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172 relations: Absorption band, Accretion (astrophysics), Albedo, Allotropes of oxygen, Almost periodic function, Ammonia, Antifreeze, Artemis, Asgard (crater), Astronomy Now, Atmosphere, Atmospheric escape, Axial tilt, Bar (unit), BBC News Online, Bedrock, Callisto (mythology), Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Cassini–Huygens, Charged particle, Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9, Complex crater, Concentric objects, Condensation, Convection, Crust (geology), Cryovolcano, D-type asteroid, Debris, Density, Deposition (geology), Dione (moon), Ecliptic, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Enceladus, Endogeny (biology), Equator, Escarpment, Europa (moon), Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace, European Space Agency, Evolution, Exogeny, Extraterrestrial life, Flux, Formation and evolution of the Solar System, Fracture (geology), Frost, G-force, ..., Galilean moons, Galileo (spacecraft), Galileo Galilei, Ganymede (moon), Geocorona, Geology, Gomul Catena, Gravitational constant, Gravity assist, Greek mythology, H chondrite, Halophile, Hár (crater), Historical geology, Hubble Space Telescope, Icarus (journal), Ice, Ice Ih, Ice VII, Icy moon, Image resolution, Impact crater, Infrared, Inner moon, Io (moon), Ionosphere, Iron, Iron oxide, Irradiation, JAXA, Johannes Kepler, Jupiter, Jupiter Europa Orbiter, Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter, Jupiter's moons in fiction, Kelvin, Landform, Laplace plane, Late Heavy Bombardment, List of craters on Callisto, List of geological features on Callisto, List of natural satellites, Lithosphere, Lofn (crater), Lycaon (Arcadia), Magnesium, Magnetic field, Magnetosphere, Mantle (geology), Mars, Melting point, Mercury (planet), Micrometre, Microorganism, Mimas (moon), Moment of inertia, Moon, Moons of Jupiter, Moons of Saturn, NASA, Nature Geoscience, New Horizons, Ocean, Opposition (planets), Orbital eccentricity, Orbital inclination, Orbital period, Orbital resonance, Ordinary chondrite, Organic compound, Oxygen, Palimpsest (planetary astronomy), Pascal (unit), Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Planetary core, Planetary differentiation, Planetary habitability, Plate tectonics, Pressure, Radiation, Radioactive decay, Ray system, Rim (craters), Rock (geology), Rocket propellant, Roentgen equivalent man, Saline water, Saturn, Sidereus Nuncius, Sievert, Silicate, Silicon, Simon Marius, Solar System, Spectroscopy, Spectrum, Sublimation (phase transition), Sulfur dioxide, Sun, Tectonic uplift, Tectonics, The New York Times, Thermal conduction, Tidal heating, Tidal locking, Tindr (crater), Titan (moon), Titan Saturn System Mission, Trough (geology), Ultraviolet, Valhalla (crater), Viscosity, Volatiles, Volcano, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Water, Zeus, 1,000,000,000. Expand index (122 more) »
Absorption band
According to quantum mechanics, atoms and molecules can only hold certain defined quantities of energy, or exist in specific states.
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Accretion (astrophysics)
In astrophysics, accretion is the accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter, typically gaseous matter, in an accretion disk.
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Albedo
Albedo (albedo, meaning "whiteness") is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation received by an astronomical body (e.g. a planet like Earth).
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Allotropes of oxygen
There are several known allotropes of oxygen.
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Almost periodic function
In mathematics, an almost periodic function is, loosely speaking, a function of a real number that is periodic to within any desired level of accuracy, given suitably long, well-distributed "almost-periods".
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Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Antifreeze
An antifreeze is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid and increases its boiling point.
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Artemis
Artemis (Ἄρτεμις Artemis) was one of the most widely venerated of the Ancient Greek deities.
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Asgard (crater)
Asgard is the second largest multi-ring structure (impact crater) on Jupiter's moon Callisto, measuring 1600 km in diameter.
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Astronomy Now
Astronomy Now is a monthly British magazine on astronomy and space.
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Atmosphere
An atmosphere is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body.
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Atmospheric escape
Atmospheric escape is the loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space.
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Axial tilt
In astronomy, axial tilt, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, or, equivalently, the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane.
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Bar (unit)
The bar is a metric unit of pressure, but is not approved as part of the International System of Units (SI).
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BBC News Online
BBC News Online is the website of BBC News, the division of the BBC responsible for newsgathering and production.
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Bedrock
In geology, bedrock is the lithified rock that lies under a loose softer material called regolith at the surface of the Earth or other terrestrial planets.
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Callisto (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Callisto or Kallisto (Καλλιστώ) was a nymph, or the daughter of King Lycaon; the myth varies in such details.
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Cassini–Huygens
The Cassini–Huygens mission, commonly called Cassini, was a collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) to send a probe to study the planet Saturn and its system, including its rings and natural satellites.
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Charged particle
In physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge.
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Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2) was a comet that broke apart in July 1992 and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects.
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Complex crater
Complex craters are a type of large impact crater morphology.
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Concentric objects
In geometry, two or more objects are said to be concentric, coaxal, or coaxial when they share the same center or axis.
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Condensation
Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into liquid phase, and is the reverse of vapourisation.
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Convection
Convection is the heat transfer due to bulk movement of molecules within fluids such as gases and liquids, including molten rock (rheid).
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Crust (geology)
In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.
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Cryovolcano
A cryovolcano (sometimes informally called an ice volcano) is a type of volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia or methane, instead of molten rock.
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D-type asteroid
D-type asteroids have a very low albedo and a featureless reddish spectrum.
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Debris
Debris or débris is rubble, wreckage, ruins, litter and discarded garbage/refuse/trash, scattered remains of something destroyed, discarded, or as in geology, large rock fragments left by a melting glacier etc.
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Density
The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
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Deposition (geology)
Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or land mass.
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Dione (moon)
Dione (Διώνη) is a moon of Saturn.
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Ecliptic
The ecliptic is the circular path on the celestial sphere that the Sun follows over the course of a year; it is the basis of the ecliptic coordinate system.
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Electrical resistivity and conductivity
Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity) is a fundamental property that quantifies how strongly a given material opposes the flow of electric current.
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Enceladus
Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn.
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Endogeny (biology)
Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell.
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Equator
An equator of a rotating spheroid (such as a planet) is its zeroth circle of latitude (parallel).
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Escarpment
An escarpment is a steep slope or long cliff that forms as an effect of faulting or erosion and separates two relatively leveled areas having differing elevations.
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Europa (moon)
Europa or as Ευρώπη (Jupiter II) is the smallest of the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter, and the sixth-closest to the planet.
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Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace
The Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace (EJSM/Laplace) was a proposed joint NASA/ESA unmanned space mission slated to launch around 2020 for the in-depth exploration of Jupiter's moons with a focus on Europa, Ganymede and Jupiter's magnetosphere.
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European Space Agency
The European Space Agency (ESA; Agence spatiale européenne, ASE; Europäische Weltraumorganisation) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Exogeny
In a variety of contexts, exogeny or exogeneity is the fact of an action or object originating externally.
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Extraterrestrial life
Extraterrestrial life,Where "extraterrestrial" is derived from the Latin extra ("beyond", "not of") and terrestris ("of Earth", "belonging to Earth").
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Flux
Flux describes the quantity which passes through a surface or substance.
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Formation and evolution of the Solar System
The formation and evolution of the Solar System began 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud.
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Fracture (geology)
A fracture is any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides the rock into two or more pieces.
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Frost
Frost is the coating or deposit of ice that may form in humid air in cold conditions, usually overnight.
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G-force
The gravitational force, or more commonly, g-force, is a measurement of the type of acceleration that causes a perception of weight.
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Galilean moons
The Galilean moons are the four largest moons of Jupiter—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
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Galileo (spacecraft)
Galileo was an American unmanned spacecraft that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as several other Solar System bodies.
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Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.
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Ganymede (moon)
Ganymede (Jupiter III) is the largest and most massive moon of Jupiter and in the Solar System.
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Geocorona
The geocorona is the luminous part of the outermost region of the Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere.
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Geology
Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē, i.e. "earth" and -λoγία, -logia, i.e. "study of, discourse") is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time.
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Gomul Catena
Gomul Catena is a chain of craters on Jupiter's moon, Callisto.
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Gravitational constant
The gravitational constant (also known as the "universal gravitational constant", the "Newtonian constant of gravitation", or the "Cavendish gravitational constant"), denoted by the letter, is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.
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Gravity assist
In orbital mechanics and aerospace engineering, a gravitational slingshot, gravity assist maneuver, or swing-by is the use of the relative movement (e.g. orbit around the Sun) and gravity of a planet or other astronomical object to alter the path and speed of a spacecraft, typically to save propellant and reduce expense.
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Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices.
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H chondrite
The H type ordinary chondrites are the most common type of meteorite, accounting for approximately 40% of all those catalogued, 46% of the ordinary chondrites, and 44% of the chondrites.
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Halophile
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
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Hár (crater)
Hár is a crater on Jupiter's moon Callisto.
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Historical geology
Historical geology or paleogeology is a discipline that uses the principles and techniques of geology to reconstruct and understand the geological history of Earth.
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Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation.
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Icarus (journal)
Icarus is a scientific journal dedicated to the field of planetary science.
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Ice
Ice is water frozen into a solid state.
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Ice Ih
Photograph showing details of an ice cube under magnification. Ice Ih is the form of ice commonly seen on Earth. Phase space of ice Ih with respect to other ice phases. Ice Ih (pronounced: ice one h, also known as ice-phase-one) is the hexagonal crystal form of ordinary ice, or frozen water.
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Ice VII
Ice VII is a cubic crystalline form of ice.
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Icy moon
Icy moons are a class of natural satellites with surfaces composed mostly of ice.
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Image resolution
Image resolution is the detail an image holds.
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Impact crater
An impact crater is an approximately circular depression in the surface of a planet, moon, or other solid body in the Solar System or elsewhere, formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller body.
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Infrared
Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions). It is sometimes called infrared light.
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Inner moon
In astronomy, an inner moon or inner natural satellite is a natural satellite following a prograde, low-inclination orbit inwards of the large satellites of the parent planet.
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Io (moon)
Io (Jupiter I) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter.
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Ionosphere
The ionosphere is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about to altitude, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Iron oxide
Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen.
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Irradiation
Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation.
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JAXA
The is the Japanese national aerospace and space agency.
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Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.
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Jupiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System.
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Jupiter Europa Orbiter
As a part of the defunct Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace (EJSM/Laplace), the Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) was a proposed orbiter probe slated for lift-off in 2020 and planned for detailed studies of Jupiter's moons Europa and Io as well as the Jovian magnetosphere.
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Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter (JGO) was a part of the international Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM).
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Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) is an interplanetary spacecraft in development by the European Space Agency (ESA) with Airbus Defence and Space as the main contractor.
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Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter
The Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter (木星磁気圏オービター, JMO) is a cancelled space probe proposed by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), to undertake detailed in situ studies of the magnetosphere of Jupiter as a template for an astrophysical magnetised disk.
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Jupiter's moons in fiction
Jupiter's extensive system of natural satellites – in particular the four large Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) – has been a common science fiction setting.
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Kelvin
The Kelvin scale is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics.
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Landform
A landform is a natural feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body.
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Laplace plane
The Laplace plane or Laplacian plane of a planetary satellite, named after its discoverer Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827), is a mean or reference plane about whose axis the instantaneous orbital plane of a satellite precesses.
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Late Heavy Bombardment
The Late Heavy Bombardment (abbreviated LHB and also known as the lunar cataclysm) is an event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years (Ga) ago, at a time corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth.
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List of craters on Callisto
This is a list of named craters on Callisto, one of the many moons of Jupiter, the most heavily cratered natural satellite in the Solar System (for other features, see list of geological features on Callisto).
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List of geological features on Callisto
This is a list of named geological features on Callisto, a moon of Jupiter.
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List of natural satellites
The Solar System's planets and officially recognized dwarf planets are known to be orbited by 184 natural satellites, or moons.
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Lithosphere
A lithosphere (λίθος for "rocky", and σφαίρα for "sphere") is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet, or natural satellite, that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties.
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Lofn (crater)
Lofn is a large relatively young impact crater on Jupiter's Galilean satellite Callisto.
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Lycaon (Arcadia)
In Greek mythology, Lycaon (/laɪˈkeɪɒn/; Greek: Λυκάων) was a king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus and Meliboea, who, in the most popular version of the myth, tested Zeus' omniscience by serving him the roasted flesh of Lycaon's own son Nyctimus, in order to see whether Zeus was truly all-knowing.
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Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
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Magnetic field
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials.
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Magnetosphere
A magnetosphere is the region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are manipulated or affected by that object's magnetic field.
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Mantle (geology)
The mantle is a layer inside a terrestrial planet and some other rocky planetary bodies.
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Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System after Mercury.
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Melting point
The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure.
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Mercury (planet)
Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System.
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Micrometre
The micrometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is an SI derived unit of length equaling (SI standard prefix "micro-".
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Mimas (moon)
Mimas, also designated Saturn I, is a moon of Saturn which was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel.
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Moment of inertia
The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body is a tensor that determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis; similar to how mass determines the force needed for a desired acceleration.
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Moon
The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth and is Earth's only permanent natural satellite.
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Moons of Jupiter
There are 69 known moons of Jupiter.
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Moons of Saturn
The moons of Saturn are numerous and diverse, ranging from tiny moonlets less than 1 kilometer across to the enormous Titan, which is larger than the planet Mercury.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
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Nature Geoscience
Nature Geoscience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group.
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New Horizons
New Horizons is an interplanetary space probe that was launched as a part of NASA's New Frontiers program.
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Ocean
An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.
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Opposition (planets)
In positional astronomy, two astronomical objects are said to be in opposition when they are on opposite sides of the celestial sphere, as observed from a given body (usually Earth).
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Orbital eccentricity
The orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another body deviates from a perfect circle.
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Orbital inclination
Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body.
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Orbital period
The orbital period is the time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object, and applies in astronomy usually to planets or asteroids orbiting the Sun, moons orbiting planets, exoplanets orbiting other stars, or binary stars.
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Orbital resonance
In celestial mechanics, an orbital resonance occurs when orbiting bodies exert a regular, periodic gravitational influence on each other, usually because their orbital periods are related by a ratio of small integers.
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Ordinary chondrite
The ordinary chondrites (sometimes called the O chondrites) are a class of stony chondritic meteorites.
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Palimpsest (planetary astronomy)
A palimpsest, in planetary astronomy, is an ancient crater on an icy moon of the outer Solar System whose relief has disappeared due to creep of the icy surface ("viscous relaxation") or subsequent cryovolcanic outpourings, leaving a circular albedo feature, perhaps with a "ghost" of a rim.
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Pascal (unit)
The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength.
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Pioneer 10
Pioneer 10 (originally designated Pioneer F) is an American space probe, launched in 1972 and weighing, that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter.
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Pioneer 11
Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a robotic space probe launched by NASA on April 6, 1973 to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar wind and cosmic rays.
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Planetary core
The planetary core consists of the innermost layer(s) of a planet; which may be composed of solid and liquid layers.
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Planetary differentiation
In planetary science, planetary differentiation is the process of separating out different constituents of a planetary body as a consequence of their physical or chemical behaviour, where the body develops into compositionally distinct layers; the denser materials of a planet sink to the center, while less dense materials rise to the surface, generally in a magma ocean.
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Planetary habitability
Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to have habitable environments hospitable to life, or its ability to generate life endogenously.
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Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the τεκτονικός "pertaining to building") is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth's lithosphere, since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago.
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Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
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Radiation
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
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Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.
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Ray system
A ray system comprises radial streaks of fine ejecta thrown out during the formation of an impact crater, looking somewhat like many thin spokes coming from the hub of a wheel.
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Rim (craters)
The rim or edge of a crater is the part that extends above the height of the local surface, usually in a circular or elliptical pattern.
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Rock (geology)
Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
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Rocket propellant
Rocket propellant is a material used either directly by a rocket as the reaction mass (propulsive mass) that is ejected, typically with very high speed, from a rocket engine to produce thrust, and thus provide spacecraft propulsion, or indirectly to produce the reaction mass in a chemical reaction.
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Roentgen equivalent man
The roentgen equivalent man (or rem) is an older, CGS unit of equivalent dose, effective dose, and committed dose which are measures of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.
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Saline water
Saline water (more commonly known as salt water) is water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts (mainly NaCl).
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Saturn
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter.
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Sidereus Nuncius
Sidereus Nuncius (usually Sidereal Messenger, also Starry Messenger or Sidereal Message) is a short astronomical treatise (or pamphlet) published in New Latin by Galileo Galilei on March 13, 1610.
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Sievert
The sievert (symbol: SvNot be confused with the sverdrup or the svedberg, two non-SI units that sometimes use the same symbol.) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI) and is a measure of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.
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Silicate
In chemistry, a silicate is any member of a family of anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula, where 0 ≤ x Silicate anions are often large polymeric molecules with an extense variety of structures, including chains and rings (as in polymeric metasilicate), double chains (as in, and sheets (as in. In geology and astronomy, the term silicate is used to mean silicate minerals, ionic solids with silicate anions; as well as rock types that consist predominantly of such minerals. In that context, the term also includes the non-ionic compound silicon dioxide (silica, quartz), which would correspond to x.
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Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.
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Simon Marius
Simon Marius (Latinized from German Simon Mayr; January 20, 1573 – January 5, 1625) was a German astronomer.
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Solar System
The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.
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Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
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Spectrum
A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary, without steps, across a continuum.
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Sublimation (phase transition)
Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.
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Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula.
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Sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.
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Tectonic uplift
Tectonic uplift is the portion of the total geologic uplift of the mean Earth surface that is not attributable to an isostatic response to unloading.
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Tectonics
Tectonics is the process that controls the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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Thermal conduction
Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat (internal energy) by microscopic collisions of particles and movement of electrons within a body.
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Tidal heating
Tidal heating (also known as tidal working or tidal flexing) occurs through the tidal friction processes: orbital energy is dissipated as heat in either the surface ocean or interior of a planet or satellite.
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Tidal locking
Tidal locking (also called gravitational locking or captured rotation) occurs when the long-term interaction between a pair of co-orbiting astronomical bodies drives the rotation rate of at least one of them into the state where there is no more net transfer of angular momentum between this body (e.g. a planet) and its orbit around the second body (e.g. a star); this condition of "no net transfer" must be satisfied over the course of one orbit around the second body.
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Tindr (crater)
Tindr is a crater on Jupiter's moon Callisto.
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Titan (moon)
Titan is the largest moon of Saturn.
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Titan Saturn System Mission
Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM) was a joint NASA–ESA proposal for an exploration of Saturn and its moons Titan and Enceladus, where many complex phenomena were revealed by Cassini.
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Trough (geology)
In geology, a trough is a linear structural depression that extends laterally over a distance.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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Valhalla (crater)
Located on Jupiter's moon Callisto, Valhalla is the largest multi-ring impact crater in the Solar System.
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Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.
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Volatiles
In planetary science, volatiles are the group of chemical elements and chemical compounds with low boiling points that are associated with a planet's or moon's crust or atmosphere.
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Volcano
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
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Voyager 1
Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977.
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Voyager 2
Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977, to study the outer planets.
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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Zeus
Zeus (Ζεύς, Zeús) is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus.
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1,000,000,000
1,000,000,000 (one billion, short scale; one thousand million or milliard, yard, long scale) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001.
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Atmosphere of Callisto, Callisto (astronomy), Callisto moon, Callisto the moon, Colonization of Callisto, Exploration of Callisto, Jovian Moon Callisto, Jupiter IV, Life on Callisto, Satellite Callisto.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(moon)
