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224 relations: A Treatise of Human Nature, Abhidharma, Abrahamic religions, Abstract and concrete, Abstraction, Accident, Accountability, Action (philosophy), Adverse effect, Aether (classical element), Albert Einstein, Alfred North Whitehead, Alfred Robb, Antecedent (logic), Anthropic principle, Anthropocentrism, Anticausal system, Arche, Aristotelian physics, Aristotelianism, Aristotle, Arrow of time, Arthur Danto, Asanga, Astronomy, Attic, Attribution (psychology), Austin Bradford Hill, Autoregressive integrated moving average, Azamat Abdoullaev, Bayesian network, Begging the question, Blame, Bradford Hill criteria, Brahma Samhita, Bubonic plague, Butterfly effect, Cambridge University Press, Cancer, Carrot, Catch-22 (logic), Causa sui, Causal filter, Causal graph, Causal inference, Causal loop, Causal loop diagram, Causal Markov condition, Causal reasoning, Causal research, ..., Causal system, Causality (book), Causality conditions, Causes of schizophrenia, Chain of events, Chain reaction, Chaos theory, Chicken or the egg, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Classical element, Clinical trial, Compatibilism, Condition of possibility, Confounding, Consequent, Constraint (classical mechanics), Contemporary philosophy, Cornell University Press, Correlation and dependence, Correlation does not imply causation, Cosmological argument, Counterfactual conditional, Counterfactual thinking, Crime, Cross-correlation, Cross-sectional data, Cross-spectrum, David Hume, David Lewis (philosopher), David Malet Armstrong, Defendant, Delayed choice quantum eraser, Design of experiments, Determinism, Directed acyclic graph, Domino effect, Early Buddhist schools, Economics, Effectuation, Endurance, Epidemiology, Equations of motion, Etiology, Experiment, Explanandum and explanans, Factor, Fallacy, Feedback, Force dynamics, Formal fallacy, Four causes, Francis Bacon, Free will, French Revolution, Future, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Grandfather paradox, Granger causality, Group velocity, Herbert A. Simon, Hindu philosophy, Hinduism, Iatrogenesis, Immanuel Kant, Incompatibilism, Indeterminism, Indicative conditional, Infinite regress, Innatism, Instrumental variables estimation, Intention (criminal law), Intuition, Ishikawa diagram, J. L. Mackie, Judea Pearl, Jurisprudence, Kaoru Ishikawa, Karl Popper, Knowledge, Kramers–Kronig relations, Law, Linear regression, Lorentz transformation, Matter wave, Maurice Mandelbaum, Max Born, Max Jammer, Metaphysics, Metaphysics (Aristotle), Middle Ages, Mill's Methods, MIT Press, Molecular pathological epidemiology, Molecular pathology, Monier Monier-Williams, Moral responsibility, Necessity and sufficiency, Newcomb's paradox, Niccolò Machiavelli, Nicholas Rescher, Nikāya, Nocebo, Nyaya, Omnipotence, Ontology, Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Past, Path analysis (statistics), Pathogenesis, Pathology, Patricia Cheng, Phase velocity, Placebo, Plato, Post hoc ergo propter hoc, Process philosophy, Propositional calculus, Proximate and ultimate causation, Psychology of reasoning, Quantum mechanics, Quantum Zeno effect, Quidditism, Randomness, Regression analysis, Reincarnation, Result, Retrocausality, Root cause analysis, Rubin causal model, Sarvastivada, Schrödinger's cat, Science, Scientific control, Scientific method, Self-fulfilling prophecy, Sewall Wright, Spacetime, Special relativity, Statistics, Structural equation modeling, Sublunary sphere, Substance theory, Suggestibility, Suggestion, Supervenience, Supply and demand, Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction, Synchronicity, System, Telos, Theory, Thermodynamic operation, Thermodynamic process, Thermodynamics, Thomas Aquinas, Time, Time series, Tobacco smoking, Tort, Uncertainty principle, Unintended consequences, Universe, University of California, Unmoved mover, Vaibhāṣika, Vaisheshika, Validity (statistics), Vasubandhu, Vector autoregression, Vedic period, Virtuous circle and vicious circle, Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory, Yogachara. Expand index (174 more) »
A Treatise of Human Nature
A Treatise of Human Nature (1738–40) is a book by Scottish philosopher David Hume, considered by many to be Hume's most important work and one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy.
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Abhidharma
Abhidharma (Sanskrit) or Abhidhamma (Pali) are ancient (3rd century BCE and later) Buddhist texts which contain detailed scholastic reworkings of doctrinal material appearing in the Buddhist sutras, according to schematic classifications.
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Abrahamic religions
The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic-originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham.
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Abstract and concrete
Abstract and concrete are classifications that denote whether a term describes an object with a physical referent or one with no physical referents.
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Abstraction
Abstraction in its main sense is a conceptual process where general rules and concepts are derived from the usage and classification of specific examples, literal ("real" or "concrete") signifiers, first principles, or other methods.
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Accident
An accident, also known as an unintentional injury, is an undesirable, incidental, and unplanned event that could have been prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence.
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Accountability
In ethics and governance, accountability is answerability, blameworthiness, liability, and the expectation of account-giving.
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Action (philosophy)
In philosophy, an action is something which is done by an agent.
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Adverse effect
In medicine, an adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as surgery.
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Aether (classical element)
According to ancient and medieval science, aether (αἰθήρ aithēr), also spelled æther or ether and also called quintessence, is the material that fills the region of the universe above the terrestrial sphere.
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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).
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Alfred North Whitehead
Alfred North Whitehead (15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician and philosopher.
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Alfred Robb
Alfred Arthur Robb FRS (18 January 1873 in Belfast – 14 December 1936 in Castlereagh) was a Northern Irish physicist.
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Antecedent (logic)
An antecedent is the first half of a hypothetical proposition, whenever the if-clause precedes the then-clause.
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Anthropic principle
The anthropic principle is a philosophical consideration that observations of the universe must be compatible with the conscious and sapient life that observes it.
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Anthropocentrism
Anthropocentrism (from Greek ἄνθρωπος, ánthrōpos, "human being"; and κέντρον, kéntron, "center") is the belief that human beings are the most significant entity of the universe.
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Anticausal system
An anticausal system is a hypothetical system with outputs and internal states that depend solely on future input values.
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Arche
Arche (ἀρχή) is a Greek word with primary senses "beginning", "origin" or "source of action".
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Aristotelian physics
Aristotelian physics is a form of natural science described in the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–).
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Aristotelianism
Aristotelianism is a tradition of philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.
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Arrow of time
The Arrow of Time, or Time's Arrow, is a concept developed in 1927 by the British astronomer Arthur Eddington involving the "one-way direction" or "asymmetry" of time.
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Arthur Danto
Arthur Coleman Danto (January 1, 1924 – October 25, 2013) was an American art critic and philosopher.
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Asanga
Asaṅga (Romaji: Mujaku) (fl. 4th century C.E.) was a major exponent of the Yogacara tradition in India, also called Vijñānavāda.
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Astronomy
Astronomy (from ἀστρονομία) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena.
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Attic
An attic (sometimes referred to as a loft) is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a sky parlor or a garret.
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Attribution (psychology)
Humans are motivated to assign causes to their actions and behaviors.
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Austin Bradford Hill
Sir Austin Bradford Hill FRS (8 July 1897 – 18 April 1991), English epidemiologist and statistician, pioneered the randomized clinical trial and, together with Richard Doll, demonstrated the connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
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Autoregressive integrated moving average
In statistics and econometrics, and in particular in time series analysis, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is a generalization of an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model.
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Azamat Abdoullaev
Azamat Abdoullaev is an ontologist and theoretical physicist who introduced a universal world model as a standard ontology/semantics for human beings and computing machines.
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Bayesian network
A Bayesian network, Bayes network, belief network, Bayes(ian) model or probabilistic directed acyclic graphical model is a probabilistic graphical model (a type of statistical model) that represents a set of variables and their conditional dependencies via a directed acyclic graph (DAG).
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Begging the question
Begging the question is a logical fallacy which occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it.
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Blame
Blame is the act of censuring, holding responsible, making negative statements about an individual or group that their action or actions are socially or morally irresponsible, the opposite of praise.
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Bradford Hill criteria
The Bradford Hill criteria, otherwise known as Hill's criteria for causation, are a group of 9 principles, established in 1965 by the English epidemiologist Sir Austin Bradford Hill.
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Brahma Samhita
The Brahma Saṁhitā is a Sanskrit Pañcarātra text, composed of verses of prayer spoken by Brahma glorifying the supreme Lord Kṛṣṇa or Govinda at the beginning of creation.
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Bubonic plague
Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis.
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Butterfly effect
In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state.
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Carrot
The carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) is a root vegetable, usually orange in colour, though purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist.
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Catch-22 (logic)
A catch-22 is a paradoxical situation from which an individual cannot escape because of contradictory rules.
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Causa sui
Causa sui (meaning "cause of itself" in Latin) denotes something which is generated within itself.
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Causal filter
In signal processing, a causal filter is a linear and time-invariant causal system.
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Causal graph
In statistics, econometrics, epidemiology, genetics and related disciplines, causal graphs (also known as path diagrams, causal Bayesian networks or DAGs) are graphical models used to encode assumptions about the data-generating process.
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Causal inference
Causal inference is the process of drawing a conclusion about a causal connection based on the conditions of the occurrence of an effect.
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Causal loop
A causal loop in the context of time travel or the causal structure of spacetime, is a sequence of events (actions, information, objects, people) in which an event is among the causes of another event, which in turn is among the causes of the first-mentioned event.
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Causal loop diagram
A causal loop diagram (CLD) is a causal diagram that aids in visualizing how different variables in a system are interrelated.
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Causal Markov condition
The Markov condition, sometimes called the Markov assumption, for a Bayesian network states that every node in a Bayesian network is conditionally independent of its nondescendents, given its parents.
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Causal reasoning
Causal reasoning is the process of identifying causality: the relationship between a cause and its effect.
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Causal research
Causal research, also called explanatory research, is the investigation of (research into) cause-and-effect relationships.
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Causal system
In control theory, a causal system (also known as a physical or nonanticipative system) is a system where the output depends on past and current inputs but not future inputs—i.e., the output y(t_) depends on only the input x(t) for values of t \le t_.
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Causality (book)
Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference (2000; updated 2009) is a book by Judea Pearl.
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Causality conditions
In the study of Lorentzian manifold spacetimes there exists a hierarchy of causality conditions which are important in proving mathematical theorems about the global structure of such manifolds.
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Causes of schizophrenia
The causes of schizophrenia have been the subject of much debate, with various factors proposed and discounted or modified.
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Chain of events
A chain of events is a number of actions and their effects that are contiguous and linked together that results in a particular outcome.
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Chain reaction
A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place.
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Chaos theory
Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics focusing on the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions.
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Chicken or the egg
The chicken or the egg causality dilemma is commonly stated as "which came first: the chicken or the egg?".
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow.
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Classical element
Classical elements typically refer to the concepts in ancient Greece of earth, water, air, fire, and aether, which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances.
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Clinical trial
Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research.
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Compatibilism
Compatibilism is the belief that free will and determinism are mutually compatible and that it is possible to believe in both without being logically inconsistent.
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Condition of possibility
Condition of possibility (Bedingungen der Möglichkeit) is a philosophical concept made popular by Immanuel Kant.
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Confounding
In statistics, a confounder (also confounding variable, confounding factor or lurking variable) is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable causing a spurious association.
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Consequent
A consequent is the second half of a hypothetical proposition.
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Constraint (classical mechanics)
In classical mechanics, a constraint on a system is a parameter that the system must obey.
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Contemporary philosophy
Contemporary philosophy is the present period in the history of Western philosophy beginning at the end of the 19th century with the professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy.
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Cornell University Press
The Cornell University Press is a division of Cornell University housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage.
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Correlation and dependence
In statistics, dependence or association is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data.
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Correlation does not imply causation
In statistics, many statistical tests calculate correlations between variables and when two variables are found to be correlated, it is tempting to assume that this shows that one variable causes the other.
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Cosmological argument
In natural theology and philosophy, a cosmological argument is an argument in which the existence of a unique being, generally seen as some kind of god, is deduced or inferred from facts or alleged facts concerning causation, change, motion, contingency, or finitude in respect of the universe as a whole or processes within it.
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Counterfactual conditional
A counterfactual conditional (abbreviated), is a conditional containing an if-clause which is contrary to fact.
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Counterfactual thinking
Counterfactual thinking is a concept in psychology that involves the human tendency to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred; something that is contrary to what actually happened.
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Crime
In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.
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Cross-correlation
In signal processing, cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two series as a function of the displacement of one relative to the other.
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Cross-sectional data
Cross-sectional data, or a cross section of a study population, in statistics and econometrics is a type of data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at the same point of time, or without regard to differences in time.
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Cross-spectrum
In time series analysis, the cross-spectrum is used as part of a frequency domain analysis of the cross-correlation or cross-covariance between two time series.
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David Hume
David Hume (born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.
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David Lewis (philosopher)
David Kellogg Lewis (September 28, 1941 – October 14, 2001) was an American philosopher.
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David Malet Armstrong
David Malet Armstrong (8 July 1926 – 13 May 2014), often D. M. Armstrong, was an Australian philosopher.
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Defendant
A defendant is a person accused of committing a crime in criminal prosecution or a person against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.
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Delayed choice quantum eraser
A delayed choice quantum eraser experiment, first performed by Yoon-Ho Kim, R. Yu, S. P. Kulik, Y. H. Shih and Marlan O. Scully, and reported in early 1999, is an elaboration on the quantum eraser experiment that incorporates concepts considered in Wheeler's delayed choice experiment.
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Design of experiments
The design of experiments (DOE, DOX, or experimental design) is the design of any task that aims to describe or explain the variation of information under conditions that are hypothesized to reflect the variation.
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Determinism
Determinism is the philosophical theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes.
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Directed acyclic graph
In mathematics and computer science, a directed acyclic graph (DAG), is a finite directed graph with no directed cycles.
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Domino effect
A domino effect or chain reaction is the cumulative effect produced when one event sets off a chain of similar events.
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Early Buddhist schools
The early Buddhist schools are those schools into which the Buddhist monastic saṅgha initially split, due originally to differences in vinaya and later also due to doctrinal differences and geographical separation of groups of monks.
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Economics
Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
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Effectuation
Effectuation is a way of thinking that serves entrepreneurs in the processes of opportunity identification and new venture creation.
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Endurance
Endurance (also related to sufferance, resilience, constitution, fortitude, and hardiness) is the ability of an organism to exert itself and remain active for a long period of time, as well as its ability to resist, withstand, recover from, and have immunity to trauma, wounds, or fatigue.
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Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where) and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
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Equations of motion
In physics, equations of motion are equations that describe the behavior of a physical system in terms of its motion as a function of time.
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Etiology
Etiology (alternatively aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation, or origination.
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Experiment
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.
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Explanandum and explanans
An explanandum (a Latin term) is a sentence describing a phenomenon that is to be explained, and the explanans are the sentences adduced as explanations of that phenomenon.
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Factor
Factor, a Latin word meaning "who/which acts", may refer to.
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Fallacy
A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves" in the construction of an argument.
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Feedback
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop.
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Force dynamics
Force dynamics is a semantic category that describes the way in which entities interact with reference to force.
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Formal fallacy
In philosophy, a formal fallacy, deductive fallacy, logical fallacy or non sequitur (Latin for "it does not follow") is a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system, for example propositional logic.
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Four causes
The "four causes" are elements of an influential principle in Aristotelian thought whereby explanations of change or movement are classified into four fundamental types of answer to the question "why?".
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Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, (22 January 15619 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author.
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Free will
Free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
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Future
The future is what will happen in the time after the present.
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher and the most important figure of German idealism.
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Grandfather paradox
The grandfather paradox is a paradox of time travel in which inconsistencies emerge through changing the past.
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Granger causality
The Granger causality test is a statistical hypothesis test for determining whether one time series is useful in forecasting another, first proposed in 1969.
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Group velocity
The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall shape of the wave's amplitudes—known as the modulation or envelope of the wave—propagates through space.
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Herbert A. Simon
Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American economist and political scientist whose primary interest was decision-making within organizations and is best known for the theories of "bounded rationality" and "satisficing".
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Hindu philosophy
Hindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India.
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Hinduism
Hinduism is an Indian religion and dharma, or a way of life, widely practised in the Indian subcontinent.
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Iatrogenesis
Iatrogenesis (from the Greek for "brought forth by the healer") refers to any effect on a person resulting from any activity of one or more persons acting as healthcare professionals or promoting products or services as beneficial to health that does not support a goal of the person affected.
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy.
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Incompatibilism
Incompatibilism is the view that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have a free will; that there is a dichotomy between determinism and free will where philosophers must choose one or the other.
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Indeterminism
Indeterminism is the idea that events (certain events, or events of certain types) are not caused, or not caused deterministically.
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Indicative conditional
In natural languages, an indicative conditional is the logical operation given by statements of the form "If A then B".
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Infinite regress
An infinite regress in a series of propositions arises if the truth of proposition P1 requires the support of proposition P2, the truth of proposition P2 requires the support of proposition P3,...
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Innatism
Innatism is a philosophical and epistemological doctrine that holds that the mind is born with ideas/knowledge, and that therefore the mind is not a "blank slate" at birth, as early empiricists such as John Locke claimed.
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Instrumental variables estimation
In statistics, econometrics, epidemiology and related disciplines, the method of instrumental variables (IV) is used to estimate causal relationships when controlled experiments are not feasible or when a treatment is not successfully delivered to every unit in a randomized experiment.
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Intention (criminal law)
In criminal law, intent is one of three general classes of mens rea necessary to constitute a conventional, as opposed to strict liability, crime.
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Intuition
Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge without proof, evidence, or conscious reasoning, or without understanding how the knowledge was acquired.
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Ishikawa diagram
Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams, herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, or Fishikawa) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa that show the causes of a specific event.
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J. L. Mackie
John Leslie Mackie (25 August 1917 – 12 December 1981) was an Australian philosopher, originally from Sydney.
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Judea Pearl
Judea Pearl (born September 4, 1936) is an Israeli-American computer scientist and philosopher, best known for championing the probabilistic approach to artificial intelligence and the development of Bayesian networks (see the article on belief propagation).
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Jurisprudence
Jurisprudence or legal theory is the theoretical study of law, principally by philosophers but, from the twentieth century, also by social scientists.
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Kaoru Ishikawa
was a Japanese organizational theorist, Professor at the Faculty of Engineering at The University of Tokyo, noted for his quality management innovations.
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Karl Popper
Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian-British philosopher and professor.
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Knowledge
Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning.
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Kramers–Kronig relations
The Kramers–Kronig relations are bidirectional mathematical relations, connecting the real and imaginary parts of any complex function that is analytic in the upper half-plane.
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Law
Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.
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Linear regression
In statistics, linear regression is a linear approach to modelling the relationship between a scalar response (or dependent variable) and one or more explanatory variables (or independent variables).
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Lorentz transformation
In physics, the Lorentz transformations (or transformation) are coordinate transformations between two coordinate frames that move at constant velocity relative to each other.
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Matter wave
Matter waves are a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics, being an example of wave–particle duality.
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Maurice Mandelbaum
Maurice Mandelbaum (born December 9, 1908 in Chicago; died January 1, 1987, Hanover, New Hampshire) was an American philosopher.
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Max Born
Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics.
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Max Jammer
Max Jammer (born Moshe Jammer,; April 13, 1915 – December 18, 2010), was an Israeli physicist and philosopher of physics.
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Metaphysics
Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of being, existence, and reality.
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Metaphysics (Aristotle)
Metaphysics (Greek: τὰ μετὰ τὰ φυσικά; Latin: Metaphysica) is one of the principal works of Aristotle and the first major work of the branch of philosophy with the same name.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
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Mill's Methods
Mill's Methods are five methods of induction described by philosopher John Stuart Mill in his 1843 book A System of Logic.
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MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States).
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Molecular pathological epidemiology
Molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE, also molecular pathologic epidemiology) is a discipline combining epidemiology and pathology.
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Molecular pathology
Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids.
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Monier Monier-Williams
Sir Monier Monier-Williams, KCIE (né Williams; 12 November 1819 – 11 April 1899) was the second Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford University, England.
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Moral responsibility
In philosophy, moral responsibility is the status of morally deserving praise, blame, reward, or punishment for an act or omission, in accordance with one's moral obligations.
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Necessity and sufficiency
In logic, necessity and sufficiency are terms used to describe an implicational relationship between statements.
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Newcomb's paradox
In philosophy and mathematics, Newcomb's paradox, also referred to as Newcomb's problem, is a thought experiment involving a game between two players, one of whom purports to be able to predict the future.
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Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer of the Renaissance period.
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Nicholas Rescher
Nicholas Rescher (born 15 July 1928) is a German-American philosopher at the University of Pittsburgh.
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Nikāya
Nikāya is a Pāḷi word meaning "volume".
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Nocebo
A nocebo effect is said to occur when negative expectations of the patient regarding a treatment cause the treatment to have a more negative effect than it otherwise would have.
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Nyaya
(Sanskrit: न्याय, ny-āyá), literally means "rules", "method" or "judgment".
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Omnipotence
Omnipotence is the quality of having unlimited power.
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Ontology
Ontology (introduced in 1606) is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
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Oxford English Dictionary
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the main historical dictionary of the English language, published by the Oxford University Press.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Past
The past is the set of all events that occurred before a given point in time.
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Path analysis (statistics)
In statistics, path analysis is used to describe the directed dependencies among a set of variables.
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Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of a disease is the biological mechanism (or mechanisms) that leads to the diseased state.
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Pathology
Pathology (from the Ancient Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or "suffering" and -logia (-λογία), "study of") is a significant field in modern medical diagnosis and medical research, concerned mainly with the causal study of disease, whether caused by pathogens or non-infectious physiological disorder.
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Patricia Cheng
Patricia Wenjie Cheng (born 1952) is a leading researcher in cognitive psychology who works on human reasoning.
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Phase velocity
The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space.
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Placebo
A placebo is a substance or treatment of no intended therapeutic value.
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Plato
Plato (Πλάτων Plátōn, in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.
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Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Post hoc ergo propter hoc (Latin: "after this, therefore because of this") is a logical fallacy that states "Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X." It is often shortened simply to post hoc fallacy.
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Process philosophy
Process philosophy — also ontology of becoming, processism, or philosophy of organism — identifies metaphysical reality with change and development.
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Propositional calculus
Propositional calculus is a branch of logic.
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Proximate and ultimate causation
A proximate cause is an event which is closest to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result.
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Psychology of reasoning
The psychology of reasoning is the study of how people reason, often broadly defined as the process of drawing conclusions to inform how people solve problems and make decisions.
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Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
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Quantum Zeno effect
The quantum Zeno effect (also known as the Turing paradox) is a feature of quantum mechanical systems allowing a particle's time evolution to be arrested by measuring it frequently enough with respect to some chosen measurement setting.
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Quidditism
In metaphysics, quidditism is the perspective implied by the belief that nomological roles do not supervene on causal properties.
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Randomness
Randomness is the lack of pattern or predictability in events.
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Regression analysis
In statistical modeling, regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables.
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Reincarnation
Reincarnation is the philosophical or religious concept that an aspect of a living being starts a new life in a different physical body or form after each biological death.
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Result
A result (also called upshot) is the final consequence of a sequence of actions or events expressed qualitatively or quantitatively.
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Retrocausality
Retrocausality or Backwards causation is a concept of cause and effect where the effect precedes its cause in time.
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Root cause analysis
Root cause analysis (RCA) is a method of problem solving used for identifying the root causes of faults or problems.
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Rubin causal model
The Rubin causal model (RCM), also known as the Neyman–Rubin causal model, is an approach to the statistical analysis of cause and effect based on the framework of potential outcomes, named after Donald Rubin.
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Sarvastivada
The Sarvāstivāda (Sanskrit) were an early school of Buddhism that held to the existence of all dharmas in the past, present and future, the "three times".
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Schrödinger's cat
Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935.
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Science
R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.
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Scientific control
A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable.
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Scientific method
Scientific method is an empirical method of knowledge acquisition, which has characterized the development of natural science since at least the 17th century, involving careful observation, which includes rigorous skepticism about what one observes, given that cognitive assumptions about how the world works influence how one interprets a percept; formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental testing and measurement of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings.
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.
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Sewall Wright
Sewall Green Wright (December 21, 1889March 3, 1988) was an American geneticist known for his influential work on evolutionary theory and also for his work on path analysis.
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Spacetime
In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum.
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Special relativity
In physics, special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted and experimentally well-confirmed physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time.
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Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.
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Structural equation modeling
Structural equation modeling (SEM) includes a diverse set of mathematical models, computer algorithms, and statistical methods that fit networks of constructs to data.
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Sublunary sphere
In Aristotelian physics and Greek astronomy, the sublunary sphere is the region of the geocentric cosmos below the Moon, consisting of the four classical elements: earth, water, air, and fire.
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Substance theory
Substance theory, or substance attribute theory, is an ontological theory about objecthood, positing that a substance is distinct from its properties.
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Suggestibility
Suggestibility is the quality of being inclined to accept and act on the suggestions of others where false but plausible information is given and one fills in the gaps in certain memories with false information when recalling a scenario or moment.
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Suggestion
Suggestion is the psychological process by which one person guides the thoughts, feelings, or behavior of another person.
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Supervenience
In philosophy, supervenience is a relation used to describe cases where (roughly speaking) a system's upper-level properties are determined by its lower-level properties.
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Supply and demand
In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market.
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Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction
The Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction is a doctrinal distinction made within Tibetan Buddhism between two stances regarding the use of logic and the meaning of conventional truth within the presentation of Madhyamaka.
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Synchronicity
Synchronicity (Synchronizität) is a concept, first introduced by analytical psychologist Carl Jung, which holds that events are "meaningful coincidences" if they occur with no causal relationship yet seem to be meaningfully related.
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System
A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming an integrated whole.
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Telos
A telos (from the Greek τέλος for "end", "purpose", or "goal") is an end or purpose, in a fairly constrained sense used by philosophers such as Aristotle.
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Theory
A theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking.
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Thermodynamic operation
A thermodynamic operation is an externally imposed manipulation or change of connection or wall between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings.
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Thermodynamic process
Classical thermodynamics considers three main kinds of thermodynamic process: change in a system, cycles in a system, and flow processes.
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Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.
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Thomas Aquinas
Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church.
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Time
Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
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Time series
A time series is a series of data points indexed (or listed or graphed) in time order.
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Tobacco smoking
Tobacco smoking is the practice of smoking tobacco and inhaling tobacco smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases).
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Tort
A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a civil wrong that causes a claimant to suffer loss or harm resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act.
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Uncertainty principle
In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle (also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle) is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, known as complementary variables, such as position x and momentum p, can be known.
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Unintended consequences
In the social sciences, unintended consequences (sometimes unanticipated consequences or unforeseen consequences) are outcomes that are not the ones foreseen and intended by a purposeful action.
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Universe
The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.
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University of California
The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the US state of California.
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Unmoved mover
The unmoved mover (that which moves without being moved) or prime mover (primum movens) is a concept advanced by Aristotle as a primary cause or "mover" of all the motion in the universe.
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Vaibhāṣika
The Vaibhāṣika was an early Buddhist subschool formed by adherents of the Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra, comprising the orthodox Kasmiri branch of the Sarvāstivāda school.
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Vaisheshika
Vaisheshika or (वैशेषिक) is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India.
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Validity (statistics)
Validity is the extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds accurately to the real world based on probability.
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Vasubandhu
Vasubandhu (Sanskrit) (fl. 4th to 5th century CE) was a very influential Buddhist monk and scholar from Gandhara.
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Vector autoregression
Vector autoregression (VAR) is a stochastic process model used to capture the linear interdependencies among multiple time series.
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Vedic period
The Vedic period, or Vedic age, is the period in the history of the northwestern Indian subcontinent between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation in the central Gangetic Plain which began in BCE.
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Virtuous circle and vicious circle
The terms virtuous circle and vicious circle (also referred to as virtuous cycle and vicious cycle) refer to complex chains of events that reinforce themselves through a feedback loop.
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Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory
The Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory (also called the Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory), named after its originators, the physicists Richard Feynman and John Archibald Wheeler, is an interpretation of electrodynamics derived from the assumption that the solutions of the electromagnetic field equations must be invariant under time-reversal transformation, as are the field equations themselves.
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Yogachara
Yogachara (IAST:; literally "yoga practice"; "one whose practice is yoga") is an influential school of Buddhist philosophy and psychology emphasizing phenomenology and ontology through the interior lens of meditative and yogic practices.
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Aitia, Causal, Causal conditional, Causal explanation, Causal learning, Causal nexus, Causal relationship, Causal relationships, Causational, Cause, Cause & Effect, Cause And Effect, Cause and Effect, Cause and effect, Cause and effect theory, Cause system, Cause-and-effect, Caused, Causing, INUS, INUS condition, If then, Principle of causality, Unconditional causality, Unicausality.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality
