
Oxbridge is a portmanteau of "Oxford" and "Cambridge"; the two oldest, most prestigious, and consistently most highly-ranked universities in the United Kingdom.
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Pascal (unit)
The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength.
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Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.
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Pedestrian zone
Pedestrian zones (also known as auto-free zones and car-free zones, and as pedestrian precincts in British English) are areas of a city or town reserved for pedestrian-only use and in which most or all automobile traffic may be prohibited.
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Pergamon Museum
The Pergamon Museum (Pergamonmuseum) is situated on the Museum Island in Berlin.
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Periclase
Periclase is a magnesium mineral that occurs naturally in contact metamorphic rocks and is a major component of most basic refractory bricks.
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Poland
Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.
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Polychrome brickwork
Polychrome brickwork is a style of architectural brickwork which emerged in the 1860s as a feature of gothic revival architecture, wherein bricks of different colours (typically brown, cream and red) were used in patterned combination to highlight architectural features.
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Porosity
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%.
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Portland, Oregon
Portland is the largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County.
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Pugmill
A pugmill or pug mill is a machine in which clay or other materials are mixed into a plastic state or a similar machine for the trituration of ore.
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Quartz
Quartz is a mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2.
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Qujialing culture
The Qujialing culture (3400–2600 BC) was a Neolithic civilisation centered primarily around the middle Yangtze River region in Hubei and Hunan, China.
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Radzyń Chełmiński
Radzyń Chełmiński (Rehden) is a town in Grudziądz County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with 1,946 inhabitants (2004).
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Rail transport
Rail transport is a means of transferring of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks.
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Red brick university
Red brick university (or redbrick university) is a term originally used to refer to nine civic universities founded in the major industrial cities of England in the 19th century, but with the 1960s proliferation of universities and the reclassification of polytechnics in the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, it is sometimes used more broadly to refer to British universities founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in major cities.
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Refractory
A refractory mineral is a mineral that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack.
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Renaissance architecture
Renaissance architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 14th and early 17th centuries in different regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture.
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Road
A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse.
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Rogelio Salmona
Rogelio Salmona (April 28, 1929 – October 3, 2007) was a Colombian architect.
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Roman brick
Roman brick can refer either to a type of brick used in Ancient Roman architecture and spread by the Romans to the lands they conquered; or to a modern type inspired by the ancient prototypes.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.
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Roman legion
A Roman legion (from Latin legio "military levy, conscription", from legere "to choose") was a large unit of the Roman army.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Salt glaze pottery
Salt-glaze or salt glaze pottery is pottery, usually stoneware, with a glaze of glossy, translucent and slightly orange-peel-like texture which was formed by throwing common salt into the kiln during the higher temperature part of the firing process.
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Schwerin
Schwerin (or; Mecklenburgian: Swerin; Polish: Swarzyn or Zwierzyn; Latin: Suerina) is the capital and second-largest city of the northeastern German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
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Schwerin Palace
The Schwerin Palace, also known as Schwerin Castle (Schweriner Schloss), is a palatial schloss located in the city of Schwerin, the capital of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state, Germany.
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Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
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Skyscraper
A skyscraper is a continuously habitable high-rise building that has over 40 floors and is taller than approximately.
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Slip (ceramics)
A slip is a liquid mixture or slurry of clay and/or other materials suspended in water.
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Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (960–1279) was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279.
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Song Yingxing
Song Yingxing (Traditional Chinese: 宋應星; Simplified Chinese: 宋应星; Wade Giles: Sung Ying-Hsing; 1587-1666 AD) was a Chinese scientist and encyclopedist who lived during the late Ming Dynasty (1368–1644).
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South Eastern Railway, UK
The South Eastern Railway (SER) was a railway company in south-eastern England from 1836 until 1922.
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Spain
Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.
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St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre
St.
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Staffordshire blue brick
Staffordshire blue brick is a strong type of construction brick, originally made in Staffordshire, England.
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Stockade Building System
The Stockade Building System was designed by Richard Buckminster Fuller and his father-in-law, James Monroe Hewlett, and was patented in 1927.
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (• tamiḻ nāḍu ? literally 'The Land of Tamils' or 'Tamil Country') is one of the 29 states of India.
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Tell Aswad
Tell Aswad (تل أسود, "Black hill"), Su-uk-su or Shuksa, is a large prehistoric, neolithic tell, about in size, located around from Damascus in Syria, on a tributary of the Barada River at the eastern end of the village of Jdeidet el Khass.
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Teruel
Teruel is a city in Aragon, located in eastern Spain, and is also the capital of Teruel Province.
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Thames & Hudson
Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity) is a publisher of illustrated books on art, architecture, design, and visual culture.
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Thermal shock
Thermal shock occurs when a thermal gradient causes different parts of an object to expand by different amounts.
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Thornbury Castle
Thornbury Castle is a castle in Thornbury, South Gloucestershire, England.
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Tigris
Batman River The Tigris (Sumerian: Idigna or Idigina; Akkadian: 𒁇𒄘𒃼; دجلة Dijlah; ܕܹܩܠܵܬ.; Տիգրիս Tigris; Դգլաթ Dglatʿ;, biblical Hiddekel) is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.
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Tile
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops.
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Timothy Brook
Timothy James Brook (Chinese name: 卜正民; born January 6, 1951) is a Canadian historian, sinologist, and writer specializing in the study of China (sinology).
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Tivoli, Lazio
Tivoli (Tibur) is a town and comune in Lazio, central Italy, about east-north-east of Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine hills.
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Toruń
Toruń (Thorn) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River.
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Traffic calming
Traffic calming uses physical design and other measures to improve safety for motorists, pedestrians and cyclists.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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USA Today
USA Today is an internationally distributed American daily, middle-market newspaper that serves as the flagship publication of its owner, the Gannett Company.
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Wageningen
Wageningen is a municipality and a historic town in the central Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland.
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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Watford
Watford is a town and borough in North West London, England, situated northwest of central London and inside the circumference of the M25 motorway.
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Western Zhou
The Western Zhou (西周; c. 1046 – 771 BC) was the first half of the Zhou dynasty of ancient China.
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Wienerberger
Wienerberger AG is the world’s largest producer of bricks, (Porotherm, Terca) and number one on the clay roof tile market (Koramic, Tondach) in Europe as well as concrete pavers (Semmelrock) in Central and Eastern Europe.
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Wismar
Wismar is a port and Hanseatic city in Northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
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Wrought iron
puddled iron, a form of wrought iron Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon (less than 0.08%) content in contrast to cast iron (2.1% to 4%).
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Xi'an
Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi Province, China.
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Yingzao Fashi
The Yingzao Fashi is a technical treatise on architecture and craftsmanship written by the Chinese author Li Jie (李誡; 1065–1110), the Directorate of Buildings and Construction during the mid Song Dynasty of China.
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1906 San Francisco earthquake
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on Wednesday, April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme).
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1933 Long Beach earthquake
The 1933 Long Beach earthquake took place on March 10 at south of downtown Los Angeles.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick
