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127 relations: Ablative case, Absolutive case, Accent (sociolinguistics), Adjective, Affix, Affricate consonant, Agreement (linguistics), Allative case, Alveolar consonant, Alveolo-palatal consonant, Approximant consonant, Article (grammar), Aspirated consonant, Assimilation (phonology), Bilabial consonant, Burusho people, Conation, Conditional mood, Conjunction (grammar), Countable set, Dative case, David Lockhart Robertson Lorimer, Declension, Dené–Caucasian languages, Dené–Yeniseian languages, Dental consonant, Double-marking language, Dravidian languages, Edward Vajda, Elision, Ergative case, Ergative–absolutive language, Eric P. Hamp, Finite verb, Fricative consonant, Future, Genitive case, Georg Morgenstierne, George van Driem, Ghizer District, Gilgit District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Glottal consonant, Grammatical aspect, Grammatical case, Grammatical gender, Grammatical mood, Grammatical number, Grammatical person, Grammatical tense, ..., Hari Parbat, Hindi, Hunza Valley, Hunza–Nagar District, Imperative mood, Imperfect, India, Indo-Aryan migration, Indo-European languages, Indo-Hittite, Indo-Iranian languages, Infinitive, Ishkoman Valley, Jammu and Kashmir, Karasuk languages, Kartvelian languages, Kashmiri language, Khowar language, Language contact, Language isolate, Languages of Pakistan, Latin script, Literary language, Locative case, Macrofamily, Mass noun, Merritt Ruhlen, Morphology (linguistics), Na-Dene languages, Nagar Valley, Nasal consonant, Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai, Nominalization, Nominative–accusative language, North Caucasian languages, Noun, Noun class, Numeral (linguistics), Oblique case, Optative mood, Orthography, Pakistan, Perfection, Phoneme, Phrygian language, Pinyin, Pluperfect, Plural, Plurale tantum, Possession (linguistics), Prefix, Proto-Indo-European language, Retroflex consonant, Romani language, SIL International, Srinagar, Standard Chinese, Stop consonant, Subject–object–verb, Syncope (phonology), The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Tibet, Transitive verb, Trill consonant, Urdu, Urdu alphabet, Uvular consonant, Velar consonant, Verb, Vigesimal, Voice (phonetics), Voicelessness, Vowel harmony, Wakhan Corridor, Yasin Valley, Yeniseian languages, Zhang-Zhung language. Expand index (77 more) »
Ablative case
The ablative case (sometimes abbreviated) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns and adjectives in the grammar of various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses.
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Absolutive case
The absolutive case (abbreviated) is the unmarked grammatical case of a core argument of a verb (generally other than the nominative) that is used as the citation form of a noun.
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Accent (sociolinguistics)
In sociolinguistics, an accent is a manner of pronunciation peculiar to a particular individual, location, or nation.
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Adjective
In linguistics, an adjective (abbreviated) is a describing word, the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
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Affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.
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Affricate consonant
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal).
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Agreement (linguistics)
Agreement or concord (abbreviated) happens when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates.
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Allative case
Allative case (abbreviated; from Latin allāt-, afferre "to bring to") is a type of locative case.
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Alveolar consonant
Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth.
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Alveolo-palatal consonant
In phonetics, alveolo-palatal (or alveopalatal) consonants, sometimes synonymous with pre-palatal consonants, are intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants, or which have simultaneous alveolar and palatal articulation.
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Approximant consonant
Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow.
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Article (grammar)
An article (with the linguistic glossing abbreviation) is a word that is used with a noun (as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix) to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, and in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope.
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Aspirated consonant
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.
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Assimilation (phonology)
In phonology, assimilation is a common phonological process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound.
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Bilabial consonant
In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips.
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Burusho people
The Burusho or Brusho, also known as the Hunza people or Botraj, live in Hunza, Nagar, Chitral, and in valleys of Gilgit–Baltistan in northern Pakistan, as well as in Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Conation
Conation (from the Latin conatus) is any natural tendency, impulse, striving, or directed effort.
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Conditional mood
The conditional mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood used to express a proposition whose validity is dependent on some condition, possibly counterfactual.
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Conjunction (grammar)
In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated or) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjoining construction.
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Countable set
In mathematics, a countable set is a set with the same cardinality (number of elements) as some subset of the set of natural numbers.
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Dative case
The dative case (abbreviated, or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate, among other uses, the noun to which something is given, as in "Maria Jacobī potum dedit", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink".
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David Lockhart Robertson Lorimer
Lieutenant-Colonel David Lockhart Robertson Lorimer (24 December 1876 in Dundee – 26 February 1962) was a member of the British Indian Army, a political official in the British Indian government and a noted linguist.
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Declension
In linguistics, declension is the changing of the form of a word to express it with a non-standard meaning, by way of some inflection, that is by marking the word with some change in pronunciation or by other information.
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Dené–Caucasian languages
Dené–Caucasian is a proposed broad language family that includes the Sino-Tibetan, North Caucasian, Na-Dené, Yeniseian, Vasconic (including Basque), and Burushaski language families.
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Dené–Yeniseian languages
Dené–Yeniseian is a proposed language family consisting of the Yeniseian languages of central Siberia and the Na-Dené languages of northwestern North America.
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Dental consonant
A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as,,, and in some languages.
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Double-marking language
A double-marking language is one in which the grammatical marks showing relations between different constituents of a phrase tend to be placed on both the heads (or nuclei) of the phrase in question, and on the modifiers or dependents.
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Dravidian languages
The Dravidian languages are a language family spoken mainly in southern India and parts of eastern and central India, as well as in Sri Lanka with small pockets in southwestern Pakistan, southern Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan, and overseas in other countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore.
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Edward Vajda
Edward J. Vajda (Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, September 10, 1958 as Edward M. Johnson; changed his name in 1981) is a historical linguist at Western Washington University.
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Elision
In linguistics, an elision or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase.
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Ergative case
The ergative case (abbreviated) is the grammatical case that identifies the noun as a subject of a transitive verb in ergative–absolutive languages.
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Ergative–absolutive language
Ergative–absolutive languages, or ergative languages are languages that share a certain distinctive pattern relating to the subjects (technically, arguments) of verbs.
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Eric P. Hamp
Eric Pratt Hamp (born November 16, 1920) is an American linguist widely respected as a leading authority on Indo-European linguistics, with particular interests in Celtic languages and Albanian.
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Finite verb
A finite verb is a form of a verb that has a subject (expressed or implied) and can function as the root of an independent clause; an independent clause can, in turn, stand alone as a complete sentence.
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Fricative consonant
Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.
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Future
The future is what will happen in the time after the present.
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Genitive case
In grammar, the genitive (abbreviated); also called the second case, is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun.
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Georg Morgenstierne
Georg Valentin von Munthe af Morgenstierne (2 January 1892 Oslo, Norway – 3 March 1978, Oslo, Norway) was a Norwegian professor of linguistics with the University of Oslo (UiO).
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George van Driem
George (Sjors) van Driem (born 1957) is a linguist at the University of Berne, where he holds the chair of Historical Linguistics and directs the Linguistics Institute.
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Ghizer District
Ghizer District (ضلع غذر) is the westernmost part of the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan.
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Gilgit District
Gilgit District (ضلع گلگت) is one of the districts of the Gilgit–Baltistan territory in northern Pakistan.
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Gilgit-Baltistan
Gilgit-Baltistan, formerly known as the Northern Areas, is the northernmost administrative territory in Pakistan.
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Glottal consonant
Glottal consonants are consonants using the glottis as their primary articulation.
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Grammatical aspect
Aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how an action, event, or state, denoted by a verb, extends over time.
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Grammatical case
Case is a special grammatical category of a noun, pronoun, adjective, participle or numeral whose value reflects the grammatical function performed by that word in a phrase, clause or sentence.
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Grammatical gender
In linguistics, grammatical gender is a specific form of noun class system in which the division of noun classes forms an agreement system with another aspect of the language, such as adjectives, articles, pronouns, or verbs.
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Grammatical mood
In linguistics, grammatical mood (also mode) is a grammatical feature of verbs, used for signaling modality.
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Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two", or "three or more").
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Grammatical person
Grammatical person, in linguistics, is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant(s) in an event; typically the distinction is between the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), and others (third person).
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Grammatical tense
In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference with reference to the moment of speaking.
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Hari Parbat
Hari Parbat is a hill overlooking Srinagar, the largest city and summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir.
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Hindi
Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī), or Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, IAST: Mānak Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language.
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Hunza Valley
Hunza (Burushaski: ہنزو, Wakhi, and ہنزہ) is a mountainous valley in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan.
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Hunza–Nagar District
The Hunza–Nagar District was the seventh district of Gilgit–Baltistan of Pakistan.
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Imperative mood
The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that forms a command or request.
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Imperfect
The imperfect (abbreviated) is a verb form, found in various languages, which combines past tense (reference to a past time) and imperfective aspect (reference to a continuing or repeated event or state).
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Indo-Aryan migration
Indo-Aryan migration models discuss scenarios around the theory of an origin from outside South Asia of Indo-Aryan peoples, an ascribed ethnolinguistic group that spoke Indo-Aryan languages, the predominant languages of North India.
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Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects.
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Indo-Hittite
In Indo-European linguistics, the term Indo-Hittite (also Indo-Anatolian) refers to Sturtevant's 1926 hypothesis that the Anatolian languages may have split off a Pre-Proto-Indo-European language considerably earlier than the separation of the remaining Indo-European languages.
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Indo-Iranian languages
The Indo-Iranian languages or Indo-Iranic languages, or Aryan languages, constitute the largest and easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family.
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Infinitive
Infinitive (abbreviated) is a grammatical term referring to certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs.
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Ishkoman Valley
The Ishkoman (اشکومن) valley lies in the north of Pakistan in Gilgit-Baltistan, bordering Afghanistan and the Pamir Wakhan Corridor.
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Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir (ænd) is a state in northern India, often denoted by its acronym, J&K.
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Karasuk languages
Karasuk is a language family proposed by George van Driem of the University of Leiden that links the Yeniseian languages of central Siberia with the Burushaski language of northern Pakistan.
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Kartvelian languages
The Kartvelian languages (ქართველური ენები, Kartveluri enebi, also known as Iberian and formerly South CaucasianBoeder (2002), p. 3) are a language family indigenous to the Caucasus and spoken primarily in Georgia, with large groups of native speakers in Russia, Iran, the United States, the European Union, Israel, and northeastern parts of Turkey.
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Kashmiri language
Kashmiri (کأشُر), or Koshur (pronounced kọ̄šur or kạ̄šur) is a language from the Dardic subgroup of Indo-Aryan languages and it is spoken primarily in the Kashmir Valley and Chenab Valley of Jammu and Kashmir.
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Khowar language
Khowar (کهووار), also known as Chitrali, is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic subbranch.
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Language contact
Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influence each other.
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Language isolate
A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language.
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Languages of Pakistan
Pakistan is home to many dozens of languages spoken as first languages.
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Latin script
Latin or Roman script is a set of graphic signs (script) based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, which is derived from a form of the Cumaean Greek version of the Greek alphabet, used by the Etruscans.
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Literary language
A literary language is the form of a language used in the writing of the language.
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Locative case
Locative (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which indicates a location.
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Macrofamily
In historical linguistics, a macrofamily, also called a superfamily or phylum, is a proposed genetic relationship grouping together language families (also isolates) in a larger scale classification.
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Mass noun
In linguistics, a mass noun, uncountable noun, or non-count noun is a noun with the syntactic property that any quantity of it is treated as an undifferentiated unit, rather than as something with discrete subsets.
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Merritt Ruhlen
Merritt Ruhlen (born 1944) is an American linguist who has worked on the classification of languages and what this reveals about the origin and evolution of modern humans.
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Morphology (linguistics)
In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.
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Na-Dene languages
Na-Dene (also Nadene, Na-Dené, Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit, Tlina–Dene) is a family of Native American languages that includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages.
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Nagar Valley
The Nagar (نگر) is a valley near Gilgit Valley in the Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
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Nasal consonant
In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive, nasal stop in contrast with a nasal fricative, or nasal continuant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.
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Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai
Allamah Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai (15 May 1917 – 15 January 2017) was an Ismaili Pakistani writer and poet, known for his work on Islam, Ismailism and the Burushaski language.
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Nominalization
In linguistics, nominalization or nominalisation is the use of a word which is not a noun (e.g., a verb, an adjective or an adverb) as a noun, or as the head of a noun phrase, with or without morphological transformation.
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Nominative–accusative language
Nominative–accusative languages, or nominative languages have a form of morphosyntactic alignment in which subjects of transitive and intransitive verbs are distinguished from objects of transitive verbs by word order, case-marking, and/or verb agreement.
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North Caucasian languages
The North Caucasian languages, sometimes called simply Caucasic, are a pair of well established language families spoken in the Caucasus, chiefly in the north: the Northwest Caucasian family, also called Pontic, Abkhaz–Adyghe, Circassian, or West Caucasian; and the Northeast Caucasian family, also called Nakh–Dagestanian or East Caucasian.
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Noun
A noun (from Latin nōmen, literally meaning "name") is a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
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Noun class
In linguistics, a noun class is a particular category of nouns.
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Numeral (linguistics)
In linguistics, a numeral is a member of a part of speech characterized by the designation of numbers; some examples are the English word 'two' and the compound 'seventy-seventh'.
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Oblique case
In grammar, an oblique (abbreviated; from casus obliquus) or objective case (abbr.) is a nominal case that is used when a noun phrase is the object of either a verb or a preposition.
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Optative mood
The optative mood or (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope.
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Orthography
An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia.
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Perfection
Perfection is, broadly, a state of completeness and flawlessness.
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Phoneme
A phoneme is one of the units of sound (or gesture in the case of sign languages, see chereme) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language.
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Phrygian language
The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, spoken in Asia Minor during Classical Antiquity (c. 8th century BCE to 5th century CE).
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Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin Romanization, often abbreviated to pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China and to some extent in Taiwan.
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Pluperfect
The pluperfect is a type of verb form, generally treated as one of the tenses in certain languages, used to refer to an action at a time earlier than a time in the past already referred to.
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Plural
The plural (sometimes abbreviated), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number.
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Plurale tantum
A plurale tantum (Latin for "plural only", plural form: pluralia tantum) is a noun that appears only in the plural form and does not have a singular variant for referring to a single object.
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Possession (linguistics)
Possession, in the context of linguistics, is an asymmetric relationship between two constituents, the referent of one of which (the possessor) in some sense possesses (owns, has as a part, rules over, etc.) the referent of the other (the possessed).
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Prefix
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word.
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Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world.
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Retroflex consonant
A retroflex consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate.
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Romani language
Romani (also Romany; romani čhib) is any of several languages of the Romani people belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family.
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SIL International
SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a U.S.-based, worldwide, Christian non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages, and aid minority language development.
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Srinagar
Srinagar is the largest city and the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
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Standard Chinese
Standard Chinese, also known as Modern Standard Mandarin, Standard Mandarin, or simply Mandarin, is a standard variety of Chinese that is the sole official language of both China and Taiwan (de facto), and also one of the four official languages of Singapore.
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Stop consonant
In phonetics, a stop, also known as a plosive or oral occlusive, is a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.
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Subject–object–verb
In linguistic typology, a subject–object–verb (SOV) language is one in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence always or usually appear in that order.
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Syncope (phonology)
In phonology, syncope (from συγκοπή||cutting up) is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word, especially the loss of an unstressed vowel.
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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD) is an American dictionary of English published by Boston publisher Houghton Mifflin, the first edition of which appeared in 1969.
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Tibet
Tibet is a historical region covering much of the Tibetan Plateau in Central Asia.
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Transitive verb
A transitive verb is a verb that requires one or more objects.
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Trill consonant
In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive articulator.
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Urdu
Urdu (اُردُو ALA-LC:, or Modern Standard Urdu) is a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language.
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Urdu alphabet
The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language.
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Uvular consonant
Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants.
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Velar consonant
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum).
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Verb
A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
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Vigesimal
The vigesimal or base 20 numeral system is based on twenty (in the same way in which the decimal numeral system is based on ten).
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Voice (phonetics)
Voice is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).
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Voicelessness
In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating.
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Vowel harmony
Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels that occurs in some languages.
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Wakhan Corridor
The Wakhan Corridor (واخان دهلېز Wāxān Dahléz, دالان واخان) is a narrow strip of territory in northeastern Afghanistan that extends to China and separates Tajikistan from Pakistan.
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Yasin Valley
Yasin (یاسین Yāsīn), also known as Babaye-i-Yasen (بابائے یاسین) or Worshigum (ورشیگوم Worśigūm), is a high mountain valley in the Hindu Kush mountains, in the northwestern Ghizer District in Gilgit-Baltistan, northern Pakistan.
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Yeniseian languages
The Yeniseian languages (sometimes known as Yeniseic or Yenisei-Ostyak;"Ostyak" is a concept of areal rather than genetic linguistics. In addition to the Yeniseian languages it also includes the Uralic languages Khanty and Selkup. occasionally spelled with -ss-) are a family of languages that were spoken in the Yenisei River region of central Siberia.
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Zhang-Zhung language
Zhang-Zhung is an extinct Sino-Tibetan language that was spoken in what is now western Tibet.
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Redirects here:
Boorishki, Boorishki language, Broskey language, Brushaski, Brushuski, Burshaski, Buruscho, Burushaki, Burushaki language, Burushashki language, Burushaski language, Burushaski languages, Burushaski verbs, Burushki, Burusho language, Hunzai language, ISO 639:bsk, Khaguna, Kunjoot, Kunjut, Kunjuti, ڎ, ﮆ, ﮇ.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski
