Table of Contents
216 relations: Absolutism (European history), Aftermath of World War I, Age of Enlightenment, Age of Liberty, Al Mualla, Al Nuaimi, Al Qasimi, Al Sharqi, Alexander II of Russia, Anthropology, Assyria, Austria-Hungary, Authoritarianism, Autocracy, Babylonia, Basic Law of Saudi Arabia, BBC News, Bhutan, Bishops' Wars, Boyar, Brandenburg–Prussia, Brunei, Carlism, Catherine the Great, Catholic Church, Charles I of Austria, Charles I of England, Charles II of Spain, Charles Maurras, Charles XI of Sweden, Charles XII of Sweden, Church of Scotland, Citizenship, Class conflict, Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), Constitution of Liechtenstein, Constitution of the Ottoman Empire, Constitutional monarchy, Cornell College, Council of Europe, Covenanters, Criticism of monarchy, De facto, De jure, Democracy, Denmark–Norway, Despotism, Dictatorship, Divine right of kings, Ecclesiastical jurisdiction, ... Expand index (166 more) »
Absolutism (European history)
Absolutism or the Age of Absolutism (–) is a historiographical term used to describe a form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by all other institutions, such as churches, legislatures, or social elites. Absolute monarchy and Absolutism (European history) are Authoritarianism and monarchy.
See Absolute monarchy and Absolutism (European history)
Aftermath of World War I
The aftermath of World War I saw far-reaching and wide-ranging cultural, economic, and social change across Europe, Asia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.
See Absolute monarchy and Aftermath of World War I
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See Absolute monarchy and Age of Enlightenment
Age of Liberty
In Swedish and Finnish history, the Age of Liberty (frihetstiden; vapauden aika) was a period that saw parliamentary governance, increasing civil rights, and the decline of the Swedish Empire that began with the adoption of the Instrument of Government in 1719 and ended with Gustav III's self-coup in 1772.
See Absolute monarchy and Age of Liberty
Al Mualla
The Al Mualla (المعلا) family is the ruling royal family of Umm Al Quwain, one of the seven emirates that together comprise the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
See Absolute monarchy and Al Mualla
Al Nuaimi
The Al Nuaimi (النعيمي) family is the ruling royal family of Ajman, one of the seven emirates that together comprise the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
See Absolute monarchy and Al Nuaimi
Al Qasimi
The Al Qasimi (القواسم, spelled sometimes as Al Qassimi or Al Qassemi; plural: Al Qawasem القواسمand, archaically, Joasmee) is an Arab dynasty in the Persian Gulf that rules Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah, today forming two of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates.
See Absolute monarchy and Al Qasimi
Al Sharqi
The Al Sharqi (الشرقي) family is the ruling royal family of Fujairah, one of the seven emirates that together comprise the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
See Absolute monarchy and Al Sharqi
Alexander II of Russia
Alexander II (p; 29 April 181813 March 1881) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881.
See Absolute monarchy and Alexander II of Russia
Anthropology
Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans.
See Absolute monarchy and Anthropology
Assyria
Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.
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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.
See Absolute monarchy and Austria-Hungary
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law. Absolute monarchy and Authoritarianism are political theories.
See Absolute monarchy and Authoritarianism
Autocracy
Autocracy is a system of government in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an autocrat. Absolute monarchy and Autocracy are Authoritarianism.
See Absolute monarchy and Autocracy
Babylonia
Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).
See Absolute monarchy and Babylonia
Basic Law of Saudi Arabia
The Basic Law of Saudi Arabia (alternative name: Basic System of Governance; النظامالأساسي للحكم) is a constitution-like charter divided into nine chapters, consisting of 83 articles.
See Absolute monarchy and Basic Law of Saudi Arabia
BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
See Absolute monarchy and BBC News
Bhutan
Bhutan (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia situated in the Eastern Himalayas between China in the north and India in the south.
See Absolute monarchy and Bhutan
Bishops' Wars
The Bishops' Wars were two separate conflicts fought in 1639 and 1640 between Scotland and England, supported by Scottish Royalists. They were the first of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which also include the First and Second English Civil Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, and the 1650 to 1652 Anglo-Scottish War.
See Absolute monarchy and Bishops' Wars
Boyar
A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Bulgaria, Kievan Rus' (and later Russia), Moldavia and Wallachia (and later Romania), Lithuania and among Baltic Germans.
See Absolute monarchy and Boyar
Brandenburg–Prussia
Brandenburg-Prussia (Brandenburg-Preußen) is the historiographic denomination for the early modern realm of the Brandenburgian Hohenzollerns between 1618 and 1701.
See Absolute monarchy and Brandenburg–Prussia
Brunei
Brunei, officially Brunei Darussalam, is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo.
See Absolute monarchy and Brunei
Carlism
Carlism (Karlismo; Carlisme) is a Traditionalist and Legitimist political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty, one descended from Don Carlos, Count of Molina (1788–1855), on the Spanish throne.
See Absolute monarchy and Carlism
Catherine the Great
Catherine II (born Princess Sophie Augusta Frederica von Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See Absolute monarchy and Catholic Church
Charles I of Austria
Charles I (Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria, Károly Ferenc József Lajos Hubert György Ottó Mária; 17 August 18871 April 1922) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary and King of Croatia (as Charles IV), King of Bohemia (as Charles III), and the last of the monarchs belonging to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine to rule over Austria-Hungary.
See Absolute monarchy and Charles I of Austria
Charles I of England
Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.
See Absolute monarchy and Charles I of England
Charles II of Spain
Charles II of Spain (6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700), also known as the Bewitched (El Hechizado), was King of Spain from 1665 to 1700.
See Absolute monarchy and Charles II of Spain
Charles Maurras
Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic.
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Charles XI of Sweden
Charles XI or Carl (Karl XI) was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire (1611–1721).
See Absolute monarchy and Charles XI of Sweden
Charles XII of Sweden
Charles XII, sometimes Carl XII (Karl XII) or Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 O.S.), was King of Sweden (including current Finland) from 1697 to 1718.
See Absolute monarchy and Charles XII of Sweden
Church of Scotland
The Church of Scotland (The Kirk o Scotland; Eaglais na h-Alba) is a Presbyterian denomination of Christianity that holds the status of the national church in Scotland.
See Absolute monarchy and Church of Scotland
Citizenship
Citizenship is a membership and allegiance to a sovereign state.
See Absolute monarchy and Citizenship
Class conflict
In political science, the term class conflict, or class struggle, refers to the political tension and economic antagonism that exist among the social classes of society, because of socioeconomic competition for resources among the social classes, between the rich and the poor.
See Absolute monarchy and Class conflict
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)
The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), abbreviated CPN (Maoist Centre), CPN-Maoist Centre, CPN Maoist Centre, or CPN (MC), is the third largest political party in Nepal and a member party of Samajbadi Morcha.
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Constitution of Liechtenstein
The Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein (Verfassung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein) was promulgated on 5 October 1921, replacing the 1862 constitution.
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Constitution of the Ottoman Empire
The Constitution of the Ottoman Empire (lit; Constitution ottomane) was in effect from 1876 to 1878 in a period known as the First Constitutional Era, and from 1908 to 1922 in the Second Constitutional Era.
See Absolute monarchy and Constitution of the Ottoman Empire
Constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. Absolute monarchy and Constitutional monarchy are monarchy.
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Cornell College
Cornell College is a private liberal arts college in Mount Vernon, Iowa.
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Council of Europe
The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe, CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe.
See Absolute monarchy and Council of Europe
Covenanters
Covenanters were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who claimed to have a "Covenant", or agreement with God.
See Absolute monarchy and Covenanters
Criticism of monarchy
Criticism of monarchy has occurred since ancient times. Absolute monarchy and Criticism of monarchy are monarchy.
See Absolute monarchy and Criticism of monarchy
De facto
De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.
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De jure
In law and government, de jure describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.
See Absolute monarchy and De jure
Democracy
Democracy (from dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.
See Absolute monarchy and Democracy
Denmark–Norway
Denmark–Norway (Danish and Norwegian: Danmark–Norge) is a term for the 16th-to-19th-century multi-national and multi-lingual real unionFeldbæk 1998:11 consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including the then Norwegian overseas possessions: the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and other possessions), the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein.
See Absolute monarchy and Denmark–Norway
Despotism
In political science, despotism (despotismós) is a form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power. Absolute monarchy and despotism are Authoritarianism and monarchy.
See Absolute monarchy and Despotism
Dictatorship
A dictatorship is an autocratic form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, who hold governmental powers with few to no limitations. Absolute monarchy and dictatorship are Authoritarianism.
See Absolute monarchy and Dictatorship
Divine right of kings
In European Christianity, the divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandation, is a political and religious doctrine of political legitimacy of a monarchy. Absolute monarchy and divine right of kings are monarchy.
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Ecclesiastical jurisdiction
Ecclesiastical jurisdiction is jurisdiction by church leaders over other church leaders and over the laity.
See Absolute monarchy and Ecclesiastical jurisdiction
Elective monarchy
An elective monarchy is a monarchy ruled by a monarch who is elected, in contrast to a hereditary monarchy in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance. Absolute monarchy and elective monarchy are monarchy.
See Absolute monarchy and Elective monarchy
Emperor of Austria
The emperor of Austria (Österreich) was the ruler of the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
See Absolute monarchy and Emperor of Austria
Emperor of China
Throughout Chinese history, "Emperor" was the superlative title held by the monarchs who ruled various imperial dynasties or Chinese empires.
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Emperor of Russia
The emperor and autocrat of all Russia, also translated as emperor and autocrat of all the Russias, was the official title of the Russian monarch from 1721 to 1917.
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English Civil War
The English Civil War refers to a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom of England from 1642 to 1651.
See Absolute monarchy and English Civil War
Enlightened absolutism
Enlightened absolutism, also called enlightened despotism, refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and early 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, espousing them to enhance their power. Absolute monarchy and enlightened absolutism are Authoritarianism, monarchy and political theories.
See Absolute monarchy and Enlightened absolutism
Episcopal polity
An episcopal polity is a hierarchical form of church governance ("ecclesiastical polity") in which the chief local authorities are called bishops.
See Absolute monarchy and Episcopal polity
Eswatini
Eswatini (eSwatini), officially the Kingdom of Eswatini and also known by its former official name Swaziland and formerly the Kingdom of Swaziland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa.
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Ethology
Ethology is a branch of zoology that studies the behaviour of non-human animals.
See Absolute monarchy and Ethology
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
See Absolute monarchy and Europe
Execution of Charles I
Charles I, the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland, was executed on Tuesday, 30 January 1649 outside the Banqueting House on Whitehall, London.
See Absolute monarchy and Execution of Charles I
February Revolution
The February Revolution (Февральская революция), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917.
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Federal monarchy
A federal monarchy, in the strict sense, is a federation of states with a single monarch as overall head of the federation, but retaining different monarchs, or having a non-monarchical system of government, in the various states joined to the federation.
See Absolute monarchy and Federal monarchy
Federalism
Federalism is a mode of government that combines a general government (the central or federal government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two. Absolute monarchy and Federalism are political theories.
See Absolute monarchy and Federalism
Federation
A federation (also called a federal state) is an entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a federal government (federalism).
See Absolute monarchy and Federation
Feudalism
Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries.
See Absolute monarchy and Feudalism
First Partition of Poland
The First Partition of Poland took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that eventually ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795.
See Absolute monarchy and First Partition of Poland
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (Franz Joseph Karl; Ferenc József Károly; 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the ruler of the other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 2 December 1848 until his death in 1916.
See Absolute monarchy and Franz Joseph I of Austria
Frederick I of Prussia
Frederick I (Friedrich I.; 11 July 1657 – 25 February 1713), of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was (as Frederick III) Elector of Brandenburg (1688–1713) and Duke of Prussia in personal union (Brandenburg-Prussia).
See Absolute monarchy and Frederick I of Prussia
Frederick the Great
Frederick II (Friedrich II.; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was the monarch of Prussia from 1740 until 1786.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
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German Empire
The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.
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German revolution of 1918–1919
The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (Novemberrevolution), was an uprising started by workers and soldiers in the final days of World War I. It quickly and almost bloodlessly brought down the German Empire, then in its more violent second stage, the supporters of a parliamentary republic were victorious over those who wanted a soviet-style council republic.
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God
In monotheistic belief systems, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith.
Great Northern War
The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
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Great Reduction
In the Great Reduction of 1680, by which the ancient landed nobility lost its power base, the Swedish Crown recaptured lands earlier granted to the nobility.
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Gustav III
Gustav III (29 March 1792), also called Gustavus III, was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792.
See Absolute monarchy and Gustav III
Gustav IV Adolf
Gustav IV Adolf or Gustav IV Adolph (1 November 1778 – 7 February 1837) was King of Sweden from 1792 until he was deposed in a coup in 1809.
See Absolute monarchy and Gustav IV Adolf
Gymnasium (school)
Gymnasium (and variations of the word) is a term in various European languages for a secondary school that prepares students for higher education at a university.
See Absolute monarchy and Gymnasium (school)
Haitham bin Tariq
Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (Hayṯam bin Ṭāriq ʾĀl Saʿīd; born 11 October 1955) is Sultan and Prime Minister of Oman.
See Absolute monarchy and Haitham bin Tariq
Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi
Sheikh Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi (born 22 February 1949) is an Emirati royal and politician who is the ruler of the Emirate of Fujairah, and was the first minister of agriculture and fisheries in the United Arab Emirates between 1971 and 1974.
See Absolute monarchy and Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi
Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein
Hans-Adam II (Johannes Adam Ferdinand Alois Josef Maria Marco d'Aviano Pius; born 14 February 1945) is the Prince of Liechtenstein.
See Absolute monarchy and Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein
Hassanal Bolkiah
Hassanal Bolkiah ibni Omar Ali Saifuddien III (Jawi: حسن البلقية ابن عمر علي سيف الدين ٣; born 15 July 1946) has been the Sultan of Brunei since 1967 and the prime minister of Brunei since independence from the United Kingdom in 1984.
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History of China
The history of China spans several millennia across a wide geographical area.
See Absolute monarchy and History of China
History of Europe
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500).
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History of Mesopotamia
The history of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Paleolithic period up to Late antiquity.
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Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.
See Absolute monarchy and Holy Roman Empire
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
The House of Habsburg-Lorraine (Haus Habsburg-Lothringen) originated from the marriage in 1736 of Francis III, Duke of Lorraine and Bar, and Maria Theresa of Austria, later successively Queen of Bohemia, Queen of Hungary, Queen of Croatia and Archduchess of Austria.
See Absolute monarchy and House of Habsburg-Lorraine
House of Hohenzollern
The House of Hohenzollern (Haus Hohenzollern,; Casa de Hohenzollern) is a formerly royal (and from 1871 to 1918, imperial) German dynasty whose members were variously princes, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania.
See Absolute monarchy and House of Hohenzollern
House of Maktoum
The House of Maktoum (آل مكتوم) is the ruling royal family of the Emirate of Dubai, and one of the six ruling families of the United Arab Emirates.
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House of Nahyan
The House of Nahyan (Āl Nuhayān) is the ruling royal family of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and one of the six ruling families of the United Arab Emirates.
See Absolute monarchy and House of Nahyan
Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III
Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III (Ḥumayd bin Rāshid al-Nuʿaymī; born 1931) is an Emirati royal, politician, who serves as the ruler of the Emirate of Ajman and a member of the Federal Supreme Council.
See Absolute monarchy and Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III
Inca Empire
The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (Tawantinsuyu, "four parts together"), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.
See Absolute monarchy and Inca Empire
Instrument of Government (1809)
The 1809 Instrument of Government (1809 års regeringsform), adopted on 6 June 1809 by the Riksdag of the Estates and King Charles XIII, was the constitution of the Kingdom of Sweden from 1809 to the end of 1974.
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Integral nationalism
Integral nationalism (nationalisme intégral) is a type of nationalism that originated in 19th-century France, was theorized by Charles Maurras and mainly expressed in the ultra-royalist circles of the Action Française. Absolute monarchy and Integral nationalism are political theories.
See Absolute monarchy and Integral nationalism
Inti
Inti is the ancient Inca sun god.
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Ivan the Terrible
Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Иван IV Васильевич; 25 August 1530 –), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1533 to 1547, and the first Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584.
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Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet (27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704) was a French bishop and theologian.
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James VI and I
James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625.
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Jean Domat
Jean Domat, or Daumat (30 November 162514 March 1696) was a French jurist.
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Jordan
Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.
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Joseon
Joseon, officially Great Joseon State, was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years.
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Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; English: Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 18 August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 29 November 1780 until his death. Absolute monarchy and Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor are Authoritarianism.
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Jus sanguinis
Jus sanguinis ('right of blood') is a principle of nationality law by which nationality is determined or acquired by the nationality of one or both parents.
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Jus soli
Jus soli, meaning 'right of the soil', is the right of anyone born in the territory of a state to nationality or citizenship, also commonly referred to as birthright citizenship in some Anglophone countries, is a rule defining a person's nationality based on their birth in the territory of the country.
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King in Prussia
King in Prussia (German: König in Preußen) was a title used by the Prussian kings (also in personal union Electors of Brandenburg) from 1701 to 1772.
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King's Law
The King's Law or Lex Regia (also called the Danish Royal Law of 1665) was the absolutist constitution of Denmark and Norway from 1665 until 1849 and 1814, respectively.
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Kingdom of Nepal
The Kingdom of Nepal (नेपाल अधिराज्य) was a Hindu kingdom in South Asia, formed in 1768 by the expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom, which lasted until 2008 when the kingdom became the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.
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Korean Empire
The Korean Empire, officially the Empire of Korea or Imperial Korea, was a Korean monarchical state proclaimed in October 1897 by King Gojong of the Joseon dynasty.
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Kuwait
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in West Asia.
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L'État, c'est moi
L'État, c'est moi ("I am the state", lit. "the state, it is me") is an apocryphal saying attributed to Louis XIV, King of France and Navarre.
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Legislative Assembly of Tonga
The Legislative Assembly of Tonga (Fale Alea ʻo Tonga) is the unicameral legislature of Tonga.
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Legislature
A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city.
See Absolute monarchy and Legislature
Legitimists
The Legitimists (Légitimistes) are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution.
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Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in the Central European Alps, between Austria in the east and north and Switzerland in the west and south.
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List of countries and dependencies by area
This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area.
See Absolute monarchy and List of countries and dependencies by area
List of countries and dependencies by population
This is a list of countries and dependencies by population.
See Absolute monarchy and List of countries and dependencies by population
List of monarchs of Tonga
This is a list of monarchs of Tonga since 1845, after the Constitution of Tonga established the role of the monarch.
See Absolute monarchy and List of monarchs of Tonga
List of popes
This chronological list of popes of the Catholic Church corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes.
See Absolute monarchy and List of popes
List of rulers of Oman
The Sultan of the Sultanate of Oman (سلطان سلطنة عمان.) is the monarchical head of state and head of government of Oman.
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List of sultans of Brunei
The Sultan of Brunei is the monarchical head of state of Brunei and head of government in his capacity as prime minister of Brunei.
See Absolute monarchy and List of sultans of Brunei
Lord and Peasant in Russia
Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century is a political-social-economic history of Russia written by historian Jerome Blum and published by Princeton University Press in 1961.
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Louis XIV
LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
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Mandate of Heaven
The Mandate of Heaven is a Chinese political ideology that was used in Ancient China and Imperial China to legitimize the rule of the king or emperor of China. Absolute monarchy and Mandate of Heaven are monarchy.
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McGraw Hill Education
McGraw Hill is an American publishing company for educational content, software, and services for pre-K through postgraduate education.
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Microstate
A microstate or ministate is a sovereign state having a very small population or land area, usually both.
See Absolute monarchy and Microstate
Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan (born 11 March 1961), popularly known by his initials as MBZ or MbZ, is an Emirati royal and politician who currently serves as the third president of the United Arab Emirates and the ruler of Abu Dhabi.
See Absolute monarchy and Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (Muḥammad bin Rāšid Āl Maktūm; born 15 July 1949) is an Emirati politician and royal who is the current ruler of Dubai, and serves as the vice president and prime minister.
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Monarchomachs
The Monarchomachs (Monarchomaques) were originally French Huguenot theorists who opposed monarchy at the end of the 16th century, known in particular for having theoretically justified tyrannicide.
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Monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication.
See Absolute monarchy and Monarchy
Monarchy of Liechtenstein
The monarchy of Liechtenstein is the constitutional form of government by which a hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state of Liechtenstein.
See Absolute monarchy and Monarchy of Liechtenstein
Morocco
Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
See Absolute monarchy and Morocco
Motu proprio
In law, motu proprio (Latin for "on his own impulse") describes an official act taken without a formal request from another party.
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Mswati III
Mswati III (born Makhosetive; 19 April 1968) is Ngwenyama (King) of Eswatini and head of the Swazi royal family.
See Absolute monarchy and Mswati III
Muhammad
Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.
See Absolute monarchy and Muhammad
Murder of the Romanov family
The Russian Imperial Romanov family (Nicholas II of Russia, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, and their five children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei) were shot and bayoneted to death by Bolshevik revolutionaries under Yakov Yurovsky on the orders of the Ural Regional Soviet in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16–17 July 1918.
See Absolute monarchy and Murder of the Romanov family
Nepal
Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia.
See Absolute monarchy and Nepal
Nepalese Civil War
The Nepali Civil War was a protracted armed conflict that took place in the then Kingdom of Nepal from 1996 to 2006.
See Absolute monarchy and Nepalese Civil War
Nepalese royal massacre
The Nepalese royal massacre occurred on 1 June 2001 at the Narayanhiti Palace, the then-residence of the Nepali monarchy. Absolute monarchy and Nepalese royal massacre are monarchy.
See Absolute monarchy and Nepalese royal massacre
Ngwenyama
iNgwenyama (pl. tiNgewnyama, also Ingwenyama or Inkosi) is the title of the male monarch of Eswatini.
See Absolute monarchy and Ngwenyama
Nordic countries
The Nordic countries (also known as the Nordics or Norden) are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic.
See Absolute monarchy and Nordic countries
Oman
Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country in West Asia.
See Absolute monarchy and Oman
Oprichnina
The oprichnina (опри́чнина) was a state policy implemented by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in Russia between 1565 and 1572.
See Absolute monarchy and Oprichnina
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
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Padishah
Padishah (پادشاه;; from Persian:, 'master', and shāh, 'king'), sometimes romanised as padeshah, patshah, padshah or badshah (پادشاه; pâdişâh; padişah,; بَادْشَاہ‎, baadashaah), is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin. Absolute monarchy and Padishah are monarchy.
See Absolute monarchy and Padishah
Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles (château de Versailles) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France.
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Papal conclave
A papal conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a bishop of Rome, also known as the pope.
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Parliament of England
The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England from the 13th century until 1707 when it was replaced by the Parliament of Great Britain.
See Absolute monarchy and Parliament of England
Perry Anderson
Francis Rory Peregrine "Perry" Anderson (born 11 September 1938) is a British intellectual, political philosopher, historian and essayist.
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Peter the Great
Peter I (–), was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia, known as Peter the Great, from 1721 until his death in 1725.
See Absolute monarchy and Peter the Great
Political science
Political science is the scientific study of politics.
See Absolute monarchy and Political science
Pope
The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.
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Pope Francis
Pope Francis (Franciscus; Francesco; Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936) is head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State.
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Popular sovereignty
Popular sovereignty is the principle that the leaders of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the source of all political legitimacy.
See Absolute monarchy and Popular sovereignty
Pre-Columbian era
In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, spans from the original peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to European colonization, which began with Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1492.
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Presidential system
A presidential system, or single executive system, is a form of government in which a head of government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separation of powers.
See Absolute monarchy and Presidential system
Prime minister
A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system.
See Absolute monarchy and Prime minister
Privy Council of Sweden
The Council of the Realm, or simply The Council (Riksrådet or Rådet: sometimes in Senatus Regni Sueciae), was a cabinet of medieval origin, consisting of magnates (stormän) which advised, and at times co-ruled with, the King of Sweden.
See Absolute monarchy and Privy Council of Sweden
Prophets and messengers in Islam
Prophets in Islam (translit) are individuals in Islam who are believed to spread God's message on Earth and serve as models of ideal human behaviour.
See Absolute monarchy and Prophets and messengers in Islam
Prussian education system
The Prussian education system refers to the system of education established in Prussia as a result of educational reforms in the late 18th and early 19th century, which has had widespread influence since.
See Absolute monarchy and Prussian education system
Qatar
Qatar (قطر) officially the State of Qatar, is a country in West Asia. It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it shares its sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf.
See Absolute monarchy and Qatar
Quran
The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).
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Reuters
Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.
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Revolution
In political science, a revolution (revolutio, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's state, class, ethnic or religious structures.
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Revolution of 1772
The Revolution of 1772, also known as The Bloodless Revolution (Revolutionen) or the Coup of Gustav III (Gustav III:s statskupp or older Gustav III:s statsvälvning), was a Swedish coup d'état performed by King Gustav III of Sweden on 19 August 1772 to introduce a division of power between the king and the Riksdag of the Estates, resulting in the end of the Age of Liberty and the introduction of the Swedish Constitution of 1772, which would strengthen the power of the monarch.
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Revolutionary wave
A revolutionary wave (sometimes revolutionary decade) is a series of revolutions occurring in various locations within a particular timespan.
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Revolutions of 1848
The revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the springtime of the peoples or the springtime of nations, were a series of revolutions throughout Europe over the course of more than one year, from 1848 to 1849.
See Absolute monarchy and Revolutions of 1848
Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of persuasion.
See Absolute monarchy and Rhetoric
Riksdag of the Estates
Riksdag of the Estates (Riksens ständer; informally ståndsriksdagen) was the name used for the Estates of Sweden when they were assembled.
See Absolute monarchy and Riksdag of the Estates
Riksråd
Riksrådet (in Norwegian and Swedish) or Rigsrådet (in Danish or English: the Council of the Realm and the Council of the State – sometimes translated as the "Privy Council") is the name of the councils of the Scandinavian countries that ruled the countries together with the kings from late Middle Ages to the 17th century.
See Absolute monarchy and Riksråd
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.
See Absolute monarchy and Russia
Russian Constitution of 1906
The Russian Constitution of 1906 refers to a major revision of the 1832 Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire, which transformed the formerly absolutist state into one in which the emperor agreed for the first time to share his autocratic power with a parliament.
See Absolute monarchy and Russian Constitution of 1906
Russian Revolution of 1905
The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, began on 22 January 1905.
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Sacerdotal state
A sacerdotal state is a state whose head is also an ecclesiastical leader designated by a religious body.
See Absolute monarchy and Sacerdotal state
Salman of Saudi Arabia
Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (translit; born 31 December 1935) is King of Saudi Arabia, reigning since 2015, and was also Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia from 2015 to 2022.
See Absolute monarchy and Salman of Saudi Arabia
Sapa Inca
The Sapa Inca (from Quechua Sapan Inka) was the monarch of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu), as well as ruler of the earlier Kingdom of Cusco and the later Neo-Inca State.
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Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla
Sheikh Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla (Saʿūd bin Rāshid al-Muʿallā; born 1 October 1952) is the ruler and head of state of the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain since 2009 and a member of the Federal Supreme Council of the United Arab Emirates.
See Absolute monarchy and Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla
Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi
Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi (Saʿūd bin Ṣaqr al-Qāsimī; born 10 February 1956) is the current ruler of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East.
See Absolute monarchy and Saudi Arabia
Serfdom Patent (1781)
The Serfdom Patent of 1 November 1781 aimed to abolish aspects of the traditional serfdom (Leibeigenschaft) system of the Habsburg monarchy through the establishment of basic civil liberties for the serfs.
See Absolute monarchy and Serfdom Patent (1781)
Sharia
Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.
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Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life.
See Absolute monarchy and Sociology
Succession to the Bruneian throne
Succession to the throne of Brunei is amongst the legitimate male descendants of Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin.
See Absolute monarchy and Succession to the Bruneian throne
Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne
The order of succession to the Saudi Arabian throne is determined by, and within, the House of Saud.
See Absolute monarchy and Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne
Succession to the Swazi throne
In Eswatini, no king can appoint his successor.
See Absolute monarchy and Succession to the Swazi throne
Sui generis
Sui generis is a Latin phrase that means "of its/their own kind" or "in a class by itself", therefore "unique".
See Absolute monarchy and Sui generis
Sultan
Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.
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Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi
Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi (Sulṭān bin Muḥammad al-Qāsimī; born 2 July 1939) is the ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah and a member of the Federal Supreme Council of the United Arab Emirates.
See Absolute monarchy and Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi
Sumer
Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.
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Sunnah
In Islam,, also spelled (سنة), is the traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow.
See Absolute monarchy and Sunnah
Swedish Empire
The Swedish Empire (stormaktstiden, "the Era as a Great Power") was the period in Swedish history spanning much of the 17th and early 18th centuries during which Sweden became a European great power that exercised territorial control over much of the Baltic region.
See Absolute monarchy and Swedish Empire
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (Der 18te Brumaire des Louis Napoleon) is an essay written by Karl Marx between December 1851 and March 1852, and originally published in 1852 in Die Revolution, a German monthly magazine published in New York City by Marxist Joseph Weydemeyer.
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The Times of India
The Times of India, also known by its abbreviation TOI, is an Indian English-language daily newspaper and digital news media owned and managed by The Times Group.
See Absolute monarchy and The Times of India
Theonomy
Theonomy (from Greek theos "God" and nomos "law") is a hypothetical Christian form of government in which society is ruled by divine law.
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Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679) was an English philosopher.
See Absolute monarchy and Thomas Hobbes
Tonga
Tonga, officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania.
See Absolute monarchy and Tonga
Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society. Absolute monarchy and Totalitarianism are Authoritarianism and political theories.
See Absolute monarchy and Totalitarianism
Tsar
Tsar (also spelled czar, tzar, or csar; tsar; tsar'; car) is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs.
See Absolute monarchy and Tsar
Tsarist autocracy
Tsarist autocracy (tsarskoye samoderzhaviye), also called Tsarism, was an autocracy, a form of absolute monarchy localised with the Grand Duchy of Moscow and its successor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire. Absolute monarchy and Tsarist autocracy are Authoritarianism and monarchy.
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Tshogdu
The Tshogdu (Dzongkha: ཚོགས་འདུ་; Wylie: tshogs-'du; "(Bhutanese Grand National) Assembly") was the unicameral legislature of Bhutan until 31 July 2007.
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Tyrant
A tyrant, in the modern English usage of the word, is an absolute ruler who is unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped a legitimate ruler's sovereignty. Absolute monarchy and tyrant are Authoritarianism.
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Union and Security Act
The Union and Security Act (Förenings- och säkerhetsakten, Yhdistys- ja vakuuskirja), alternatively Act of Union and Security, was proposed by King Gustav III of Sweden to the assembled Estates of the Realm during the Riksdag of 1789.
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United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East.
See Absolute monarchy and United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.
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V-Dem Democracy Indices
The Democracy Indices by V-Dem are democracy indices published by the V-Dem Institute that describe qualities of different democracies.
See Absolute monarchy and V-Dem Democracy Indices
Vatican City
Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy.
See Absolute monarchy and Vatican City
Venice Commission
The Venice Commission, officially European Commission for Democracy through Law, is an advisory body of the Council of Europe, composed of independent experts in the field of constitutional law.
See Absolute monarchy and Venice Commission
Veto
A veto is a legal power to unilaterally stop an official action.
See Absolute monarchy and Veto
Western world
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.
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William Bouwsma
William James Bouwsma (November 22, 1923 – March 2, 2004) was an American scholar and historian of the European Renaissance.
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World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
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Wu Zetian
Wu Zetian (17 February 624 – 16 December 705), personal name Wu Zhao, was Empress of China from 660 to 705, ruling first through others and then (from 690) in her own right.
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1814 in Norway
Events in the year 1814 in Norway.
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1848 in Denmark
Events from the year 1848 in Denmark.
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2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum regarding the Prince’s powers was held in Liechtenstein on 14 March 2003.
See Absolute monarchy and 2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum
2008 Bhutanese National Assembly election
National Assembly elections were held in Bhutan for the first time on 24 March 2008.
See Absolute monarchy and 2008 Bhutanese National Assembly election
References
Also known as Absolute Monarch, Absolute Monarchism, Absolute Ruler, Absolute monarchies, Absolute monarchs, Absolutist monarchy, Age of Absolutism, Despotic monarchy, European absolutism, Inheritable dictatorship, Monarchical absolutism, Royal Absolutism, Royal autocracy, Royal dictatorship.
, Elective monarchy, Emperor of Austria, Emperor of China, Emperor of Russia, English Civil War, Enlightened absolutism, Episcopal polity, Eswatini, Ethology, Europe, Execution of Charles I, February Revolution, Federal monarchy, Federalism, Federation, Feudalism, First Partition of Poland, Franz Joseph I of Austria, Frederick I of Prussia, Frederick the Great, French Revolution, German Empire, German revolution of 1918–1919, God, Great Northern War, Great Reduction, Gustav III, Gustav IV Adolf, Gymnasium (school), Haitham bin Tariq, Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi, Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein, Hassanal Bolkiah, History of China, History of Europe, History of Mesopotamia, Holy Roman Empire, House of Habsburg-Lorraine, House of Hohenzollern, House of Maktoum, House of Nahyan, Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III, Inca Empire, Instrument of Government (1809), Integral nationalism, Inti, Ivan the Terrible, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, James VI and I, Jean Domat, Jordan, Joseon, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, Jus sanguinis, Jus soli, King in Prussia, King's Law, Kingdom of Nepal, Korean Empire, Kuwait, L'État, c'est moi, Legislative Assembly of Tonga, Legislature, Legitimists, Liechtenstein, List of countries and dependencies by area, List of countries and dependencies by population, List of monarchs of Tonga, List of popes, List of rulers of Oman, List of sultans of Brunei, Lord and Peasant in Russia, Louis XIV, Mandate of Heaven, McGraw Hill Education, Microstate, Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Monarchomachs, Monarchy, Monarchy of Liechtenstein, Morocco, Motu proprio, Mswati III, Muhammad, Murder of the Romanov family, Nepal, Nepalese Civil War, Nepalese royal massacre, Ngwenyama, Nordic countries, Oman, Oprichnina, Ottoman Empire, Padishah, Palace of Versailles, Papal conclave, Parliament of England, Perry Anderson, Peter the Great, Political science, Pope, Pope Francis, Popular sovereignty, Pre-Columbian era, Presidential system, Prime minister, Privy Council of Sweden, Prophets and messengers in Islam, Prussian education system, Qatar, Quran, Reuters, Revolution, Revolution of 1772, Revolutionary wave, Revolutions of 1848, Rhetoric, Riksdag of the Estates, Riksråd, Russia, Russian Constitution of 1906, Russian Revolution of 1905, Sacerdotal state, Salman of Saudi Arabia, Sapa Inca, Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla, Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi, Saudi Arabia, Serfdom Patent (1781), Sharia, Sociology, Succession to the Bruneian throne, Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne, Succession to the Swazi throne, Sui generis, Sultan, Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, Sumer, Sunnah, Swedish Empire, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, The Times of India, Theonomy, Thomas Hobbes, Tonga, Totalitarianism, Tsar, Tsarist autocracy, Tshogdu, Tyrant, Union and Security Act, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, V-Dem Democracy Indices, Vatican City, Venice Commission, Veto, Western world, William Bouwsma, World War I, Wu Zetian, 1814 in Norway, 1848 in Denmark, 2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum, 2008 Bhutanese National Assembly election.