Communication

482 relations: A1 autoroute, A2 autoroute, A26 autoroute, Abstraction (art), AC Cambrai, Academy of Lille, Administrative centre, Agribusiness, Agricultural science, Agriculture, Aisne, Albert Dauzat, Albert Uderzo, Alderman, Alexander Agricola, Allies of World War II, Amé Bourdon, Amsterdam, Anatomy, Animal husbandry, Anthropology, Antibes, Antwerp, Anzin, Archbishop, Arlette Laguiller, Armentières, Arras, Arrondissement, Arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Arrondissement of Cambrai, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Artois, As the crow flies, Assumption of Mary, Asterix (character), Asterix and the Banquet, Auchan, Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Awoingt, Électricité de France, Baccalauréat, Bank of France, Bapaume, Baptists, Baroque, Batiste, Battle of Arras (1917), Battle of Cambrai (1917), Battle of Cambrai (1918), ..., Battle of France, Bavay, Bêtise de Cambrai, Beaune, Beauvais–Tillé Airport, Berck, Blazon, Blockade, Boisleux-au-Mont, Bouchain, Boulevard, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Bourgeoisie, Bruges, Brussels, Brussels Airport, Brussels South Charleroi Airport, Burgundian School, Busigny, Business sector, Calais, Cambayrac, Cambrai Cathedral, Cambrai Homily, Cambrai-Niergnies Airport, Cambric, Canada, Canal de l'Escaut, Canal de Saint-Quentin, Canal du Nord, Canal Dunkerque-Escaut, Canton of Cambrai, Cardinal Mazarin, Cardinal Richelieu, Caryatid, Castra, Catholic Church, Caudry, Cauroir, Cereal, Certificat d'études primaires, Chalk, Chambray, Chambry, Aisne, Chambry, Seine-et-Marne, Chamery, Champagne (province), Charge (heraldry), Charlemagne, Charles Cordier, Charles de Gaulle Airport, Charles Defrémery, Charles François Dumouriez, Charles Rostaing, Charles the Bald, Charles the Bold, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Chauny, Châteauguay, Chémery, Chérie FM, Chemin de Fer du Cambrésis, Chimera (mythology), Chlodio, Christianity, Cieszyn, Citadel, City gate, Climograph, Clovis I, Colmar, Combined transport, Combles, Committee of Public Safety, Commonwealth War 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Mouchotte, Republic of Venice, Retting, RFM (radio), Riqueval Tunnel, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai, Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras, Roman Catholic Diocese of Tournai, Roman Empire, Rood screen, Route nationale 30, Route nationale 43, Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, Rumilly-en-Cambrésis, Rural flight, Saint-Quentin, Aisne, Sainte-Ruffine, Salian Franks, Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, Ségolène Royal, Scheldt, School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, Seine, Seine–Nord Europe Canal, Seraing, Siege of Cambrai (1677), Siege of Valenciennes (1676–77), Sister city, Socialist Party (France), Sociology, Solidarity tax on wealth, Somain, Nord, Spanish Netherlands, Stanbrook Abbey, Storm of Steel, Subprefectures in France, Suffragan bishop, Sustainable development, Tabula Peutingeriana, Tank, Tarbes, Television in France, TER Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Tertiary sector of the economy, Textile industry, TGV, Thiérache, Tilloy-lez-Cambrai, Toulouse, Trademark, Trait du Nord, Tram, 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A1 autoroute

The A1 Autoroute, also known as l'autoroute du Nord (the Northern Motorway), is the busiest of France's autoroutes.

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A2 autoroute

The A2 Autoroute is a French autoroute that travels 76 km from the A1 near the commune of Combles in Picardie to the border with Belgium, where it continues on as the Belgian motorway A7.

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A26 autoroute

The A26 is a long French motorway connecting Calais and Troyes.

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Abstraction (art)

Typically, abstraction is used in the arts as a synonym for abstract art in general.

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AC Cambrai

Athletic Club Cambrésien is a French association football team founded in 1919.

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Academy of Lille

The Academy of Lille is a French educational district managed by a Vice-chancellor that gathers together schools of Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

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Administrative centre

An administrative centre is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located.

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Agribusiness

Agribusiness is the business of agricultural production.

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Agricultural science

Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture.

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Agriculture

Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.

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Aisne

Aisne is a French department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

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Albert Dauzat

Albert Dauzat (4 July 1877 – 31 October 1955) was a French linguist specializing in toponymy and onomastics.

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Albert Uderzo

Alberto Aleandro Uderzo (born 25 April 1927), known as Albert Uderzo, is a French comic book artist and scriptwriter.

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Alderman

An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions founded upon English law.

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Alexander Agricola

Alexander Agricola (born Alexander Ackerman; 1445 or 1446 – 15 August 1506) was a Netherlandish composer of the Renaissance writing in the Franco-Flemish style.

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Allies of World War II

The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945).

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Amé Bourdon

Amé Bourdon (1636 or 1638 – December 21, 1706) was a French physician and anatomist.

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Amsterdam

Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Netherlands.

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Anatomy

Anatomy (Greek anatomē, “dissection”) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

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Animal husbandry

Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products.

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Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humans and human behaviour and societies in the past and present.

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Antibes

Antibes (Provençal Occitan: Antíbol) is a Mediterranean resort in the Alpes-Maritimes department of southeastern France, on the Côte d'Azur between Cannes and Nice.

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Antwerp

Antwerp (Antwerpen, Anvers) is a city in Belgium, and is the capital of Antwerp province in Flanders.

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Anzin

Anzin is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Archbishop

In Christianity, an archbishop (via Latin archiepiscopus, from Greek αρχιεπίσκοπος, from αρχι-, 'chief', and επίσκοπος, 'bishop') is a bishop of higher rank or office.

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Arlette Laguiller

Arlette Yvonne Laguiller (born March 18, 1940) is a French Trotskyist politician.

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Armentières

Armentières (Armentiers) is a commune in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France.

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Arras

Arras (Atrecht) is the capital (chef-lieu/préfecture) of the Pas-de-Calais department, which forms part of the region of Hauts-de-France; prior to the reorganization of 2014 it was located in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

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Arrondissement

An arrondissement is any of various administrative divisions of France, Belgium, Haiti, certain other Francophone countries, and the Netherlands.

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Arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe

The arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe is an arrondissement of France in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region.

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Arrondissement of Cambrai

The arrondissement of Cambrai is an arrondissement of France in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region.

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Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, (1 May 1769 – 14 September 1852) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and statesman who was one of the leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain, serving twice as Prime Minister.

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Artois

Artois (adjective Artesian; Artesië) is a region of northern France.

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As the crow flies

As the crow flies, similar to in a beeline, is an idiom for the most direct path between two points.

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Assumption of Mary

The Assumption of Mary into Heaven (often shortened to the Assumption and also known as the Feast of Saint Mary the Virgin, Mother of Our Lord Jesus Christ and the Falling Asleep of the Blessed Virgin Mary (the Dormition)) is, according to the beliefs of the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, and parts of Anglicanism, the bodily taking up of the Virgin Mary into Heaven at the end of her earthly life.

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Asterix (character)

Asterix (Astérix) is a fictional character and the titular hero of the French comic book series Asterix.

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Asterix and the Banquet

Asterix and the Banquet ("Asterix's Tour of Gaul") is the fifth volume of the Asterix comic book series, by René Goscinny (stories) and Albert Uderzo (illustrations).

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Auchan

Groupe Auchan SA is a French international retail group and multinational corporation headquartered in Croix, France.

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Avesnes-sur-Helpe

Avesnes-sur-Helpe is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Awoingt

Awoingt is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Électricité de France

Électricité de France S.A. (EDF; Electricity of France) is a French electric utility company, largely owned by the French state.

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Baccalauréat

The baccalauréat, often known in France colloquially as bac, is an academic qualification that French students take after high school.

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Bank of France

The Bank of France known in French as the Banque de France, headquartered in Paris, is the central bank of France; it is linked to the European Central Bank (ECB).

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Bapaume

Bapaume is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

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Baptists

Baptists are Christians distinguished by baptizing professing believers only (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and doing so by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling).

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Baroque

The Baroque is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture, art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the late 18th century.

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Batiste

Batiste is a fine cloth made from cotton, wool, polyester, or a blend, and the softest of the lightweight opaque fabrics.

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Battle of Arras (1917)

The Battle of Arras (also known as the Second Battle of Arras) was a British offensive on the Western Front during World War I. From 9 April to 16 May 1917, British troops attacked German defences near the French city of Arras on the Western Front.

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Battle of Cambrai (1917)

The Battle of Cambrai (Battle of Cambrai, 1917, First Battle of Cambrai and Schlacht von Cambrai) was a British attack followed by the biggest German counter-attack against the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) since 1914, in the First World War.

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Battle of Cambrai (1918)

The Battle of Cambrai, 1918 (also known as the Second Battle of Cambrai) was a battle between troops of the British First, Third and Fourth Armies and German Empire forces during the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War.

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Battle of France

The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War.

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Bavay

Bavay (pronounced) is a commune in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

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Bêtise de Cambrai

Bêtises de Cambrai are a French boiled sweet made in the town of Cambrai.

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Beaune

Beaune is the wine capital of Burgundy in the Côte d'Or department in eastern France.

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Beauvais–Tillé Airport

Beauvais–Tillé Airport (Aéroport de Beauvais-Tillé), branded as Paris-Beauvais Airport, is an international airport near the city of Beauvais in the commune of Tillé in France.

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Berck

Berck, sometimes referred to as Berck-sur-Mer, is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.

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Blazon

In heraldry and heraldic vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem, from which the reader can reconstruct the appropriate image.

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Blockade

A blockade is an effort to cut off supplies, war material or communications from a particular area by force, either in part or totally.

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Boisleux-au-Mont

Boisleux-au-Mont is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France.

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Bouchain

Bouchain is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Boulevard

A boulevard (French, from Bolwerk – bulwark, meaning bastion), often abbreviated Blvd, is a type of large road, usually running through a city.

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Boulogne-sur-Mer

Boulogne-sur-Mer, often called Boulogne (Latin: Gesoriacum or Bononia, Boulonne-su-Mér, Bonen), is a coastal city in Northern France.

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Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.

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Bruges

Bruges (Brugge; Bruges; Brügge) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.

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Brussels Airport

Brussels Airport (also called Brussel-Nationaal / Bruxelles-National (Brussels-National) or Zaventem) is an international airport northeast of Brussels, the capital of Belgium.

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Brussels South Charleroi Airport

Brussels South Charleroi Airport (BSCA), also called Charleroi Airport or Gosselies Airport, is an international airport, located in Gosselies, a part of the city of Charleroi in Wallonia (southern Belgium. The airport is north of Charleroi and south of central Brussels. In terms of passengers and aircraft movements, it is the second busiest airport in Belgium having served 7,303,720 passengers in 2016 (75,038 movements). It is also a busy general aviation airfield, being home to 3 flying schools. The Aéropole, one of the Science Parks of Wallonia, is located near the airport.

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Burgundian School

The Burgundian School was a group of composers active in the 15th century in what is now northern and eastern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, centered on the court of the Dukes of Burgundy.

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Busigny

Busigny is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Business sector

In economics, the business sector or corporate sector - sometimes popularly called simply "business" - is "the part of the economy made up by companies".

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Calais

Calais (Calés; Kales) is a city and major ferry port in northern France in the department of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sub-prefecture.

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Cambayrac

Cambayrac is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.

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Cambrai Cathedral

Cambrai Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Grâce de Cambrai) is a Catholic church located in Cambrai, France.

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Cambrai Homily

The Cambrai Homily is the earliest known Irish homily, dating to the 7th or early 8th century.

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Cambrai-Niergnies Airport

Cambrai-Niergnies Airport is a regional airport in France, located south-southeast of Cambrai; north-northeast of Paris It supports general aviation with no commercial airline service scheduled.

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Cambric

Cambric, or batiste, one of the finest and most dense kinds of cloth, is a lightweight plain-weave cloth, originally from the French commune of Cambrai, woven in greige, then bleached, piece-dyed and often glazed or calendered.

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Canada

Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.

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Canal de l'Escaut

The Canal de l'Escaut, or Upper Escaut, is a canal in northern France connecting the Canal de Saint-Quentin at Cambrai to the Canal de la Sensée at Bassin Rond.

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Canal de Saint-Quentin

The Canal de Saint-Quentin is a canal in northern France connecting the canalised Escaut River in Cambrai to the Canal latéral à l'Oise and Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne in Chauny.

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Canal du Nord

The Canal du Nord is a long canal in northern France.

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Canal Dunkerque-Escaut

The Canal Dunkerque-Escaut is a 189 km long series of historic canals, and the canalised river Escaut (Scheldt) that were substantially rebuilt from the mid-1950s up to ca.

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Canton of Cambrai

The canton of Cambrai is an administrative division of the Nord department, northern France.

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Cardinal Mazarin

Cardinal Jules Raymond Mazarin, 1st Duke of Rethel, Mayenne and Nevers (14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarino, was an Italian cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the Chief Minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 until his death.

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Cardinal Richelieu

Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu and Fronsac (9 September 15854 December 1642), commonly referred to as Cardinal Richelieu (Cardinal de Richelieu), was a French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman.

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Caryatid

A caryatid (Καρυάτις, plural: Καρυάτιδες) is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head.

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Castra

In the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, the Latin word castrum (plural castra) was a building, or plot of land, used as a fortified military camp.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Caudry

Caudry is a commune of the Nord department in northern France.

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Cauroir

Cauroir is a commune of the Nord department in northern France.

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Cereal

A cereal is any edible components of the grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis) of cultivated grass, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran.

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Certificat d'études primaires

The certificat d'études primaires (CEP) was a diploma awarded at the end of elementary primary education in France (from 11 to 13 years inclusive until 1936) and certifying that the student had acquired basic skills in writing, reading, mathematics, history, geography and applied sciences.

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Chalk

Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite.

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Chambray

Chambray is a commune in the Eure department of northern France, located 13 km northeast of Évreux on the north bank of the Eure River.

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Chambry, Aisne

Chambry is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

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Chambry, Seine-et-Marne

Chambry is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region.

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Chamery

Chamery is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

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Champagne (province)

Champagne is a historical province in the northeast of France, now best known as the Champagne wine region for the sparkling white wine that bears its name.

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Charge (heraldry)

In heraldry, a charge is any emblem or device occupying the field of an escutcheon (shield).

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Charlemagne

Charlemagne or Charles the Great (Karl der Große, Carlo Magno; 2 April 742 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800.

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Charles Cordier

Charles Henri Joseph Cordier (19 October 1827 - 30 May 1905) was a French sculptor of ethnographic subjects.

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Charles de Gaulle Airport

Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (Aéroport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle), also known as Roissy Airport (name of the local district), is the largest international airport in France and the second largest in Europe.

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Charles Defrémery

Charles Defrémery (8 December 1822 – 18 August 1883) was a 19th-century French orientalist, specialist in Arabic and Persian history and literature.

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Charles François Dumouriez

Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez (26 January 1739 – 14 March 1823) was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Charles Rostaing

Charles Rostaing (9 October 1904 – 24 April 1999) was a French linguist who specialised in toponymy.

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Charles the Bald

Charles the Bald (13 June 823 – 6 October 877) was the King of West Francia (843–877), King of Italy (875–877) and Holy Roman Emperor (875–877, as Charles II).

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Charles the Bold

Charles the Bold (also translated as Charles the Reckless).

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Carlos; Karl; Carlo; Karel; Carolus; 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and the Spanish Empire (as Charles I of Spain) from 1516, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506.

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Chauny

Chauny is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

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Châteauguay

Châteauguay is an off-island suburb of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, located both on the Chateauguay River and Lac St-Louis, which is a section of the St. Lawrence River.

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Chémery

Chémery is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department in central France.

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Chérie FM

Chérie FM is a French radio station created in 1987 and belongs to the NRJ Group.

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Chemin de Fer du Cambrésis

| The Chemin de Fer du Cambrésis was a long metre gauge railway in the Nord and Aisne departments of France.

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Chimera (mythology)

The Chimera (or, also Chimaera (Chimæra); Greek: Χίμαιρα, Chímaira "she-goat") was, according to Greek mythology, a monstrous fire-breathing hybrid creature of Lycia in Asia Minor, composed of the parts of more than one animal.

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Chlodio

Chlodio (d. approx. 450) also Clodio, Clodius, Clodion, Cloio or Chlogio, was a king of the Franks who attacked and apparently then held Roman-inhabited lands and cities in the Silva Carbonaria and as far south as the river Somme, apparently starting from a Frankish base which was also technically within the Roman empire.

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Christianity

ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.

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Cieszyn

Cieszyn (Těšín, Teschen, Tessin) is a border town in southern Poland on the east bank of the Olza River, and the administrative seat of Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship.

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Citadel

A citadel is the core fortified area of a town or city.

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City gate

A city gate is a gate which is, or was, set within a city wall.

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Climograph

A climograph is a graphical representation of basic climatic parameters, that is monthly average temperature and precipitation, at a certain location.

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Clovis I

Clovis (Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlōdowig; 466 – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of royal chieftains to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.

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Colmar

Colmar (Alsatian: Colmer; German during 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: Kolmar) is the third-largest commune of the Alsace region in north-eastern France.

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Combined transport

Combined transport is a form of intermodal transport, which is the movement of goods in one and the same loading unit or road vehicle, using successively two or more modes of transport without handling the goods themselves in changing modes.

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Combles

Combles is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

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Committee of Public Safety

The Committee of Public Safety (Comité de salut public)—created in April 1793 by the National Convention and then restructured in July 1793—formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror (1793–94), a stage of the French Revolution.

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Commonwealth War Graves Commission

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is an intergovernmental organisation of six independent member states whose principal function is to mark, record and maintain the graves and places of commemoration of Commonwealth of Nations military service members who died in the two World Wars.

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Communes of France

The commune is a level of administrative division in the French Republic.

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Concordat

A concordat is a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both,René Metz, "What is Canon Law?" (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960), pg.

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Concours des villes et villages fleuris

The Concours des villes et villages fleuris ("towns and villages in bloom competition") is a contest organized annually in France which aims to encourage communes to adopt and implement policies that improve the quality of life of their inhabitants and enhance their attractiveness to visitors through the provision and maintenance of green spaces and the enhancement of their natural environments.

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Condé-sur-l'Escaut

Condé-sur-l'Escaut is a commune of the Nord department in northern France.

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Cora (hypermarket)

Cora is a retail group of hypermarkets located in France and elsewhere in Europe.

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County of Flanders

The County of Flanders (Graafschap Vlaanderen, Comté de Flandre) was a historic territory in the Low Countries.

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County of Hainaut

The County of Hainaut (Comté de Hainaut, Graafschap Henegouwen; Grafschaft Hennegau), sometimes given the archaic spellings Hainault and Heynowes, was a historical lordship within the medieval Holy Roman Empire, with its capital at Mons (Bergen).

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Cretaceous

The Cretaceous is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period mya.

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Croesus

Croesus (Κροῖσος, Kroisos; 595 BC – c. 546 BC) was the king of Lydia who, according to Herodotus, reigned for 14 years: from 560 BC until his defeat by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 546 BC (sometimes given as 547 BC).

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Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)

The Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (War Cross 1939–1945) is a French military decoration, a version of the Croix de guerre created on September 26, 1939, to honour people who fought with the Allies against the Axis forces at any time during World War II.

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David d'Angers

Pierre-Jean David (12 March 17884 January 1856) was a French sculptor and medallist.

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Déclaration d'utilité publique

A déclaration d'utilité publique, or declaration of public utility, is a formal recognition in French law that a proposed project has public benefits.

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Deanery

A deanery (or decanate) is an ecclesiastical entity in the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Evangelical Church in Germany, and the Church of Norway.

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Debout la France

Debout la France ("France Arise"; DLF) is a French political party founded by Nicolas Dupont-Aignan in 1999 under the name Debout la République (Republic Arise, DLR) as the "genuine Gaullist" branch of the Rally for the Republic (RPR).

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Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789

The Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 (Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.

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Departments of France

In the administrative divisions of France, the department (département) is one of the three levels of government below the national level ("territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the commune.

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Discharge (hydrology)

In hydrology, discharge is the volumetric flow rate of water that is transported through a given cross-sectional area.

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Diurnal temperature variation

In meteorology, diurnal temperature variation is the variation between a high temperature and a low temperature that occurs during the same day.

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Douai

Douai (Dowaai; historically "Doway" in English) is a commune in the Nord département in northern France.

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Duchy of Brabant

The Duchy of Brabant was a State of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1183.

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Duchy of Burgundy

The Duchy of Burgundy (Ducatus Burgundiae; Duché de Bourgogne) emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians, which after its conquest in 532 had formed a constituent part of the Frankish Empire.

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Dunkirk

Dunkirk (Dunkerque; Duinkerke(n)) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Dutch language

The Dutch language is a West Germanic language, spoken by around 23 million people as a first language (including the population of the Netherlands where it is the official language, and about sixty percent of Belgium where it is one of the three official languages) and by another 5 million as a second language.

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Dutch Republic

The Dutch Republic was a republic that existed from the formal creation of a confederacy in 1581 by several Dutch provinces (which earlier seceded from the Spanish rule) until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.

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Edward III of England

Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death; he is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous and unorthodox reign of his father, Edward II.

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Employment

Employment is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract where work is paid for, where one party, which may be a corporation, for profit, not-for-profit organization, co-operative or other entity is the employer and the other is the employee.

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English Benedictine Congregation

The English Benedictine Congregation (abbr. EBC) unites autonomous Roman Catholic Benedictine communities of monks and nuns and is technically the oldest of the 18 congregations that are affiliated in the Benedictine Confederation.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.

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Enguerrand de Monstrelet

Enguerrand de Monstrelet (c. 1400 – 20 July 1453), was a French chronicler.

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Erasmus

Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (28 October 1466Gleason, John B. "The Birth Dates of John Colet and Erasmus of Rotterdam: Fresh Documentary Evidence," Renaissance Quarterly, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp. 73–76; – 12 July 1536), known as Erasmus or Erasmus of Rotterdam,Erasmus was his baptismal name, given after St. Erasmus of Formiae.

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Ernst Jünger

Ernst Jünger (29 March 1895 – 17 February 1998) was a highly decorated German soldier, author, and entomologist who became publicly known for his World War I memoir Storm of Steel.

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Escaudœuvres

Escaudœuvres is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Esztergom

Esztergom (Gran, Ostrihom, known by alternative names), is a city in northern Hungary, northwest of the capital Budapest.

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European route E17

European route E 17 passes through the following cities.

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European route E19

European route E 19 is long European route.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Farmer

A farmer (also called an agriculturer) is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials.

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Faubourg

Faubourg is an ancient French term approximating "suburb" (now generally termed banlieue).

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Fête de la Fédération

The Fête de la Fédération (Festival of the Federation) was a massive holiday festival held throughout France in honour of the French Revolution.

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Field hockey

Field hockey is a team game of the hockey family.

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First French Empire

The First French Empire (Empire Français) was the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte of France and the dominant power in much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

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Foil (fencing)

A foil is one of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing, all of which are metal.

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Fonds

In archival science, a fonds is the aggregation of documents that originate from the same source.

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Fontaine-Notre-Dame, Nord

Fontaine-Notre-Dame is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Food industry

The food industry is a complex, global collective of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world population.

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François Bayrou

François Bayrou (born 25 May 1951) is a French centrist politician and the president of the Democratic Movement (MoDem), who was a candidate in the 2002, 2007 and 2012 French presidential elections.

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François Fénelon

François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon, more commonly known as François Fénelon (6 August 1651 – 7 January 1715), was a French Roman Catholic archbishop, theologian, poet and writer.

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François Hollande

François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 2012 to 2017.

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François III Maximilien de la Woestyne, 3rd Marquess of Becelaere

François III Maximilien de la Woestyne, 3rd Marquess of Becelaere, Grande of Spain and Lord of Walincourt, died in Cambrai 12 May 1794, was a victim of the French Revolution.

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François-Xavier Villain

François-Xavier Villain (born 31 May 1950 in Abbeville, Somme) is a member of the National Assembly of France.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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France 3

France 3 is the second largest French public television channel and part of the France Télévisions group, which also includes France 2, France 4, France 5, and France Ô. It is made up of a network of regional television services providing daily news programming and around ten hours of entertainment and cultural programming produced for and about the regions each week.

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France 3 Nord-Pas-de-Calais

France 3 Nord-Pas-de-Calais is one France 3's regional services, broadcasting to people in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region.

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France Bleu Nord

France Bleu Nord is a French public radio station part of the France Bleu network for the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais.

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Francien language

Francien is a 19th-century term in linguistics that was applied to the French dialect that was spoken in the Île-de-France region (with Paris at its centre) before the establishment of the French language as a standard language.

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Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet

Francisco Luis Hector, barón de Carondelet (born 1748, Noyelles-sur-Selle, Flanders – died 1807 Quito, Ecuador) was an administrator of Burgundian descent in the employ of the Spanish Empire.

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Franco-Dutch War

The Franco-Dutch War (1672–78), often simply called the Dutch War (Guerre de Hollande; Hollandse Oorlog), was a war fought by France, Sweden, Münster, Cologne and England against the Dutch Republic, which was later joined by the Austrian Habsburg lands, Brandenburg-Prussia and Spain to form a Quadruple Alliance.

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Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, Guerre franco-allemande), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1871) or in Germany as 70/71, was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)

The Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) was a military conflict that was the result of French involvement in the Thirty Years' War.

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Franks

The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum) were a collection of Germanic peoples, whose name was first mentioned in 3rd century Roman sources, associated with tribes on the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD, on the edge of the Roman Empire.

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French Communist Party

The French Communist Party (Parti communiste français, PCF) is a communist party in France.

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French Flanders

French Flanders (La Flandre française; Frans-Vlaanderen) is a part of the historical County of Flanders in present-day France where Flemings and the Dutch were traditionally the dominant ethnic groups and where Dutch was or still is traditionally spoken.

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French franc

The franc (sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France.

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French legislative election, 2002

The French legislative elections took place on 9 June and 16 June 2002 to elect the 12th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, in a context of political crisis.

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French legislative election, 2007

The French legislative elections took place on 10 June and 17 June 2007 to elect the 13th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, a few weeks after the French presidential election run-off on 6 May.

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French presidential election, 2002

The 2002 French presidential election consisted of a first round election on 21 April 2002, and a runoff election between the top two candidates (Jacques Chirac and Jean-Marie Le Pen) on 5 May 2002.

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French presidential election, 2007

The 2007 French presidential election, the ninth of the Fifth French Republic was held to elect the successor to Jacques Chirac as president of France (and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra) for a five-year term.

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French presidential election, 2012

A presidential election was held in France on 22 April 2012 (or 21 April in some overseas departments and territories), with a second round run-off held on 6 May (or 5 May for those same territories) to elect the President of France (who is also ex officio one of the two joint heads of state of Andorra, a sovereign state).

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French Revolution

The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.

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French Section of the Workers' International

The French Section of the Workers' International (Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière, SFIO) was a French socialist political party founded in 1905 and replaced in 1969 by the current Socialist Party (PS).

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French toast

French toast is a dish made of bread soaked in eggs and milk, then fried.

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French Towns and Lands of Art and History

Since 1985, the French Ministry of Culture and Communication has pursued a policy of preserving and promoting France's heritage.

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Fromage blanc

Fromage blanc (also known as maquée) is a fresh cheese originating from the north of France and the south of Belgium.

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Gare de Cambrai

Gare de Cambrai is a railway station serving the town Cambrai, Nord department, northern France.

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Gare de Lille Flandres

Lille Flandres is the main railway station of Lille, capital of French Flanders.

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Gare du Nord

The Gare du Nord (North Station), officially Paris-Nord, is one of the six large terminus stations of the SNCF mainline network for Paris, France.

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Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy

The brothers Gaspard (born 1624 or 1625, died 10 December 1681) and Balthazar Marsy (baptised 6 January 1628, died May 1674) were French sculptors.

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Gaugericus

Saint Gaugericus, in French Saint Géry (also known as Gorik, Gau; in Walloon, Djèri) (550 – August 11, 626) was a bishop of Cambrai, France.

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Georges Maroniez

Georges Philibert Charles Maroniez (17 January 1865, Douai – 11 December 1933, Paris) was a French painter, specializing in landscapes with figures.

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Georges Vérez

Georges Armand Vérez was born in Lille on 1 August 1877 and died on 17 January 1932.

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Georges-Eugène Haussmann

Georges-Eugène Haussmann, commonly known as Baron Haussmann (27 March 180911 January 1891), was a prefect of the Seine Department of France chosen by Emperor Napoleon III to carry out a massive urban renewal program of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris that is commonly referred to as Haussmann's renovation of Paris.

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Gerard II (bishop of Cambrai)

Gerard II (c. 1020 – 11 or 12 August 1092), sometimes Gerard of Lessines, was the thirty-third bishop of Cambrai from 1076 and the last who was also bishop of Arras.

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Gerard of Florennes

Gerard of Florennes (ca 975, bishop 1012 – 14 March 1051), bishop of Cambrai as Gerard I, had formerly been chaplain to Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, and helpful to the latter in his political negotiations with Robert the Pious, King of France.

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German language

German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.

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German War Graves Commission

The German War Graves Commission (Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge in German) is responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of German war graves in Europe and North Africa.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Ghent

Ghent (Gent; Gand) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

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Gravesend

Gravesend is an ancient town in northwest Kent, England, situated 21 miles (35 km) east-southeast of Charing Cross (central London) on the south bank of the Thames Estuary and opposite Tilbury in Essex.

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Great Fear

The Great Fear (la Grande Peur) was a general panic that took place between 17 July and 3 August 1789, at the start of the French Revolution.

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Grisaille

A grisaille (or; gris 'grey') is a painting executed entirely in shades of grey or of another neutral greyish colour.

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Guillaume Du Fay

Guillaume Du Fay (also Dufay, Du Fayt; 5 August, c. 1397; accessed June 23, 2015. – 27 November 1474) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the early Renaissance.

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Guillaume Dubois

Guillaume Dubois (6 September 1656 – 10 August 1723) was a French cardinal and statesman.

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Guillotine

A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.

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Habsburg Monarchy

The Habsburg Monarchy (Habsburgermonarchie) or Empire is an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1521 and 1780 and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918.

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Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League (Middle Low German: Hanse, Düdesche Hanse, Hansa; Standard German: Deutsche Hanse; Latin: Hansa Teutonica) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe.

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Hauts-de-France

Hauts-de-France (translates to "Upper France" in English; Heuts-d'Franche) is a region of France created by the territorial reform of French Regions in 2014, from a merger of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy.

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Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne

Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, often called simply Turenne (11 September 161127 July 1675) was a French Marshal General and the most illustrious member of the La Tour d'Auvergne family.

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Henri de Lubac

Henri-Marie Joseph Sonier de Lubac (20 February 1896 – 4 September 1991), known as Henri de Lubac, was a French Jesuit priest who became a cardinal of the Catholic Church and is considered one of the most influential theologians of the 20th century.

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Henri Giraud

Henri Honoré Giraud (18 January 1879 – 11 March 1949) was a French general who was captured in both World Wars, but escaped both times.

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Henri, Count of Harcourt

Henri de Lorraine (20 March 1601 – 25 July 1666, Royaumont Abbey), known as Cadet la Perle, was a French nobleman.

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Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry II (Heinrich II; Enrico II) (6 May 973 – 13 July 1024), also known as Saint Henry, Obl. S. B., was Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014 until his death in 1024 and the last member of the Ottonian dynasty of Emperors as he had no children.

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Henry the Fowler

Henry the Fowler (Heinrich der Finkler or Heinrich der Vogler; Henricus Auceps) (876 – 2 July 936) was the duke of Saxony from 912 and the elected king of East Francia (Germany) from 919 until his death in 936.

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HLM

HLM is the acronym of Habitation à Loyer Modéré ("rent-controlled housing"), a form of private or public housing in France, Switzerland, Algeria, Senegal, and Quebec.

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Hochepot

The hochepot (hutsepot) is a sort of stew much appreciated in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, and in Flanders and Hainaut in Belgium.

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Holiday cottage

A holiday cottage, holiday home, or vacation property is accommodation used for holiday vacations.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.

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Houma, Louisiana

Houma is the largest city in and the parish seat of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, United States and the largest principal city of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area.

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Housing estate

A housing estate (or sometimes housing complex) is a group of homes and other buildings built together as a single development.

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Hundred Days Offensive

The Hundred Days Offensive was the final period of the First World War, during which the Allies launched a series of offensives against the Central Powers on the Western Front from 8 August to 11 November 1918, beginning with the Battle of Amiens.

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Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France.

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Hungarians

Hungarians, also known as Magyars (magyarok), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary (Magyarország) and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history and speak the Hungarian language.

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Hungary

Hungary (Magyarország) is a country in Central Europe that covers an area of in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Austria to the northwest, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the west.

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Hygiene

Hygiene is a set of practices performed to preserve health.

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In the Beginning (2009 film)

In the Beginning (À l'origine) is a 2009 French drama film directed by Xavier Giannoli.

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Infant mortality

Infant mortality refers to deaths of young children, typically those less than one year of age.

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Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques

The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques), abbreviated INSEE, is the national statistics bureau of France.

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Intensive farming

Intensive farming involves various types of agriculture with higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area.

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Intercités

Intercités (before September 2009: Corail Intercités) is a brand name used by France’s national railway company, SNCF, to denote non high speed services on the 'classic' network in France.

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Intermodal passenger transport

Intermodal passenger transport, also called mixed-mode commuting, involves using two or more modes of transportation in a journey.

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International E-road network

The international E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

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Isatis tinctoria

Isatis tinctoria, also called woad, dyer's woad, or glastum, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae.

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Islam

IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).

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Jacob Obrecht

Jacob Obrecht (also Hobrecht; 1457/8 – late July 1505) was a Low Countries (greater Netherlands) composer.

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Jacobus de Kerle

Jacobus de Kerle (Ypres 1531/1532 - Prague 7 January 1591) was a Flemish composer and organist of the late Renaissance.

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Jacques Chirac

Jacques René Chirac (born 29 November 1932) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007.

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Jacques Denis Antoine

Jacques Denis Antoine (6 August 1733, Paris - 24 August 1801) was a French architect.

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Jacques Legendre (French politician)

Jacques Legendre (born 2 December 1941 in Paris) is a French politician and a member of the Senate of France.

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Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet

Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet (27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704) was a French bishop and theologian, renowned for his sermons and other addresses.

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Jean Gascou

Jean Gascou (16 May 1945, Cambrai) is a French scholar and papyrologist, and a professor at the university Paris-Sorbonne, director of the Institute of papyrology.

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Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) was a French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV.

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Jean-Luc Mélenchon

Jean-Luc Antoine Pierre Mélenchon (born 19 August 1951) is a French politician serving as a member of the National Assembly of France since 2017.

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Jean-Marie Le Pen

Jean-Marie Le Pen (born 20 June 1928) is a French politician who has served as Honorary President of the National Front since January 2011 and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from France since 2004, previously between 1984 and 2003.

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Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps

Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps (June 7, 1824 at Saint-Antoine-du-Rocher – September 12, 1873 at Vichy) was a French horticulturist and landscape architect.

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Jean-Pierre Destrumelle

Jean-Pierre Destrumelle (2 January 1941 – 19 April 2002) was a French football player who played for Rouen, Marseille and Paris SG.

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Johannes Lupi

Jean Leleu, most commonly known by the latinized version of his name, Johannes Lupi (c. 1506 – December 20, 1539), was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance.

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Johannes Ockeghem

Johannes Ockeghem (also Jean de, Jan; surname Okeghem, Ogkegum, Okchem, Hocquegam, Ockegham; other variant spellings are also encountered) (1410/1425 – February 6,Brown & Stein, p61. 1497) was the most famous composer of the Franco-Flemish School in the last half of the 15th century, and is often considered the most influential composer between Guillaume Dufay and Josquin des Prez.

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Johannes Tinctoris

Jehan le Taintenier or Jean Teinturier, Latinised in Johannes Tinctoris (aka Jean de Vaerwere) (c. 1435 – 1511) was a Renaissance composer and music theorist from the Low Countries.

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John of Burgundy (bishop of Cambrai)

John of Burgundy (1404 – 27 April 1479), also known as Jean de Bourgogne, was the illegitimate son of John the Fearless, through his mistress Agnes de Croy, daughter of Jean I de Croÿ and was appointed Archbishop of Trier, served as Bishop of Cambrai from 1439–1479, Provost of St. Donatian's Cathedral and St.

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John the Fearless

John (28 May 1371 – 10 September 1419), called John "the Fearless" (Jean sans Peur; Jan zonder Vrees), was Duke of Burgundy as John I from 1404 until his death, succeeding his father Philip.

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Joret line

The Joret line (ligne Joret) is an isogloss used in the linguistics of the langues d'oïl.

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Joseph Le Bon

Joseph Le Bon (29 September 1765 – 10 October 1795) was a French politician.

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Joseph Merklin

Joseph Merklin (17 February 1819 – 10 July 1905) was a Baden-born organ builder who later became a French citizen.

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Jules Gosselet

Jules-Auguste Gosselet (19 April 1832 – 20 March 1916) was a French geologist born in Cambrai.

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Julien Torma

Julien Torma (6 April 1902 – ?) was credited as a French writer, playwright and poet who was part of the Dadaist movement.

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Kamp-Lintfort

Kamp-Lintfort is a town in Wesel District, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Köppen climate classification

The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems.

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Kent

Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties.

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Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe.

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L'Équipe

L'Équipe (French for "the team") is a French nationwide daily newspaper devoted to sport, owned by Éditions Philippe Amaury.

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La Voix du Nord (daily)

La Voix du Nord (lit. The Voice of the North or The Voice of Nord) is a regional daily newspaper from the north of France.

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Left Front (France)

The Left Front (Front de gauche, FG or FDG) is a French electoral alliance and a political movement created for the 2009 European elections by the French Communist Party and the Left Party when a left-wing minority faction decided to leave the Socialist Party, and the Unitarian Left (Gauche Unitaire), a group which left the New Anticapitalist Party.

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Legion of Honour

The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.

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Lens, Pas-de-Calais

Lens (Linse) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.

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Liège

Liège (Lidje; Luik,; Lüttich) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège. The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about north-east). At Liège, the Meuse meets the River Ourthe. The city is part of the sillon industriel, the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region. The Liège municipality (i.e. the city proper) includes the former communes of Angleur, Bressoux, Chênée, Glain, Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km2 (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008. Population of all municipalities in Belgium on 1 January 2008. Retrieved on 2008-10-19. Definitions of metropolitan areas in Belgium. The metropolitan area of Liège is divided into three levels. First, the central agglomeration (agglomeratie) with 480,513 inhabitants (2008-01-01). Adding the closest surroundings (banlieue) gives a total of 641,591. And, including the outer commuter zone (forensenwoonzone) the population is 810,983. Retrieved on 2008-10-19. This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.

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Lille

Lille (Rijsel; Rysel) is a city at the northern tip of France, in French Flanders.

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Lille 2 University of Health and Law

The Lille 2 University of Health and Law (Université Lille II) is a French university for health, sports, management and law.

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Lille Airport

Lille Airport (Aéroport de Lille) is an airport located in Lesquin, south-southeast of Lille, a city in northern France.

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Linen

Linen is a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant.

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Loïc Attely

Loïc Attely (born 26 November 1977) is a French fencer.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Lorient

Lorient is a town (French "commune") and seaport in the Morbihan "department" of Brittany in North-Western France.

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Lothair I

Lothair I or Lothar I (Dutch and Medieval Latin: Lotharius, German: Lothar, French: Lothaire, Italian: Lotario) (795 – 29 September 855) was the Holy Roman Emperor (817–855, co-ruling with his father until 840), and the governor of Bavaria (815–817), Italy (818–855) and Middle Francia (840–855).

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Lothair II

Lothair II (835 –) was the king of Lotharingia from 855 until his death.

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Louis Blériot

Louis Charles Joseph Blériot (1 July 1872 – 1 August 1936) was a French aviator, inventor and engineer.

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Louis Guilloux

Louis Guilloux (15 January 1899 – 14 October 1980) was a French writer born in Saint-Brieuc, Brittany, where he lived throughout his life.

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Louis Marie Cordonnier

Louis Marie Cordonnier (July 7, 1854, Haubourdin, Nord – 1940) was a French architect, born in Haubourdin and associated principally with Lille and the French Flanders region.

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Louis XI of France

Louis XI (3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483), called "Louis the Prudent" (le Prudent), was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1461 to 1483.

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Louis XIII of France

Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.

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Louis XIV of France

Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Louis XVIII of France

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days.

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Louis, Grand Condé

Louis de Bourbon or Louis II, Prince of Condé (8 September 1621 – 11 December 1686) was a French general and the most famous representative of the Condé branch of the House of Bourbon.

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Louise de Bettignies

Louise Marie Jeanne Henriette de Bettignies (15 July 1880 - 27 September 1918) was a French secret agent who spied on the Germans for the British during World War I using the pseudonym of Alice Dubois.

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Louisiana

Louisiana is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Louisiana Territory

The Territory of Louisiana or Louisiana Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 4, 1805, until June 4, 1812, when it was renamed the Missouri Territory.

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Low Countries

The Low Countries or, in the geographic sense of the term, the Netherlands (de Lage Landen or de Nederlanden, les Pays Bas) is a coastal region in northwestern Europe, consisting especially of the Netherlands and Belgium, and the low-lying delta of the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, and Ems rivers where much of the land is at or below sea level.

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Luftwaffe

The Luftwaffe was the aerial warfare branch of the combined German Wehrmacht military forces during World War II.

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Malvern, Worcestershire

Malvern is a spa town and civil parish in Worcestershire, England.

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Manual labour

Manual labour (in British English, manual labor in American English) or manual work is physical work done by people, most especially in contrast to that done by machines, and to that done by working animals.

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Marcel Gaumont

Marcel Gaumont was a French sculptor born on 27 January 1880 in Tours.

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Marcel Lermoyez

Marcel Lermoyez (24 July 1858 – 1 February 1929) was a French otolaryngologist and surgeon who was a native of Cambrai.

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Marcoing

Marcoing is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma

Marie Louise (Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Franziska Therese Josepha Lucia; Italian: Maria Luigia Leopoldina Francesca Teresa Giuseppa Lucia; 12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was an Austrian archduchess who reigned as Duchess of Parma from 1814 until her death.

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Marie-Georges Pascal

Marie-Georges Pascal (born Marie-Georges Charlotte Faisy; October 2, 1946 – November 9, 1985) was a French film, television at Actrices de France (French).

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Marina

A marina (from Spanish, Portuguese and Italian: marina, "coast" or "shore") is a dock or basin with moorings and supplies for yachts and small boats.

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Marine Le Pen

Marion Anne Perrine "Marine" Le Pen (born 5 August 1968) is a French politician and lawyer serving as President of the National Rally political party (previously named National Front) since 2011, with a brief interruption in 2017.

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Marquion

Marquion is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

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Marten Jozef Geeraerts

Marten Jozef Geeraerts (1707–1791), a Flemish historical painter, born at Antwerp, was intended for the law, and studied in the Jesuits' College.

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Masnières

Masnières is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Maubeuge

Maubeuge (historical Mabuse or Malbode) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Maurice Godelier

Maurice Godelier (born February 28, 1934) is a French anthropologist who works as the Director of Studies at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences.

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Métropole Européenne de Lille

Métropole Européenne de Lille is the métropole, an intercommunal structure, centred on the city of Lille.

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Merovingian dynasty

The Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that ruled the Franks for nearly 300 years in a region known as Francia in Latin, beginning in the middle of the 5th century.

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Metropolitan area

A metropolitan area, sometimes referred to as a metro area or commuter belt, is a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing.

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Metz

Metz (Lorraine Franconian pronunciation) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Mons

Mons (Bergen; Mont; Mont) is a Walloon city and municipality, and the capital of the Belgian province of Hainaut.

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Monument historique

* Monument historique is a designation given to some national heritage sites in France.

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Moors

The term "Moors" refers primarily to the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Malta during the Middle Ages.

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Morenchies

Morenchies is a former commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Mosque

A mosque (from masjid) is a place of worship for Muslims.

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Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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National diploma (France)

The national diploma is a diploma given to French pupils at the end of 3e (year 10 / ninth grade), This diploma is awarded to students who are or were within French cultural influence, including France itself, Lebanon, Syria and Algeria, the first two were under French Mandate after World War I whilst the last was a French territory from 1830 until its independence in 1962. Also the pupils outside France who study in French Schools of the Agency for French Teaching Abroad network sit for this exam.

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National Rally (France)

The National Rally (Rassemblement national, RN), formerly known as the National Front (Front national,; FN) until 2018, is a right-wing populist and nationalist political party in France.

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Neo-Marxism

Neo-Marxism is a broad term encompasing twentieth-century approaches that amend or extend Marxism and Marxist theory, typically by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions such as critical theory, psychoanalysis, or existentialism (in the case of Jean-Paul Sartre).

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Neoclassical architecture

Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century.

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Nervii

The Nervii were one of the most powerful Celtic tribes,; living in northern Gaul at the time of its conquest by Rome.

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Net migration rate

The net migration rate is the difference between the number of immigrants (people coming into an area) and the number of emigrants (people leaving an area) throughout the year.

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Neuville-Saint-Rémy

Neuville-Saint-Rémy is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Nice

Nice (Niçard Niça, classical norm, or Nissa, nonstandard,; Nizza; Νίκαια; Nicaea) is the fifth most populous city in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes département.

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Nicolas Grenon

Nicolas Grenon (c. 1375 – October 17, 1456) was a French composer of the early Renaissance.

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Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa KOGF GCB (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012.

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Nicolas-Henri Jardin

Nicolas-Henri Jardin (22 March 1720 – 31 August 1799), neoclassical architect, was born in St.

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Niergnies

Niergnies is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Ninth Army (France)

The Ninth Army (IXe Armée) was a Field army of the French Army during World War I and World War II.

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Nord (French department)

Nord (North; Noorderdepartement) is a department in the far north of France.

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Nord's 18th constituency

The 18th constituency of the Nord is a French legislative constituency in the Nord ''département''.

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Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin

Nord-Pas-de-Calais Mining Basin is an area of France that has been added to the 2012 UNESCO World Heritage Sites list.

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Nord-Pas-de-Calais

Nord-Pas-de-Calais (is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Hauts-de-France. It consisted of the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. Nord-Pas-de-Calais borders the English Channel (west), the North Sea (northwest), Belgium (north and east) and Picardy (south). The majority of the region was once part of the historical (Southern) Netherlands, but gradually became part of France between 1477 and 1678, particularly during the reign of king Louis XIV. The historical French provinces that preceded Nord-Pas-de-Calais are Artois, French Flanders, French Hainaut and (partially) Picardy. These provincial designations are still frequently used by the inhabitants. With its 330.8 people per km2 on just over 12,414 km2, it is a densely populated region, having some 4.1 million inhabitants, 7% of France's total population, making it the fourth most populous region in the country, 83% of whom live in urban communities. Its administrative centre and largest city is Lille. The second largest city is Calais, which serves as a major continental economic/transportation hub with Dover of Great Britain away; this makes Nord-Pas-de-Calais the closest continental European connection to the Great Britain. Other major towns include Valenciennes, Lens, Douai, Béthune, Dunkirk, Maubeuge, Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai and Saint-Omer. Numerous films, like Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis.

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North Sea

The North Sea (Mare Germanicum) is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France.

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Noyelles-sur-Escaut

Noyelles-sur-Escaut is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Obelix

Obelix (Obélix in French) is a cartoon character and protagonist in the French comic book series Asterix.

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Oceanic climate

An oceanic or highland climate, also known as a marine or maritime climate, is the Köppen classification of climate typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, and generally features cool summers (relative to their latitude) and cool winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature, with the exception for transitional areas to continental, subarctic and highland climates.

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Oise (river)

The Oise is a river of Belgium and France, flowing for from its source in the Belgian province of Hainaut, south of Chimay.

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Old Cambrai Cathedral

Old Cambrai Cathedral was the Gothic cathedral of the diocese of Cambrai in France, sited on what is now Place Fénelon in Cambrai but now entirely lost.

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Olivier Besancenot

Olivier Besancenot; born 18 April 1974) is a French far-left political figure and trade unionist, and the founding main spokesperson of the New Anticapitalist Party (Nouveau parti anticapitaliste, NPA) from 2009 to 2011. He was a candidate for the 2007 French presidential election, for the Ligue communiste révolutionnaire (LCR), the French section of the Fourth International. He gained 1.2 million votes, 4.25%, standing as a revolutionary socialist in the 2002 presidential elections. In the first round of the 2007 presidential election, Besancenot received 4.08% of the vote, just short of 1.5 million votes, placing him fifth and eliminating him from the race. In May 2011, Besancenot announced that he would not be standing in the 2012 presidential election. He was succeeded as main spokesperson of the NPA by Myriam Martin, who later left the NPA to found Gauche Anticapitaliste (Anticapitalist Left), and Christine Poupin, joined by Philippe Poutou, who was the NPA presidential candidate in 2012.

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Orchies

Orchies (Dutch: Oorschie) is a commune in the department of Nord in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

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Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (Otto der Große, Ottone il Grande), was German king from 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death in 973.

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Papyrology

Papyrology is the study of ancient literature, correspondence, legal archives, etc..., as preserved in manuscripts written on papyrus, the most common form of writing material in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome.

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Paraboloid

In geometry, a paraboloid is a quadric surface that has (exactly) one axis of symmetry and no center of symmetry.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Paris Basin

The Paris Basin is one of the major geological regions of France having developed since the Triassic on a basement formed by the Variscan orogeny.

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Parish

A parish is a church territorial entity constituting a division within a diocese.

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Parlement

A parlement, in the Ancien Régime of France, was a provincial appellate court.

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Partridge

Partridges are medium-sized non-migratory gamebirds, with a wide native distribution throughout the Old World, including Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa.

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Peter Paul Rubens

Sir Peter Paul Rubens (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist.

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Philippe de Monte

Philippe de Monte (1521 – 4 July 1603), sometimes known as Philippus de Monte, was a Flemish composer of the late Renaissance active all over Europe.

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Physician

A physician, medical practitioner, medical doctor, or simply doctor is a professional who practises medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining, or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.

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Pierre d'Ailly

Pierre d'Ailly (Latin Petrus Aliacensis, Petrus de Alliaco; 13519 August 1420) was a French theologian, astrologer, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Pillory

The pillory was a device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post, with holes for securing the head and hands, formerly used for punishment by public humiliation and often further physical abuse.

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Poland

Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.

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Political ecology

Political ecology is the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes.

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Pope Julius II

Pope Julius II (Papa Giulio II; Iulius II) (5 December 1443 – 21 February 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, and nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" and "The Warrior Pope".

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Post–World War II baby boom

The end of World War II brought a baby boom to many countries, especially Western ones.

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Precipitation

In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity.

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Primary residence

A person's primary residence, or main residence is the dwelling where they usually live, typically a house or an apartment.

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Principality

A principality (or princedom) can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of prince or by a monarch with another title within the generic use of the term prince.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.

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Proville

Proville is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Quebec

Quebec (Québec)According to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in English; the name is.

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Quiévrain

Quiévrain is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

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Quito

Quito (Kitu; Kitu), formally San Francisco de Quito, is the capital city of Ecuador, and at an elevation of above sea level, it is the second-highest official capital city in the world, after La Paz, and the one which is closest to the equator.

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Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle

Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Rally for the Republic

The Rally for the Republic (Rassemblement pour la République; RPR), was a Neo-Gaullist and conservative political party in France.

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Ramillies, Nord

Ramillies is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Rate of natural increase

Within the study of demography, the rate of natural increase (RNI) is classified as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

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Real Audiencia

The Real Audiencia, or simply Audiencia (Reial Audiència, Audiència Reial, or Audiència), was an appellate court in Spain and its empire.

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Referendum

A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal.

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Reformed Church of France

The Reformed Church of France (Église Réformée de France, ERF) was the main Protestant denomination in France with a Reformed orientation that could be traced back directly to John Calvin.

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Regionalism (politics)

In politics, regionalism is a political ideology that focuses on the national or normative interests of a particular region, group of regions or another subnational entity.

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Regions of France

France is divided into 18 administrative regions (région), including 13 metropolitan regions and 5 overseas regions.

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Reign of Terror

The Reign of Terror, or The Terror (la Terreur), is the label given by some historians to a period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established.

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Reims

Reims (also spelled Rheims), a city in the Grand Est region of France, lies east-northeast of Paris.

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René Dumont

René Dumont (March 13, 1904 – June 18, 2001) was a French engineer in agronomy, a sociologist, and an environmental politician.

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René Goscinny

René Goscinny (14 August 1926 – 5 November 1977) was a French comics editor and writer of Polish descent, who is best known internationally for the comic book Astérix, which he created with illustrator Albert Uderzo, and for his work on the comic series Lucky Luke with Morris (considered the series' golden age) and Iznogoud with Jean Tabary.

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René Mouchotte

Commandant René Mouchotte DFC (21 August 1914 – 27 August 1943) was a World War II pilot of the French Air Force, who escaped from Vichy French–controlled Oran to join the Free French forces.

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Republic of Venice

The Republic of Venice (Repubblica di Venezia, later: Repubblica Veneta; Repùblica de Venèsia, later: Repùblica Vèneta), traditionally known as La Serenissima (Most Serene Republic of Venice) (Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia; Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta), was a sovereign state and maritime republic in northeastern Italy, which existed for a millennium between the 8th century and the 18th century.

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Retting

Retting is a process employing the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins surrounding bast-fibre bundles, and so facilitating separation of the fibre from the stem.

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RFM (radio)

RFM is a French radio station owned by Lagardère Active, based at Paris and created in 1981.

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Riqueval Tunnel

The Riqueval Tunnel is a -long tunnel on the St Quentin Canal, close to the commune of Bellicourt, in the department of Aisne, France.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai (Archdiocesis Cameracensis; French: Archidiocèse de Cambrai) is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France, comprising the arrondissements of Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Cambrai, Douai, and Valenciennes within the département of Nord, in the region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras (–Boulogne–Saint-Omer) (Latin: Dioecesis Atrebatensis (–Bononiena–Audomarensis); French: Diocèse d'Arras (–Boulogne–Saint-Omer)) is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Tournai

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tournai is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic church in Belgium.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.

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Rood screen

The rood screen (also choir screen, chancel screen, or jube) is a common feature in late medieval church architecture.

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Route nationale 30

The Route nationale 30 is a highway in Picardy and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, northern France.

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Route nationale 43

The route nationale 43 or RN 43 is a French route nationale between Le Piquet (commune of Tremblois-lès-Rocroi) and Charleville-Mézières.

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Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans

The Saline Royale (Royal Saltworks) is a historical building at Arc-et-Senans in the department of Doubs, eastern France.

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Rumilly-en-Cambrésis

Rumilly-en-Cambrésis is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Rural flight

Rural flight (or rural exodus) is the migratory pattern of peoples from rural areas into urban areas.

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Saint-Quentin, Aisne

Saint-Quentin is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

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Sainte-Ruffine

Sainte-Ruffine (Sankt Ruffin) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

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Salian Franks

The Salian Franks, also called the Salians (Latin: Salii; Greek: Σάλιοι Salioi), were a northwestern subgroup of the earliest Franks who first appear in the historical records in the third century.

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Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban

Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban (1 May 163330 March 1707), commonly referred to as Vauban, was a French military engineer who rose in the service to the king and was commissioned as a Marshal of France.

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Ségolène Royal

Marie-Ségolène Royal, known as Ségolène Royal (born 22 September 1953), is a French politician and prominent member of the Socialist Party.

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Scheldt

The Scheldt (l'Escaut, Escô, Schelde) is a long river in northern France, western Belgium and the southwestern part of the Netherlands.

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School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences

The School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (École des hautes études en sciences sociales; also known as EHESS) is a French grande école (élite higher-education establishment that operates outside the regulatory framework of the public university system) specialised in the social sciences and often considered as the most prestigious institution for the social sciences in France.

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Seine

The Seine (La Seine) is a river and an important commercial waterway within the Paris Basin in the north of France.

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Seine–Nord Europe Canal

The Seine–Nord Europe Canal is a projected high-capacity (grand gabarit) canal in France that would link the Oise River at Compiègne with the Canal Dunkerque-Escaut, east of Arleux.

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Seraing

Seraing is a Walloon municipality of Belgium in Province of Liege.

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Siege of Cambrai (1677)

The Siege of Cambrai took place from 20 March to 19 April 1677 during the Franco-Dutch War.

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Siege of Valenciennes (1676–77)

The Siege of Valenciennes took place from 28 February 1677 to 17 March 1677, during the Franco-Dutch War.

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Sister city

Twin towns or sister cities are a form of legal or social agreement between towns, cities, counties, oblasts, prefectures, provinces, regions, states, and even countries in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.

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Socialist Party (France)

The Socialist Party (Parti socialiste, PS) is a social-democratic political party in France, and the largest party of the French centre-left.

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Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.

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Solidarity tax on wealth

The solidarity tax on wealth (Impôt de solidarité sur la fortune or ISF) is an annual direct wealth tax on those in France having assets in excess of €1,300,000, (since 2011).

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Somain, Nord

Somain is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Spanish Netherlands

Spanish Netherlands (Países Bajos Españoles; Spaanse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas espagnols, Spanische Niederlande) was the collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held in personal union by the Spanish Crown (also called Habsburg Spain) from 1556 to 1714.

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Stanbrook Abbey

Stanbrook Abbey is an abbey originally built as a contemplative house for Benedictine nuns.

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Storm of Steel

Storm of Steel (in German: In Stahlgewittern) is the memoir of German officer Ernst Jünger's experiences on the Western Front during the First World War.

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Subprefectures in France

In France, a subprefecture (sous-préfecture) is the administrative center of a departmental arrondissement that does not contain the prefecture for its department.

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Suffragan bishop

A suffragan bishop is a bishop subordinate to a metropolitan bishop or diocesan bishop.

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Sustainable development

Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend.

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Tabula Peutingeriana

Tabula Peutingeriana (Latin for "The Peutinger Map"), also referred to as Peutinger's Tabula or Peutinger Table, is an illustrated itinerarium (ancient Roman road map) showing the layout of the cursus publicus, the road network of the Roman Empire.

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Tank

A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat, with heavy firepower, strong armour, tracks and a powerful engine providing good battlefield maneuverability.

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Tarbes

Tarbes (Tarba) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Occitanie region of southwestern France.

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Television in France

Television in France was introduced in 1931, when the first experimental broadcasts began.

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TER Nord-Pas-de-Calais

TER Nord-Pas-de-Calais was the regional rail network serving Nord-Pas-de-Calais région, France.

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Tertiary sector of the economy

The tertiary sector or service sector is the third of the three economic sectors of the three-sector theory.

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Textile industry

The textile industry is primarily concerned with the design, production and distribution of yarn, cloth and clothing.

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TGV

The TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse, "high-speed train") is France's intercity high-speed rail service, operated by the SNCF, the state-owned national rail operator.

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Thiérache

The Thiérache is a region of France and Belgium united by similar geography and architecture, including the presence of hedgerows, grassland, hilly terrain, scattered settlements, and traditionally-built stone or brick houses with stone dividing walls and slate roofs.

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Tilloy-lez-Cambrai

Tilloy-lez-Cambrai is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Toulouse

Toulouse (Tolosa, Tolosa) is the capital of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the region of Occitanie.

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Trademark

A trademark, trade mark, or trade-markThe styling of trademark as a single word is predominantly used in the United States and Philippines only, while the two-word styling trade mark is used in many other countries around the world, including the European Union and Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth jurisdictions (although Canada officially uses "trade-mark" pursuant to the Trade-mark Act, "trade mark" and "trademark" are also commonly used).

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Trait du Nord

The Trait du Nord, previously also known as Ardennais du Nord or Ardennais de type Nord, is a breed of heavy draft horse developed and bred in the area of Hainaut in western Belgium and in northeastern France.

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Tram

A tram (also tramcar; and in North America streetcar, trolley or trolley car) is a rail vehicle which runs on tramway tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way.

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Trans-European Transport Networks

The Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T) are a planned set of road, rail, air and water transport networks in the European Union.

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Treaties of Nijmegen

The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen (Traités de Paix de Nimègue; Friede von Nimwegen) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and December 1679.

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Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE; commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty) was an unratified international treaty intended to create a consolidated constitution for the European Union (EU).

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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle or Aachen ended the War of Devolution between France and Spain.

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Treaty of Verdun

The Treaty of Verdun, signed in August 843, was the first of the treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, who was the son of Charlemagne.

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Trente Glorieuses

Les Trente Glorieuses ("The Glorious Thirty") refers to the thirty years from 1945 to 1975 following the end of the Second World War in France.

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Tribunal d'instance

In France, the Tribunal d'instance (literally "Court of First Instance") is a judicial lower court of record of first instance for general civil suits and includes a criminal division, the Police Court (tribunal de police), which hears cases of misdemeanors or summary offences (contraventions).

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Trinity Sunday

Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost in the Western Christian liturgical calendar, and the Sunday of Pentecost in Eastern Christianity. Trinity Sunday celebrates the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, the three Persons of God: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

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Troyes

Troyes is a commune and the capital of the department of Aube in north-central France.

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Unemployment

Unemployment is the situation of actively looking for employment but not being currently employed.

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Union for a Popular Movement

The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un mouvement populaire; UMP) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Socialist Party (PS).

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Union of Democrats and Independents

The Union of Democrats and Independents (Union des démocrates et indépendants, UDI) is a centrist political party in France founded on 18 September 2012 on the basis of the parliamentary group of the same name in the National Assembly.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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Unity makes strength

"Unity makes strength" (Съединението прави силата; Iendracht makket macht; Eendracht maakt macht,; L'union fait la force) is a motto that has been used by various nations and entities throughout history.

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University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis

The University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis (Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis) is a French public university, based in Valenciennes.

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Urban unit

In France, an urban unit (fr: "unité urbaine") is a statistical area defined by INSEE, the French national statistics office, for the measurement of contiguously built-up areas.

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Valenciennes

Valenciennes (Dutch: Valencijn, Latin: Valentianae, Valincyinne) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Vikings

Vikings (Old English: wicing—"pirate", Danish and vikinger; Swedish and vikingar; víkingar, from Old Norse) were Norse seafarers, mainly speaking the Old Norse language, who raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of northern, central, eastern and western Europe, during the late 8th to late 11th centuries.

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Villard de Honnecourt

Villard de Honnecourt (Wilars dehonecort, Vilars de Honecourt) was a 13th-century artist from Picardy in northern France.

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Villers-Outréaux

Villers-Outréaux is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Vitry-le-François

Vitry-le-François is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

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Voie ferrée d'intérêt local

In France, a voie ferrée d'intérêt local (Railway of Local Interest), abbreviated VFIL, is a secondary railway constructed by a local administrative division, serving sparsely populated rural areas.

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Voies navigables de France

Voies navigables de France (VNF, Navigable Waterways of France) is the French navigation authority responsible for the management of the majority of France's inland waterways network and the associated facilities—towpaths, commercial and leisure ports, lock-keeper's houses and other structures.

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War of Devolution

The War of Devolution (1667–68) saw the French armies of Louis XIV overrun the Habsburg-controlled Spanish Netherlands and the Franche-Comté (or Free County of Burgundy), only to be pressured to give most of it back by a Triple Alliance of England, Sweden and the Dutch Republic, in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.

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War of the League of Cambrai

The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars.

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War of the League of Cognac

The War of the League of Cognac (1526–30) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan and Republic of Florence.

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War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was a European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700.

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Web television

Web television is original television content produced for broadcast via the World Wide Web.

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West Francia

In medieval historiography, West Francia (Latin: Francia occidentalis) or the Kingdom of the West Franks (regnum Francorum occidentalium) was the western part of Charlemagne's Empire, inhabited and ruled by the Germanic Franks that forms the earliest stage of the Kingdom of France, lasting from about 840 until 987.

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Western Front (World War I)

The Western Front was the main theatre of war during the First World War.

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Workforce

The workforce or labour force (labor force in American English; see spelling differences) is the labour pool in employment.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Xavier Giannoli

Xavier Giannoli (born 7 March 1972) is a French film director, screenwriter and producer.

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1973 oil crisis

The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo.

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1st Infantry Regiment (France)

The 1st Infantry Regiment (1er régiment d'infanterie, abbreviated 1er RI) is an infantry regiment of the French Army, founded in 1479 as one of the oldest regiments in active service in the world.

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2004 Tour de France

The 2004 Tour de France was a multiple stage bicycle race held from 3 to 25 July, and the 91st edition of the Tour de France.

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2010 Tour de France

The 2010 Tour de France was the 97th edition of the Tour de France cycle race, one of cycling's Grand Tours.

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2015 Tour de France

The 2015 Tour de France was the 102nd edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours.

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73rd Infantry Regiment (France)

The 73rd Line Infantry Regiment (73e régiment d'infanterie de ligne) is a French infantry regiment.

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Redirects here:

Cambrai, France, Cambraisis, Kamerijk, Kimbré.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai

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