Table of Contents
655 relations: Aëtius of Amida, Absolute monarchy, Achillas, Acre, Israel, Actium, Adrian Goldsworthy, Adriatic Sea, Adscript, Aeneid, Al-Masudi, Alban Hills, Alessandro Vittoria, Alexander Helios, Alexander Pushkin, Alexander the Great, Alexandria, Altes Museum, Ambracian Gulf, American Numismatic Society, Amyntas of Galatia, Ancient Carthage, Ancient drachma, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination, Ancient Egyptian architecture, Ancient Egyptian deities, Ancient Egyptian offering formula, Ancient Egyptian religion, Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek law, Ancient Greek medicine, Ancient Greek personal names, Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient Greek sculpture, Ancient Greek units of measurement, Ancient history of Cyprus, Ancient Macedonian language, Ancient Macedonians, Ancient navies and vessels, Ancient Rome, Antigonus II Mattathias, Antikensammlung Berlin, Antioch, Antiochus III the Great, Antipater the Idumaean, Antonia Minor, Antonia the Elder, Antony and Cleopatra, Antony and Cleopatra (Barber), Antony's Atropatene campaign, ... Expand index (605 more) »
- 1st-century BC Egyptian people
- 1st-century BC Egyptian women
- 1st-century BC pharaohs
- 1st-century BC queens regnant
- 30 BC deaths
- 69 BC births
- Ancient suicides
- Deaths due to snake bites
- Deified women
- Female Shakespearean characters
- Female pharaohs
- Hellenistic Cyprus
- Hellenistic-era people
- Mistresses of Julius Caesar
- People of Caesar's civil war
- Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty
- Wives of Mark Antony
Aëtius of Amida
Aëtius of Amida (Ἀέτιος Ἀμιδηνός; Latin: Aëtius Amidenus; fl. mid-5th century to mid-6th century) was a Byzantine Greek physician and medical writer, particularly distinguished by the extent of his erudition.
See Cleopatra and Aëtius of Amida
Absolute monarchy
Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions, legislatures or other checks on their authority.
See Cleopatra and Absolute monarchy
Achillas
Achillas (Ἀχιλλᾶς; died 47 BC) was one of the guardians of the Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, and commander of the king's troops, when Pompey fled to Egypt in September 48 BC.
Acre, Israel
Acre, known locally as Akko (עַכּוֹ) and Akka (عكّا), is a city in the coastal plain region of the Northern District of Israel.
See Cleopatra and Acre, Israel
Actium
Actium or Aktion (Ἄκτιον) was a town on a promontory in ancient Acarnania at the entrance of the Ambraciot Gulf, off which Octavian gained his celebrated victory, the Battle of Actium, over Antony and Cleopatra, on September 2, 31 BCE.
Adrian Goldsworthy
Adrian Keith Goldsworthy (born 1969) is a British historian and novelist who specialises in ancient Roman history.
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Adriatic Sea
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula.
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Adscript
Adscript (from Latin ad, "on" or "to", and scribere, "to write") means something written after, as opposed to subscript which means written under.
Aeneid
The Aeneid (Aenē̆is or) is a Latin epic poem that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who fled the fall of Troy and travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans.
Al-Masudi
al-Masʿūdī (full name, أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي), –956, was a historian, geographer and traveler.
Alban Hills
The Alban Hills (Colli Albani) are the caldera remains of a quiescent volcanic complex in Italy, located southeast of Rome and about north of Anzio.
Alessandro Vittoria
Alessandro Vittoria funerary monument, San Zaccaria, Venice Alessandro Vittoria (1525 – 27 May 1608) was an Italian Mannerist sculptor of the Venetian school, "one of the main representatives of the Venetian classical style" and rivalling Giambologna as the foremost sculptors of the late 16th century in Italy, producing works such as Annunciation (Art Institute of Chicago).
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Alexander Helios
Alexander Helios (Ἀλέξανδρος Ἥλιος; late 40 BC – unknown, but possibly between 29 and 25 BC) was a Ptolemaic prince and son of Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of the Ptolemaic dynasty and Roman triumvir Mark Antony. Cleopatra and Alexander Helios are 1st-century BC Egyptian people.
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Alexander Pushkin
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. Cleopatra and Alexander the Great are Hellenistic-era people.
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Alexandria
Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.
Altes Museum
The Altes Museum (English: Old Museum) is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin, Germany.
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Ambracian Gulf
The Ambracian Gulf, also known as the Gulf of Arta or the Gulf of Actium, and in some official documents as the Amvrakikos Gulf (translit), is a gulf of the Ionian Sea in northwestern Greece.
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American Numismatic Society
The American Numismatic Society (ANS) is a New York City-based organization dedicated to the study of coins, money, medals, tokens, and related objects.
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Amyntas of Galatia
Amyntas (Ἀμύντας), Tetrarch of the Trocmi was a King of Galatia and of several adjacent countries between 36 and 25 BC, mentioned by StraboStrabo, Geographia, xii as contemporary with himself.
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Ancient Carthage
Ancient Carthage (𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕) was an ancient Semitic civilisation based in North Africa.
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Ancient drachma
In ancient Greece, the drachma (drachmḗ,; pl. drachmae or drachmas) was an ancient currency unit issued by many city-states during a period of ten centuries, from the Archaic period throughout the Classical period, the Hellenistic period up to the Roman period.
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Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.
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Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination
The Nile Mosaic of Palestrina. Egypt has had a legendary image in the Western world through the Greek and Hebrew traditions.
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Ancient Egyptian architecture
Spanning over three thousand years, ancient Egypt was not one stable civilization but in constant change and upheaval, commonly split into periods by historians.
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Ancient Egyptian deities
Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt.
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Ancient Egyptian offering formula
The offering formula, also known under transliterated forms of its incipit as the ḥtp-ḏỉ-nsw or ḥtp-ḏj-nswt formula was a conventional dedicatory formula found on ancient Egyptian funerary objects, believed to allow the deceased to partake in offerings presented to the major deities in the name of the king, or in offerings presented directly to the deceased by family members.
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Ancient Egyptian religion
Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals that formed an integral part of ancient Egyptian culture.
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Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
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Ancient Greek law
Ancient Greek laws consist of the laws and legal institutions of ancient Greece.
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Ancient Greek medicine
Ancient Greek medicine was a compilation of theories and practices that were constantly expanding through new ideologies and trials.
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Ancient Greek personal names
The study of ancient Greek personal names is a branch of onomastics, the study of names, and more specifically of anthroponomastics, the study of names of persons.
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Ancient Greek philosophy
Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC.
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Ancient Greek sculpture
The sculpture of ancient Greece is the main surviving type of fine ancient Greek art as, with the exception of painted ancient Greek pottery, almost no ancient Greek painting survives.
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Ancient Greek units of measurement
Ancient Greek units of measurement varied according to location and epoch.
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Ancient history of Cyprus
The ancient history of Cyprus shows a precocious sophistication in the Neolithic era visible in settlements such as at Choirokoitia dating from the 9th millennium BC, and at Kalavassos from about 7500 BC.
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Ancient Macedonian language
Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians which was either a dialect of Ancient Greek or a separate Hellenic language. It was spoken in the kingdom of Macedonia during the 1st millennium BC and belonged to the Indo-European language family. It gradually fell out of use during the 4th century BC, marginalized by the use of Attic Greek by the Macedonian aristocracy, the Ancient Greek dialect that became the basis of Koine Greek, the lingua franca of the Hellenistic period.
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Ancient Macedonians
The Macedonians (Μακεδόνες, Makedónes) were an ancient tribe that lived on the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axios in the northeastern part of mainland Greece.
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Ancient navies and vessels
Ancient navies had a large impact on the navies of today.
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Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
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Antigonus II Mattathias
Antigonus II Mattathias (Αντίγονος Antígonos; מַתִּתְיָהוּ, Mattīṯyāhū), also known as Antigonus the Hasmonean (died 37 BCE) was the last Hasmonean king of Judea.
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Antikensammlung Berlin
The Antikensammlung Berlin (Berlin antiquities collection) is one of the most important collections of classical art in the world, now held in the Altes Museum and Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany.
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Antioch
Antioch on the Orontes (Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou)Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ "Antioch on Daphne"; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη "Antioch the Great"; Antiochia ad Orontem; Անտիոք Antiokʽ; ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ Anṭiokya; אנטיוכיה, Anṭiyokhya; أنطاكية, Anṭākiya; انطاکیه; Antakya.
Antiochus III the Great
Antiochus III the Great (Ἀντίοχος ὁ Μέγας; 3 July 187 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic king and the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire, reigning from 223 to 187 BC.
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Antipater the Idumaean
Antipater I the Idumaean (113 or 114 BCE – 43 BCE) was the founder of the Herodian Dynasty and father of Herod the Great. According to Josephus, he was the son of Antipas and had formerly held that name. A native of Idumaea, a region southeast of Judah in which the Edomites settled during the classical period, Antipater became a powerful official under the later Hasmonean kings and subsequently became a client of the Roman general Pompey the Great when Pompey conquered Judah in the name of Roman Republic.
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Antonia Minor
Antonia Minor (31 January 36 BC – 1 May 37 AD) was the younger of two surviving daughters of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor.
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Antonia the Elder
Antonia the Elder (born August/September 39 BC) was a niece of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, being the eldest daughter of Octavia the Younger and her second husband, the Triumvir Mark Antony.
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Antony and Cleopatra
Antony and Cleopatra is a tragedy by William Shakespeare.
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Antony and Cleopatra (Barber)
Antony and Cleopatra, Op.
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Antony's Atropatene campaign
Antony's Atropatene campaign, also known as Antony's Parthian campaign, was a military campaign by Mark Antony, the eastern triumvir of the Roman Republic, against the Parthian Empire under Phraates IV.
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Apama
Apama (Apáma), sometimes known as Apama I or Apame I, was a Sogdian noblewoman and the wife of the first ruler of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucus I Nicator.
Aphrodite
Aphrodite is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, procreation, and as her syncretized Roman goddess counterpart Venus, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory.
Appian
Appian of Alexandria (Appianòs Alexandreús; Appianus Alexandrinus) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who prospered during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius.
Appian Way
The Appian Way (Latin and Italian: Via Appia) is one of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the ancient republic.
Aqaba
Aqaba (al-ʿAqaba) is the only coastal city in Jordan and the largest and most populous city on the Gulf of Aqaba.
Aquiline nose
An aquiline nose (also called a Roman nose) is a human nose with a prominent bridge, giving it the appearance of being curved or slightly bent.
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Arabic literature
Arabic literature (الأدب العربي / ALA-LC: al-Adab al-‘Arabī) is the writing, both as prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language.
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Aramaic
Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.
Archaeological Museum of Cherchell
The Archaeological Museum of Cherchell is an archaeological museum located in the center of the seaport town of Cherchell in Tipaza Province, Algeria.
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Archelaus (high priest of Comana Cappadocia)
Archelaus I (Ἀρχέλαος Α΄; fl. 1st century BC, died January/February 55 BC) was a high priest of the temple-state of Comana in Cappadocia and Egyptian royal consort (possibly co-regent).
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Archelaus of Cappadocia
Archelaus (Ἀρχέλαος; fl. 1st century BC and 1st century, died 17 AD) was a Roman client prince and the last king of Cappadocia.
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Arius Didymus
Arius Didymus (Ἄρειος Δίδυμος Areios Didymos; fl. 1st century BC) was a Stoic philosopher and teacher of Augustus. Cleopatra and Arius Didymus are 1st-century BC Egyptian people.
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Armant, Egypt
Armant (أرْمَنْت; jwn.w-n-mnṯ.w or jwn.w-šmꜥ.w; Bohairic:; Sahidic), also known as Hermonthis (Ἕρμωνθις), is a town located about south of Thebes.
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Arsinoe II
Arsinoë II (Ἀρσινόη, 316 BC – between 270 and 268 BC) was a Ptolemaic queen and co-regent of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of ancient Egypt. Cleopatra and Arsinoe II are female pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Arsinoe IV
Arsinoë IV (Ἀρσινόη; between 68 and 63 BC – 41 BC) was the fourth of six children and the youngest daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes. Cleopatra and Arsinoe IV are 1st-century BC Egyptian people, 1st-century BC Egyptian women, 1st-century BC pharaohs, 1st-century BC queens regnant, female pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Art of ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptian art refers to art produced in ancient Egypt between the 6th millennium BC and the 4th century AD, spanning from Prehistoric Egypt until the Christianization of Roman Egypt.
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Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene
Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene, also known as Artavasdes I of Atropatene (before or about 59 BC – about 20 BC) and Artabazus, was a prince who served as a king of Media Atropatene.
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Artavasdes II of Armenia
Artavasdes II (Ἀρταουάσδης), also known as Artavazd II, was king of Armenia from 55 BC to 34 BC.
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Ascalon
Ascalon (Philistine: 𐤀𐤔𐤒𐤋𐤍, romanized: *; ʾAšqəlōn; Askálōn; Ascalon; ʿAsqalān) was an ancient Near East port city on the Mediterranean coast of the southern Levant of high historical significance, including early on as a major Philistine city, and later as an much contested stronghold during the Crusades.
Asp (snake)
"Asp" is the modern anglicisation of the word "aspis", which in antiquity referred to any one of several venomous snake species found in the Nile region.
Assassination of Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March (15 March) of 44 BC during a meeting of the Senate at the Curia of Pompey of the Theatre of Pompey in Rome where the senators stabbed Caesar 23 times.
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Augustan literature (ancient Rome)
Augustan literature refers to the pieces of Latin literature that were written during the reign of Caesar Augustus (27 BC–AD 14), the first Roman emperor.
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Augustus
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.
Aulus Gabinius
Aulus Gabinius (– 48 or 47 BC) was a politician and general of the Roman Republic.
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Aulus Hirtius
Aulus Hirtius (– 43 BC) was consul of the Roman Republic in 43 BC and a writer on military subjects.
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Aurelius Victor
Sextus Aurelius Victor (c. 320 – c. 390) was a historian and politician of the Roman Empire.
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Avunculate marriage
An avunculate marriage is a marriage with a parent's sibling or with one's sibling's child—i.e., between an uncle or aunt and their niece or nephew.
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Baccio Bandinelli
Baccio Bandinelli (also called Bartolomeo Brandini; 12 November 1493 – shortly before 7 February 1560), was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, draughtsman, and painter.
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Banking in ancient Rome
In ancient Rome there were a variety of officials tasked with banking.
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Baroque
The Baroque is a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s.
Basalt
Basalt is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon.
Basileus
Basileus (βασιλεύς) is a Greek term and title that has signified various types of monarchs throughout history.
Battle of Actium
The Battle of Actium was a naval battle fought between Octavian's maritime fleet, led by Marcus Agrippa, and the combined fleets of both Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
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Battle of Carrhae
The Battle of Carrhae was fought in 53 BC between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire near the ancient town of Carrhae (present-day Harran, Turkey).
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Battle of Mount Gindarus
The Battle of Mount Gindarus or battle of Cyrrhestica in 38 BC was a decisive victory for the Roman general Publius Ventidius Bassus over the Parthian army of Pacorus, son of King Orodes, in the Greater Syria district of Cyrrhestica.
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Battle of Pharsalus
The Battle of Pharsalus was the decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War fought on 9 August 48 BC near Pharsalus in Central Greece.
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Battle of Philippi
The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Liberators' civil war between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (of the Second Triumvirate) and the leaders of Julius Caesar's assassination, Brutus and Cassius, in 42 BC, at Philippi in Macedonia.
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Battle of the Nile (47 BC)
The Battle of the Nile in early 47 BC saw the combined Roman–Egyptian armies of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra VII defeat those of the rival Queen Arsinoe IV and King Ptolemy XIII and secure the throne of Egypt.
See Cleopatra and Battle of the Nile (47 BC)
Beirut
Beirut (help) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.
Berdan River
The Berdan (also Baradān or Baradā), the ancient Cydnus (Κύδνος), is a river in Mersin Province, south Turkey.
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Berenice II of Egypt
Berenice II Euergetis (267 or 266 – 221 BCE;, Berenikē Euergetis, "Berenice the Benefactress") was queen regnant of Cyrenaica from 258 to 246 BCE and co-regent queen of Ptolemaic Egypt from 246 to 222 BCE as the wife of Ptolemy III. Cleopatra and Berenice II of Egypt are female pharaohs.
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Berenice III
Berenice III (Greek: Βερενίκη; 120–80 BC), also known as Cleopatra, ruled between 101 and 80 BC. Cleopatra and Berenice III are 1st-century BC Egyptian women, 1st-century BC pharaohs, 1st-century BC queens regnant, female pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Berenice IV
Berenice IV Epiphaneia (Βερενίκη; 77–55 BC, born and died in Alexandria, Egypt) was a Greek princess and Queen of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Cleopatra and Berenice IV are 1st-century BC Egyptian people, 1st-century BC Egyptian women, 1st-century BC pharaohs, 1st-century BC queens regnant, female pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Berytus
Berytus (Biruta; Bērytós; Bērȳtus), briefly known as Laodicea in Phoenicia (Λαοδίκεια ἡ ἐν Φοινίκῃ) or Laodicea in Canaan from the 2nd century to 64 BCE, was the ancient city of Beirut (in modern-day Lebanon) from the Roman Republic through the Roman Empire and Early Byzantine period/late antiquity.
Biblical Hebrew
Biblical Hebrew (rtl ʿīḇrîṯ miqrāʾîṯ or rtl ləšôn ham-miqrāʾ), also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language, a language in the Canaanitic branch of the Semitic languages spoken by the Israelites in the area known as the Land of Israel, roughly west of the Jordan River and east of the Mediterranean Sea.
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Bill (law)
A bill is a proposal for a new law, or a proposal to significantly change an existing law.
Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer.
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Boscoreale Treasure
The Boscoreale Treasure is a large collection of exquisite silver and gold Roman objects discovered in the ruins of the ancient Villa della Pisanella at Boscoreale, near Pompeii, southern Italy.
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Boucicaut Master
The Boucicaut Master or Master of the Hours for Marshal Boucicaut was an anonymous French or Flemish miniaturist and illuminator active between 1400 and 1430 in Paris.
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Boule (ancient Greece)
In cities of ancient Greece, the boule (βουλή;: boulai, βουλαί) was a council (βουλευταί, bouleutai) appointed to run daily affairs of the city.
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Brindisi
Brindisi is a city in the region of Apulia in southern Italy, the former capital of the province of Brindisi, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea.
British Museum
The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London.
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British School at Rome
The British School at Rome (BSR) is a British interdisciplinary research centre supporting the arts, humanities and architecture established in Rome.
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Buchis
In Egyptian mythology, Buchis (also spelt Bakh and Bakha) was the deification of the kꜣ ("power, life-force", Egyptological pronunciation ka) of the war god Montu as a sacred bull that was worshipped in the region of Hermonthis.
Burlesque
A burlesque is a literary, dramatic or musical work intended to cause laughter by caricaturing the manner or spirit of serious works, or by ludicrous treatment of their subjects.
Bust (sculpture)
A bust is a sculpted or cast representation of the upper part of the human body, depicting a person's head and neck, and a variable portion of the chest and shoulders.
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Bust of Cleopatra
The Bust of Cleopatra VII is a granite bust currently on display in the Gallery of Ancient Egypt at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM).
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Caesar's civil war
Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) was a civil war during the late Roman Republic between two factions led by Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey), respectively.
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Caesarea in Mauretania
Caesarea in Mauretania (Latin: Caesarea Mauretaniae, meaning "Caesarea of Mauretania") was a Roman colony in Roman-Berber North Africa.
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Caesareum of Alexandria
The Caesareum of Alexandria is an ancient temple in Alexandria, Egypt.
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Caesarion
Ptolemy XV Caesar (Πτολεμαῖος Καῖσαρ,; 23 June 47 BC – 29 August 30 BC), nicknamed Caesarion (Καισαρίων,, "Little Caesar"), was the last pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, reigning with his mother Cleopatra VII from 2 September 44 BC until her death by 12 August 30 BC, then as sole ruler until his death was ordered by Octavian (who would become the first Roman emperor as Augustus). Cleopatra and Caesarion are 1st-century BC pharaohs, 30 BC deaths and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Caligula
Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula, was Roman emperor from AD 37 until his assassination in AD 41.
Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)
Calpurnia was either the third or fourth wife of Julius Caesar, and the one to whom he was married at the time of his assassination.
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Cameo (carving)
Cameo is a method of carving an object such as an engraved gem, item of jewellery or vessel.
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Cameo glass
Cameo glass is a luxury form of glass art produced by cameo glass engraving or etching and carving through fused layers of differently colored glass to produce designs, usually with white opaque glass figures and motifs on a dark-colored background.
Campus Martius
The Campus Martius (Latin for 'Field of Mars'; Italian: Campo Marzio) was a publicly owned area of ancient Rome about in extent.
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Cape Matapan
Cape Matapan (Κάβο Ματαπάς, Maniot dialect: Ματαπά), also called Cape Tainaron or Taenarum (Ακρωτήριον Ταίναρον), or Cape Tenaro, is situated at the end of the Mani Peninsula, Greece.
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Capitoline Hill
The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill (Campidoglio; Mons Capitolinus), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
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Capitoline Museums
The Capitoline Museums are a group of art and archaeological museums in Piazza del Campidoglio, on top of the Capitoline Hill in Rome, Italy.
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Cartouche
In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a cartouche is an oval with a line at one end tangent to it, indicating that the text enclosed is a royal name.
Cassius Dio
Lucius Cassius Dio, also known as Dio Cassius (Δίων Κάσσιος), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin.
Casus belli
A casus belli is an act or an event that either provokes or is used to justify a war.
Center for Hellenic Studies
The Center for Hellenic Studies (CHS) is a research institute for classics located in Washington, D.C. at 3100 Whitehaven Street NW.
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Charmion (servant to Cleopatra)
Charmion (Χάρμιον), alternatively Charmian, was a trusted servant and advisor to Cleopatra VII of Egypt. Cleopatra and Charmion (servant to Cleopatra) are 1st-century BC Egyptian people, 1st-century BC Egyptian women, 30 BC deaths, ancient suicides and female Shakespearean characters.
See Cleopatra and Charmion (servant to Cleopatra)
Cherchell
Cherchell (Arabic: شرشال) is a town on Algeria's Mediterranean coast, west of Algiers.
Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero (3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.
Cilicia
Cilicia is a geographical region in southern Anatolia, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea.
Cinema of the United States
The cinema of the United States, consisting mainly of major film studios (also known metonymously as Hollywood) along with some independent films, has had a large effect on the global film industry since the early 20th century.
See Cleopatra and Cinema of the United States
City-state
A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory.
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
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Classical Greece
Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (the 5th and 4th centuries BC) in Ancient Greece,The "Classical Age" is "the modern designation of the period from about 500 B.C. to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C." (Thomas R. Martin, Ancient Greece, Yale University Press, 1996, p.
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Claudette Colbert
Émilie ChauchoinTranslation of this quotation: " Birth certificate of Chauchoin Émilie, female, born on September 13 running at 8 o'clock in the morning at her father and mother’s home, rue Armand-Carrel.
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Clement of Alexandria
Titus Flavius Clemens, also known as Clement of Alexandria (Κλήμης ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς; –), was a Christian theologian and philosopher who taught at the Catechetical School of Alexandria.
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Cleopatra (1917 film)
Cleopatra is a 1917 American silent historical drama film based on H. Rider Haggard's 1889 novel Cleopatra, the 1890 play Cleopatre by Émile Moreau and Victorien Sardou, and the play Antony and Cleopatra by William Shakespeare.
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Cleopatra (1934 film)
Cleopatra is a 1934 American epic film directed by Cecil B. DeMille and distributed by Paramount Pictures.
See Cleopatra and Cleopatra (1934 film)
Cleopatra (1963 film)
Cleopatra is a 1963 American epic historical drama film directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, with a screenplay adapted by Mankiewicz, Ranald MacDougall and Sidney Buchman from the 1957 book The Life and Times of Cleopatra by Carlo Maria Franzero, and from histories by Plutarch, Suetonius, and Appian.
See Cleopatra and Cleopatra (1963 film)
Cleopatra (given name)
Cleopatra is a feminine given name.
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Cleopatra (Haggard novel)
Cleopatra: Being an Account of the Fall and Vengeance of Harmachis is an adventure novel written by English author H. Rider Haggard and first printed in 1889 by Longmans.
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Cleopatra Alcyone
Cleopatrē Alcyone (Kleopátrē Alkuónē) was the daughter of Idas and Marpessa and the wife of Meleager.
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Cleopatra I Syra
Cleopatra I Syra (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα ἡ Σύρα; c. 204 – 176 BC) was a princess of the Seleucid Empire, Queen of Ptolemaic Egypt by marriage to Ptolemy V of Egypt, and regent of Egypt during the minority of their son, Ptolemy VI, from her husband's death in 180 BC until her own death in 176 BC. Cleopatra and Cleopatra I Syra are female pharaohs.
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Cleopatra II
Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλομήτωρ Σωτείρα, Kleopatra Philomētōr Sōteira; c. 185 BC – 116/115 BC) was a queen of Ptolemaic Egypt who ruled from 175 to 115 BC with two successive brother-husbands and her daughter—often in rivalry with her brother Ptolemy VIII. Cleopatra and Cleopatra II are female pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Cleopatra III
Cleopatra III (Κλεοπάτρα; c.160–101 BC) was a queen of Egypt. Cleopatra and Cleopatra III are female pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Cleopatra IV
Cleopatra IV (Κλεοπάτρα) was Queen of Egypt briefly from 116 to 115 BC, jointly with her husband Ptolemy IX Lathyros. Cleopatra and Cleopatra IV are female pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Cleopatra of Macedon
Cleopatra of Macedonia (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα της Μακεδονίας; 355/354 BC – 308 BC), or Cleopatra of Epirus (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα της Ηπείρου) was an ancient Macedonian princess and later queen regent of Epirus.
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Cleopatra Selene II
Cleopatra Selene II (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; summer 40 BC – BC; the numeration is modern) was a Ptolemaic princess, Queen of Numidia (briefly in 25 BC) and Mauretania (25 BC – 5 BC) and Queen of Cyrenaica (34 BC – 30 BC). Cleopatra and Cleopatra Selene II are 1st-century BC Egyptian people and 1st-century BC Egyptian women.
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Cleopatra Selene of Syria
Cleopatra Selene (Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; – 69 BC) was the Queen consort of Egypt (Cleopatra Selene or Cleopatra V Selene) from 115 to 102 BC, the Queen consort of Syria from 102 to 92 BC, and the monarch of Syria (Cleopatra II) from 82 to 69 BC. Cleopatra and Cleopatra Selene of Syria are 1st-century BC queens regnant.
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Cleopatra the Physician
Cleopatra the Physician (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα) was a Greek medical writer and author of a manual entitled Cosmetics.
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Cleopatra V
Cleopatra V (Κλεοπάτρα Τρύφαινα; died or) was a Ptolemaic Queen of Egypt. Cleopatra and Cleopatra V are 1st-century BC Egyptian women, 1st-century BC pharaohs, 1st-century BC queens regnant, female pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Cleopatra VI
Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (Trýphaina) or Cleopatra Tryphaena II (died c. 57 BC) was a queen of Ptolemaic Egypt who ruled alongside Berenice IV, who was either her sister or daughter. Cleopatra and Cleopatra VI are 1st-century BC Egyptian women, 1st-century BC pharaohs, 1st-century BC queens regnant, female pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Client state
In the field of international relations, a client state, is a state that is economically, politically, and militarily subordinated to a more powerful controlling state.
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Clothing in ancient Greece
Clothing in ancient Greece refers to clothing starting from the Aegean bronze age (3000 BCE) to the Hellenistic period (31 BCE).
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Coele-Syria
Coele-Syria (Κοίλη Συρία, Koílē Syría, 'Hollow Syria') was a region of Syria in classical antiquity.
Collins English Dictionary
The Collins English Dictionary is a printed and online dictionary of English.
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Constitutional reforms of Augustus
The constitutional reforms of Augustus were a series of laws that were enacted by the Roman Emperor Augustus between 30 BC and 2 BC, which transformed the Constitution of the Roman Republic into the Constitution of the Roman Empire.
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Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi)
Cornelia (c. 190s – c. 115 BC) was the second daughter of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, a Roman general prominent in the Second Punic War, and Aemilia Paulla.
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Cornelius Gallus
Gaius Cornelius Gallus (c. 70 – 26 BC) was a Roman poet, orator, politician and military commander, at one time appointed by the Emperor Augustus as prefect of Egypt.
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Cornucopia
In classical antiquity, the cornucopia, from Latin cornu (horn) and copia (abundance), also called the horn of plenty, was a symbol of abundance and nourishment, commonly a large horn-shaped container overflowing with produce, flowers, or nuts.
Coronation of the pharaoh
A coronation was an extremely important ritual in early and ancient Egyptian history, concerning the change of power and rulership between two succeeding pharaohs.
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Countersign (legal)
In law, countersignature refers to a second signature onto a document.
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Courtly love
Courtly love (fin'amor; amour courtois) was a medieval European literary conception of love that emphasized nobility and chivalry.
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Crete and Cyrenaica
Crete and Cyrenaica (Creta et Cyrenaica, Krḗtē kaì Kyrēnaïkḗ) was a senatorial province of the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire, established in 67 BC, which included the island of Crete and the region of Cyrenaica in modern-day Libya.
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Crisis of the Third Century
The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (235–285), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration.
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Crossing the Rubicon
The phrase "crossing the Rubicon" is an idiom that means "passing a point of no return".
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Culture of Egypt
The culture of Egypt has thousands of years of recorded history.
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Culture of Greece
The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Minoan and later in Mycenaean Greece, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, while influencing the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire.
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Cupid
In classical mythology, Cupid (Cupīdō, meaning "passionate desire") is the god of desire, erotic love, attraction and affection.
Cyrene, Libya
Cyrene, also sometimes anglicized as Kyrene, was an ancient Greek colony and Roman city near present-day Shahhat in northeastern Libya in North Africa.
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Damnatio memoriae
Damnatio memoriae is a modern Latin phrase meaning "condemnation of memory", indicating that a person is to be excluded from official accounts.
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Découvertes Gallimard
Découvertes Gallimard (in United Kingdom: New Horizons, in United States: Abrams Discoveries) is an editorial collection of illustrated monographic books published by the Éditions Gallimard in pocket format.
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De Bello Alexandrino
De Bello Alexandrino (also Bellum Alexandrinum; On the Alexandrine War) is a Latin work continuing Julius Caesar's commentaries, De Bello Gallico and De Bello Civili.
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De casibus virorum illustrium
De casibus virorum illustrium (On the Fates of Famous Men) is a work of 56 biographies in Latin prose composed by the Florentine poet Giovanni Boccaccio of Certaldo in the form of moral stories of the falls of famous people, similar to his work of 106 biographies De Mulieribus Claris.
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De Mulieribus Claris
De Mulieribus Claris or De Claris Mulieribus (Latin for "Concerning Famous Women") is a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the Florentine author Giovanni Boccaccio, composed in Latin prose in 1361–1362.
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Death of Cleopatra
Cleopatra VII, the last ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt, died on either 10 or 12 August, 30 BC, in Alexandria, when she was 39 years old. Cleopatra and Death of Cleopatra are ancient suicides.
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Debasement
A debasement of coinage is the practice of lowering the intrinsic value of coins, especially when used in connection with commodity money, such as gold or silver coins, while continuing to circulate it at face value.
Demotic (Egyptian)
Demotic (from δημοτικός dēmotikós, 'popular') is the ancient Egyptian script derived from northern forms of hieratic used in the Nile Delta.
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Dendera
Dendera (دَنْدَرة Dandarah; Τεντυρις or Τεντυρα; Bohairic translit; Sahidic translit), also spelled Denderah, ancient Iunet 𓉺𓈖𓏏𓊖 “jwn.t”, Tentyris,(Arabic: Ewan-t إيوان-ة), or Tentyra is a small town and former bishopric in Egypt situated on the west bank of the Nile, about south of Qena, on the opposite side of the river.
Dendera Temple complex
The Dendera Temple complex (Ancient Egyptian: Iunet or Tantere; the 19th-century English spelling in most sources, including Belzoni, was Tentyra; also spelled Denderah) is located about south-east of Dendera, Egypt.
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Despotism
In political science, despotism (despotismós) is a form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power.
Diadem
A diadem is a type of crown, specifically an ornamental headband worn by monarchs and others as a badge of royalty.
Diana Kleiner
Diana Elizabeth Edelman Kleiner (September 18, 1947 – November 12, 2023) was an American art historian and educator.
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Dionysus
In ancient Greek religion and myth, Dionysus (Διόνυσος) is the god of wine-making, orchards and fruit, vegetation, fertility, festivity, insanity, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, and theatre.
Discovery Channel
Discovery Channel, known as The Discovery Channel from 1985 to 1995, and often referred to as simply Discovery, is an American cable channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav.
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Domenico Cimarosa
Domenico Cimarosa (17 December 1749 – 11 January 1801) was an Italian composer of the Neapolitan School and of the Classical period.
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Donations of Alexandria
The Donations of Alexandria (autumn 34 BC) was a political act by Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony in which they distributed lands held by Rome and Parthia among Cleopatra's children and gave them many titles, especially for Caesarion, the son of Julius Caesar.
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Dram (unit)
The dram (alternative British spelling drachm; apothecary symbol ʒ or ℨ; abbreviated dr) Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1897.
Duane W. Roller
Duane W. Roller (born October 7, 1946) is an American archaeologist, author, and professor emeritus of classics, Greek and Latin at the Ohio State University.
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Early life of Cleopatra
The early life of Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt covers the period from her birth in early 69 BC to her accession to the throne during or before March 51 BC.
See Cleopatra and Early life of Cleopatra
Education in ancient Greece
Education for Greek people was vastly "democratized" in the 5th century B.C., influenced by the Sophists, Plato, and Isocrates.
See Cleopatra and Education in ancient Greece
Egyptian cobra
The Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) is one of the most venomous species of snakes in North Africa, and has caused many snakebite incidents to humans.
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Egyptian language
The Egyptian language, or Ancient Egyptian, is an extinct branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages that was spoken in ancient Egypt.
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Egyptian Museum
The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, commonly known as the Egyptian Museum (al-Matḥaf al-Miṣrī, Egyptian Arabic) (also called the Cairo Museum), located in Cairo, Egypt, houses the largest collection of Egyptian antiquities in the world.
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Egyptian mythology
Egyptian mythology is the collection of myths from ancient Egypt, which describe the actions of the Egyptian gods as a means of understanding the world around them.
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Egyptian temple
Egyptian temples were built for the official worship of the gods and in commemoration of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt and regions under Egyptian control.
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Egyptians
Egyptians (translit,; translit,; remenkhēmi) are an ethnic group native to the Nile Valley in Egypt.
Elections in the Roman Republic
Elections in the Roman Republic were an essential part of its governance, with participation only being afforded to Roman citizens.
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Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603.
Elizabeth Taylor
Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor (27 February 1932 – 23 March 2011) was a British and American actress.
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Embalming
Embalming is the art and science of preserving human remains by treating them (in its modern form with chemicals) to forestall decomposition.
Encaustic painting
Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, is a form of painting that involves a heated wax medium to which colored pigments have been added.
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Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
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Encyclopædia Iranica
Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.
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Ephebos
Ephebos (ἔφηβος, pl. epheboi; ἔφηβοι), latinized as ephebus (pl. ephebi) and anglicised as ephebe (pl. ephebes), is a term for a male adolescent in Ancient Greece.
Ephesus
Ephesus (Éphesos; Efes; may ultimately derive from Apaša) was a city in Ancient Greece on the coast of Ionia, southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey.
Equites
The equites (though sometimes referred to as "knights" in English) constituted the second of the property-based classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the senatorial class.
Eratosthenes
Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Ἐρατοσθένης; –) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist.
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Ernle Bradford
Ernle Dusgate Selby Bradford (11 January 1922 – 8 May 1986) was a noted 20th-century British historian specializing in the Mediterranean world and naval topics.
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Eros
In Greek mythology, Eros (Ἔρως|lit.
Esquiline Hill
The Esquiline Hill (Collis Esquilinus; Esquilino) is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
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Esquiline Venus
The Esquiline Venus, depicting the goddess Venus (i.e. Greek Aphrodite), is a smaller-than-life-size Roman nude marble sculpture of a female in sandals and a diadem headdress.
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Ethnic groups in Europe
Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe.
See Cleopatra and Ethnic groups in Europe
Eunuch
A eunuch is a male who has been castrated.
Euphrates
The Euphrates (see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.
F. C. Burnand
Sir Francis Cowley Burnand (29 November 1836 – 21 April 1917), usually known as F. C. Burnand, was an English comic writer and prolific playwright, best known today as the librettist of Arthur Sullivan's opera Cox and Box.
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Faiyum
Faiyum (el-Fayyūm) is a city in Middle Egypt.
Fayum mummy portraits
Mummy portraits or Fayum mummy portraits are a type of naturalistic painted portrait on wooden boards attached to upper class mummies from Roman Egypt.
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First Triumvirate
The First Triumvirate was an informal political alliance among three prominent politicians in the late Roman Republic: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gaius Julius Caesar.
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Flooding of the Nile
The flooding of the Nile has been an important natural cycle in Nubia and Egypt since ancient times.
See Cleopatra and Flooding of the Nile
Forum of Caesar
The Forum of Caesar, also known by the Latin Forum Iulium or Forum Julium, Forum Caesaris,Hornblower, Simon and Antony Spawforth.
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Freedman
A freedman or freedwoman is a person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means.
Fresco
Fresco (or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster.
Fulvia
Fulvia (d. 40 BC) was an aristocratic Roman woman who lived during the Late Roman Republic. Cleopatra and Fulvia are Wives of Mark Antony.
Gabinia gens
The gens Gabinia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome.
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Gabiniani
The Gabiniani (in English: Gabinians) were 2000 Roman legionaries and 500 cavalrymen stationed in Egypt by the Roman general Aulus Gabinius after he had reinstated the Pharaoh Ptolemy XII Auletes on the Egyptian throne in 55 BC.
Gaius Calvisius Sabinus (consul 39 BC)
Gaius Calvisius Sabinus was a consul of the Roman Republic in 39 BC under the Second Triumvirate.
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Gaius Cassius Longinus
Gaius Cassius Longinus (– 3 October 42 BC) was a Roman senator and general best known as a leading instigator of the plot to assassinate Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC.
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Gaius Rabirius Postumus
Gaius Rabirius Postumus was a Roman banker.
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Gaius Sosius
Gaius Sosius (39–17 BC) was a Roman general and politician who featured in the wars of the late Republic as a staunch supporter of Mark Antony.
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Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 – 216 AD), often anglicized as Galen or Galen of Pergamon, was a Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher.
Gallic Wars
The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland).
Ganymedes (eunuch)
Ganymedes (died early 47 BC) was a eunuch in the court of Cleopatra VII who proved an able adversary of Julius Caesar.
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Gaul
Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.
Genitive case
In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun.
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Geoffrey Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer (– 25 October 1400) was an English poet, author, and civil servant best known for The Canterbury Tales.
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Geographica
The Geographica (Γεωγραφικά, Geōgraphiká; Geographica or Strabonis Rerum Geographicarum Libri XVII, "Strabo's 17 Books on Geographical Topics") or Geography, is an encyclopedia of geographical knowledge, consisting of 17 'books', written in Greek in the late 1st century BC, or early 1st century AD, and attributed to Strabo, an educated citizen of the Roman Empire of Greek descent.
Georg Ebers
Georg Moritz Ebers (1 March 1837 – 7 August 1898) was a German Egyptologist and novelist.
George Bernard Shaw
George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950), known at his insistence as Bernard Shaw, was an Irish playwright, critic, polemicist and political activist.
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George Frideric Handel
George Frideric (or Frederick) Handel (baptised italic,; 23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a German-British Baroque composer well known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, concerti grossi, and organ concertos.
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Georges Méliès
Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès (8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938) was a French magician, actor, and film director.
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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.
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Gilding
Gilding is a decorative technique for applying a very thin coating of gold over solid surfaces such as metal (most common), wood, porcelain, or stone.
Giovanni Boccaccio
Giovanni Boccaccio (16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist.
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Giulio Cesare
Giulio Cesare in Egitto (HWV 17), commonly known as Giulio Cesare, is a dramma per musica (opera seria) in three acts composed by George Frideric Handel for the Royal Academy of Music in 1724.
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Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32 BC)
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (died 31 BC) was a general and politician of ancient Rome in the 1st century BC.
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Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (son of Pompey)
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (ca. 75 BC – 12 April 45 BC) was a Roman politician and general from the late Republic (1st century BC). Cleopatra and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (son of Pompey) are people of Caesar's civil war.
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Greco-Roman hairstyle
In the earliest times the Greeks wore their κόμη (hair of the head) long, and thus Homer constantly calls them κᾰρηκομόωντες (long-haired).
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Greco-Roman world
The Greco-Roman civilization (also Greco-Roman culture or Greco-Latin culture; spelled Graeco-Roman in the Commonwealth), as understood by modern scholars and writers, includes the geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were directly and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the Greeks and Romans.
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Greece in the Roman era
Greece in the Roman era (Greek: Έλλάς, Latin: Graecia) describes the Roman conquest of the territory of the modern nation-state of Greece as well as that of the Greek people and the areas they inhabited and ruled historically.
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Greek East and Latin West
Greek East and Latin West are terms used to distinguish between the two parts of the Greco-Roman world and of medieval Christendom, specifically the eastern regions where Greek was the lingua franca (Greece, Anatolia, the southern Balkans, the Levant, and Egypt) and the western parts where Latin filled this role (Italy, Gaul, Hispania, North Africa, the northern Balkans, territories in Central Europe, and the British Isles).
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Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology.
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Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..
Gulf of Aqaba
The Gulf of Aqaba (Khalīj al-ʿAqaba) or Gulf of Eilat (Mifrátz Eilát) is a large gulf at the northern tip of the Red Sea, east of the Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian Peninsula.
See Cleopatra and Gulf of Aqaba
Gymnasium (ancient Greece)
The gymnasium (gymnásion) in Ancient Greece functioned as a training facility for competitors in public games.
See Cleopatra and Gymnasium (ancient Greece)
H. Rider Haggard
Sir Henry Rider Haggard (22 June 1856 – 14 May 1925) was an English writer of adventure fiction romances set in exotic locations, predominantly Africa, and a pioneer of the lost world literary genre.
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Hadrian
Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138.
Hadrian's Villa
Hadrian's Villa (Villa Adriana; Villa Hadriana) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site comprising the ruins and archaeological remains of a large villa complex built around AD 120 by Roman emperor Hadrian near Tivoli outside Rome.
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Hair coloring
Hair coloring, or hair dyeing, is the practice of changing the color of the hair on humans' heads.
See Cleopatra and Hair coloring
Hair disease
Hair diseases are illnesses that impact the persistence and regular growth of hair.
See Cleopatra and Hair disease
HarperCollins
HarperCollins Publishers LLC is a British-American publishing company that is considered to be one of the "Big Five" English-language publishers, along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, Macmillan, and Simon & Schuster.
See Cleopatra and HarperCollins
Hasmonean dynasty
The Hasmonean dynasty (חַשְׁמוֹנָאִים Ḥašmōnāʾīm; Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία) was a ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during the Hellenistic times of the Second Temple period (part of classical antiquity), from BCE to 37 BCE.
See Cleopatra and Hasmonean dynasty
Hathor
Hathor (lit, Ἁθώρ, ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ, Meroitic) was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion who played a wide variety of roles.
Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut (BC) was the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Thutmose II and the fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling first as regent, then as queen regnant from until (Low Chronology). Cleopatra and Hatshepsut are female pharaohs.
Helen of Troy
Helen (Helénē), also known as Helen of Troy, Helen of Argos, or Helen of Sparta, and in Latin as Helena, was a figure in Greek mythology said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world.
See Cleopatra and Helen of Troy
Helios
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Helios (Ἥλιος ||Sun; Homeric Greek: Ἠέλιος) is the god who personifies the Sun.
Hellenistic art
Hellenistic art is the art of the Hellenistic period generally taken to begin with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and end with the conquest of the Greek world by the Romans, a process well underway by 146 BC, when the Greek mainland was taken, and essentially ending in 30 BC with the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt following the Battle of Actium.
See Cleopatra and Hellenistic art
Hellenistic Greece
Hellenistic Greece is the historical period of the country following Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the annexation of the classical Greek Achaean League heartlands by the Roman Republic.
See Cleopatra and Hellenistic Greece
Hellenistic period
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.
See Cleopatra and Hellenistic period
Hera
In ancient Greek religion, Hera (Hḗrā; label in Ionic and Homeric Greek) is the goddess of marriage, women, and family, and the protector of women during childbirth.
Heracleopolis Magna
Heracleopolis Magna (Μεγάλη Ἡρακλέους πόλις, Megálē Herakléous pólis), Heracleopolis (Ἡρακλεόπολις, Herakleópolis) or Herakleoupolis (Ἡρακλεούπολις) is the Roman name of the capital of the 20th nome of ancient Upper Egypt, known in Ancient Egyptian as nn nswt.
See Cleopatra and Heracleopolis Magna
Herculaneum
Herculaneum was an ancient Roman town, located in the modern-day comune of Ercolano, Campania, Italy.
Hermitage Museum
The State Hermitage Museum (p) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
See Cleopatra and Hermitage Museum
Herod the Great
Herod I or Herod the Great was a Roman Jewish client king of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea.
See Cleopatra and Herod the Great
Herodian kingdom
The Herodian kingdom was a client state of the Roman Republic ruled from 37 to 4 BCE by Herod the Great, who was appointed "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate.
See Cleopatra and Herodian kingdom
Herodian tetrarchy
The Herodian tetrarchy was a regional division of a client state of Rome, formed following the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE.
See Cleopatra and Herodian tetrarchy
High priest
The term "high priest" usually refers either to an individual who holds the office of ruler-priest, or to one who is the head of a religious organisation.
High Priest of Ptah
The High Priest of Ptah was sometimes referred to as "the Greatest of the Directors of Craftsmanship" (wr-ḫrp-ḥmwt).
See Cleopatra and High Priest of Ptah
Hippodrome
Hippodrome is a term sometimes used for public entertainment venues of various types.
Hispania
Hispania (Hispanía; Hispānia) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula.
Historiography
Historiography is the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension, the term historiography is any body of historical work on a particular subject.
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History of Athens
Athens is one of the oldest named cities in the world, having been continuously inhabited for perhaps 5,000 years.
See Cleopatra and History of Athens
History of Egypt
The history of Egypt has been long and wealthy, due to the flow of the Nile River with its fertile banks and delta, as well as the accomplishments of Egypt's native inhabitants and outside influence.
See Cleopatra and History of Egypt
History of India
Anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago.
See Cleopatra and History of India
History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
The kingdom of Macedonia was an ancient state in what is now the Macedonian region of northern Greece, founded in the mid-7th century BC during the period of Archaic Greece and lasting until the mid-2nd century BC.
See Cleopatra and History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
History of North Africa
The history of North Africa has been divided into its prehistory, its classical period, the arrival and spread of Islam, the colonial period, and finally the post-independence era, in which the current nations were formed.
See Cleopatra and History of North Africa
History of perfume
The word perfume is used today to describe scented mixtures and is derived from the Latin word per fumus.
See Cleopatra and History of perfume
History of the Jews in Egypt
Egyptian Jews constitute both one of the oldest and one of the youngest Jewish communities in the world.
See Cleopatra and History of the Jews in Egypt
History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
The history of the Jews in the Roman Empire (Iudaeorum Romanum) traces the interaction of Jews and Romans during the period of the Roman Empire (27 BCE – 476 CE).
See Cleopatra and History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
History of the Middle East
The Middle East, also known as the Near East, is home to one of the Cradles of Civilization and has seen many of the world's oldest cultures and civilizations.
See Cleopatra and History of the Middle East
History Today
History Today is a history magazine.
See Cleopatra and History Today
Homer
Homer (Ὅμηρος,; born) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature.
Horace
Quintus Horatius Flaccus (8 December 65 BC – 27 November 8 BC),Suetonius,. commonly known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as the only Latin lyrics worth reading: "He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words."Quintilian 10.1.96.
Horti Caesaris
The Horti Caesaris (Gardens of Caesar) was the name of two parks belonging to Julius Caesar in Rome.
See Cleopatra and Horti Caesaris
Hyrcanus II
John Hyrcanus II (Yohanan Hurqanos; died 30 BCE), a member of the Hasmonean dynasty, was for a long time the Jewish High Priest in the 1st century BCE. Cleopatra and Hyrcanus II are 30 BC deaths.
Ides of March
The Ides of March (Idus Martiae, Medieval Latin: Idus Martii) is the day on the Roman calendar marked as the Idus, roughly the midpoint of a month, of Martius, corresponding to 15 March on the Gregorian calendar.
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Illuminated manuscript
An illuminated manuscript is a formally prepared document where the text is decorated with flourishes such as borders and miniature illustrations.
See Cleopatra and Illuminated manuscript
Imperial cult
An imperial cult is a form of state religion in which an emperor or a dynasty of emperors (or rulers of another title) are worshipped as demigods or deities.
See Cleopatra and Imperial cult
Imperium
In ancient Rome, imperium was a form of authority held by a citizen to control a military or governmental entity.
Inbreeding
Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically.
International Gothic
International Gothic is a period of Gothic art which began in Burgundy, France, and northern Italy in the late 14th and early 15th century.
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Interpretatio graeca
Greek translation, or "interpretation by means of Greek ", refers to the tendency of the ancient Greeks to identify foreign deities with their own gods.
See Cleopatra and Interpretatio graeca
Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea (Iónio Pélagos,; Mar Ionio or Mar Jonio,; Deti Jon) is an elongated bay of the Mediterranean Sea.
Iota
Iota (uppercase Ι, lowercase ι) is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet.
Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.
See Cleopatra and Iranian peoples
Isis
Isis was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world.
Italian Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance (Rinascimento) was a period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
See Cleopatra and Italian Renaissance
Itanos
Itanos (Ίτανος) is a municipal unit (demotike enoteta) of the municipality (demos) Siteia in the Lasithi regional unit, eastern Crete, Greece.
Jacob Abbott
Jacob Abbott (November 14, 1803 – October 31, 1879) was an American writer of children's books.
See Cleopatra and Jacob Abbott
Jericho
Jericho (Arīḥā,; Yərīḥō) is a city in the West Bank, Palestine; it is the administrative seat of the Jericho Governorate of Palestine.
Joann Fletcher
Joann Fletcher (born 30 August 1966) is an Egyptologist and an honorary visiting professor in the department of archaeology at the University of York.
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John Sartain
John Sartain (October 24, 1808 – October 25, 1897) was an English-born American artist who pioneered mezzotint engraving in the United States.
See Cleopatra and John Sartain
Josephus
Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος,; AD 37 – 100) was a Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.
Juba I of Numidia
Juba I of Numidia (IVBA, ywbʿy; –46BC) was a king of Numidia (present-day Algeria) who reigned from 60 to 46 BC. Cleopatra and Juba I of Numidia are people of Caesar's civil war.
See Cleopatra and Juba I of Numidia
Juba II
Juba II or Juba of Mauretania (Latin: Gaius Iulius Iuba; Ἰóβας, Ἰóβα or Ἰούβας;Roller, Duane W. (2003) The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene "Routledge (UK)". pp. 1–3.. c. 48 BC – AD 23) was the son of Juba I and client king of Numidia (30–25 BC) and Mauretania (25 BC – AD 23).
Judea
Judea or Judaea (Ἰουδαία,; Iudaea) is a mountainous region of the Levant.
Julian calendar
The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception).
See Cleopatra and Julian calendar
Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.
See Cleopatra and Julius Caesar
King of Kings
King of Kings was a ruling title employed primarily by monarchs based in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent.
See Cleopatra and King of Kings
Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major (Մեծ Հայք; Armenia Maior) sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD.
See Cleopatra and Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
Kingdom of Kush
The Kingdom of Kush (Egyptian: 𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉 kꜣš, Assyrian: Kûsi, in LXX Χους or Αἰθιοπία; ⲉϭⲱϣ Ecōš; כּוּשׁ Kūš), also known as the Kushite Empire, or simply Kush, was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, centered along the Nile Valley in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt.
See Cleopatra and Kingdom of Kush
Knight
A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity.
Koine Greek
Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.
Koine Greek phonology
The Greek language underwent pronunciation changes during the Koine Greek period, from about 300 BC to 400 AD.
See Cleopatra and Koine Greek phonology
La Cleopatra (Cimarosa)
La Cleopatra (1789) is an opera seria in two acts by composer Domenico Cimarosa with an Italian libretto by Ferdinando Moretti.
See Cleopatra and La Cleopatra (Cimarosa)
Languages of Syria
Arabic is the official language of Syria and is the most widely spoken language in the country.
See Cleopatra and Languages of Syria
Laodice (wife of Mithridates II of Pontus)
Laodice (Λαοδίκη; flourished 3rd century BC) was a Greek Princess of the Seleucid Empire.
See Cleopatra and Laodice (wife of Mithridates II of Pontus)
Laodice III
Laodice III (Greek: Λαοδίκη, Laodikē) also known as Laodika, was a princess of Pontus and a Seleucid queen. Cleopatra and Laodice III are Deified women.
Late Middle Ages
The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500.
See Cleopatra and Late Middle Ages
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Latin poetry
The history of Latin poetry can be understood as the adaptation of Greek models.
See Cleopatra and Latin poetry
Lawrence Alma-Tadema
Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema (born Lourens Alma Tadema,; 8 January 1836 – 25 June 1912) was a Dutch painter who later settled in the United Kingdom, becoming the last officially recognised denizen in 1873.
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Legitimacy (family law)
Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce.
See Cleopatra and Legitimacy (family law)
Lepidus
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (89 BC – late 13 or early 12 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who formed the Second Triumvirate alongside Octavian and Mark Antony during the final years of the Roman Republic.
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
Liberators' civil war
The Liberators' civil war (43–42 BC) was started by the Second Triumvirate to avenge Julius Caesar's assassination.
See Cleopatra and Liberators' civil war
Library of Alexandria
The Great Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world.
See Cleopatra and Library of Alexandria
Library of Pergamum
The Library of Pergamum (Βιβλιοθήκη τουΠέργαμον) is an ancient Greek building in Pergamon, Anatolia, today located nearby the modern town of Bergama, in the İzmir Province of western Turkey.
See Cleopatra and Library of Pergamum
Light skin
Light skin is a human skin color that has a low level of eumelanin pigmentation as an adaptation to environments of low UV radiation.
Lighthouse of Alexandria
The Lighthouse of Alexandria, sometimes called the Pharos of Alexandria (ho Pháros tês Alexandreías, contemporary Koine; فنار الإسكندرية), was a lighthouse built by the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (280–247 BC).
See Cleopatra and Lighthouse of Alexandria
List of coupled siblings
This article gives a list of individuals who have been romantically or maritally coupled with a sibling.
See Cleopatra and List of coupled siblings
List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra
Cleopatra has frequently been the subject of literature, films, plays, television programs, and art.
See Cleopatra and List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra
List of female hereditary monarchs
This is a list of female hereditary monarchs who reigned over a political jurisdiction in their own right or by right of inheritance.
See Cleopatra and List of female hereditary monarchs
List of governors of Roman Egypt
During the Roman Empire, the governor of Roman Egypt (praefectus Aegypti) was a prefect who administered the Roman province of Egypt with the delegated authority (imperium) of the emperor.
See Cleopatra and List of governors of Roman Egypt
List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel
The following is a list of people who were in the position of the leaders of the Jewish nation, heads of state and/or government in the Land of Israel.
See Cleopatra and List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel
List of kings of Macedonia
Macedonia, also called Macedon, was ruled continuously by kings from its inception around the middle of the seventh century BC until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 168 BC.
See Cleopatra and List of kings of Macedonia
List of kings of Numidia
Numidia was an ancient Berber kingdom located in the region of North Africa that today comprises Algeria and parts of today Tunisia, Libya and Morocco.
See Cleopatra and List of kings of Numidia
List of Nabataean kings
The Rulers of Nabataea, reigned over the Nabataean Kingdom (also rendered as Nabataea, Nabatea, or Nabathea), inhabited by the Nabateans, located in present-day Jordan, south-eastern Syria, southern Israel and north-western Saudi Arabia.
See Cleopatra and List of Nabataean kings
List of papyri from ancient Egypt
This list of papyri from ancient Egypt includes some of the better known individual papyri written in hieroglyphs, hieratic, demotic or in ancient Greek.
See Cleopatra and List of papyri from ancient Egypt
List of Roman client rulers
This is a list of the client rulers of Ancient Rome, sectioned by the kingdom, giving the years the ruler was on the throne, and separating Kings and Queens.
See Cleopatra and List of Roman client rulers
List of rulers of Paphlagonia
List of rulers of Paphlagonia, an ancient region and Hellenistic kingdom in northwestern Asia Minor.
See Cleopatra and List of rulers of Paphlagonia
List of women's magazines
This is a list of women's magazines from around the world.
See Cleopatra and List of women's magazines
Lithography
Lithography is a planographic method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water.
Live Science
Live Science is a science news website.
See Cleopatra and Live Science
Livia
Livia Drusilla (30 January 59 BC – 28 September 29) was Roman empress from 27 BC to AD 14 as the wife of emperor Augustus.
Livy
Titus Livius (59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy, was a Roman historian.
Louvre
The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world.
Lower Egypt
Lower Egypt (مصر السفلى) is the northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea, from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur.
Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)
Lucius Antonius was the younger brother and supporter of Mark Antony, a Roman politician.
See Cleopatra and Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)
Lucius Decidius Saxa
Lucius Decidius Saxa (died 40 BC) was a Roman general in the 1st century BC.
See Cleopatra and Lucius Decidius Saxa
Lucius Munatius Plancus
Lucius Munatius Plancus (&ndash) was a Roman senator, consul in 42 BC, and censor in 22 BC with Paullus Aemilius Lepidus.
See Cleopatra and Lucius Munatius Plancus
Lucius Pinarius
Lucius Pinarius Scarpus (flourished 1st century BC) was a Roman who lived during the late Republic and the early Empire.
See Cleopatra and Lucius Pinarius
Ludwig Curtius
Ludwig Curtius (December 13, 1874 – April 10, 1954) was a German archaeologist born in Augsburg.
See Cleopatra and Ludwig Curtius
Lupercalia
Lupercalia, also known as Lupercal, was a pastoral festival of Ancient Rome observed annually on February 15 to purify the city, promoting health and fertility.
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.
See Cleopatra and Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Magic in the Greco-Roman world
Magic in the Greco-Roman world—that is, ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and the other cultures with which they interacted, especially ancient Egypt—comprises supernatural practices undertaken by individuals, often privately, that were not under the oversight of official priesthoods attached to the various state, community, and household cults and temples as a matter of public religion.
See Cleopatra and Magic in the Greco-Roman world
Malichus I
Malichus I or Malchos I (Nabataean Aramaic: Malīḵū or Malīḵūʾ) was a king of Nabataea who reigned from 59 to 30 BC. Cleopatra and Malichus I are 30 BC deaths.
Marcus Antonius Antyllus
Marcus Antonius Antyllus (47 BC – 23 August 30 BC) was a son of the Roman Triumvir Marc Antony. Cleopatra and Marcus Antonius Antyllus are 30 BC deaths.
See Cleopatra and Marcus Antonius Antyllus
Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (– 48 BC) was a politician of the Roman Republic. Cleopatra and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus are people of Caesar's civil war.
See Cleopatra and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
Marcus Junius Brutus
Marcus Junius Brutus (85 BC – 23 October 42 BC) was a Roman politician, orator, and the most famous of the assassins of Julius Caesar.
See Cleopatra and Marcus Junius Brutus
Marcus Licinius Crassus
Marcus Licinius Crassus (115 – 53 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
See Cleopatra and Marcus Licinius Crassus
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (BC – 12 BC) was a Roman general, statesman and architect who was a close friend, son-in-law and lieutenant to the Roman emperor Augustus.
See Cleopatra and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Mark Antony
Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the autocratic Roman Empire. Cleopatra and Mark Antony are 30 BC deaths and people of Caesar's civil war.
Marriage of state
A marriage of state is a diplomatic marriage or union between two members of different nation-states or internally, between two power blocs, usually in authoritarian societies and is a practice which dates back to ancient times, as far back as early Grecian cultures in western society, and of similar antiquity in other civilizations.
See Cleopatra and Marriage of state
Masinissa
Masinissa (x12px, Masnsen; c. 238 BC – 148 BC), also spelled Massinissa, Massena and Massan, was an ancient Numidian king best known for leading a federation of Massylii Berber tribes during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), ultimately uniting them into a kingdom that became a major regional power in North Africa.
Mauretania
Mauretania is the Latin name for a region in the ancient Maghreb.
Mausoleum of Augustus
The Mausoleum of Augustus (Mausoleum Augusti; Mausoleo di Augusto) is a large tomb built by the Roman Emperor Augustus in 28 BC on the Campus Martius in Rome, Italy.
See Cleopatra and Mausoleum of Augustus
Media (region)
Media (Māda, Middle Persian: Mād) is a region of north-western Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Medes.
See Cleopatra and Media (region)
Median language
Median (also Medean or Medic) was the language of the Medes.
See Cleopatra and Median language
Medieval literature
Medieval literature is a broad subject, encompassing essentially all written works available in Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages (that is, the one thousand years from the fall of the Western Roman Empire ca. AD 500 to the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th, 15th or 16th century, depending on country).
See Cleopatra and Medieval literature
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.
See Cleopatra and Mediterranean Sea
Meleager
In Greek mythology, Meleager (Meléagros) was a hero venerated in his temenos at Calydon in Aetolia.
Melodrama
A modern melodrama is a dramatic work in which the plot, typically sensationalized and for a very strong emotional appeal, takes precedence over detailed characterization.
Memphis, Egypt
Memphis (Manf,; Bohairic ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ; Μέμφις), or Men-nefer, was the ancient capital of Inebu-hedj, the first nome of Lower Egypt that was known as mḥw ("North").
See Cleopatra and Memphis, Egypt
Meroitic language
The Meroitic language was spoken in Meroë (in present-day Sudan) during the Meroitic period (attested from 300 BC) and became extinct about 400 AD.
See Cleopatra and Meroitic language
Mersa Matruh
Mersa Matruh (مرسى مطروح), also transliterated as Marsa Matruh (Standard Arabic Marsā Maṭrūḥ), is a port in Egypt and the capital of Matrouh Governorate.
See Cleopatra and Mersa Matruh
Metrodora
Metrodora (Μητροδώρα) was possibly the author of an ancient Greek medical text, On the Diseases and Cures of Women (Περὶ τῶν Γυναικείων παθῶν τῆς μἠτρας).
Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an encyclopedic art museum in New York City.
See Cleopatra and Metropolitan Museum of Art
Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln Center)
The Metropolitan Opera House (also known as The Met) is an opera house located on Broadway at Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City.
See Cleopatra and Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln Center)
Michael Grant (classicist)
Michael Grant (21 November 1914 – 4 October 2004) was an English classicist, numismatist, and author of numerous books on ancient history.
See Cleopatra and Michael Grant (classicist)
Michelangelo
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance.
See Cleopatra and Michelangelo
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
Miniature (illuminated manuscript)
A miniature (from the Latin verb miniare, "to colour with minium", a red lead) is a small illustration used to decorate an ancient or medieval illuminated manuscript; the simple illustrations of the early codices having been miniated or delineated with that pigment.
See Cleopatra and Miniature (illuminated manuscript)
Misanthropy
Misanthropy is the general hatred, dislike, or distrust of the human species, human behavior, or human nature.
Mithridates II of Pontus
Mithridates II (Greek: Mιθριδάτης; lived 3rd century BC), third king of Pontus and son of Ariobarzanes, whom he succeeded on the throne.
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Mithridates II of the Bosporus
Mithridates II of the Bosporus, also known as Mithridates of Pergamon, was a nobleman from Anatolia.
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Mithridates VI Eupator
Mithridates or Mithradates VI Eupator (-->Μιθριδάτης; 135–63 BC) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus in northern Anatolia from 120 to 63 BC, and one of the Roman Republic's most formidable and determined opponents.
See Cleopatra and Mithridates VI Eupator
Mithridatic dynasty
The Mithridatic dynasty, also known as the Pontic dynasty, was a hereditary dynasty of Persian origin, founded by Mithridates I Ktistes (Mithridates III of Cius) in 281 BC.
See Cleopatra and Mithridatic dynasty
Model (person)
A model is a person with a role either to display commercial products (notably fashion clothing in fashion shows) or to serve as an artist's model or to pose for photography.
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Montu
Montu was a falcon-god of war in the ancient Egyptian religion, an embodiment of the conquering vitality of the pharaoh.
Mouseion
The Mouseion of Alexandria (Μουσεῖον τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας), which arguably included the Library of Alexandria, was an institution said to have been founded by Ptolemy I Soter and his son Ptolemy II Philadelphus.
Mummy
A mummy is a dead human or an animal whose soft tissues and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions.
Musée Saint-Raymond
Musée Saint-Raymond (in English, Saint-Raymond museum) is the archeological museum of Toulouse, opened in 1892.
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Nabataean Kingdom
The Nabataean Kingdom (Nabataean Aramaic: 𐢕𐢃𐢋𐢈 Nabāṭū), also named Nabatea, was a political state of the Nabataeans during classical antiquity.
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National Archaeological Museum, Naples
The National Archaeological Museum of Naples (italic, abbr. MANN) is an important Italian archaeological museum, particularly for ancient Roman remains.
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National Geographic
National Geographic (formerly The National Geographic Magazine, sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners.
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Natural History (Pliny)
The Natural History (Naturalis Historia) is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder.
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Naucratis
Naucratis or Naukratis (Ancient Greek: Ναύκρατις, "Naval Command"; Egyptian:,,, Coptic: Ⲡⲓⲉⲙⲣⲱ) was a city and trading-post in ancient Egypt, located on the Canopic (western-most) branch of the Nile river, south-east of the Mediterranean sea and the city of Alexandria.
Nefertiti
Nefertiti was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, the great royal wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Cleopatra and Nefertiti are female pharaohs.
Nicolaus of Damascus
Nicolaus of Damascus (Greek: Νικόλαος Δαμασκηνός, Nikolāos Damaskēnos; Latin: Nicolaus Damascenus; – after 4 AD), was a Greek historian, diplomat and philosopher who lived during the Augustan age of the Roman Empire.
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Nile
The Nile (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa.
Nile crocodile
The Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is a large crocodilian native to freshwater habitats in Africa, where it is present in 26 countries.
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Nile Delta
The Nile Delta (دلتا النيل, or simply الدلتا) is the delta formed in Lower Egypt where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea.
Nominative case
In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments.
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Northern Greece
Northern Greece (Voreia Ellada) is used to refer to the northern parts of Greece, and can have various definitions.
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NPR
National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California.
Nubia
Nubia (Nobiin: Nobīn) is a region along the Nile river encompassing the area between the first cataract of the Nile (south of Aswan in southern Egypt) and the confluence of the Blue and White Niles (in Khartoum in central Sudan), or more strictly, Al Dabbah.
Nubians
Nubians (Nobiin: Nobī) are a Nilo-Saharan speaking ethnic group indigenous to the region which is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt.
Numidia
Numidia was the ancient kingdom of the Numidians in northwest Africa, initially comprising the territory that now makes up Algeria, but later expanding across what is today known as Tunisia and Libya.
Numidians
The Numidians were the Berber population of Numidia (present-day Algeria).
Octavia the Younger
Octavia the Younger (Octavia Minor; – 11 BC) was the elder sister of the first Roman emperor, Augustus (known also as Octavian), the half-sister of Octavia the Elder, and the fourth wife of Mark Antony. Cleopatra and Octavia the Younger are Wives of Mark Antony.
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Old Arabic
Old Arabic is the name for any Arabic language or dialect continuum before Islam.
Old master print
An old master print (also spaced masterprint) is a work of art produced by a printing process within the Western tradition.
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Olous
Olous or Olus (Ὄλους, or ὌλουλιςStadiasmus Maris Magni § 350.) was a city of ancient Crete; now sunken, it was situated at the site of present day town of Elounda, Crete, Greece.
One of Cleopatra's Nights
One of Cleopatra's Nights (Une nuit de Cléopâtre) is a historical short story by the French writer Théophile Gautier, first published as a six-part serial from November 29-December 6 1838 in La Presse.
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Orientalism
In art history, literature and cultural studies, orientalism is the imitation or depiction of aspects of the Eastern world (or "Orient") by writers, designers, and artists from the Western world.
Orontes River
The Orontes (from Ancient Greek Ὀρόντης) or Nahr al-ʿĀṣī, or simply Asi (translit,; Asi) is a long river in Western Asia that begins in Lebanon, flowing northwards through Syria before entering the Mediterranean Sea near Samandağ in Hatay Province, Turkey.
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Osiris
Osiris (from Egyptian wsjr) is the god of fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation in ancient Egyptian religion. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown, and holding a symbolic crook and flail.
Osiris myth
The Osiris myth is the most elaborate and influential story in ancient Egyptian mythology.
Ovid
Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid, was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus.
Oxford Classical Dictionary
The Oxford Classical Dictionary (OCD) is generally considered "the best one-volume dictionary on antiquity," an encyclopædic work in English consisting of articles relating to classical antiquity and its civilizations.
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Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, edited by Donald B. Redford and published in three volumes by Oxford University Press in 2001, contains 600 articles that cover the 4,000 years of the history of Ancient Egypt, from the predynastic era to the seventh century CE.
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Palestine (region)
The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.
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Palestrina
Palestrina (ancient Praeneste; Πραίνεστος, Prainestos) is a modern Italian city and comune (municipality) with a population of about 22,000, in Lazio, about east of Rome.
Palmyrene Empire
The Palmyrene Empire was a short-lived breakaway state from the Roman Empire resulting from the Crisis of the Third Century.
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Panel painting
A panel painting is a painting made on a flat panel of wood, either a single piece or a number of pieces joined together.
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Paphos
Paphos (Πάφος; Baf) is a coastal city in southwest Cyprus and the capital of Paphos District.
Papyrus
Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface.
Parallel Lives
The Parallel Lives (Βίοι Παράλληλοι, Bíoi Parállēloi; Vītae Parallēlae) is a series of 48 biographies of famous men written by the Greco-Roman philosopher, historian, and Apollonian priest Plutarch, probably at the beginning of the second century.
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Parian marble
Parian marble is a fine-grained, semi translucent, and pure-white marble quarried during the classical era on the Greek island of Paros in the Aegean Sea.
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Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.
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Parthian language
The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlawānīg, is an extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language once spoken in Parthia, a region situated in present-day northeastern Iran and Turkmenistan.
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Pasherienptah III
Pasherienptah (III) (p3-šrỉ-n-ptḥ, 'Son of Ptah'; November 4, 90 BCE – July 13 or 14, 41 BCE) was an ancient Egyptian high Priest of Ptah in Memphis from 76 BCE until his death.
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Pasiteles
Pasiteles (Πασιτέλης; sometimes called Pasiteles the Younger) was a Neo-Attic school sculptor from Ancient Rome at the time of Julius Caesar.
Patras
Patras (Pátra; Katharevousa and Πάτραι; Patrae) is Greece's third-largest city and the regional capital and largest city of Western Greece, in the northern Peloponnese, west of Athens.
Patrilineality
Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage.
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Patronage in ancient Rome
Patronage (clientela) was the distinctive relationship in ancient Roman society between the patronus ('patron') and their cliens ('client').
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Paul of Aegina
Paul of Aegina or Paulus Aegineta (Παῦλος Αἰγινήτης; Aegina) was a 7th-century Byzantine Greek physician best known for writing the medical encyclopedia Medical Compendium in Seven Books. He is considered the “Father of Early Medical Writing”.
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Peloponnese
The Peloponnese, Peloponnesus (Pelopónnēsos) or Morea (Mōrèas; Mōriàs) is a peninsula and geographic region in Southern Greece, and the southernmost region of the Balkans.
Pelusium
Pelusium (Ancient Egyptian:; Ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲙⲟⲩⲛ/Ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲙⲟⲩⲏ, romanized:, or Ⲥⲓⲛ, romanized:; sin; Pēlousion; Pēlūsium; Tell el-Farama) was an important city in the eastern extremes of Egypt's Nile Delta, to the southeast of the modern Port Said.
Pensées
The Pensées (Thoughts) is a collection of fragments written by the French 17th-century philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal.
Perseus Digital Library
The Perseus Digital Library, formerly known as the Perseus Project, is a free-access digital library founded by Gregory Crane in 1987 and hosted by the Department of Classical Studies of Tufts University.
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Perugia
Perugia (Perusia) is the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber.
Perusia
The ancient Perusia, now Perugia, first appears in history as one of the 12 confederate cities of Etruria.
Perusine War
The Perusine War (also Perusian or Perusinian War, or the War of Perusia) was a civil war of the Roman Republic, which lasted from 41 to 40 BC.
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Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology
The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology in London is part of University College London Museums and Collections.
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Pharaoh
Pharaoh (Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ|Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: Parʿō) is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE.
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology.
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Pharnaces II of Pontus
Pharnaces II of Pontus (Φαρνάκης; about 97–47 BC) was the king of the Bosporan Kingdom and Kingdom of Pontus until his death.
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Phasael
Phasael (died 40 BCE;, Faṣā'ēl; Latin: Phasaelus; from Φασάηλος, Phasaelos), was a prince from the Herodian Dynasty of Judea. Cleopatra and Phasael are ancient suicides.
Philotas (physician)
Philotas of Amphissa (Φιλώτας) was a physician of the 1st century BC.
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Phoenicia
Phoenicia, or Phœnicia, was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon.
Planned economy
A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services.
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Pleasure barge
A pleasure barge is a flat-bottomed, slow-moving boat used for leisure.
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Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.
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Plutarch
Plutarch (Πλούταρχος, Ploútarchos;; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi.
Polemon I of Pontus
Polemon I Pythodoros (Πολέμων Πυθόδωρος; fl. 1st century BC – died 8 BC) was the Roman Client King of Cilicia, Pontus, Colchis and the Bosporan Kingdom.
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Polis
Polis (πόλις), plural poleis (πόλεις), means ‘city’ in ancient Greek.
Pompeian Styles
The Pompeian Styles are four periods which are distinguished in ancient Roman mural painting.
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Pompeii
Pompeii was an ancient city in what is now the comune (municipality) of Pompei, near Naples, in the Campania region of Italy.
Pompey
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic.
Pop icon
A pop icon is a celebrity, character, or object whose exposure in popular culture is regarded as constituting a defining characteristic of a given society or era.
Portland Vase
The Portland Vase is a Roman cameo glass vase, which is dated to between AD 1 and AD 25, though low BC dates have some scholarly support.
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Pothinus
Pothinus or Potheinos (Ποθεινός; early 1st century BC – 48 or 47 BC), a eunuch, was regent for Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
Price controls
Price controls are restrictions set in place and enforced by governments, on the prices that can be charged for goods and services in a market.
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Primary source
In the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called an original source) is an artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study.
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Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
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Principate
The Principate was the form of imperial government of the Roman Empire from the beginning of the reign of Augustus in 27 BC to the end of the Crisis of the Third Century in AD 284, after which it evolved into the Dominate.
Proconsul
A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a consul.
Promenade deck
The promenade deck is a deck found on several types of passenger ships and riverboats.
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Propertius
Sextus Propertius was a Latin elegiac poet of the Augustan age.
Ptah
Ptah (ptḥ, reconstructed; Φθά; ⲡⲧⲁϩ; Phoenician: 𐤐𐤕𐤇, romanized: ptḥ) is an ancient Egyptian deity, a creator god and patron deity of craftsmen and architects.
Ptolemaic army
The Ptolemaic army was the army of the Ptolemaic Greek kings that ruled Egypt from 305 to 30 BC.
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Ptolemaic coinage
Coinage of the Ptolemaic kingdom was struck in Phoenician weight, also known as Ptolemaic weight (about 14.2 grams) which was the weight of a Ptolemaic tetradrachm.
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Ptolemaic dynasty
The Ptolemaic dynasty (Πτολεμαῖοι, Ptolemaioi), also known as the Lagid dynasty (Λαγίδαι, Lagidai; after Ptolemy I's father, Lagus), was a Macedonian Greek royal house which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period.
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Ptolemaic Kingdom
The Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an Ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.
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Ptolemais Hermiou
Ptolemais Hermiou, or Ptolemais in the Thebaid, was a city and metropolitan archbishopric in Greco-Roman Egypt and remains a Catholic titular see.
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Ptolemais in Phoenicia
Ptolemais was an ancient port city on the Canaanite coast in the ancient region of Phoenicia, in the location of the present-day city of Acre, Israel.
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Ptolemy Ceraunus
Ptolemy Ceraunus (Πτολεμαῖος Κεραυνός; c. 319 BC – January/February 279 BC) was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty and briefly king of Macedon.
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Ptolemy I Soter
Ptolemy I Soter (Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, Ptolemaîos Sōtḗr "Ptolemy the Savior"; c. 367 BC – January 282 BC) was a Macedonian Greek general, historian, and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the Ptolemaic Kingdom centered on Egypt and led by his progeny from 305 BC – 30 BC. Cleopatra and Ptolemy I Soter are pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Ptolemaîos Philádelphos, "Ptolemy, sibling-lover"; 309 – 28 January 246 BC) was the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 284 to 246 BC. Cleopatra and Ptolemy II Philadelphus are pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Ptolemy IV Philopator
Ptolemy IV Philopator (Ptolemaĩos Philopátōr; "Ptolemy, lover of his Father"; May/June 244 – July/August 204 BC) was the fourth pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 221 to 204 BC. Cleopatra and Ptolemy IV Philopator are pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Ptolemy IX Soter
Ptolemy IX Soter II Ptolemy IX also took the same title 'Soter' as Ptolemy I. Cleopatra and Ptolemy IX Soter are 1st-century BC pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Ptolemy of Cyprus
Ptolemy of Cyprus was the king of Cyprus c. 80-58 BC. Cleopatra and Ptolemy of Cyprus are ancient suicides.
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Ptolemy of Mauretania
Ptolemy of Mauretania (Πτολεμαῖος, Ptolemaîos; Gaius Iulius Ptolemaeus; 13 9BC–AD40) was the last Roman client king and ruler of Mauretania for Rome.
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Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)
Ptolemy Philadelphus (Πτολεμαῖος ὁ Φιλάδελφος, Ptolemaios Philadelphos, "Ptolemy the brother-loving", August/September 36 BC – 29 BC) was a Ptolemaic prince and was the youngest and fourth child of Greek Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and her third with Roman Triumvir Mark Antony. Cleopatra and Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra) are 1st-century BC Egyptian people.
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Ptolemy V Epiphanes
Ptolemy V Epiphanes Eucharistus (Πτολεμαῖος Ἐπιφανής Εὐχάριστος, Ptolemaĩos Epiphanḗs Eukháristos "Ptolemy the Manifest, the Beneficent"; 9 October 210–September 180 BC) was the King of Ptolemaic Egypt from July or August 204 BC until his death in 180 BC. Cleopatra and Ptolemy V Epiphanes are pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Ptolemy VI Philometor
Ptolemy VI Philometor (Πτολεμαῖος Φιλομήτωρ, Ptolemaĩos Philomḗtōr;"Ptolemy, lover of his Mother". 186–145 BC) was a Greek king of Ptolemaic Egypt who reigned from 180 to 164 BC and from 163 to 145 BC. Cleopatra and Ptolemy VI Philometor are pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Ptolemy VIII Physcon
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon (Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης Τρύφων, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs Tryphōn, "Ptolemy the Benefactor, the Opulent"; c. 184 BC – 28 June 116 BC), nicknamed Physcon (Φύσκων, Physkōn, "Fatty"), was a king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Cleopatra and Ptolemy VIII Physcon are pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Ptolemy X Alexander I
Ptolemy X Alexander I (Πτολεμαῖος Ἀλέξανδρος, Ptolemaĩos Aléxandros) was the Ptolemaic king of Cyprus from 114 BC until 107 BC and of Egypt from 107 BC until his death in 88 BC. Cleopatra and Ptolemy X Alexander I are 1st-century BC pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Ptolemy XI Alexander II
Ptolemy XI Alexander II (Πτολεμαῖος Ἀλέξανδρος, Ptolemaĩos Aléxandros) was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty who ruled Egypt for a few days in 80 BC. Cleopatra and Ptolemy XI Alexander II are 1st-century BC pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Ptolemy XII Auletes
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus (Ptolemy the new Dionysus – 51 BC) was a king of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt who ruled from 80 to 58 BC and then again from 55 BC until his death in 51 BC. Cleopatra and Ptolemy XII Auletes are 1st-century BC pharaohs, Hellenistic Cyprus and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator (Πτολεμαῖος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ, Ptolemaĩos; c. 62 BC – 13 January 47 BC) was Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 47 BC, and one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty (305–30 BC). Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator are 1st-century BC pharaohs, people of Caesar's civil war and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Ptolemy XIV Philopator
Ptolemy XIV Philopator (Πτολεμαῖος Φιλοπάτωρ,; c. 59 – 44 BC) was a Pharaoh of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, who reigned from 47 until his death in 44 BC. Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIV Philopator are 1st-century BC pharaohs and pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
See Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIV Philopator
Publius Canidius Crassus
Publius Canidius Crassus (died 30 BC) was a Roman general and Mark Antony's lieutenant. Cleopatra and Publius Canidius Crassus are 30 BC deaths.
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Publius Clodius Pulcher
Publius Clodius Pulcher (– 18 January 52 BC) was a Roman politician and demagogue.
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Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 BC)
Publius Cornelius Dolabella (– 43 BC, also known by his adoptive name Lentulus) was a Roman politician and general under the dictator Julius Caesar.
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Publius Servilius Rullus
Publius Servilius Rullus was plebeian tribune of the Roman Republic in 63 BC.
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Publius Ventidius
Publius Ventidius (89–38 BC) was a Roman general and one of Julius Caesar's protégés.
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Pytheas
Pytheas of Massalia (Ancient Greek: Πυθέας ὁ Μασσαλιώτης Pythéās ho Massaliōtēs; Latin: Pytheas Massiliensis; born 350 BC, 320–306 BC) was a Greek geographer, explorer and astronomer from the Greek colony of Massalia (modern-day Marseille, France).
Qift
Qift (قفط; Ⲕⲉϥⲧ Keft or Kebto; Egyptian Gebtu; Κόπτος Coptos / Koptos; Roman Justinianopolis) is a city in the Qena Governorate of Egypt about north of Luxor, situated a little south of latitude 26° north, on the east bank of the Nile.
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history.
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Quintus Dellius
Quintus Dellius (Δελλιος) was a Roman commander and politician in the second half of the 1st century BC.
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Quintus Didius
Quintus Didius was a Roman governor of the province Syria (31 BC to 29 BC).
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Quintus Labienus
Quintus Labienus Parthicus (died 39 BC) was a Roman general in the Late Republic period.
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Radiate crown
A radiant or radiate crown, also known as a solar crown, sun crown, Eastern crown, or tyrant's crown, is a crown, wreath, diadem, or other headgear symbolizing the Sun or more generally powers associated with the Sun.
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Raphael
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.
Red Sea
The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.
Regalia
Regalia is the set of emblems, symbols, or paraphernalia indicative of royal status, as well as rights, prerogatives and privileges enjoyed by a sovereign, regardless of title.
Regnal year
A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign, from the Latin regnum meaning kingdom, rule.
Reign of Cleopatra
The reign of Cleopatra VII of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt began with the death of her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes, by March 51 BC.
See Cleopatra and Reign of Cleopatra
Relief
Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material.
Religion in ancient Rome
Religion in ancient Rome consisted of varying imperial and provincial religious practices, which were followed both by the people of Rome as well as those who were brought under its rule.
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Remuneration
Remuneration is the pay or other financial compensation provided in exchange for an employee's services performed (not to be confused with giving (away), or donating, or the act of providing to).
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Renaissance art
Renaissance art (1350 – 1620) is the painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the period of European history known as the Renaissance, which emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about AD 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music, science, and technology.
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Renaissance humanism
Renaissance humanism was a worldview centered on the nature and importance of humanity that emerged from the study of Classical antiquity.
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Renaissance literature
Renaissance literature refers to European literature which was influenced by the intellectual and cultural tendencies associated with the Renaissance.
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Resin
In polymer chemistry and materials science, a resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers.
Rhodes
Rhodes (translit) is the largest of the Dodecanese islands of Greece and is their historical capital; it is the ninth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
Robbing Cleopatra's Tomb
Robbing Cleopatra's Tomb (Cléopâtre, literally Cleopatra) is an 1899 silent trick film directed by Georges Méliès.
See Cleopatra and Robbing Cleopatra's Tomb
Roman army of the late Republic
The Roman army of the late Republic refers to the armed forces deployed by the late Roman Republic, from the beginning of the first century BC until the establishment of the Imperial Roman army by Augustus in 30 BC.
See Cleopatra and Roman army of the late Republic
Roman art
The art of Ancient Rome, and the territories of its Republic and later Empire, includes architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work.
Roman censor
The censor was a magistrate in ancient Rome who was responsible for maintaining the census, supervising public morality, and overseeing certain aspects of the government's finances.
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Roman citizenship
Citizenship in ancient Rome (civitas) was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance.
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Roman consul
A consul was the highest elected public official of the Roman Republic (to 27 BC).
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Roman currency
Roman currency for most of Roman history consisted of gold, silver, bronze, orichalcum and copper coinage.
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Roman Cyprus
Roman Cyprus was a small senatorial province within the Roman Empire.
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Roman dictator
A Roman dictator was an extraordinary magistrate in the Roman Republic endowed with full authority to resolve some specific problem to which he had been assigned.
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Roman Egypt
Roman Egypt; was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 641.
Roman emperor
The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchical head of state of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
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Roman Gaul
Roman Gaul refers to GaulThe territory of Gaul roughly corresponds to modern-day France, Belgium and Luxembourg, and adjacient parts of the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany.
Roman glass
Roman glass objects have been recovered across the Roman Empire in domestic, industrial and funerary contexts.
Roman hairstyles
Hairstyle fashion in Rome was ever changing, and particularly in the Roman Imperial Period there were a number of different ways to style hair.
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Roman historiography
Roman historiography stretches back to at least the 3rd century BC and was indebted to earlier Greek historiography.
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Roman Italy
Italia (in both the Latin and Italian languages), also referred to as Roman Italy, was the homeland of the ancient Romans.
Roman law
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.
Roman legion
The Roman legion (legiō), the largest military unit of the Roman army, was composed of Roman citizens serving as legionaries.
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Roman portraiture
Roman portraiture was one of the most significant periods in the development of portrait art.
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Roman province
The Roman provinces (pl.) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire.
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Roman Republic
The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.
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Roman Republican art
Roman Republican art is the artistic production that took place in Roman territory during the period of the Republic, conventionally from 509 BC to 27 BC.
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Roman sculpture
The study of Roman sculpture is complicated by its relation to Greek sculpture.
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Roman Senate
The Roman Senate (Senātus Rōmānus) was the highest and constituting assembly of ancient Rome and its aristocracy.
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Roman Syria
Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.
Roman temple
Ancient Roman temples were among the most important buildings in Roman culture, and some of the richest buildings in Roman architecture, though only a few survive in any sort of complete state.
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Roman triumph
The Roman triumph (triumphus) was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state or, in some historical traditions, one who had successfully completed a foreign war.
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Roman villa
A Roman villa was typically a farmhouse or country house in the territory of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, sometimes reaching extravagant proportions.
Roman–Parthian Wars
The Roman–Parthian Wars (54 BC – 217 AD) were a series of conflicts between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic and Roman Empire.
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Ronald Syme
Sir Ronald Syme, (11 March 1903 – 4 September 1989) was a New Zealand-born historian and classicist.
Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is a stele of granodiorite inscribed with three versions of a decree issued in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, on behalf of King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.
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Royal Ontario Museum
The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) is a museum of art, world culture and natural history in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Rufio (officer of Caesar)
Rufio was an officer of the Roman general and statesman Julius Caesar.
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Sacrosanctity
Sacrosanctity (lit) or inviolability is the declaration of physical inviolability of a place (particularly temples and city walls), a sacred object, or a person.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow.
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Samuel Barber
Samuel Osmond Barber II (March 9, 1910 – January 23, 1981) was an American composer, pianist, conductor, baritone, and music educator, and one of the most celebrated composers of the mid-20th century.
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Samuel Daniel
Samuel Daniel (1562–1619) was an English poet, playwright and historian in the late-Elizabethan and early-Jacobean eras.
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San Jose State University
San José State University (San Jose State or SJSU) is a public university in San Jose, California.
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Scipio Africanus
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (236/235–) was a Roman general and statesman, most notable as one of the main architects of Rome's victory against Carthage in the Second Punic War.
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Second Punic War
The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC.
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Second Triumvirate
The Second Triumvirate was an extraordinary commission and magistracy created for Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian to give them practically absolute power.
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Selene
In ancient Greek mythology and religion, Selene (Σελήνη, meaning "Moon")A Greek–English Lexicon.
Seleucia Pieria
Seleucia in Pieria (Greek Σελεύκεια ἐν Πιερίᾳ), also known in English as Seleucia by the Sea, and later named Suedia, was a Hellenistic town, the seaport of Antioch ad Orontes (Syria Prima), the Seleucid capital, modern Antakya (Turkey).
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Seleucid dynasty
The Seleucid dynasty or the Seleucidae (Σελευκίδαι, Seleukídai, "descendants of Seleucus") was a Macedonian Greek royal family, which ruled the Seleucid Empire based in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.
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Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.
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Seleucus I Nicator
Seleucus I Nicator (Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ) was a Macedonian Greek general, officer and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the eponymous Seleucid Empire, led by the Seleucid dynasty.
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Senate of the Roman Republic
The Senate was the governing and advisory assembly of the aristocracy in the ancient Roman Republic.
See Cleopatra and Senate of the Roman Republic
Serapeum of Saqqara
The Serapeum of Saqqara was the ancient Egyptian burial place for sacred bulls of the Apis cult at Memphis.
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Serapion (strategos)
Serapion (possibly died 41 BC) was strategos of Cyprus and an admiral of the Ptolemaic navy during the reign of Cleopatra VII in 43 BC.
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Serapis
Serapis or Sarapis is a Graeco-Egyptian god.
Sextus Pompey
Sextus Pompeius Magnus Pius (67 – 35 BC), also known in English as Sextus Pompey, was a Roman military leader who, throughout his life, upheld the cause of his father, Pompey the Great, against Julius Caesar and his supporters during the last civil wars of the Roman Republic. Cleopatra and Sextus Pompey are people of Caesar's civil war.
See Cleopatra and Sextus Pompey
Sicyon
Sicyon (Σικυών; gen.: Σικυῶνος) or Sikyōn was an ancient Greek city state situated in the northern Peloponnesus between Corinth and Achaea on the territory of the present-day regional unit of Corinthia.
Sidon
Sidon or Saida (Ṣaydā) is the third-largest city in Lebanon.
Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)
The siege of Alexandria was a series of skirmishes and battles occurring between the forces of Julius Caesar, Cleopatra VII, Arsinoe IV, and Ptolemy XIII, between 48 and 47 BC.
See Cleopatra and Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)
Silent film
A silent film is a film without synchronized recorded sound (or more generally, no audible dialogue).
Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution, or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the three branches of the federal government.
See Cleopatra and Smithsonian Institution
Sogdia
Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
Solar eclipse
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of Earth, totally or partially.
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Somatophylakes
Somatophylakes (Σωματοφύλακες; singular: somatophylax, σωματοφύλαξ) were the bodyguards of high-ranking people in ancient Greece.
See Cleopatra and Somatophylakes
Sophonisba
Sophonisba (in Punic, 𐤑𐤐𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋 Ṣap̄anbaʿal) (fl. 206 - 203 BC) was a Carthaginian noblewoman who lived during the Second Punic War, and the daughter of Hasdrubal Gisco. Cleopatra and Sophonisba are ancient suicides.
Sosigenes (astronomer)
Sosigenes (Σωσιγένης) (fl. 1st century BC) was an Ancient Greek astronomer.
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Sphinx
A sphinx (σφίγξ,; phíx,; or sphinges) is a mythical creature with the head of a human, the body of a lion, and the wings of an eagle.
Stacy Schiff
Stacy Madeleine Schiff (born October 26, 1961) is an American former editor, essayist, and author of five biographies.
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Stanley M. Burstein
Stanley Mayer Burstein is a historian whose writings primarily concern the Hellenistic period.
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State monopoly
In economics, a government monopoly or public monopoly is a form of coercive monopoly in which a government agency or government corporation is the sole provider of a particular good or service and competition is prohibited by law.
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Steel engraving
Steel engraving is a technique for printing illustrations based on steel instead of copper.
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Stele
A stele,From Greek στήλη, stēlē, plural στήλαι stēlai; the plural in English is sometimes stelai based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes stelae or stelæ based on the inflection of Greek nouns in Latin, and sometimes anglicized to steles.) or occasionally stela (stelas or stelæ) when derived from Latin, is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the ancient world as a monument.
Strabo
StraboStrabo (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed.
Stromata
The Stromata (Στρώματα), a mistake for Stromateis (Στρωματεῖς, "Patchwork," i.e., Miscellanies), attributed to Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215), is the third of a trilogy of works regarding the Christian life.
Suetonius
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly referred to as Suetonius (– after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire.
Sulla
Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.
Syriac language
The Syriac language (Leššānā Suryāyā), also known natively in its spoken form in early Syriac literature as Edessan (Urhāyā), the Mesopotamian language (Nahrāyā) and Aramaic (Aramāyā), is an Eastern Middle Aramaic dialect. Classical Syriac is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac' or 'Syrian'.
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Syrians
Syrians (سوريون) are the majority inhabitants of Syria, indigenous to the Levant, who have Arabic, especially its Levantine dialect, as a mother tongue.
Talent (measurement)
The talent (Ancient Greek: τάλαντον, talanton, Latin talentum) was a unit of weight used in the ancient world, often used for weighing gold and silver, but also mentioned in connection with other metals, ivory, and frankincense.
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Taranto
Taranto (Tarde) is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy.
Tariff
A tariff is a tax imposed by the government of a country or by a supranational union on imports or exports of goods.
Tarsus, Mersin
Tarsus (Hittite: 𒋫𒅈𒊭 Tārša; Greek Tarsós; Armenian Tarson; طَرسُوس Ṭarsūs) is a municipality and district of Mersin Province, Turkey.
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Temple of Artemis
The Temple of Artemis or Artemision (Ἀρτεμίσιον; Artemis Tapınağı), also known as the Temple of Diana, was a Greek temple dedicated to an ancient, localised form of the goddess Artemis (equalized to Diana, a Roman goddess).
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Temple of Edfu
The Temple of Edfu is an Egyptian temple located on the west bank of the Nile in Edfu, Upper Egypt.
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Temple of Venus Genetrix
The Temple of Venus Genetrix (Latin: Templum Veneris Genetricis) is a ruined temple in the Forum of Caesar, Rome, dedicated to the Roman goddess Venus Genetrix, the founding goddess of the Julian gens.
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Temple of Vesta
The Temple of Vesta, or the aedes (Latin Aedes Vestae; Italian: Tempio di Vesta), is an ancient edifice in Rome, Italy.
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Tetradrachm
The tetradrachm (tetrádrachmon) was a large silver coin that originated in Ancient Greece.
Thalamegos
Thalamegos (plural: Thalamegoi) was a type of houseboat, yacht, or barge mainly found in the Nile river, Egypt.
Théophile Gautier
Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier (30 August 1811 – 23 October 1872) was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, and art and literary critic.
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The Legend of Good Women
The Legend of Good Women is a poem in the form of a dream vision by Geoffrey Chaucer during the fourteenth century.
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The Meadows of Gold
Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems (مُرُوج ٱلذَّهَب وَمَعَادِن ٱلْجَوْهَر.) is a 10th century history book by an Abbasid scholar al-Masudi.
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The Roman Society
The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies (The Roman Society) was founded in 1910 as the sister society to the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.
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Thebes, Egypt
Thebes (طيبة, Θῆβαι, Thēbai), known to the ancient Egyptians as Waset (Arabic: وسط), was an ancient Egyptian city located along the Nile about south of the Mediterranean.
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Theda Bara
Theda Bara (born Theodosia Burr Goodman; July 29, 1885 – April 7, 1955) was an American silent film and stage actress.
Theodore Cressy Skeat
Theodore Cressy Skeat (15 February 1907 — 25 June 2003) was a British academic and librarian at the British Museum, where he worked as Assistant Keeper (from 1931), Deputy Keeper (from 1948), and Keeper of Manuscripts and Egerton Librarian (from 1961 to 1972).
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Theodotus of Chios
Theodotus of Chios (Θεόδοτος) (died in 43 or 42 BC) was the rhetoric tutor of the young Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII.
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Third Mithridatic War
The Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC), the last and longest of the three Mithridatic Wars, was fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic.
See Cleopatra and Third Mithridatic War
Tiber
The Tiber (Tevere; Tiberis) is the third-longest river in Italy and the longest in Central Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing through Tuscany, Umbria, and Lazio, where it is joined by the River Aniene, to the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Ostia and Fiumicino.
Timon of Athens (person)
Timon of Athens (Tímōn ho Athēnaîos, Τίμωνος) was a citizen of Athens whose reputation for misanthropy grew to legendary status.
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Tivoli, Lazio
Tivoli (Tibur) is a town and comune in Lazio, central Italy, north-east of Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine hills.
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Toga
The toga, a distinctive garment of ancient Rome, was a roughly semicircular cloth, between in length, draped over the shoulders and around the body.
Tomb of Antony and Cleopatra
The tomb of Antony and Cleopatra is the undiscovered burial crypt of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII from 30 BC assumed to be located in Alexandria, Egypt.
See Cleopatra and Tomb of Antony and Cleopatra
Tribune
Tribune was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome.
Troglodytae
The Troglodytae (Τρωγλοδύται, Trōglodytai), or Troglodyti (literally "cave goers"), were people mentioned in various locations by many ancient Greek and Roman geographers and historians, including Herodotus (5th century BCE), Agatharchides (2nd century BCE), Diodorus Siculus (1st century BCE), Strabo (64/63 BCE – c. 24 CE), Pliny (1st century CE), Josephus (37 – c.
Tyre, Lebanon
Tyre (translit; translit; Týros) or Tyr, Sur, or Sour is a city in Lebanon, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, though in medieval times for some centuries by just a small population.
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Tyrian purple
Tyrian purple (πορφύρα porphúra; purpura), also known as royal purple, imperial purple, or imperial dye, is a reddish-purple natural dye.
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Upper Egypt
Upper Egypt (صعيد مصر, shortened to الصعيد,, locally) is the southern portion of Egypt and is composed of the Nile River valley south of the delta and the 30th parallel N. It thus consists of the entire Nile River valley from Cairo south to Lake Nasser (formed by the Aswan High Dam).
Uraeus
The Uraeus or Ouraeus (Ancient Greek: Οὐραῖος,; Egyptian: jꜥrt, "rearing cobra", plural: Uraei) is the stylized, upright form of an Egyptian cobra, used as a symbol of sovereignty, royalty, deity and divine authority in ancient Egypt.
Valerius Maximus
Valerius Maximus was a 1st-century Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes: ("Nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as De factis dictisque memorabilibus or Facta et dicta memorabilia).
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Vampire
A vampire is a mythical creature that subsists by feeding on the vital essence (generally in the form of blood) of the living.
Vatican Museums
The Vatican Museums (Musei Vaticani; Musea Vaticana) are the public museums of Vatican City, enclave of Rome.
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Velleius Paterculus
Marcus Velleius Paterculus was a Roman historian, soldier and senator.
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Venus (mythology)
Venus is a Roman goddess, whose functions encompass love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory.
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Vestal Virgin
In ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals (Vestālēs, singular Vestālis) were priestesses of Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame.
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Via Cassia
The Via Cassia was an important Roman road striking out of the Via Flaminia near the Milvian Bridge in the immediate vicinity of Rome and, passing not far from Veii, traversed Etruria.
Victorian burlesque
Victorian burlesque, sometimes known as travesty or extravaganza, is a genre of theatrical entertainment that was popular in Victorian England and in the New York theatre of the mid-19th century.
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Victorian era
In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the reign of Queen Victoria, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901.
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Victorian literature
Victorian literature is English literature during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901).
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Victorien Sardou
Victorien Sardou (5 September 18318 November 1908) was a French dramatist.
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Villa of the Papyri
The Villa of the Papyri (Villa dei Papiri, also known as Villa dei Pisoni and in early excavation records as the Villa Suburbana) was an ancient Roman villa in Herculaneum, in what is now Ercolano, southern Italy.
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Villa of the Quintilii
The Villa of the Quintilii (Italian: Villa dei Quintili) is a monumental ancient Roman villa beyond the fifth milestone along the Via Appia Antica just outside the traditional boundaries of Rome, Italy.
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Virgil
Publius Vergilius Maro (traditional dates 15 October 70 BC21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period.
War of Actium
The War of Actium (32–30 BC) was the last civil war of the Roman Republic, fought between Mark Antony (assisted by Cleopatra and by extension Ptolemaic Egypt) and Octavian.
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Wars of Alexander the Great
The wars of Alexander the Great (Greek: Πόλεμοι τουΜεγάλουΑλεξάνδρου) were a series of conquests that were carried out by Alexander III of Macedon from 336 BC to 323 BC.
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Wax
Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are lipophilic, malleable solids near ambient temperatures.
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor.
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Women in ancient Rome
Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office.
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Woodcut
Woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking.
World History Encyclopedia
World History Encyclopedia (formerly Ancient History Encyclopedia) is a nonprofit educational company created in 2009 by Jan van der Crabben.
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Writings of Cicero
The writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero constitute one of the most renowned collections of historical and philosophical work in all of classical antiquity.
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Yan Fu
Yan Fu (IPA:; courtesy name: Ji Dao, 幾道; 8 January 1854 — 27 October 1921) was a Chinese military officer, newspaper editor, translator, and writer.
Zenobia
Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene Aramaic:,; 240 – c. 274) was a third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria.
Zeus
Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and mythology, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus.
See also
1st-century BC Egyptian people
- Alexander Helios
- Arius Didymus
- Arsinoe IV
- Berenice IV
- Charmion (servant to Cleopatra)
- Cleopatra
- Cleopatra Selene II
- Didymus Chalcenterus
- Horos son of Nechoutes
- Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)
- Taimhotep
- Theon (1st century BC)
- Thrasyllus of Mendes
- Zopyrus (physician)
1st-century BC Egyptian women
- Arsinoe IV
- Berenice III
- Berenice IV
- Charmion (servant to Cleopatra)
- Cleopatra
- Cleopatra Selene II
- Cleopatra V
- Cleopatra VI
- Taimhotep
1st-century BC pharaohs
- Arsinoe IV
- Berenice III
- Berenice IV
- Caesarion
- Cleopatra
- Cleopatra V
- Cleopatra VI
- Ptolemy IX Soter
- Ptolemy X Alexander I
- Ptolemy XI Alexander II
- Ptolemy XII Auletes
- Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
- Ptolemy XIV Philopator
1st-century BC queens regnant
- Amanirenas
- Amanishakheto
- Anula of Anuradhapura
- Anzaze
- Arsinoe IV
- Berenice III
- Berenice IV
- Cleopatra
- Cleopatra Selene of Syria
- Cleopatra V
- Cleopatra VI
- Dynamis (queen)
- Erato of Armenia
- Laodice of the Sameans
- Musa of Parthia
- Orodaltis
- Pythodoris of Pontus
- Salome Alexandra
- Salome I
30 BC deaths
- Caesarion
- Charmion (servant to Cleopatra)
- Cleopatra
- Gaius Scribonius Curio (son of Fulvia)
- Hyrcanus II
- Malichus I
- Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor
- Marcus Antonius Antyllus
- Mark Antony
- Pharnavaz II
- Publius Canidius Crassus
69 BC births
- Cleopatra
- Hyeokgeose of Silla
Ancient suicides
- Šamaš-šuma-ukin
- Ahitophel
- Alexander (satrap)
- Charmion (servant to Cleopatra)
- Cleopatra
- Death of Cleopatra
- Decebalus
- Empress Yifu
- Ermanaric
- Hampsicora
- Hannibal
- Harmonia of Syracuse
- Himilco (general)
- Judas Iscariot
- Kalanos
- King Zhou of Shang
- Li Qi (emperor)
- List of suicides
- Liu Cong's later empresses
- Mago (general)
- Molon
- Pentawer
- Peregrinus Proteus
- Phùng Thị Chính
- Phasael
- Prince Hodong of Goguryeo
- Prince Kinashi no Karu
- Ptolemy of Cyprus
- Rusa I
- Samson
- Sardanapalus
- Saul
- Sophonisba
- Suicide in antiquity
- Tishyaraksha
- Yujiulü Anagui
- Zarmanochegas
- Zhang Guan
- Zimri (king)
Deaths due to snake bites
- Ali Khan Samsudin
- Boonreung Buachan
- Carl Hagenbeck
- Cleopatra
- Frederick A. Shannon
- George Went Hensley
- Grace Olive Wiley
- Jamie Coots
- Joseph Bruno Slowinski
- Karl Patterson Schmidt
- Kerala snakebite murder
- Kevin Budden
- List of fatal snake bites in Australia
- List of fatal snake bites in the United States
- Mammad Huseyn
- Oleg the Wise
- Ragnar Lodbrok
- Robert Mertens
- Shindaw
- Tenali Rama
Deified women
- Ahmose-Nefertari
- Amy Carlson (religious leader)
- Anasuya Devī
- Ann Lee
- Ayelala
- Bilistiche
- Birutė
- Chanira Bajracharya
- Cleopatra
- Dhana Kumari Bajracharya
- Dido
- Emotan
- Enheduanna
- Juanita García Peraza
- Kumari (goddess)
- Lampsace
- Laodice III
- Leutogi
- Mabel Barltrop
- Mahendradatta
- Mata Amritanandamayi
- Mother Teresa
- Nirmala Srivastava
- Panthoibi
- Pānthoibī Khōnggūl
- Shammuramat
- Veleda
- Zahng Gil-jah
Female Shakespearean characters
- Beatrice (Much Ado About Nothing)
- Bianca (Othello)
- Bianca Minola
- Catherine of Valois
- Celia (As You Like It)
- Charmion (servant to Cleopatra)
- Cleopatra
- Cordelia (King Lear)
- Cressida
- Dark Lady (Shakespeare)
- Desdemona
- Doll Tearsheet
- Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester
- Emilia (Othello)
- Gertrude (Hamlet)
- Goneril
- Helena (A Midsummer Night's Dream)
- Hermia
- Hero (Much Ado About Nothing)
- Hippolyta
- Imogen (Cymbeline)
- Jessica (The Merchant of Venice)
- Juliet
- Katherina (Kate) Minola
- Lady Macbeth
- Lady Macduff
- Margaret of Anjou
- Margery Jourdemayne
- Maria (Twelfth Night)
- Mariana (Millais)
- Miranda (The Tempest)
- Mistress Quickly
- Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)
- Olivia (Twelfth Night)
- Ophelia
- Perdita (The Winter's Tale)
- Porcia (wife of Brutus)
- Portia (The Merchant of Venice)
- Queen Mab
- Regan (King Lear)
- Rosalind (As You Like It)
- Rosaline
- Sycorax
- Three Witches
- Titania (A Midsummer Night's Dream)
- Viola (Twelfth Night)
- Virgilia
- Volumnia
- Women in Shakespeare's works
Female pharaohs
- Arsinoe II
- Arsinoe IV
- Berenice I of Egypt
- Berenice II of Egypt
- Berenice III
- Berenice IV
- Cleopatra
- Cleopatra I Syra
- Cleopatra II
- Cleopatra III
- Cleopatra IV
- Cleopatra V
- Cleopatra VI
- Hatshepsut
- Khentkaus I
- Merneith
- Neferneferuaten
- Nefertiti
- Neithhotep
- Nitocris
- Sobekneferu
- Tausret
Hellenistic Cyprus
Hellenistic-era people
- Alexander the Great
- Antigone of Epirus
- Antiochis
- Antiochis of Commagene
- Antipater of Sidon
- Bilistiche
- Callinicus (prince of Commagene)
- Cleopatra
- Dharmaraksita
- Dionysius (ambassador)
- Dioscorides (poet)
- Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes
- Gordius of Cappadocia
- Julia Balbilla
- List of ancient Macedonians
- Logbasis
- Megasthenes
- Meleager of Gadara
- Nearchus
- Theoxena of Syracuse
Mistresses of Julius Caesar
- Cleopatra
- Eunoë (wife of Bogudes)
- Junia Tertia
- Lollia (wife of Aulus Gabinius)
- Mucia Tertia
- Postumia (wife of Servius Sulpicius Rufus)
- Sempronia (wife of Decimus Brutus)
- Servilia (mother of Brutus)
- Tertulla (wife of Crassus)
People of Caesar's civil war
- Aegus and Roscillus
- Bocchus II
- Bogud
- Cato the Younger
- Cleopatra
- Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus
- Gaius Caninius Rebilus (consul 45 BC)
- Gaius Scribonius Curio (tribune 50 BC)
- Gaius Trebonius
- Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus
- Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (son of Pompey)
- Juba I of Numidia
- Lucius Afranius (consul)
- Lucius Cornelius Balbus (consul 40 BC)
- Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus
- Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 BC)
- Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
- Marcus Petreius
- Mark Antony
- Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
- Publius Attius Varus
- Publius Sittius
- Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio
- Quintus Fufius Calenus
- Quintus Pedius (consul)
- Sextus Pompey
- Titus Labienus
Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty
- Arsinoe II
- Arsinoe IV
- Berenice III
- Berenice IV
- Caesarion
- Cleopatra
- Cleopatra II
- Cleopatra III
- Cleopatra IV
- Cleopatra V
- Cleopatra VI
- Ptolemy Epigonos
- Ptolemy I Soter
- Ptolemy II Philadelphus
- Ptolemy III Euergetes
- Ptolemy IV Philopator
- Ptolemy IX Soter
- Ptolemy V Epiphanes
- Ptolemy VI Philometor
- Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
- Ptolemy VIII Physcon
- Ptolemy X Alexander I
- Ptolemy XI Alexander II
- Ptolemy XII Auletes
- Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
- Ptolemy XIV Philopator
Wives of Mark Antony
- Cleopatra
- Fulvia
- Octavia the Younger
References
Also known as Cleopatra VII, Cleopatra VII Of Egypt, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator, Cleopatra the Seventh, Kleopatra VII, Legacy of Cleopatra, Queen Cleopatra, Queen Cleopatra VII, Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt.
, Apama, Aphrodite, Appian, Appian Way, Aqaba, Aquiline nose, Arabic literature, Aramaic, Archaeological Museum of Cherchell, Archelaus (high priest of Comana Cappadocia), Archelaus of Cappadocia, Arius Didymus, Armant, Egypt, Arsinoe II, Arsinoe IV, Art of ancient Egypt, Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene, Artavasdes II of Armenia, Ascalon, Asp (snake), Assassination of Julius Caesar, Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Augustus, Aulus Gabinius, Aulus Hirtius, Aurelius Victor, Avunculate marriage, Baccio Bandinelli, Banking in ancient Rome, Baroque, Basalt, Basileus, Battle of Actium, Battle of Carrhae, Battle of Mount Gindarus, Battle of Pharsalus, Battle of Philippi, Battle of the Nile (47 BC), Beirut, Berdan River, Berenice II of Egypt, Berenice III, Berenice IV, Berytus, Biblical Hebrew, Bill (law), Blaise Pascal, Boscoreale Treasure, Boucicaut Master, Boule (ancient Greece), Brindisi, British Museum, British School at Rome, Buchis, Burlesque, Bust (sculpture), Bust of Cleopatra, Caesar's civil war, Caesarea in Mauretania, Caesareum of Alexandria, Caesarion, Caligula, Calpurnia (wife of Caesar), Cameo (carving), Cameo glass, Campus Martius, Cape Matapan, Capitoline Hill, Capitoline Museums, Cartouche, Cassius Dio, Casus belli, Center for Hellenic Studies, Charmion (servant to Cleopatra), Cherchell, Cicero, Cilicia, Cinema of the United States, City-state, Classical antiquity, Classical Greece, Claudette Colbert, Clement of Alexandria, Cleopatra (1917 film), Cleopatra (1934 film), Cleopatra (1963 film), Cleopatra (given name), Cleopatra (Haggard novel), Cleopatra Alcyone, Cleopatra I Syra, Cleopatra II, Cleopatra III, Cleopatra IV, Cleopatra of Macedon, Cleopatra Selene II, Cleopatra Selene of Syria, Cleopatra the Physician, Cleopatra V, Cleopatra VI, Client state, Clothing in ancient Greece, Coele-Syria, Collins English Dictionary, Constitutional reforms of Augustus, Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi), Cornelius Gallus, Cornucopia, Coronation of the pharaoh, Countersign (legal), Courtly love, Crete and Cyrenaica, Crisis of the Third Century, Crossing the Rubicon, Culture of Egypt, Culture of Greece, Cupid, Cyrene, Libya, Damnatio memoriae, Découvertes Gallimard, De Bello Alexandrino, De casibus virorum illustrium, De Mulieribus Claris, Death of Cleopatra, Debasement, Demotic (Egyptian), Dendera, Dendera Temple complex, Despotism, Diadem, Diana Kleiner, Dionysus, Discovery Channel, Domenico Cimarosa, Donations of Alexandria, Dram (unit), Duane W. 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