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287 relations: Acclimatization, Africa, Agave, Aizoaceae, Alberta, Algeria, Amazon basin, Americas, Ancient Greek, Andes, Ant, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, Areole, Argentina, Ariocarpus, Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus, Arizona, Astrophytum capricorne, Atacama Desert, Australia, Auxin, Axillary bud, Aztecs, Bark (botany), Basal (phylogenetics), Bat, Bee, Big Bend National Park, Biological pest control, Bipolaris cactivora, Bird, Bird migration, Blossfeldia, Bolivia, Botanical garden, Bract, Branch, Brazil, British Columbia, Browningia candelaris, C3 carbon fixation, Cactoblastis cactorum, Cactoideae, Cactus fence, Cactus virus X, California, Callus (cell biology), Canada, Carbohydrate, Carbon dioxide, ..., Cardoon, Caribbean Sea, Carl Linnaeus, Carmine, Caryophyllales, Catholic Church, Cellular respiration, Central America, Cephalocereus, Cephalocereus senilis, Cereus (plant), Cereus repandus, Chile, Chlorophyll, Chloroplast, Chlorosis, CITES, Cladogram, Cleistocactus, Cleistogamy, Coastal plain, Coat of arms of Mexico, Cochineal, Conserved name, Convergent evolution, Copiapoa, Copiapoa atacamensis, Crassulacean acid metabolism, Cultivar, Curt Backeberg, Cutting (plant), Cylindropuntia, Datura ferox, David Hunt (botanist), Desert Botanical Garden, Didiereaceae, Discocactus, Disocactus, Drought, Early Cretaceous, Echinocactus grusonii, Echinocactus platyacanthus, Echinocereus, Echinopsis, Echinopsis atacamensis, Echinopsis pachanoi, El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, Enzyme, Eocene, Epiphyllum hybrid, Epiphyte, Eudicots, Eulychnia, Euphorbiaceae, Family (biology), Fasciation, Ferocactus, Ferocactus cylindraceus, Ferocactus echidne, Ferocactus latispinus, Ferocactus pilosus, Floral symmetry, Flower, Frailea, Fruit, Fungicide, Fungus gnat, Fusarium oxysporum, Galápagos Islands, Galápagos tortoise, Gastrointestinal tract, Glochid, Gondwana, Grafting, Ground tissue, Growing season, Growth medium, Gulf of Mexico, Gymnocalycium, Gynoecium, Habit (biology), Hard water, Hatiora, Hawaii, Herbalism, Herbarium, Herbivore, Houseplant, Hummingbird, Humus, Hydroponics, Hylocereeae, Hylocereus, Hylocereus undatus, Hypanthium, India, International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, International Organization for Succulent Plant Study, Isotopic signature, Joshua Tree National Park, Late Cretaceous, Leaf, Madagascar, Maihuenia, Maihuenia poeppigii, Maihueniopsis, Malic acid, Mammillaria, Mammillaria elongata, Mammillaria rekoi, Mealybug, Mediterranean Basin, Melocactus, Meristem, Mescaline, Mexico, Mexico City, Midden, Miocene, Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Molecular phylogenetics, Monophyly, Moonlight cactus, Myrtillocactus, Nahuatl, Native American Church, Nectar, Neoraimondia, Neowerdermannia vorwerkii, New Mexico, New World, Nopal, North America, Old World, Oligocene, Opuntia, Opuntia chlorotica, Opuntia ficus-indica, Opuntia microdasys, Opuntia stricta, Opuntioideae, Organ (anatomy), Ovary (botany), Pachycereus, Pachycereus pringlei, Pachycereus schottii, Paleogene, Palisade cell, Pan de Azúcar National Park, Patagonia, Pelecyphora strobiliformis, Peniocereus, Pereskia, Pereskia aculeata, Pereskia grandifolia, Pereskiopsis, Perlite, Peru, Pesticide resistance, Petal, Peyote, Philip Miller, Photosynthesis, Pilosocereus, Pitaya, Plant, Plant cuticle, Plant stem, Pliocene, Pollination, Pollination syndrome, Pollinator, Polyploid, Psychoactive drug, Pumice, Radiocarbon dating, Rebutia, Rebutia minuscula, Receptacle (botany), Repotting, Rhipsalideae, Rhipsalis, Rhipsalis baccifera, Rhipsalis paradoxa, Rootstock, Saguaro, Saguaro National Park, Saint Peter, Scale insect, Schlumbergera, Schlumbergera truncata, Sciaridae, Sclerocactus papyracanthus, Seed, Sepal, Seri people, Serra da Capivara National Park, Shrub, Sicily, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Slug, Snail, Sonoran Desert, South America, Species Plantarum, Sri Lanka, Stamen, Stem succulent, Stenocereus eruca, Stenocereus queretaroensis, Stenocereus thurberi, Stigma (botany), Stoma, Succulent plant, Suffix, Taproot, Taxonomy of the Cactaceae, Tenochtitlan, Tepal, Tetranychus urticae, Theophrastus, Thorns, spines, and prickles, Thrips, Transpiration, Trichome, Trunk (botany), Type (biology), Upiga, Vacuole, Wattle and daub, Weeds of National Significance, West Indies, Whitefly, Xeriscaping, Xerophyte, Zimapán, 3-Phosphoglyceric acid. Expand index (237 more) »
Acclimatization
Acclimatization or acclimatisation (also called acclimation or acclimatation) is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment (such as a change in altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Agave
Agave is a genus of monocots native to the hot and arid regions of Mexico and the Southwestern United States.
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Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae Martynov, nom.
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Alberta
Alberta is a western province of Canada.
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Algeria
Algeria (الجزائر, familary Algerian Arabic الدزاير; ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ; Dzayer; Algérie), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast.
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Amazon basin
The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries.
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Americas
The Americas (also collectively called America)"America." The Oxford Companion to the English Language.
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Andes
The Andes or Andean Mountains (Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world.
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Ant
Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera.
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Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (12 April 1748 – 17 September 1836) was a French botanist, notable as the first to publish a natural classification of flowering plants; much of his system remains in use today.
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Areole
In botany, areoles are small light- to dark-colored bumps on cacti out of which grow clusters of spines.
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Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic (República Argentina), is a federal republic located mostly in the southern half of South America.
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Ariocarpus
Ariocarpus is a genus of 8 species of succulent, subtropical plants of the Cactaceae family.
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Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus
Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus is a species of plant in the Cactaceae family.
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Arizona
Arizona (Hoozdo Hahoodzo; Alĭ ṣonak) is a U.S. state in the southwestern region of the United States.
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Astrophytum capricorne
Astrophytum capricorne, the goat's horn cactus, is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family Cactaceae, that is native to the Coahuila regions of Northern Mexico.
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Atacama Desert
The Atacama Desert (Desierto de Atacama) is a plateau in South America (primarily in Chile), covering a 1000-km (600-mi) strip of land on the Pacific coast, west of the Andes mountains.
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Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.
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Auxin
Auxins (plural of auxin) are a class of plant hormones (or plant growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics.
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Axillary bud
The axillary bud (or lateral bud) is an embryonic shoot located in the axil of a leaf.
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Aztecs
The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.
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Bark (botany)
Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants.
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Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram.
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Bat
Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera; with their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight.
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Bee
Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their role in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the European honey bee, for producing honey and beeswax.
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Big Bend National Park
For the Texas state park see: Big Bend Ranch State Park Big Bend National Park is an American national park located in West Texas, bordering Mexico.
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Biological pest control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms.
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Bipolaris cactivora
Bipolaris cactivora is a plant pathogen causing cactus stem rot and pitaya fruit rot.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Bird migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds.
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Blossfeldia
Blossfeldia is a genus of cactus (family Cactaceae) containing only one species, Blossfeldia liliputiana, native to South America in northwestern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Catamarca and Mendoza Provinces) and southern Bolivia (Santa Cruz and Potosí Departments).
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Bolivia
Bolivia (Mborivia; Buliwya; Wuliwya), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is a landlocked country located in western-central South America.
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Botanical garden
A botanical garden or botanic gardenThe terms botanic and botanical and garden or gardens are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word botanic is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens.
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Bract
In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale.
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Branch
A branch or tree branch (sometimes referred to in botany as a ramus) is a woody structural member connected to but not part of the central trunk of a tree (or sometimes a shrub).
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Brazil
Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.
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British Columbia
British Columbia (BC; Colombie-Britannique) is the westernmost province of Canada, located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains.
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Browningia candelaris
Browningia candelaris is a species of cactus from northern Chile and southern Peru.
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C3 carbon fixation
carbon fixation is one of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis, along with c4 and CAM.
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Cactoblastis cactorum
Cactoblastis cactorum, the cactus moth, South American cactus moth or nopal moth, is native to Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and southern Brazil.
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Cactoideae
The Cactoideae are the largest subfamily of the cactus family, Cactaceae.
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Cactus fence
A cactus fence is a hedge or fence made of closely spaced cactus plants, sometimes with barbed wire or wood interwoven with the cacti.
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Cactus virus X
Cactus virus X (CVX) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Alphaflexiviridae.
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California
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.
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Callus (cell biology)
Plant callus (plural calluses or calli) is a growing mass of unorganized plant parenchyma cells.
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Canada
Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.
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Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (where m may be different from n).
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Cardoon
The cardoon (Cynara cardunculus), also called the artichoke thistle or globe artichoke, is a thistle in the sunflower family.
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Caribbean Sea
The Caribbean Sea (Mar Caribe; Mer des Caraïbes; Caraïbische Zee) is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere.
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Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von LinnéBlunt (2004), p. 171.
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Carmine
Carmine, also called cochineal, cochineal extract, crimson lake or carmine lake, natural red 4, C.I. 75470, or E120, is a pigment of a bright-red color obtained from the aluminium salt of carminic acid; it is also a general term for a particularly deep-red color.
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Caryophyllales
Caryophyllales is an order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, beets, and many carnivorous plants.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
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Central America
Central America (América Central, Centroamérica) is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with the South American continent on the southeast.
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Cephalocereus
Cephalocereus is a genus of slow-growing, columnar-shaped, blue-green cacti.
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Cephalocereus senilis
Cephalocereus senilis, the old man cactus, is a species of cactus native to Guanajuato and Hidalgo in eastern Mexico.
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Cereus (plant)
Cereus is a genus of cacti (family Cactaceae) including around 33 species of large columnar cacti from South America.
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Cereus repandus
Cereus repandus (syn. Cereus peruvianus), the Peruvian apple cactus, is a large, erect, thorny columnar cactus found in South America as well as the nearby ABC Islands of the Dutch Caribbean.
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Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
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Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.
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Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.
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Chlorosis
In botany, chlorosis is a condition in which leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll.
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CITES
CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals.
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Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek clados "branch" and gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms.
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Cleistocactus
Cleistocactus is a genus of flowering plants in the cactus family Cactaceae, native to mountainous areas - to - of South America (Peru, Uruguay, Bolivia and Argentina).
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Cleistogamy
Cleistogamy is a type of automatic self-pollination of certain plants that can propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers.
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Coastal plain
A coastal plain is flat, low-lying land adjacent to a sea coast.
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Coat of arms of Mexico
The current coat of arms of Mexico (Escudo Nacional de México, literally "national shield of Mexico") has been an important symbol of Mexican politics and culture for centuries.
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Cochineal
The cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) is a scale insect in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, from which the natural dye carmine is derived.
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Conserved name
A conserved name or nomen conservandum (plural nomina conservanda, abbreviated as nom. cons.) is a scientific name that has specific nomenclatural protection.
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Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.
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Copiapoa
Copiapoa is a genus of flowering plants in the cactus family Cactaceaea, from the dry coastal deserts, particularly the Atacama Desert, of northern Chile.
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Copiapoa atacamensis
Copiapoa atacamensis is a species of cactus from the Atacama Desert in the province of Antofagasta in northern Chile.
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Crassulacean acid metabolism
Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions.
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Cultivar
The term cultivarCultivar has two denominations as explained in Formal definition.
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Curt Backeberg
Curt Backeberg (2 August 1894 in Lüneburg, Germany – 14 January 1966) was a German horticulturist especially known for the collection and classification of cacti.
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Cutting (plant)
A plant cutting is a piece of a plant that is used in horticulture for vegetative (asexual) propagation.
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Cylindropuntia
Cylindropuntia is a genus of cacti (family Cactaceae), containing the cholla, native to northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States.
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Datura ferox
Datura ferox, commonly known as long spined thorn apple and fierce thornapple, as well as Angel's-trumpets, is a species of Datura.
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David Hunt (botanist)
David Richard Hunt (born 1938) is an English botanist and taxonomist.
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Desert Botanical Garden
The Desert Botanical Garden is a botanical garden located in Papago Park, at 1201 N. Galvin Parkway in Phoenix, central Arizona.
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Didiereaceae
Didiereaceae is a family of flowering plants found in continental Africa and Madagascar.
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Discocactus
Discocactus is a genus of tropical cacti.
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Disocactus
Disocactus is a genus of epiphytic cacti in the tribe Hylocereeae found in Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America.
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Drought
A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric, surface water or ground water.
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Early Cretaceous
The Early Cretaceous/Middle Cretaceous (geochronological name) or the Lower Cretaceous (chronostratigraphic name), is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous.
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Echinocactus grusonii
Echinocactus grusonii, popularly known as the golden barrel cactus, golden ball or mother-in-law's cushion, is a well known species of cactus, and is endemic to east-central Mexico.
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Echinocactus platyacanthus
Echinocactus platyacanthus, also known as the giant barrel cactus, giant viznaga, or biznaga de dulce, is a species of cactus (family Cactaceae).
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Echinocereus
Echinocereus is a genus of ribbed, usually small to medium-sized cylindrical cacti, comprising about 70 species native to the southern United States and Mexico in very sunny rocky places.
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Echinopsis
Echinopsis is a large genus of cacti native to South America, sometimes known as hedgehog cactus, sea-urchin cactus or Easter lily cactus.
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Echinopsis atacamensis
Echinopsis atacamensis (cardón) is a species of cactus from Chile, Argentina and Bolivia.
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Echinopsis pachanoi
Echinopsis pachanoi (syn. Trichocereus pachanoi) — known as San Pedro cactus — is a fast-growing columnar cactus native to the Andes Mountains at in altitude.
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El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve
El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve (Reserva de la Biosfera El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar), is a biosphere reserve and UNESCO World Heritage Site managed by the Federal government of Mexico, specifically by Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources, in collaboration with state government of Sonora and the Tohono O'odham.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Eocene
The Eocene Epoch, lasting from, is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era.
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Epiphyllum hybrid
The plants known as epiphyllum hybrids, epiphyllums, epicacti or just epis, widely grown for their flowers, are artificial hybrids of species within the group of cacti placed in the tribe Hylocereeae, particularly species of Disocactus, Pseudorhipsalis and Selenicereus.
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Epiphyte
An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it.
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Eudicots
The eudicots, Eudicotidae or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants that had been called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots by previous authors.
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Eulychnia
Eulychnia is a genus of candelabriform or arborescent cacti, comprising between 6 and 9 species depending on the authority.
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Euphorbiaceae
The Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants.
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Family (biology)
In biological classification, family (familia, plural familiae) is one of the eight major taxonomic ranks; it is classified between order and genus.
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Fasciation
Fasciation (pronounced, from the Latin root meaning "band" or "stripe"), also known as cresting, is a relatively rare condition of abnormal growth in vascular plants in which the apical meristem (growing tip), which normally is concentrated around a single point and produces approximately cylindrical tissue, instead becomes elongated perpendicularly to the direction of growth, thus, producing flattened, ribbon-like, crested (or "cristate"), or elaborately contorted tissue.
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Ferocactus
Ferocactus is a genus of large barrel-shaped cacti, mostly with large spines and small flowers.
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Ferocactus cylindraceus
Ferocactus cylindraceus is a species of barrel cactus which is known by several common names, including California barrel cactus, Desert barrel cactus, and miner's compass.
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Ferocactus echidne
Ferocactus echidne is a barrel cactus in the genus Ferocactus.
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Ferocactus latispinus
Ferocactus latispinus is a species of barrel cactus native to Mexico.
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Ferocactus pilosus
Ferocactus pilosus, also known as Mexican lime cactus (Viznaga De Lima) or Mexican fire barrel, is a species of cactus in North America.
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Floral symmetry
Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower, in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts.
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Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms).
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Frailea
Frailea is a genus of globular to short cylindrical cacti native to Brazil.
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Fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering.
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Fungicide
Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores.
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Fungus gnat
Fungus gnats are small, dark, short-lived gnats, of the families Sciaridae, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae, and Mycetophilidae (order Diptera); they comprise six of the seven families placed in the superfamily Sciaroidea.
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Fusarium oxysporum
Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht as emended by Snyder and HansenSnyder, W.C. and Hansen, H.N. 1940. The species concept in Fusarium. Am. J. Bot. 27:64-67.), an ascomycete fungus, comprises all the species, varieties and forms recognized by Wollenweber and Reinking within an infrageneric grouping called section Elegans.
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Galápagos Islands
The Galápagos Islands (official name: Archipiélago de Colón, other Spanish name: Las Islas Galápagos), part of the Republic of Ecuador, are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the equator in the Pacific Ocean surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere, west of continental Ecuador.
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Galápagos tortoise
The Galápagos tortoise complex or Galápagos giant tortoise complex (Chelonoidis nigra and related species) are the largest living species of tortoise.
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Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces.
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Glochid
Glochids or glochidia (singular "glochidium") are hair-like spines or short prickles, generally barbed, found on the areoles of cacti in the sub-family Opuntioideae.
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Gondwana
Gondwana, or Gondwanaland, was a supercontinent that existed from the Neoproterozoic (about 550 million years ago) until the Carboniferous (about 320 million years ago).
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Grafting
Grafting or graftage is a horticultural technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth together.
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Ground tissue
The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular.
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Growing season
The growing season is the part of the year during which local weather conditions (i.e. rainfall and temperature) permit normal plant growth.
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Growth medium
A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid or semi-solid designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells, or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens.
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Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico (Golfo de México) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, largely surrounded by the North American continent.
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Gymnocalycium
Gymnocalycium, commonly called chin cactus, is a genus of about 70 South American species of cactus.
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Gynoecium
Gynoecium (from Ancient Greek γυνή, gyne, meaning woman, and οἶκος, oikos, meaning house) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds.
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Habit (biology)
Habit is equivalent to habitus in some applications in biology; the term refers variously to aspects of behaviour or structure, as follows.
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Hard water
Hard water is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water").
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Hatiora
Hatiora is a small genus of epiphytic cacti which belongs to the tribe Rhipsalideae within the subfamily Cactoideae of the Cactaceae.
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Hawaii
Hawaii (Hawaii) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States, having received statehood on August 21, 1959.
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Herbalism
Herbalism (also herbal medicine or phytotherapy) is the study of botany and use of plants intended for medicinal purposes or for supplementing a diet.
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Herbarium
A herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant specimens and associated data used for scientific study.
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Herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet.
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Houseplant
A houseplant is a plant that is grown indoors in places such as residences and offices.
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Hummingbird
Hummingbirds are birds from the Americas that constitute the family Trochilidae.
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Humus
In soil science, humus (derived in 1790–1800 from the Latin humus for earth, ground) denominates the fraction of soil organic matter that is amorphous and without the "cellular cake structure characteristic of plants, micro-organisms or animals." Humus significantly affects the bulk density of soil and contributes to its retention of moisture and nutrients.
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Hydroponics
Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture, the method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent.
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Hylocereeae
The Hylocereeae are a tribe of cacti.
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Hylocereus
Hylocereus is a genus of cacti, often referred to as night-blooming cactus (though the term is also used for many other cacti).
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Hylocereus undatus
Hylocereus undatus, the white-fleshed pitahaya, is a species of Cactaceae and is the most cultivated species in the genus.
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Hypanthium
In angiosperms, a hypanthium or floral cup is a structure where basal portions of the calyx, the corolla, and the stamens form a cup-shaped tube.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "traditionally treated as algae, fungi, or plants".
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International Organization for Succulent Plant Study
The International Organization for Succulent Plant Study (IOS) describes itself as a "non-governmental organization promoting the study and conservation of succulent and allied plants and encouraging collaboration among scientists and curators of significant living collections of such plants, professional or amateur." In 1984, it was decided that the Cactaceae Section of the IOS should set up a working party, now called the International Cactaceae Systematics Group (ICSG), to produce consensus classifications of cacti down to the level of genera.
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Isotopic signature
An isotopic signature (also isotopic fingerprint) is a ratio of non-radiogenic 'stable isotopes', stable radiogenic isotopes, or unstable radioactive isotopes of particular elements in an investigated material.
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Joshua Tree National Park
Joshua Tree National Park is located in southeastern California.
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Late Cretaceous
The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale.
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Leaf
A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem.
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Madagascar
Madagascar (Madagasikara), officially the Republic of Madagascar (Repoblikan'i Madagasikara; République de Madagascar), and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa.
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Maihuenia
Maihuenia is a genus of cactus (family Cactaceae) and the sole genus of the subfamily Maihuenioideae, which is the smallest subfamily of the Cactaceae.
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Maihuenia poeppigii
Maihuenia poepigii (Chilean: maihuén) is a succulent cactus shrub native to Chile and Argentina.
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Maihueniopsis
Maihueniopsis (from Greek opsis, "view", referring to its resemblance to the unrelated Maihuenia) is a genus of the cactus family (Cactaceae), containing 18 species.
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Malic acid
Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O5.
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Mammillaria
The genus Mammillaria is one of the largest in the cactus family (Cactaceae), with currently 200 known species and varieties recognized.
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Mammillaria elongata
Mammillaria elongata (gold lace cactus, ladyfinger cactus) is a species of flowering plant in the Cactaceae family, native to central Mexico.
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Mammillaria rekoi
Mammillaria rekoi is a species of cactus from Mexico.
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Mealybug
Mealybugs are insects in the family Pseudococcidae, unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm climates.
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Mediterranean Basin
In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin (also known as the Mediterranean region or sometimes Mediterranea) is the region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation.
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Melocactus
Melocactus (melon cactus), also known as the Turk's cap cactus, is a genus of cactus with about 30-40 species.
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Meristem
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.
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Mescaline
Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable to those of LSD and psilocybin.
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Mexico
Mexico (México; Mēxihco), officially called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America.
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Mexico City
Mexico City, or the City of Mexico (Ciudad de México,; abbreviated as CDMX), is the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America.
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Midden
A midden (also kitchen midden or shell heap) is an old dump for domestic waste which may consist of animal bone, human excrement, botanical material, mollusc shells, sherds, lithics (especially debitage), and other artifacts and ecofacts associated with past human occupation.
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Miocene
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).
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Miquihuana, Tamaulipas
Miquihuana Municipality is a municipality located in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.
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Molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominately in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.
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Monophyly
In cladistics, a monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.
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Moonlight cactus
Selenicereus, or moonlight cacti, is an epiphytic, lithophytic, and terrestrial cactus genus found in Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America.
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Myrtillocactus
Myrtillocactus (from Latin, "blueberry cactus") is a genus of cacti.
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Nahuatl
Nahuatl (The Classical Nahuatl word nāhuatl (noun stem nāhua, + absolutive -tl) is thought to mean "a good, clear sound" This language name has several spellings, among them náhuatl (the standard spelling in the Spanish language),() Naoatl, Nauatl, Nahuatl, Nawatl. In a back formation from the name of the language, the ethnic group of Nahuatl speakers are called Nahua.), known historically as Aztec, is a language or group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family.
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Native American Church
The Native American Church (NAC), also known as Peyotism and Peyote Religion, is a Native American religion that teaches a combination of traditional Native American beliefs and Christianity, with sacramental use of the entheogen peyote.
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Nectar
Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists, which in turn provide antiherbivore protection.
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Neoraimondia
Neoraimondia is a genus of medium to large cacti from Peru.
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Neowerdermannia vorwerkii
Neowerdermannia vorwerkii, also known as achakana (Aymara and Quechua), is a species of cactus from high altitudes in Bolivia and northern Argentina.
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New Mexico
New Mexico (Nuevo México, Yootó Hahoodzo) is a state in the Southwestern Region of the United States of America.
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New World
The New World is one of the names used for the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas (including nearby islands such as those of the Caribbean and Bermuda).
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Nopal
Nopal (from the Nahuatl word nohpalli for the pads of the plant) is a common name in Mexican Spanish for Opuntia cacti (commonly referred to in English as prickly pear), as well as for its pads.
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North America
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.
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Old World
The term "Old World" is used in the West to refer to Africa, Asia and Europe (Afro-Eurasia or the World Island), regarded collectively as the part of the world known to its population before contact with the Americas and Oceania (the "New World").
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Oligocene
The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (to). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain.
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Opuntia
Opuntia, commonly called prickly pear, is a genus in the cactus family, Cactaceae.
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Opuntia chlorotica
Opuntia chlorotica is a species of plant in the Cactaceae family.
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Opuntia ficus-indica
Opuntia ficus-indica is a species of cactus that has long been a domesticated crop plant important in agricultural economies throughout arid and semiarid parts of the world.
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Opuntia microdasys
Opuntia microdasys (angel's-wings, bunny ears cactus, bunny cactus or polka-dot cactus) is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family Cactaceae, native and endemic to central and northern Mexico.
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Opuntia stricta
Opuntia stricta is a large sized species of cactus that is endemic in the subtropical and tropical coastal areas of the Americas and the Caribbean.
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Opuntioideae
Opuntioideae is a subfamily of the cactus family, Cactaceae.
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Organ (anatomy)
Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.
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Ovary (botany)
In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium.
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Pachycereus
Pachycereus is a genus of 9–12 species of large cacti native to Mexico and just into southern Arizona, United States.
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Pachycereus pringlei
Pachycereus pringlei, also known as Mexican giant cardon or elephant cactus, is a species of cactus native to northwestern Mexico in the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, and Sonora.
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Pachycereus schottii
Pachycereus schottii, the senita cactus, is a species of cactus from southern Arizona and north-western Mexico, particularly Baja California and Sonora.
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Paleogene
The Paleogene (also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya.
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Palisade cell
Palisade cells are plant cells located in leaves, right below the epidermis and cuticle.
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Pan de Azúcar National Park
Pan de Azúcar National Park is a national park of Chile.
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Patagonia
Patagonia is a sparsely populated region located at the southern end of South America, shared by Argentina and Chile.
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Pelecyphora strobiliformis
Pelecyphora strobiliformis is a species of cactus from Mexico.
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Peniocereus
Peniocereus is a genus of vining cacti, comprising about 18 species, found from the southwestern United States and Mexico.
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Pereskia
Pereskia, as traditionally circumscribed, is a genus of 17 tropical species and varieties of cacti that do not look much like other types of cacti, having substantial leaves and thin stems.
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Pereskia aculeata
Pereskia aculeata is a scrambling shrub in the family Cactaceae.
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Pereskia grandifolia
Pereskia grandifolia (rose cactus; syn. Cactus grandifolius Link, Rhodocactus grandifolius (Haw.) F.M.Knuth, Cactus rosa Vell.) is a cactus native to the Northeastern Brazil restingas.
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Pereskiopsis
Pereskiopsis (from Greek -opsis, "looking", because of its resemblance with the genus Pereskia) is a genus of cacti (family Cactaceae).
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Perlite
Perlite is an amorphous volcanic glass that has a relatively high water content, typically formed by the hydration of obsidian.
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Peru
Peru (Perú; Piruw Republika; Piruw Suyu), officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America.
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Pesticide resistance
Pesticide resistance describes the decreased susceptibility of a pest population to a pesticide that was previously effective at controlling the pest.
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Petal
Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers.
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Peyote
Lophophora williamsii or peyote is a small, spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline.
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Philip Miller
Philip Miller FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771) was an English botanist of Scottish descent.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
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Pilosocereus
Pilosocereus (from Latin, "hairy cereus") is a genus of cactus.
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Pitaya
A pitaya or pitahaya is the fruit of several cactus species indigenous to the Americas.
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Plant
Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
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Plant cuticle
A plant cuticle is a protecting film covering the epidermis of leaves, young shoots and other aerial plant organs without periderm.
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Plant stem
A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant, the other being the root.
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Pliocene
The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) Epoch is the epoch in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years BP.
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Pollination
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a male part of a plant to a female part of a plant, enabling later fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind.
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Pollination syndrome
Pollination syndromes are suites of flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollen vectors, which can be abiotic (wind and water) or biotic, such as birds, bees, flies, and so forth.
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Pollinator
A pollinator is an animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of a flower.
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Polyploid
Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.
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Psychoactive drug
A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior.
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Pumice
Pumice, called pumicite in its powdered or dust form, is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals.
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Radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.
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Rebutia
Rebutia is a genus in the family Cactaceae, native to Bolivia and Argentina.
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Rebutia minuscula
Rebutia minuscula is a species of cactus from northern Argentina.
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Receptacle (botany)
In botany, the receptacle or torus (an older term is thalamus, as in Thalamiflorae) is the thickened part of a stem (pedicel) from which the flower organs grow.
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Repotting
Repotting is the action of placing an already potted plant into a larger or smaller pot.
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Rhipsalideae
The Rhipsalideae are a small tribe of cacti, comprising four genera (and around 60 species).
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Rhipsalis
Rhipsalis is a genus of epiphytic cacti.
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Rhipsalis baccifera
Rhipsalis baccifera, commonly known as the mistletoe cactus, is an epiphytic cactus which originates from Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Florida.
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Rhipsalis paradoxa
Rhipsalis paradoxa is a species of plant in the Cactaceae family.
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Rootstock
A rootstock is part of a plant, often an underground part, from which new above-ground growth can be produced.
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Saguaro
The saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) is an arborescent (tree-like) cactus species in the monotypic genus Carnegiea, which can grow to be over tall.
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Saguaro National Park
Saguaro National Park is a United States national park in Pima County in southeastern Arizona.
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Saint Peter
Saint Peter (Syriac/Aramaic: ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹ݁ܐܦ݂ܵܐ, Shemayon Keppa; שמעון בר יונה; Petros; Petros; Petrus; r. AD 30; died between AD 64 and 68), also known as Simon Peter, Simeon, or Simon, according to the New Testament, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, leaders of the early Christian Great Church.
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Scale insect
The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, suborder Sternorrhyncha.
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Schlumbergera
Schlumbergera is a small genus of cacti with 6-9 species found in the coastal mountains of south-eastern Brazil.
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Schlumbergera truncata
Schlumbergera truncata, the false Christmas cactus, is a species of plant in the Cactaceae family.
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Sciaridae
The Sciaridae are a family of flies, commonly known as dark-winged fungus gnats.
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Sclerocactus papyracanthus
Sclerocactus papyracanthus is a species of cactus known by the common names paperspine fishhook cactus, grama grass cactus, paper-spined cactus, and toumeya.
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Seed
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering.
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Sepal
A sepal is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants).
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Seri people
The Seri are an indigenous group of the Mexican state of Sonora.
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Serra da Capivara National Park
Serra da Capivara National Park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara,, locally) is a national park in the Northeastern region of Brazil.
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Shrub
A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized woody plant.
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Sicily
Sicily (Sicilia; Sicìlia) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Singapore Botanic Gardens
The Singapore Botanic Gardens is a 158-year-old tropical garden located at the fringe of Singapore's Orchard Road shopping district.
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Slug
Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc.
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Snail
Snail is a common name loosely applied to shelled gastropods.
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Sonoran Desert
The Sonoran Desert is a North American desert which covers large parts of the Southwestern United States in Arizona and California and of Northwestern Mexico in Sonora, Baja California, and Baja California Sur.
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South America
South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Species Plantarum
Species Plantarum (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකා; Tamil: இலங்கை Ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea.
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Stamen
The stamen (plural stamina or stamens) is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower.
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Stem succulent
Stem succulents are fleshy succulent columnar shaped plants which conduct photosynthesis mainly through stems not leaves.
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Stenocereus eruca
Stenocereus eruca, commonly known as creeping devil, is a member of the family Cactaceae.
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Stenocereus queretaroensis
Stenocereus queretaroensis is a species of cactus from Mexico, including the state of Querétaro.
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Stenocereus thurberi
Stenocereus thurberi, the organ pipe cactus or pitahaya, is a species of cactus native to Mexico and the United States.
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Stigma (botany)
The stigma (plural: stigmata) is the receptive tip of a carpel, or of several fused carpels, in the gynoecium of a flower.
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Stoma
In botany, a stoma (plural "stomata"), also called a stomata (plural "stomates") (from Greek στόμα, "mouth"), is a pore, found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that facilitates gas exchange.
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Succulent plant
In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants that have some parts that are more than normally thickened and fleshy, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions.
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Suffix
In linguistics, a suffix (sometimes termed postfix) is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word.
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Taproot
A taproot is a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally.
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Taxonomy of the Cactaceae
In 1984, the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study set up a working party, now called the International Cactaceae Systematics Group, to produce a consensus classification of the cactus family, down to the level of genus.
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Tenochtitlan
Tenochtitlan (Tenochtitlan), originally known as México-Tenochtitlán (meːˈʃíʔ.ko te.noːt͡ʃ.ˈtí.t͡ɬan), was a large Mexica city-state in what is now the center of Mexico City.
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Tepal
A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth) when these parts cannot easily be divided into two kinds, sepals and petals.
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Tetranychus urticae
Tetranychus urticae (common names include red spider mite and two-spotted spider mite) is a species of plant-feeding mite generally considered to be a pest.
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Theophrastus
Theophrastus (Θεόφραστος Theόphrastos; c. 371 – c. 287 BC), a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos,Gavin Hardy and Laurence Totelin, Ancient Botany, 2015, p. 8.
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Thorns, spines, and prickles
In plant morphology, thorns, spines, and prickles, and in general spinose structures (sometimes called spinose teeth or spinose apical processes), are hard, rigid extensions or modifications of leaves, roots, stems or buds with sharp, stiff ends, and generally serve the same function: physically deterring animals from eating the plant material.
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Thrips
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (most are 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts.
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Transpiration
Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers.
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Trichome
Trichomes, from the Greek τρίχωμα (trichōma) meaning "hair", are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists.
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Trunk (botany)
In botany, the trunk (or bole) is the stem and main wooden axis of a tree, which is an important feature in tree identification, and which often differs markedly from the bottom of the trunk to the top, depending on the species.
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Type (biology)
In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached.
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Upiga
Upiga is a monotypic moth genus described by Hahn William Capps in 1964.
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Vacuole
A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells.
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Wattle and daub
Wattle and daub is a composite building material used for making walls, in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called wattle is daubed with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung and straw.
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Weeds of National Significance
Weeds of National Significance (WoNS) is a list of the most problematic plant species in Australia as determined by the federal government.
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West Indies
The West Indies or the Caribbean Basin is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Caribbean that includes the island countries and surrounding waters of three major archipelagoes: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago.
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Whitefly
Whiteflies are small Hemipterans that typically feed on the undersides of plant leaves.
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Xeriscaping
Xeriscaping is landscaping and gardening that reduces or eliminates the need for supplemental water from irrigation.
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Xerophyte
A xerophyte (from Greek ξηρός xeros dry, φυτόν phuton plant) is a species of plant that has adaptations to survive in an environment with little liquid water, such as a desert or an ice- or snow-covered region in the Alps or the Arctic.
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Zimapán
Zimapán (Otomi: Mabo̱za) is a town and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico.
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3-Phosphoglyceric acid
3-Phosphoglyceric acid (3PG) is the conjugate acid of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP).
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus
