Table of Contents
430 relations: Acid, Acid dissociation constant, Acid–base reaction, Activation energy, Agricultural chemistry, Air (classical element), Al-Biruni, Alchemy, Alessandro Volta, Alkali metal, Allotropy, Alloy, Alpha particle, American Chemical Society, American Society for Neurochemistry, Ammonium chloride, Amount of substance, Analytical chemistry, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient Rome, Antoine Lavoisier, Applied science, Aqueous solution, Arab world, Arabic, Argon, Aristotle, Arrhenius equation, Astrochemistry, Astrology, Astronomy, Atmosphere of Earth, Atmospheric chemistry, Atom, Atomic nucleus, Atomic number, Atomic orbital, Atomism, Avicenna, Avogadro constant, Avogadro's law, Base (chemistry), Basic research, Becquerel, Beer–Lambert law, Biochemistry, Biology, ... Expand index (380 more) »
Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.
Acid dissociation constant
In chemistry, an acid dissociation constant (also known as acidity constant, or acid-ionization constant; denoted) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution.
See Chemistry and Acid dissociation constant
Acid–base reaction
In chemistry, an acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base.
See Chemistry and Acid–base reaction
Activation energy
In the Arrhenius model of reaction rates, activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur.
See Chemistry and Activation energy
Agricultural chemistry
Agricultural chemistry is the chemistry, especially organic chemistry and biochemistry, as they relate to agriculture.
See Chemistry and Agricultural chemistry
Air (classical element)
Air or Wind is one of the four classical elements along with water, earth and fire in ancient Greek philosophy and in Western alchemy.
See Chemistry and Air (classical element)
Al-Biruni
Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (ابوریحان بیرونی; أبو الريحان البيروني; 973after 1050), known as al-Biruni, was a Khwarazmian Iranian scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age.
Alchemy
Alchemy (from Arabic: al-kīmiyā; from Ancient Greek: χυμεία, khumeía) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe.
Alessandro Volta
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist and chemist who was a pioneer of electricity and power and is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane.
See Chemistry and Alessandro Volta
Alkali metal
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See Chemistry and Alkali metal
Allotropy
Allotropy or allotropism is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of the elements.
Alloy
An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements of which in most cases at least one is a metallic element, although it is also sometimes used for mixtures of elements; herein only metallic alloys are described.
Alpha particle
Alpha particles, also called alpha rays or alpha radiation, consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus.
See Chemistry and Alpha particle
American Chemical Society
The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry.
See Chemistry and American Chemical Society
American Society for Neurochemistry
The American Society for Neurochemistry (ASN) is a professional society for neurochemists and neuroscientists from North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean, whose research concerns the role and interactions of small molecules (proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, lipids, sugars) in the development, growth, function, and pathology of the nervous system.
See Chemistry and American Society for Neurochemistry
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula, also written as.
See Chemistry and Ammonium chloride
Amount of substance
In chemistry, the amount of substance (symbol n) in a given sample of matter is defined as a ratio between the number of elementary entities (N) and the Avogadro constant (NA).
See Chemistry and Amount of substance
Analytical chemistry
Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods to separate, identify, and quantify matter.
See Chemistry and Analytical chemistry
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.
See Chemistry and Ancient Egypt
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
See Chemistry and Ancient Greece
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
See Chemistry and Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek philosophy
Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC.
See Chemistry and Ancient Greek philosophy
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
See Chemistry and Ancient Rome
Antoine Lavoisier
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (26 August 17438 May 1794), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.
See Chemistry and Antoine Lavoisier
Applied science
Applied science is the application of the scientific method and scientific knowledge to attain practical goals.
See Chemistry and Applied science
Aqueous solution
An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water.
See Chemistry and Aqueous solution
Arab world
The Arab world (اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), formally the Arab homeland (اَلْوَطَنُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), also known as the Arab nation (اَلْأُمَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in Western Asia and Northern Africa.
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
Argon
Argon is a chemical element; it has symbol Ar and atomic number 18.
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
Arrhenius equation
In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.
See Chemistry and Arrhenius equation
Astrochemistry
Astrochemistry is the study of the abundance and reactions of molecules in the universe, and their interaction with radiation.
See Chemistry and Astrochemistry
Astrology
Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects.
Astronomy
Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.
Atmosphere of Earth
The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.
See Chemistry and Atmosphere of Earth
Atmospheric chemistry
Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied.
See Chemistry and Atmospheric chemistry
Atom
Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements.
Atomic nucleus
The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment.
See Chemistry and Atomic nucleus
Atomic number
The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of an atomic nucleus.
See Chemistry and Atomic number
Atomic orbital
In quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom.
See Chemistry and Atomic orbital
Atomism
Atomism (from Greek ἄτομον, atomon, i.e. "uncuttable, indivisible") is a natural philosophy proposing that the physical universe is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as atoms.
Avicenna
Ibn Sina (translit; – 22 June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna, was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers.
Avogadro constant
The Avogadro constant, commonly denoted or, is an SI defining constant with an exact value of (reciprocal moles).
See Chemistry and Avogadro constant
Avogadro's law
Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) or Avogadro-Ampère's hypothesis is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present.
See Chemistry and Avogadro's law
Base (chemistry)
In chemistry, there are three definitions in common use of the word "base": Arrhenius bases, Brønsted bases, and Lewis bases.
See Chemistry and Base (chemistry)
Basic research
Basic research, also called pure research, fundamental research, basic science, or pure science, is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena.
See Chemistry and Basic research
Becquerel
The becquerel (symbol: Bq) is the unit of radioactivity in the International System of Units (SI).
Beer–Lambert law
The Beer–Lambert law is commonly applied to chemical analysis measurements to determine the concentration of chemical species that absorb light.
See Chemistry and Beer–Lambert law
Biochemistry
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
See Chemistry and Biochemistry
Biology
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Bose–Einstein condensate
In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.67 °F or 0 K).
See Chemistry and Bose–Einstein condensate
Botany
Botany, also called plant science (or plant sciences), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.
Boyle's law
Boyle's law, also referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law or Mariotte's law (especially in France), is an empirical gas law that describes the relationship between pressure and volume of a confined gas.
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
The Brønsted–Lowry theory (also called proton theory of acids and bases) is an acid–base reaction theory which was first developed by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry independently in 1923.
See Chemistry and Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
Bronze
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids, such as arsenic or silicon.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
See Chemistry and Byzantine Empire
Calculus
Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Chemistry and Cambridge University Press
Carbon
Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
See Chemistry and Carbon dioxide
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 – 21 May 1786) was a German Swedish pharmaceutical chemist.
See Chemistry and Carl Wilhelm Scheele
CAS Registry Number
A CAS Registry Number (also referred to as CAS RN or informally CAS Number) is a unique identification number, assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) in the US to every chemical substance described in the open scientific literature, in order to index the substance in the CAS Registry.
See Chemistry and CAS Registry Number
Cengage Group
Cengage Group is an American educational content, technology, and services company for higher education, K–12, professional, and library markets.
See Chemistry and Cengage Group
Charles's law
Charles' law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated.
See Chemistry and Charles's law
Chemical Abstracts Service
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) is a division of the American Chemical Society.
See Chemistry and Chemical Abstracts Service
Chemical biology
Chemical biology is a scientific discipline between the fields of chemistry and biology.
See Chemistry and Chemical biology
Chemical bond
A chemical bond is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures.
See Chemistry and Chemical bond
Chemical composition
A chemical composition specifies the identity, arrangement, and ratio of the chemical elements making up a compound by way of chemical and atomic bonds.
See Chemistry and Chemical composition
Chemical compound
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds.
See Chemistry and Chemical compound
Chemical element
A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.
See Chemistry and Chemical element
Chemical engineering
Chemical engineering is an engineering field which deals with the study of operation and design of chemical plants as well as methods of improving production.
See Chemistry and Chemical engineering
Chemical equation
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.
See Chemistry and Chemical equation
Chemical equilibrium
In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system.
See Chemistry and Chemical equilibrium
Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other chemicals.
See Chemistry and Chemical industry
Chemical Institute of Canada
The Chemical Institute of Canada is a Canadian professional umbrella organization for researchers and professionals in the field of chemistry.
See Chemistry and Chemical Institute of Canada
Chemical kinetics
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions.
See Chemistry and Chemical kinetics
Chemical law
Chemical laws are those laws of nature relevant to chemistry.
See Chemistry and Chemical law
Chemical physics
Chemical physics is a branch of physics that studies chemical processes from a physical point of view.
See Chemistry and Chemical physics
Chemical property
A chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during, or after, a chemical reaction; that is, any quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity.
See Chemistry and Chemical property
Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.
See Chemistry and Chemical reaction
Chemical Society of Peru
Chemical Society of Peru is a non-profit scientific institution devoted to chemistry.
See Chemistry and Chemical Society of Peru
Chemical structure
A chemical structure of a molecule is a spatial arrangement of its atoms and their chemical bonds.
See Chemistry and Chemical structure
Chemical substance
A chemical substance is a unique form of matter with constant chemical composition and characteristic properties.
See Chemistry and Chemical substance
Chemical synthesis
Chemical synthesis (chemical combination) is the artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain one or several products.
See Chemistry and Chemical synthesis
Chemical thermodynamics
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics.
See Chemistry and Chemical thermodynamics
Cheminformatics
Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics) refers to the use of physical chemistry theory with computer and information science techniques—so called "in silico" techniques—in application to a range of descriptive and prescriptive problems in the field of chemistry, including in its applications to biology and related molecular fields.
See Chemistry and Cheminformatics
Chemist
A chemist (from Greek chēm(ía) alchemy; replacing chymist from Medieval Latin alchemist) is a graduated scientist trained in the study of chemistry, or an officially enrolled student in the field.
Chlorine
Chlorine is a chemical element; it has symbol Cl and atomic number 17.
Christopher Glaser
Christopher Glaser (1615 – between 1670 and 1678), a pharmaceutical chemist of the 17th century.
See Chemistry and Christopher Glaser
Chromatography
In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components.
See Chemistry and Chromatography
Classical element
The classical elements typically refer to earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances.
See Chemistry and Classical element
Classical Greece
Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (the 5th and 4th centuries BC) in Ancient Greece,The "Classical Age" is "the modern designation of the period from about 500 B.C. to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C." (Thomas R. Martin, Ancient Greece, Yale University Press, 1996, p.
See Chemistry and Classical Greece
Classical physics
Classical physics is a group of physics theories that predate modern, more complete, or more widely applicable theories.
See Chemistry and Classical physics
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
This is a list of computer programs that are predominantly used for molecular mechanics calculations.
See Chemistry and Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
Computational chemistry
Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulations to assist in solving chemical problems.
See Chemistry and Computational chemistry
Computer program
A computer program is a sequence or set of instructions in a programming language for a computer to execute.
See Chemistry and Computer program
Concept
A concept is defined as an abstract idea.
Condensed matter physics
Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases, that arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms and electrons.
See Chemistry and Condensed matter physics
Conformational isomerism
In chemistry, conformational isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism in which the isomers can be interconverted just by rotations about formally single bonds (refer to figure on single bond rotation).
See Chemistry and Conformational isomerism
Conservation of energy
The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be ''conserved'' over time.
See Chemistry and Conservation of energy
Conservation of mass
In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as the system's mass cannot change, so the quantity can neither be added nor be removed.
See Chemistry and Conservation of mass
Coordination complex
A coordination complex is a chemical compound consisting of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents.
See Chemistry and Coordination complex
Coordination number
In chemistry, crystallography, and materials science, the coordination number, also called ligancy, of a central atom in a molecule or crystal is the number of atoms, molecules or ions bonded to it.
See Chemistry and Coordination number
Cosmochemistry
Cosmochemistry or chemical cosmology is the study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions.
See Chemistry and Cosmochemistry
Covalent bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.
See Chemistry and Covalent bond
Creatio ex materia
Creatio ex materia is the notion that the universe was formed out of eternal, pre-existing matter.
See Chemistry and Creatio ex materia
Crystal
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
Crystal structure
In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material.
See Chemistry and Crystal structure
Crystallography
Crystallography is the branch of science devoted to the study of molecular and crystalline structure and properties.
See Chemistry and Crystallography
De re metallica
De re metallica (Latin for On the Nature of Metals) is a book in Latin cataloguing the state of the art of mining, refining, and smelting metals, published a year posthumously in 1556 due to a delay in preparing woodcuts for the text.
See Chemistry and De re metallica
De rerum natura
(On the Nature of Things) is a first-century BC didactic poem by the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius with the goal of explaining Epicurean philosophy to a Roman audience.
See Chemistry and De rerum natura
Decimetre
The decimetre (or decimeter in American English; symbol: dm), is a unit of length in the International System of Units, equal to one tenth of a metre, ten centimetres, one hundred millimetres, and 3.937 inches.
Democritus
Democritus (Δημόκριτος, Dēmókritos, meaning "chosen of the people"; –) was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from Abdera, primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe.
Density
Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is a substance's mass per unit of volume.
Diamond
Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic.
Dissociation (chemistry)
Dissociation in chemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into other things such as atoms, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.
See Chemistry and Dissociation (chemistry)
Distillation
Distillation, also classical distillation, is the process of separating the component substances of a liquid mixture of two or more chemically discrete substances; the separation process is realized by way of the selective boiling of the mixture and the condensation of the vapors in a still.
See Chemistry and Distillation
Dmitri Mendeleev
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes romanized as Mendeleyev, Mendeleiev, or Mendeleef;; Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleyev,; 8 February 18342 February 1907) was a Russian chemist and inventor.
See Chemistry and Dmitri Mendeleev
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
Dynamic equilibrium
In chemistry, a dynamic equilibrium exists once a reversible reaction occurs.
See Chemistry and Dynamic equilibrium
Early Muslim conquests
The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.
See Chemistry and Early Muslim conquests
Earth (classical element)
Earth is one of the classical elements, in some systems being one of the four along with air, fire, and water.
See Chemistry and Earth (classical element)
Ecology
Ecology is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment.
Edward Frankland
Sir Edward Frankland, (18 January 18259 August 1899) was an English chemist.
See Chemistry and Edward Frankland
Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.
Egyptian language
The Egyptian language, or Ancient Egyptian, is an extinct branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages that was spoken in ancient Egypt.
See Chemistry and Egyptian language
Electricity
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter possessing an electric charge.
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change.
See Chemistry and Electrochemistry
Electron
The electron (or in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge.
Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials that have unpaired electrons.
See Chemistry and Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electronegativity
Electronegativity, symbolized as χ, is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond.
See Chemistry and Electronegativity
Elementary particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles.
See Chemistry and Elementary particle
Elementary reaction
An elementary reaction is a chemical reaction in which one or more chemical species react directly to form products in a single reaction step and with a single transition state.
See Chemistry and Elementary reaction
Empedocles
Empedocles (Ἐμπεδοκλῆς;, 444–443 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a native citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily.
Endergonic reaction
In chemical thermodynamics, an endergonic reaction (also called a heat absorbing nonspontaneous reaction or an unfavorable reaction) is a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and an additional driving force is needed to perform this reaction.
See Chemistry and Endergonic reaction
Endothermic process
An endothermic process is a chemical or physical process that absorbs heat from its surroundings.
See Chemistry and Endothermic process
Energy
Energy is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light.
Entropy
Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty.
Environmental chemistry
Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places.
See Chemistry and Environmental chemistry
Epicurus
Epicurus (Ἐπίκουρος; 341–270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and sage who founded Epicureanism, a highly influential school of philosophy.
Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand physicist who was a pioneering researcher in both atomic and nuclear physics.
See Chemistry and Ernest Rutherford
Etymology of chemistry
The word chemistry derives from the word alchemy, which is found in various forms in European languages.
See Chemistry and Etymology of chemistry
Exergonic reaction
In chemical thermodynamics, an exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction where the change in the free energy is negative (there is a net release of free energy).
See Chemistry and Exergonic reaction
Exothermic reaction
In thermochemistry, an exothermic reaction is a "reaction for which the overall standard enthalpy change ΔH⚬ is negative." Exothermic reactions usually release heat.
See Chemistry and Exothermic reaction
Femtochemistry
Femtochemistry is the area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales (approximately 10−15 seconds or one femtosecond, hence the name) in order to study the very act of atoms within molecules (reactants) rearranging themselves to form new molecules (products).
See Chemistry and Femtochemistry
Fermionic condensate
A fermionic condensate (or Fermi–Dirac condensate) is a superfluid phase formed by fermionic particles at low temperatures.
See Chemistry and Fermionic condensate
Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials (such as iron) that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, allowing the material to form a permanent magnet.
See Chemistry and Ferromagnetism
Fick's laws of diffusion
Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were first posited by Adolf Fick in 1855 on the basis of largely experimental results.
See Chemistry and Fick's laws of diffusion
Fire (classical element)
Fire is one of the four classical elements along with earth, water and air in ancient Greek philosophy and science.
See Chemistry and Fire (classical element)
Flavoring
A flavoring (or flavouring), also known as flavor (or flavour) or flavorant, is a food additive used to improve the taste or smell of food.
Flow chemistry
In flow chemistry, also called reactor engineering, a chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream rather than in batch production.
See Chemistry and Flow chemistry
Force
A force is an influence that can cause an object to change its velocity, i.e., to accelerate, meaning a change in speed or direction, unless counterbalanced by other forces.
Forensic science
Forensic science, also known as criminalistics, is the application of science principles and methods to support legal decision-making in matters of criminal and civil law.
See Chemistry and Forensic science
Formula unit
In chemistry, a formula unit is the smallest unit of a non-molecular substance, such as an ionic compound, covalent network solid, or metal.
See Chemistry and Formula unit
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, 1st Lord Verulam, PC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I.
See Chemistry and Francis Bacon
Friedrich Wöhler
Friedrich Wöhler FRS(For) HonFRSE (31 July 180023 September 1882) was a German chemist known for his work in both organic and inorganic chemistry, being the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form.
See Chemistry and Friedrich Wöhler
Functional group
In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions.
See Chemistry and Functional group
Gas
Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter.
Gay-Lussac's law
Gay-Lussac's law usually refers to Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes of gases, discovered in 1808 and published in 1809.
See Chemistry and Gay-Lussac's law
Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.
Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.
See Chemistry and Geochemistry
Geology
Geology is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time.
Georg Ernst Stahl
Georg Ernst Stahl (22 October 1659 – 24 May 1734) was a German chemist, physician and philosopher.
See Chemistry and Georg Ernst Stahl
Georgius Agricola
Georgius Agricola (born Georg Bauer; 24 March 1494 – 21 November 1555) was a German Humanist scholar, mineralogist and metallurgist.
See Chemistry and Georgius Agricola
Gibbs free energy
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol G) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work, other than pressure-volume work, that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure.
See Chemistry and Gibbs free energy
Gilbert N. Lewis
Gilbert Newton Lewis (October 23 or October 25, 1875 – March 23, 1946) was an American physical chemist and a dean of the college of chemistry at University of California, Berkeley.
See Chemistry and Gilbert N. Lewis
Glass
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid.
Glossary of chemistry terms
This glossary of chemistry terms is a list of terms and definitions relevant to chemistry, including chemical laws, diagrams and formulae, laboratory tools, glassware, and equipment.
See Chemistry and Glossary of chemistry terms
Gold
Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and atomic number 79.
Green chemistry
Green chemistry, similar to sustainable chemistry or circular chemistry, is an area of chemistry and chemical engineering focused on the design of products and processes that minimize or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.
See Chemistry and Green chemistry
Group (periodic table)
In chemistry, a group (also known as a family) is a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements.
See Chemistry and Group (periodic table)
Helium
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element; it has symbol He and atomic number 2.
Hellenistic period
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.
See Chemistry and Hellenistic period
Henry Cavendish
Henry Cavendish (10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was an English natural philosopher and scientist who was an important experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist.
See Chemistry and Henry Cavendish
Henry Moseley
Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (23 November 1887 – 10 August 1915) was an English physicist, whose contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number.
See Chemistry and Henry Moseley
Henry's law
In physical chemistry, Henry's law is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid.
Hess's law
Hess’ law of constant heat summation, also known simply as Hess' law, is a relationship in physical chemistry named after Germain Hess, a Swiss-born Russian chemist and physician who published it in 1840.
History of atomic theory
Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms.
See Chemistry and History of atomic theory
History of chemistry
The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present.
See Chemistry and History of chemistry
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent
The history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began prior to the 3rd millennium BCE.
See Chemistry and History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent
History of thermodynamics
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general.
See Chemistry and History of thermodynamics
Humphry Davy
Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet, (17 December 177829 May 1829) was a British chemist and inventor who invented the Davy lamp and a very early form of arc lamp.
See Chemistry and Humphry Davy
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.
Hydrogen bond
In chemistry, a hydrogen bond (or H-bond) is primarily an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bonded to a more electronegative "donor" atom or group (Dn), and another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons—the hydrogen bond acceptor (Ac).
See Chemistry and Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula.
See Chemistry and Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum.
See Chemistry and Hydrogenation
Hydronium
In chemistry, hydronium (hydroxonium in traditional British English) is the cation, also written as, the type of oxonium ion produced by protonation of water.
Hydroxide
Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−.
Immunochemistry
Immunochemistry is the study of the chemistry of the immune system.
See Chemistry and Immunochemistry
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry is a form of immunostaining.
See Chemistry and Immunohistochemistry
Infrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy) is the measurement of the interaction of infrared radiation with matter by absorption, emission, or reflection.
See Chemistry and Infrared spectroscopy
Inorganic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry deals with synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds.
See Chemistry and Inorganic chemistry
Inorganic compound
An inorganic compound is typically a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bondsthat is, a compound that is not an organic compound.
See Chemistry and Inorganic compound
Interdisciplinarity
Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of multiple academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project).
See Chemistry and Interdisciplinarity
Interface (matter)
In the physical sciences, an interface is the boundary between two spatial regions occupied by different matter, or by matter in different physical states.
See Chemistry and Interface (matter)
Intermolecular force
An intermolecular force (IMF) (or secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles, e.g. atoms or ions.
See Chemistry and Intermolecular force
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations working for the advancement of the chemical sciences, especially by developing nomenclature and terminology.
See Chemistry and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
International Year of Chemistry
The International Year of Chemistry 2011 (IYC 2011) was a year-long commemorative event for the achievements of chemistry and its contributions to humankind.
See Chemistry and International Year of Chemistry
Invariant mass
The invariant mass, rest mass, intrinsic mass, proper mass, or in the case of bound systems simply mass, is the portion of the total mass of an object or system of objects that is independent of the overall motion of the system.
See Chemistry and Invariant mass
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.
Ionic bonding
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.
See Chemistry and Ionic bonding
Ionization energy
In physics and chemistry, ionization energy (IE) is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated gaseous atom, positive ion, or molecule.
See Chemistry and Ionization energy
Iron
Iron is a chemical element.
Isolated system
In physical science, an isolated system is either of the following.
See Chemistry and Isolated system
Isotope
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element.
IUPAC Color Books
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) publishes many books which contain its complete list of definitions.
See Chemistry and IUPAC Color Books
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is a systematic method of naming inorganic chemical compounds, as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
See Chemistry and IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry
In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
See Chemistry and IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry
J. J. Thomson
Sir Joseph John Thomson (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British physicist and Nobel Laureate in Physics, credited with the discovery of the electron, the first subatomic particle to be found.
See Chemistry and J. J. Thomson
Jabir ibn Hayyan
Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Arabic: أَبو موسى جابِر بِن حَيّان, variously called al-Ṣūfī, al-Azdī, al-Kūfī, or al-Ṭūsī), died 806−816, is the purported author of a large number of works in Arabic, often called the Jabirian corpus.
See Chemistry and Jabir ibn Hayyan
Jan Baptist van Helmont
Jan Baptist van Helmont (12 January 1580 – 30 December 1644) was a chemist, physiologist, and physician from Brussels.
See Chemistry and Jan Baptist van Helmont
Jöns Jacob Berzelius
Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius ((20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848) was a Swedish chemist. In general, he is considered the last person to know the whole field of chemistry. Berzelius is considered, along with Robert Boyle, John Dalton, and Antoine Lavoisier, to be one of the founders of modern chemistry.
See Chemistry and Jöns Jacob Berzelius
Jean-Baptiste Dumas
Jean Baptiste André Dumas (14 July 180010 April 1884) was a French chemist, best known for his works on organic analysis and synthesis, as well as the determination of atomic weights (relative atomic masses) and molecular weights by measuring vapor densities.
See Chemistry and Jean-Baptiste Dumas
John Dalton
John Dalton (5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist.
John Mayow
John Mayow FRS (1641–1679) was a chemist, physician, and physiologist who is remembered today for conducting early research into respiration and the nature of air.
John Newlands (chemist)
John Alexander Reina Newlands (26 November 1837 – 29 July 1898) was a British chemist who worked concerning the periodicity of elements.
See Chemistry and John Newlands (chemist)
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, (12 November 1842 – 30 June 1919) was a British mathematician and physicist who made extensive contributions to science.
See Chemistry and John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
Joseph Black
Joseph Black (16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799) was a Scottish physicist and chemist, known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide.
See Chemistry and Joseph Black
Joseph Priestley
Joseph Priestley (24 March 1733 – 6 February 1804) was an English chemist, Unitarian, natural philosopher, separatist theologian, grammarian, multi-subject educator, liberal political theorist.
See Chemistry and Joseph Priestley
Josiah Willard Gibbs
Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an American scientist who made significant theoretical contributions to physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
See Chemistry and Josiah Willard Gibbs
Justus von Liebig
Justus Freiherr (Baron) von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 20 April 1873) was a German scientist who made major contributions to the theory, practice, and pedagogy of chemistry, as well as to agricultural and biological chemistry; he is considered one of the principal founders of organic chemistry.
See Chemistry and Justus von Liebig
Karl Alfred von Zittel
Karl Alfred Ritter von Zittel (25 September 1839 – 5 January 1904) was a German palaeontologist best known for his Handbuch der Palaeontologie (1876–1880).
See Chemistry and Karl Alfred von Zittel
Krypton
Krypton (from translit 'the hidden one') is a chemical element; it has symbol Kr and atomic number 36.
Laboratory
A laboratory (colloquially lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.
Laboratory glassware
Laboratory glassware refers to a variety of equipment used in scientific work, and traditionally made of glass.
See Chemistry and Laboratory glassware
Latinisation of names
Latinisation (or Latinization) of names, also known as onomastic Latinisation, is the practice of rendering a non-Latin name in a modern Latin style.
See Chemistry and Latinisation of names
Law of definite proportions
In chemistry, the law of definite proportions, sometimes called Proust's law or the law of constant composition, states that a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio (by mass) and does not depend on its source and method of preparation.
See Chemistry and Law of definite proportions
Law of multiple proportions
In chemistry, the law of multiple proportions states that in compounds which contain two particular chemical elements, the amount of Element A per measure of Element B will differ across these compounds by ratios of small whole numbers.
See Chemistry and Law of multiple proportions
Le Chatelier's principle
Le Chatelier's principle (pronounced or), also called Chatelier's principle (or the Equilibrium Law), is a principle of chemistry used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on chemical equilibrium.
See Chemistry and Le Chatelier's principle
Lewis acids and bases
A Lewis acid (named for the American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis) is a chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct.
See Chemistry and Lewis acids and bases
Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator.
See Chemistry and Linus Pauling
Liquid
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure.
List of chemistry societies
The following is a list of chemistry societies.
See Chemistry and List of chemistry societies
List of chemists
This is a list of chemists.
See Chemistry and List of chemists
List of compounds
Compounds are organized into the following lists.
See Chemistry and List of compounds
List of important publications in chemistry
This is a list of important publications in chemistry, organized by field.
See Chemistry and List of important publications in chemistry
List of largest chemical producers
Chemical & Engineering News publishes an annual list of the world's largest chemical producers by sales, excluding formulated products such as pharmaceutical drugs and coatings.
See Chemistry and List of largest chemical producers
List of unsolved problems in chemistry
This is a list of unsolved problems in chemistry.
See Chemistry and List of unsolved problems in chemistry
Lithium
Lithium is a chemical element; it has symbol Li and atomic number 3.
Logarithm
In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation.
Lone pair
In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bondIUPAC Gold Book definition: and is sometimes called an unshared pair or non-bonding pair.
Lothar Meyer
Julius Lothar Meyer (19 August 1830 – 11 April 1895) was a German chemist.
See Chemistry and Lothar Meyer
Lucretius
Titus Lucretius Carus (–) was a Roman poet and philosopher.
Magnet
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.
Marcellin Berthelot
Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot (25 October 1827 – 18 March 1907) was a French chemist and Republican politician noted for the ThomsenendashBerthelot principle of thermochemistry.
See Chemistry and Marcellin Berthelot
Marie Curie
Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934), known simply as Marie Curie, was a Polish and naturalised-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.
Marine chemistry
Marine chemistry, also known as ocean chemistry or chemical oceanography, is the study of chemical content in marine environments as influenced by plate tectonics and seafloor spreading, turbidity, currents, sediments, pH levels, atmospheric constituents, metamorphic activity, and ecology.
See Chemistry and Marine chemistry
Mass number
The mass number (symbol A, from the German word: Atomgewicht, "atomic weight"), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus.
Mass spectral interpretation
Mass spectral interpretation is the method employed to identify the chemical formula, characteristic fragment patterns and possible fragment ions from the mass spectra.
See Chemistry and Mass spectral interpretation
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.
See Chemistry and Mass spectrometry
Mass–energy equivalence
In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame, where the two quantities differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement.
See Chemistry and Mass–energy equivalence
Material
A material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object.
Materials science
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field of researching and discovering materials.
See Chemistry and Materials science
Mathematical chemistry
Mathematical chemistry is the area of research engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry; it concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena.
See Chemistry and Mathematical chemistry
Mathematics
Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes abstract objects, methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself.
Matter
In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.
Mechanical equilibrium
In classical mechanics, a particle is in mechanical equilibrium if the net force on that particle is zero.
See Chemistry and Mechanical equilibrium
Mechanochemistry
Mechanochemistry (or mechanical chemistry) is the initiation of chemical reactions by mechanical phenomena.
See Chemistry and Mechanochemistry
Medication
A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
Medicinal chemistry
Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy involved with designing and developing pharmaceutical drugs.
See Chemistry and Medicinal chemistry
Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
Metal
A metal is a material that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.
Metallurgy
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are known as alloys.
Microwave spectroscopy
Microwave spectroscopy is the spectroscopy method that employs microwaves, i.e. electromagnetic radiation at GHz frequencies, for the study of matter.
See Chemistry and Microwave spectroscopy
Mixture
A mixture is a material made up of two or more different chemical substances which can be separated by physical method.
Molar concentration
Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular, of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution.
See Chemistry and Molar concentration
Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.
See Chemistry and Molecular biology
Molecular geometry
Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule.
See Chemistry and Molecular geometry
Molecular mechanics
Molecular mechanics uses classical mechanics to model molecular systems.
See Chemistry and Molecular mechanics
Molecular orbital
In chemistry, a molecular orbital is a mathematical function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in a molecule.
See Chemistry and Molecular orbital
Molecular physics
Molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules and molecular dynamics.
See Chemistry and Molecular physics
Molecule
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion.
Morris Kline
Morris Kline (May 1, 1908 – June 10, 1992) was a professor of mathematics, a writer on the history, philosophy, and teaching of mathematics, and also a popularizer of mathematical subjects.
See Chemistry and Morris Kline
Multipole expansion
A multipole expansion is a mathematical series representing a function that depends on angles—usually the two angles used in the spherical coordinate system (the polar and azimuthal angles) for three-dimensional Euclidean space, \R^3.
See Chemistry and Multipole expansion
Mysticism
Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning.
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm).
See Chemistry and Nanotechnology
Natural product
A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature.
See Chemistry and Natural product
Natural science
Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
See Chemistry and Natural science
Neon
Neon is a chemical element; it has symbol Ne and atomic number 10.
Network covalent bonding
A network solid or covalent network solid (also called atomic crystalline solids or giant covalent structures) is a chemical compound (or element) in which the atoms are bonded by covalent bonds in a continuous network extending throughout the material.
See Chemistry and Network covalent bonding
Neurochemical
A neurochemical is a small organic molecule or peptide that participates in neural activity.
See Chemistry and Neurochemical
Neurochemistry
Neurochemistry is the study of chemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules such as psychopharmaceuticals and neuropeptides, that control and influence the physiology of the nervous system.
See Chemistry and Neurochemistry
Neutralization (chemistry)
In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation (see spelling differences) is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react with an equivalent quantity of each other.
See Chemistry and Neutralization (chemistry)
Neutron
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Niels Bohr
Niels Henrik David Bohr (7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7.
Noble gas
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Nuclear chemistry
Nuclear chemistry is the sub-field of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and transformations in the nuclei of atoms, such as nuclear transmutation and nuclear properties.
See Chemistry and Nuclear chemistry
Nuclear engineering
Nuclear engineering is the engineering discipline concerned with designing and applying systems that utilize the energy released by nuclear processes.
See Chemistry and Nuclear engineering
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fission is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei.
See Chemistry and Nuclear fission
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus.
See Chemistry and Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine, or nucleology, is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
See Chemistry and Nuclear medicine
Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity.
See Chemistry and Nuclear power
Nuclear reaction
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to produce one or more new nuclides.
See Chemistry and Nuclear reaction
Nuclear transmutation
Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one chemical element or an isotope into another chemical element.
See Chemistry and Nuclear transmutation
Nucleon
In physics and chemistry, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus.
Octet rule
The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
Oenology
Oenology (also enology) is the science and study of wine and winemaking.
Ore
Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals concentrated above background levels, typically containing metals, that can be mined, treated and sold at a profit.
Organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.
See Chemistry and Organic chemistry
Organic compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.
See Chemistry and Organic compound
Organism
An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.
Organometallic chemistry
Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon, and selenium, as well.
See Chemistry and Organometallic chemistry
Otto Hahn
Otto Hahn (8 March 1879 – 28 July 1968) was a German chemist who was a pioneer in the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry.
Outline of chemistry
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to chemistry: Chemistry is the science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they relate to the chemical reactions.
See Chemistry and Outline of chemistry
Outline of physical science
Physical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science.
See Chemistry and Outline of physical science
Oxford
Oxford is a city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town.
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Chemistry and Oxford University Press
Oxidation state
In chemistry, the oxidation state, or oxidation number, is the hypothetical charge of an atom if all of its bonds to other atoms were fully ionic.
See Chemistry and Oxidation state
Oxide
An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula.
Oxidizing agent
An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a (called the,, or). In other words, an oxidizer is any substance that oxidizes another substance.
See Chemistry and Oxidizing agent
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby some materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field.
See Chemistry and Paramagnetism
Particle
In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscule in older texts) is a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass.
Particle number
In thermodynamics, the particle number (symbol) of a thermodynamic system is the number of constituent particles in that system.
See Chemistry and Particle number
Pearson Education
Pearson Education, known since 2011 as simply Pearson, is the educational publishing and services subsidiary of the international corporation Pearson plc.
See Chemistry and Pearson Education
Period (periodic table)
A period on the periodic table is a row of chemical elements.
See Chemistry and Period (periodic table)
Periodic systems of small molecules
Periodic systems of molecules are charts of molecules similar to the periodic table of the elements.
See Chemistry and Periodic systems of small molecules
Periodic table
The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the elements, is an ordered arrangement of the chemical elements into rows ("periods") and columns ("groups").
See Chemistry and Periodic table
Periodic trends
In chemistry, periodic trends are specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of certain elements when grouped by period and/or group.
See Chemistry and Periodic trends
Petrochemical
Petrochemicals (sometimes abbreviated as petchems) are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining.
See Chemistry and Petrochemical
PH
In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").
See Chemistry and PH
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology.
See Chemistry and Pharmacology
Phase transition
In physics, chemistry, and other related fields like biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another.
See Chemistry and Phase transition
Philosopher's stone
The philosopher's stone is a mythic alchemical substance capable of turning base metals such as mercury into gold or silver; it was also known as "the tincture" and "the powder".
See Chemistry and Philosopher's stone
Philosophy
Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.
Philosophy of chemistry
The philosophy of chemistry considers the methodology and underlying assumptions of the science of chemistry.
See Chemistry and Philosophy of chemistry
Phlogiston theory
The phlogiston theory, a superseded scientific theory, postulated the existence of a fire-like element dubbed phlogiston contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion.
See Chemistry and Phlogiston theory
Phonon
A phonon is a collective excitation in a periodic, elastic arrangement of atoms or molecules in condensed matter, specifically in solids and some liquids.
Phosphate
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid.
Photochemistry
Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light.
See Chemistry and Photochemistry
Photon
A photon is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.
Physical chemistry
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibria.
See Chemistry and Physical chemistry
Physical organic chemistry
Physical organic chemistry, a term coined by Louis Hammett in 1940, refers to a discipline of organic chemistry that focuses on the relationship between chemical structures and reactivity, in particular, applying experimental tools of physical chemistry to the study of organic molecules.
See Chemistry and Physical organic chemistry
Physics
Physics is the natural science of matter, involving the study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force.
Phytochemistry
Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants.
See Chemistry and Phytochemistry
Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity, and radioactivity.
See Chemistry and Pierre Curie
Plasma (physics)
Plasma is one of four fundamental states of matter (the other three being solid, liquid, and gas) characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons.
See Chemistry and Plasma (physics)
Polyatomic ion
A polyatomic ion (also known as a molecular ion) is a covalent bonded set of two or more atoms, or of a metal complex, that can be considered to behave as a single unit and that has a net charge that is not zero.
See Chemistry and Polyatomic ion
Polymer
A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules linked together into chains of repeating subunits.
Polymer chemistry
Polymer chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the structures of chemicals, chemical synthesis, and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules.
See Chemistry and Polymer chemistry
Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
Primo Levi
Primo Michele Levi (31 July 1919 – 11 April 1987) was a Jewish-Italian chemist, partisan, writer, and Holocaust survivor.
Proton
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge).
Pseudo-Geber
Pseudo-Geber (or "Latin pseudo-Geber") is the presumed author or group of authors responsible for a corpus of pseudepigraphic alchemical writings dating to the late 13th and early 14th centuries.
See Chemistry and Pseudo-Geber
Quantization (physics)
Quantisation (in American English quantization) is the systematic transition procedure from a classical understanding of physical phenomena to a newer understanding known as quantum mechanics.
See Chemistry and Quantization (physics)
Quantum
In physics, a quantum (quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an interaction.
Quantum chemistry
Quantum chemistry, also called molecular quantum mechanics, is a branch of physical chemistry focused on the application of quantum mechanics to chemical systems, particularly towards the quantum-mechanical calculation of electronic contributions to physical and chemical properties of molecules, materials, and solutions at the atomic level.
See Chemistry and Quantum chemistry
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.
See Chemistry and Quantum mechanics
Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.
See Chemistry and Radical (chemistry)
Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation.
See Chemistry and Radioactive decay
Radiochemistry
Radiochemistry is the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable).
See Chemistry and Radiochemistry
Radon
Radon is a chemical element; it has symbol Rn and atomic number 86.
Raoult's law
Raoult's law (law) is a relation of physical chemistry, with implications in thermodynamics.
See Chemistry and Raoult's law
Raymond Chang (chemist)
Raymond Chang (March 6, 1939 – April 10, 2017) was an emeritus professor at Williams College in the Department of Chemistry and a textbook author.
See Chemistry and Raymond Chang (chemist)
Reaction intermediate
In chemistry, a reaction intermediate, or intermediate, is a molecular entity arising within the sequence of a stepwise chemical reaction.
See Chemistry and Reaction intermediate
Reaction mechanism
In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical reaction occurs.
See Chemistry and Reaction mechanism
Rearrangement reaction
In organic chemistry, a rearrangement reaction is a broad class of organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule.
See Chemistry and Rearrangement reaction
Redox
Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.
Reducing agent
In chemistry, a reducing agent (also known as a reductant, reducer, or electron donor) is a chemical species that "donates" an electron to an (called the,,, or). Examples of substances that are common reducing agents include hydrogen, the alkali metals, formic acid, oxalic acid, and sulfite compounds.
See Chemistry and Reducing agent
Refractive index
In optics, the refractive index (or refraction index) of an optical medium is a dimensionless number that gives the indication of the light bending ability of that medium.
See Chemistry and Refractive index
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor.
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Robert Briffault
Robert Stephen Briffault (1874 – 11 December 1948) was a French surgeon who found fame as a social anthropologist and later in life as a novelist.
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Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke (18 July 16353 March 1703) was an English polymath who was active as a physicist ("natural philosopher"), astronomer, geologist, meteorologist and architect.
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Royal Australian Chemical Institute
The Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) is both the qualifying body in Australia for professional chemists and a learned society promoting the science and practice of chemistry in all its branches.
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Royal Netherlands Chemical Society
The Royal Netherlands Chemical Society (In Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Chemische Vereniging, abbreviated: KNCV) is a learned society and professional association founded in 1903 to represent the interests of chemists and chemical engineers in the Netherlands.
See Chemistry and Royal Netherlands Chemical Society
Royal Society of Chemistry
The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) is a learned society and professional association in the United Kingdom with the goal of "advancing the chemical sciences".
See Chemistry and Royal Society of Chemistry
Salammoniac
Salammoniac, also sal ammoniac or salmiac, is a rare naturally occurring mineral composed of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl.
Salt
In common usage, salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl).
Salt (chemistry)
In chemistry, a salt or ionic compound is a chemical compound consisting of an assembly of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions), which results in a compound with no net electric charge (electrically neutral).
See Chemistry and Salt (chemistry)
Science tourism
Science tourism is a travel topic grouping scientific attractions.
See Chemistry and Science tourism
Scientific method
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.
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Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
See Chemistry and Scientific Revolution
Silicate mineral
Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups.
See Chemistry and Silicate mineral
Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, commonly found in nature as quartz.
See Chemistry and Silicon dioxide
Soap
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications.
Society of Chemical Industry
The Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) is a learned society set up in 1881 "to further the application of chemistry and related sciences for the public benefit".
See Chemistry and Society of Chemical Industry
Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogencarbonate), commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3.
See Chemistry and Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride, commonly known as edible salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chlorine ions.
See Chemistry and Sodium chloride
Solid
Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter along with liquid, gas, and plasma.
Solid-state chemistry
Solid-state chemistry, also sometimes referred as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials.
See Chemistry and Solid-state chemistry
Solution (chemistry)
In chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
See Chemistry and Solution (chemistry)
Sonochemistry
In chemistry, the study of sonochemistry is concerned with understanding the effect of ultrasound in forming acoustic cavitation in liquids, resulting in the initiation or enhancement of the chemical activity in the solution.
See Chemistry and Sonochemistry
Special relativity
In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time.
See Chemistry and Special relativity
Spectral line
A spectral line is a weaker or stronger region in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum.
See Chemistry and Spectral line
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra.
See Chemistry and Spectroscopy
State of matter
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist.
See Chemistry and State of matter
Statistical mechanics
In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities.
See Chemistry and Statistical mechanics
Stepwise reaction
In chemistry, a stepwise reaction (also called an overall reaction, complex reaction, and multistep reaction, among others) is a chemical reaction with one or more reaction intermediates, which by definition involves at least two consecutive elementary reactions.
See Chemistry and Stepwise reaction
Structure
A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.
Sucrose
Sucrose, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits.
Sulfur
Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16.
Supercritical fluid
A supercritical fluid (SCF) is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist, but below the pressure required to compress it into a solid.
See Chemistry and Supercritical fluid
Supramolecular chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry refers to the branch of chemistry concerning chemical systems composed of a discrete number of molecules.
See Chemistry and Supramolecular chemistry
Surface science
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces.
See Chemistry and Surface science
Svante Arrhenius
Svante August Arrhenius (19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist.
See Chemistry and Svante Arrhenius
Table of nuclides
A table or chart of nuclides is a two-dimensional graph of isotopes of the elements, in which one axis represents the number of neutrons (symbol N) and the other represents the number of protons (atomic number, symbol Z) in the atomic nucleus.
See Chemistry and Table of nuclides
Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness.
The central science
Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences, which include chemistry, with the life sciences, pharmaceutical sciences and applied sciences such as medicine and engineering.
See Chemistry and The central science
The Sceptical Chymist
The Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes is the title of a book by Robert Boyle, published in London in 1661.
See Chemistry and The Sceptical Chymist
Theoretical chemistry
Theoretical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which develops theoretical generalizations that are part of the theoretical arsenal of modern chemistry: for example, the concepts of chemical bonding, chemical reaction, valence, the surface of potential energy, molecular orbitals, orbital interactions, and molecule activation.
See Chemistry and Theoretical chemistry
Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy which is associated with chemical reactions and/or phase changes such as melting and boiling.
See Chemistry and Thermochemistry
Thermodynamic free energy
In thermodynamics, the thermodynamic free energy is one of the state functions of a thermodynamic system (the others being internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, etc.). The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden.
See Chemistry and Thermodynamic free energy
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation.
See Chemistry and Thermodynamics
Tin
Tin is a chemical element; it has symbol Sn and atomic number 50.
Triple point
In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
See Chemistry and Triple point
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is sound with frequencies greater than 20 kilohertz.
Unit cell
In geometry, biology, mineralogy and solid state physics, a unit cell is a repeating unit formed by the vectors spanning the points of a lattice.
United States dollar
The United States dollar (symbol: $; currency code: USD; also abbreviated US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official currency of the United States and several other countries.
See Chemistry and United States dollar
University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge is a public collegiate research university in Cambridge, England.
See Chemistry and University of Cambridge
University of Manchester
The University of Manchester is a public research university in Manchester, England.
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University of Sheffield
The University of Sheffield (informally Sheffield University or TUOS) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.
See Chemistry and University of Sheffield
Urea
Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula.
Valence bond theory
In chemistry, valence bond (VB) theory is one of the two basic theories, along with molecular orbital (MO) theory, that were developed to use the methods of quantum mechanics to explain chemical bonding.
See Chemistry and Valence bond theory
Valence electron
In chemistry and physics, valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outermost shell is not closed.
See Chemistry and Valence electron
Van der Waals force
In molecular physics and chemistry, the van der Waals force (sometimes van de Waals' force) is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules.
See Chemistry and Van der Waals force
Voltaic pile
Schematic diagram of a copper–zinc voltaic pile. Each copper–zinc pair had a spacer in the middle, made of cardboard or felt soaked in salt water (the electrolyte). Volta's original piles contained an additional zinc disk at the bottom, and an additional copper disk at the top; these were later shown to be unnecessary.
See Chemistry and Voltaic pile
Volume
Volume is a measure of regions in three-dimensional space.
VSEPR theory
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms.
See Chemistry and VSEPR theory
Water (classical element)
Water is one of the classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy along with air, earth and fire, in the Asian Indian system Panchamahabhuta, and in the Chinese cosmological and physiological system Wu Xing.
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William Prout
William Prout FRS (15 January 1785 – 9 April 1850) was an English chemist, physician, and natural theologian.
See Chemistry and William Prout
William Ramsay
Sir William Ramsay (2 October 1852 – 23 July 1916) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" along with his collaborator, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics that same year for their discovery of argon.
See Chemistry and William Ramsay
Woodward–Hoffmann rules
The Woodward–Hoffmann rules (or the pericyclic selection rules) are a set of rules devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann to rationalize or predict certain aspects of the stereochemistry and activation energy of pericyclic reactions, an important class of reactions in organic chemistry.
See Chemistry and Woodward–Hoffmann rules
World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists
The World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists (WATOC) is a scholarly association founded in 1982 "in order to encourage the development and application of theoretical methods" in chemistry, particularly theoretical chemistry and computational chemistry.
See Chemistry and World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
See Chemistry and World War II
Xenon
Xenon is a chemical element; it has symbol Xe and atomic number 54.
Zosimos of Panopolis
Zosimos of Panopolis (Ζώσιμος ὁ Πανοπολίτης; also known by the Latin name Zosimus Alchemista, i.e. "Zosimus the Alchemist") was a Greek alchemist and Gnostic mystic who lived at the end of the 3rd and beginning of the 4th century AD.
See Chemistry and Zosimos of Panopolis
References
Also known as Applied Chemistry, Chem., Chemestry, Chemical Science, Chemical Sciences, Chemical phenomenon, Chemical resources, Chemistries, Chemistry (GWU-1966), Modern chemistry, Molecular chemistry, Pure Chemistry, Subdisciplines of chemistry.
, Bose–Einstein condensate, Botany, Boyle's law, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, Bronze, Byzantine Empire, Calculus, Cambridge University Press, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, CAS Registry Number, Cengage Group, Charles's law, Chemical Abstracts Service, Chemical biology, Chemical bond, Chemical composition, Chemical compound, Chemical element, Chemical engineering, Chemical equation, Chemical equilibrium, Chemical industry, Chemical Institute of Canada, Chemical kinetics, Chemical law, Chemical physics, Chemical property, Chemical reaction, Chemical Society of Peru, Chemical structure, Chemical substance, Chemical synthesis, Chemical thermodynamics, Cheminformatics, Chemist, Chlorine, Christopher Glaser, Chromatography, Classical element, Classical Greece, Classical physics, Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling, Computational chemistry, Computer program, Concept, Condensed matter physics, Conformational isomerism, Conservation of energy, Conservation of mass, Coordination complex, Coordination number, Cosmochemistry, Covalent bond, Creatio ex materia, Crystal, Crystal structure, Crystallography, De re metallica, De rerum natura, Decimetre, Democritus, Density, Diamond, Dissociation (chemistry), Distillation, Dmitri Mendeleev, DNA, Dynamic equilibrium, Early Muslim conquests, Earth (classical element), Ecology, Edward Frankland, Egypt, Egyptian language, Electricity, Electrochemistry, Electron, Electron paramagnetic resonance, Electronegativity, Elementary particle, Elementary reaction, Empedocles, Endergonic reaction, Endothermic process, Energy, Entropy, Environmental chemistry, Epicurus, Ernest Rutherford, Etymology of chemistry, Exergonic reaction, Exothermic reaction, Femtochemistry, Fermionic condensate, Ferromagnetism, Fick's laws of diffusion, Fire (classical element), Flavoring, Flow chemistry, Force, Forensic science, Formula unit, Francis Bacon, Friedrich Wöhler, Functional group, Gas, Gay-Lussac's law, Genetics, Geochemistry, Geology, Georg Ernst Stahl, Georgius Agricola, Gibbs free energy, Gilbert N. 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