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147 relations: Adipocyte, Adipose tissue, Adult stem cell, Amphibian, Antigen, Apoptosis, Arginine, Asparagine, Asymmetric cell division, Attractor, Basal (phylogenetics), Beta-catenin, Blastocyst, Blastomere, Blastula, Blood vessel, BMI1, Bone marrow, Bone morphogenetic protein, CAF-1, Cancer, Cell (biology), Cell culture, Cell division, Cell potency, Cell signaling, Cell type, Cell–cell fusogens, Chromatin, Chromatin immunoprecipitation, Chromosome, Cis-regulatory element, CpG site, Cytokinesis, Cytopathology, Developmental biology, DNA, DNA methylation, DNA methyltransferase, Ectoderm, Egg, Embryonic stem cell, Endoderm, Enhancer (genetics), Epigenetics, Epigenome, Epithelium, Euchromatin, Evolution, Fibroblast, ..., Fibroblast growth factor, Fusion mechanism, Gamete, Gastrulation, Gene, Gene expression, Gene regulatory network, Gene silencing, Genome, Germ cell, Germ layer, GLI1, GLI2, Glycine, Grading (tumors), Growth factor, H&E stain, H3K4me3, Hedgehog signaling pathway, Hematopoietic stem cell, Heterochromatin, Histone, Histone acetyltransferase, Homeobox protein NANOG, Human, In vitro, Induced pluripotent stem cell, Inner cell mass, Interbilayer forces in membrane fusion, Journal of Cell Biology, KDM1A, KLF4, Leukemia inhibitory factor, Lipid bilayer fusion, Lipoblast, Liposarcoma, List of human cell types derived from the germ layers, Lung, Mammal, Membrane potential, Meristem, Mesenchymal stem cell, Mesoderm, Metabolism, Mi-2/NuRD complex, Morphogenesis, Multicellular organism, Muscle, Muscle tissue, Myc, Myosatellite cell, Neurogenesis, Neurulation, Notch signaling pathway, Nucleic acid sequence, Nucleosome, Oct-4, Osteoblast, Pioneer factor, Platelet, Ploidy, Polycomb-group proteins, PRC2, Progenitor cell, Promoter (genetics), Purine, Radial glial cell, Red blood cell, Regeneration (biology), Regulation of gene expression, Reprogramming, Retinoic acid, Reversine, RNA, RNA polymerase II, Serine, Signal transduction, SMAD (protein), Somatic cell, Sonic hedgehog, SOX2, Species, Sperm, Stem cell, Stochastic, Subset, Systems biology, Tissue (biology), Trans-regulatory element, Transcription (biology), Transforming growth factor, Unipotent, Volvox, White blood cell, Wnt signaling pathway, Worm, Zygote. Expand index (97 more) »
Adipocyte
Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.
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Adipose tissue
In biology, adipose tissue, body fat, or simply fat is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes.
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Adult stem cell
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.
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Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia.
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Antigen
In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Arginine
Arginine (symbol Arg or R) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Asparagine
Asparagine (symbol Asn or N), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Asymmetric cell division
An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates.
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Attractor
In the mathematical field of dynamical systems, an attractor is a set of numerical values toward which a system tends to evolve, for a wide variety of starting conditions of the system.
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Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram.
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Beta-catenin
Catenin beta-1, also known as β-catenin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene.
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Blastocyst
The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early development of mammals.
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Blastomere
In biology, blastocoel is a type of cell produced by cleavage (cell division) of the zygote after fertilization and is an essential part of blastula formation.
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Blastula
The blastula (from Greek βλαστός (blastos), meaning "sprout") is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres, surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoele formed during an early stage of embryonic development in animals.
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Blood vessel
The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system, and microcirculation, that transports blood throughout the human body.
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BMI1
Polycomb complex protein BMI-1 also known as polycomb group RING finger protein 4 (PCGF4) or RING finger protein 51 (RNF51) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMI1 gene (B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1).
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Bone marrow
Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.
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Bone morphogenetic protein
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens.
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CAF-1
CAF-1 (chromatin assembly factor-1) is a complex, including Chaf1a (p150), Chaf1b (p60) and p50 subunits that assembles histone tetramers onto replicating DNA in vitro This complex is histone chaperone involved in creating cellular memory of somatic cell identity – cellular differentiation.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cell culture
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment.
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Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
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Cell potency
Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency.
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Cell signaling
Cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions.
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Cell type
A cell type is a classification used to distinguish between morphologically or phenotypically distinct cell forms within a species.
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Cell–cell fusogens
Cell–cell fusogens are glycoproteins that facilitate the fusion of cell to cell membranes.
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Chromatin
Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein, and RNA.
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Chromatin immunoprecipitation
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a type of immunoprecipitation experimental technique used to investigate the interaction between proteins and DNA in the cell.
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Chromosome
A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.
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Cis-regulatory element
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are regions of non-coding DNA which regulate the transcription of neighboring genes.
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CpG site
The CpG sites or CG sites are regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its 5' → 3' direction.
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Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells.
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Cytopathology
Cytopathology (from Greek κύτος, kytos, "a hollow"; πάθος, pathos, "fate, harm"; and -λογία, -logia) is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level.
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Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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DNA methylation
DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule.
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DNA methyltransferase
In biochemistry, the DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase) family of enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to DNA.
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Ectoderm
Ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.
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Egg
An egg is the organic vessel containing the zygote in which an animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own; at which point the animal hatches.
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Embryonic stem cell
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells or ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo.
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Endoderm
Endoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.
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Enhancer (genetics)
In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur.
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Epigenetics
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence.
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Epigenome
An epigenome consists of a record of the chemical changes to the DNA and histone proteins of an organism; these changes can be passed down to an organism's offspring via transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
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Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
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Euchromatin
Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of chromatin (DNA, RNA, and protein) that is enriched in genes, and is often (but not always) under active transcription.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.
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Fibroblast growth factor
The fibroblast growth factors are a family of cell signalling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development.
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Fusion mechanism
The fusion mechanism is the mechanism by which cell fusion takes place.
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Gamete
A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμετή gamete from gamein "to marry") is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that sexually reproduce.
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Gastrulation
Gastrulation is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
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Gene regulatory network
A gene (or genetic) regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of molecular regulators that interact with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.
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Gene silencing
Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Germ cell
A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually.
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Germ layer
A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that form during embryogenesis.
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GLI1
Zinc finger protein GLI1 also known as glioma-associated oncogene is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLI1 gene.
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GLI2
Zinc finger protein GLI2 also known as GLI family zinc finger 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLI2 gene.
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Glycine
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
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Grading (tumors)
In pathology, grading is a measure of the cell appearance in tumors and other neoplasms.
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Growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing, and cellular differentiation.
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H&E stain
Hematoxylin and eosin stain or haematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E stain or HE stain) is one of the principal stains in histology.
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H3K4me3
H3K4me3 is an epigenetic chemical modification involved in the regulation of gene expression.
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Hedgehog signaling pathway
The Hedgehog signaling pathway is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper cell differentiation.
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Hematopoietic stem cell
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells.
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Heterochromatin
Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA or condensed DNA, which comes in multiple varieties.
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Histone
In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
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Histone acetyltransferase
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form ε-N-acetyllysine.
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Homeobox protein NANOG
NANOG (pron. nanOg) is a transcription factor critically involved with self-renewal of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells.
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Human
Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.
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In vitro
In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
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Induced pluripotent stem cell
Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.
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Inner cell mass
In early embryogenesis of most eutherian mammals, the inner cell mass (abbreviated ICM and also known as the embryoblast in mammals or pluriblast) is the mass of cells inside the primordial embryo that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus.
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Interbilayer forces in membrane fusion
Membrane fusion is a key biophysical process that is essential for the functioning of life itself.
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Journal of Cell Biology
Journal of Cell Biology is an international, peer-reviewed journal owned by The Rockefeller University and published by Rockefeller University Press.
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KDM1A
Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A (LSD1) also known as lysine (K)-specific demethylase 1A (KDM1A) is a protein in humans that is encoded by the KDM1A gene.
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KLF4
Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4; gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor or GKLF) is a zinc-finger transcription factor, and it was first identified in 1996.
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Leukemia inhibitory factor
Leukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, is an interleukin 6 class cytokine that affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation.
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Lipid bilayer fusion
In membrane biology, fusion is the process by which two initially distinct lipid bilayers merge their hydrophobic cores, resulting in one interconnected structure.
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Lipoblast
A lipoblast is a precursor cell for an adipocyte.
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Liposarcoma
Liposarcoma is a cancer that arises in fat cells in deep soft tissue, such as that inside the thigh or in the retroperitoneum.
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List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
This is a list of cells in humans derived from the germ layers, which includes the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
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Lung
The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Membrane potential
The term "membrane potential" may refer to one of three kinds of membrane potential.
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Meristem
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.
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Mesenchymal stem cell
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myocytes (muscle cells) and adipocytes (fat cells which give rise to marrow adipose tissue).
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Mesoderm
In all bilaterian animals, the mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Mi-2/NuRD complex
In the field of molecular biology, the Mi-2/NuRD (Nucleosome Remodeling Deacetylase) complex, is a group of associated proteins with both ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and histone deacetylase activities.
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Morphogenesis
Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation, literally, "beginning of the shape") is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape.
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Multicellular organism
Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms.
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Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.
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Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies, and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract.
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Myc
Myc is a family of regulator genes and proto-oncogenes that code for transcription factors.
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Myosatellite cell
Myosatellite cells or satellite cells are small multipotent cells with virtually no cytoplasm found in mature muscle.
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Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, known as neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSC)s, and it occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans.
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Neurulation
Neurulation refers to the folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.
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Notch signaling pathway
The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most multicellular organisms.
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Nucleic acid sequence
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of letters that indicate the order of nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule.
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Nucleosome
A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores.
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Oct-4
Oct-4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4), also known as POU5F1 (POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU5F1 gene.
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Osteoblast
Osteoblasts (from the Greek combining forms for "bone", ὀστέο-, osteo- and βλαστάνω, blastanō "germinate") are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone.
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Pioneer factor
Pioneer factors are transcription factors that can directly bind condensed chromatin.
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Platelet
Platelets, also called thrombocytes (from Greek θρόμβος, "clot" and κύτος, "cell"), are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot.
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Ploidy
Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.
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Polycomb-group proteins
Polycomb-group proteins are a family of proteins first discovered in fruit flies that can remodel chromatin such that epigenetic silencing of genes takes place.
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PRC2
PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2) is one of the two classes of polycomb-group proteins or (PcG).
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Progenitor cell
A progenitor cell is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell.
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Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
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Purine
A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.
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Radial glial cell
Radial glial cells are bipolar-shaped cells that span the width of the cortex in the developing vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and serve as primary progenitor cells capable of generating neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.
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Red blood cell
Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
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Regeneration (biology)
In biology, regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage.
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Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA), and is informally termed gene regulation.
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Reprogramming
In biology, reprogramming refers to erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development or in cell culture.
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Retinoic acid
Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol) that mediates the functions of vitamin A required for growth and development.
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Reversine
Reversine, or 2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine, is a small molecule developed by the group of Peter G. Schultz, used for stem cell dedifferentiation.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex.
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Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Signal transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.
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SMAD (protein)
Smads (or SMADs) comprise a family of structurally similar proteins that are the main signal transducers for receptors of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B) superfamily, which are critically important for regulating cell development and growth.
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Somatic cell
A somatic cell (from the Greek σῶμα sôma, meaning "body") or vegetal cell is any biological cell forming the body of an organism; that is, in a multicellular organism, any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell.
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Sonic hedgehog
Sonic hedgehog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHH ("sonic hedgehog") gene.
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SOX2
SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2, also known as SOX2, is a transcription factor that is essential for maintaining self-renewal, or pluripotency, of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells.
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Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity, but it has proven difficult to find a satisfactory definition.
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Sperm
Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word (σπέρμα) sperma (meaning "seed").
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Stem cell
Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.
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Stochastic
The word stochastic is an adjective in English that describes something that was randomly determined.
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Subset
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B, or equivalently B is a superset of A, if A is "contained" inside B, that is, all elements of A are also elements of B. A and B may coincide.
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Systems biology
Systems biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems.
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Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.
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Trans-regulatory element
Trans-regulatory elements are genes which may modify (or regulate) the expression of distant genes.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Transforming growth factor
Transforming growth factor (sometimes referred to as Tumor growth factor, or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ.
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Unipotent
In mathematics, a unipotent element r of a ring R is one such that r − 1 is a nilpotent element; in other words, (r − 1)n is zero for some n. In particular, a square matrix, M, is a unipotent matrix, if and only if its characteristic polynomial, P(t), is a power of t − 1.
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Volvox
Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae in the family Volvocaceae.
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White blood cell
White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
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Wnt signaling pathway
The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.
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Worm
Worms are many different distantly related animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body and no limbs.
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Zygote
A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zygōtos "joined" or "yoked", from ζυγοῦν zygoun "to join" or "to yoke") is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.
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Anlagen, Antigens, differentiation, Cell differentiation, Dedifferentiation, Differentiate (biology), Differentiate (cellular), Differentiated biological cells, Differentiated cell, Differentiated human cells, Differentiation (biology), Differentiation (cellular), Embryonic differentiation, Multicellular Specialisation, Specialized biological cells, Specialized cells, Stem cell differentiation, Undifferentiated biological cells, Undifferentiated cell.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation
