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879 relations: ABC-Clio, Aborrajados de plátano maduro, Abstraction (art), Academia Colombiana de la Lengua, Accordion, Administrative law, Adventism, Adversarial system, African diaspora, Afro-Colombians, Aguapanela, Aguardiente, Ají (sauce), Ajiaco, Alejandro Obregón, Alexander von Humboldt, Alliance for Progress, Almojábana, Alonso de Ojeda, Alpine climate, Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Amazon basin, Amazon natural region, Amazon rainforest, Amazon River, Amazonas (Colombian department), AméricaEconomía, Amphibian, Andalusia, Andean Community, Andean condor, Andean natural region, Andean preceramic, Andes, Andrés de Santa Maria, Angelino Medoro, Animism, Antanas Mockus, Anthropomorphism, Antioquia Department, Antonio Acero de la Cruz, Antonio Caballero y Góngora, Antonio Nariño, Arab Colombians, Arab culture, Arauca Department, Arauca, Arauca, Arawakan languages, Archaic Period (Americas), Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, ... Expand index (829 more) »
- Andean Community
- Constitutional republics
- Countries in South America
- OECD members
- Spanish-speaking countries and territories
- States and territories established in 1810
ABC-Clio
ABC-Clio, LLC (stylized ABC-CLIO) is an American publishing company for academic reference works and periodicals primarily on topics such as history and social sciences for educational and public library settings.
Aborrajados de plátano maduro
Aborrajados de plátano maduro (also called Aborrajados colombianos) is a dish of deep fried plantains stuffed with cheese in Colombian cuisine.
See Colombia and Aborrajados de plátano maduro
Abstraction (art)
Typically, abstraction is used in the arts as a synonym for abstract art in general.
See Colombia and Abstraction (art)
Academia Colombiana de la Lengua
The Academia Colombiana de la Lengua (Spanish for Colombian Academy of Language) is an association of academics and experts on the use of the Spanish language in Colombia.
See Colombia and Academia Colombiana de la Lengua
Accordion
Accordions (from 19th-century German, from —"musical chord, concord of sounds") are a family of box-shaped musical instruments of the bellows-driven free reed aerophone type (producing sound as air flows past a reed in a frame).
Administrative law
Administrative law is a division of law governing the activities of executive branch agencies of government.
See Colombia and Administrative law
Adventism
Adventism is a branch of Protestant Christianity that believes in the imminent Second Coming (or the "Second Advent") of Jesus Christ.
Adversarial system
The adversarial system, adversary system, accusatorial system or accusatory system is a legal system used in the common law countries where two advocates represent their parties' case or position before an impartial person or group of people, usually a judge or jury, who attempt to determine the truth and pass judgment accordingly.
See Colombia and Adversarial system
African diaspora
The global African diaspora is the worldwide collection of communities descended from people from Africa, predominantly in the Americas.
See Colombia and African diaspora
Afro-Colombians
Afro-Colombians or African-Colombians (afrocolombianos) are Colombians of full or partial sub-Saharan African descent (mulattoes, pardos and zambos).
See Colombia and Afro-Colombians
Aguapanela
Aguapanela, agua de panela or agüepanela is a drink commonly found throughout South America and a few parts of Central America and Caribbean.
Aguardiente
Aguardente (Portuguese) or aguardiente (Spanish) (pattar; aiguardent; augardente) is a type of distilled alcoholic spirit that contains between 29% and 60% alcohol by volume (ABV).
Ají (sauce)
Ají is a spicy sauce that contains ''ají'' peppers, oil, tomatoes, cilantro (coriander), garlic, onions, and water.
Ajiaco
Ajiaco is a soup common to Colombia, Cuba, and Peru.
Alejandro Obregón
Alejandro Jesús Obregón Rosės (4 June 1920 – 11 April 1992) was a Colombian painter, muralist, sculptor and engraver.
See Colombia and Alejandro Obregón
Alexander von Humboldt
Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 1769 – 6 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science.
See Colombia and Alexander von Humboldt
Alliance for Progress
The Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso), initiated by U.S. President John F. Kennedy on March 13, 1961, aimed to establish economic cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America.
See Colombia and Alliance for Progress
Almojábana
Almojábana is a type of bread made with cuajada cheese and corn flour.
Alonso de Ojeda
Alonso de Ojeda (c. 1466 – c. 1515) was a Spanish explorer, governor and conquistador.
See Colombia and Alonso de Ojeda
Alpine climate
Alpine climate is the typical climate for elevations above the tree line, where trees fail to grow due to cold.
See Colombia and Alpine climate
Altiplano Cundiboyacense
The Altiplano Cundiboyacense is a high plateau located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes covering parts of the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá.
See Colombia and Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Amazon basin
The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries.
Amazon natural region
Amazonía region in southern Colombia comprises the departments of Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Guaviare, Putumayo and Vaupés, and covers an area of 483,000 km2, 35% of Colombia's total territory.
See Colombia and Amazon natural region
Amazon rainforest
The Amazon rainforest, also called Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America.
See Colombia and Amazon rainforest
Amazon River
The Amazon River (Río Amazonas, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the longest or second-longest river system in the world, a title which is disputed with the Nile. The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century the Amazon basin's most distant source until a 2014 study found it to be the headwaters of the Mantaro River on the Cordillera Rumi Cruz in Peru.
Amazonas (Colombian department)
Amazonas is a department of Southern Colombia in the south of the country.
See Colombia and Amazonas (Colombian department)
AméricaEconomía
AméricaEconomía is a Latin American magazine founded in 1986 by Chilean Elías Selman and Swede Nils Strandberg.
See Colombia and AméricaEconomía
Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia.
Andalusia
Andalusia (Andalucía) is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain.
Andean Community
The Andean Community (Comunidad Andina, CAN) is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries (Andean states) of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
See Colombia and Andean Community
Andean condor
The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is a South American New World vulture and is the only member of the genus Vultur.
See Colombia and Andean condor
Andean natural region
The Andean region, located in central Colombia, is the most populated natural region of Colombia.
See Colombia and Andean natural region
Andean preceramic
The Andean preceramic refers to the early period of human occupation in the Andean area of South America that preceded the introduction of ceramics.
See Colombia and Andean preceramic
Andes
The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America.
Andrés de Santa Maria
Andrés de Santa María (December 16, 1860 – April 29, 1945) was the most internationally known Colombian painter of his time and the pioneer of impressionism in Colombia.
See Colombia and Andrés de Santa Maria
Angelino Medoro
Angelino Medoro (1567–1631) was an Italian painter, active in Latin America.
See Colombia and Angelino Medoro
Animism
Animism (from meaning 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.
Antanas Mockus
Aurelijus Rūtenis Antanas Mockus Šivickas (born 25 March 1952) is a Colombian mathematician, philosopher, and politician.
See Colombia and Antanas Mockus
Anthropomorphism
Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.
See Colombia and Anthropomorphism
Antioquia Department
Antioquia is one of the 32 departments of Colombia, located in the central northwestern part of Colombia with a narrow section that borders the Caribbean Sea.
See Colombia and Antioquia Department
Antonio Acero de la Cruz
Antonio Acero de la Cruz (c.1600-1668) was a Colombian artist of the colonial period.
See Colombia and Antonio Acero de la Cruz
Antonio Caballero y Góngora
Antonio Caballero y Góngora (in full, Antonio Pascual de San Pedro de Alcántara Caballero y Góngora) (24 May 1723 in Priego de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain – 24 March 1796 in Córdoba) was a Spanish Roman Catholic prelate in the colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada, and from 1782 to 1789 the viceroy of New Granada (present day Colombia and Ecuador).
See Colombia and Antonio Caballero y Góngora
Antonio Nariño
Antonio Amador José de Nariño y Álvarez del Casal (Santa Fé de Bogotá, Colombia April 9, 1765 – Villa de Leyva, Colombia December 13, 1823),Hector, M., and A. Ardila.
See Colombia and Antonio Nariño
Arab Colombians
Arab Colombians refers to Arab immigrants and their descendants in the Republic of Colombia.
See Colombia and Arab Colombians
Arab culture
Arab culture is the culture of the Arabs, from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, in a region of the Middle East and North Africa known as the Arab world.
Arauca Department
Arauca is a department of Eastern Colombia located in the extreme north of the Orinoco Basin of Colombia (the Llanos Orientales), bordering Venezuela.
See Colombia and Arauca Department
Arauca, Arauca
Arauca is a municipality and capital city of the Arauca Department of Colombia.
See Colombia and Arauca, Arauca
Arawakan languages
Arawakan (Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper), also known as Maipurean (also Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre), is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America.
See Colombia and Arawakan languages
Archaic Period (Americas)
Several chronologies in the archaeology of the Americas include an Archaic Period or Archaic stage etc.
See Colombia and Archaic Period (Americas)
Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
The Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina), or The Raizal Islands, is one of the departments of Colombia, and the only one located geographically in Central America.
See Colombia and Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
Arecaceae
The Arecaceae is a family of perennial, flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales.
Arepa
Arepa is a type of flatbread made of ground maize dough stuffed with a filling, eaten in northern parts of South America since pre-Columbian times, and notable primarily in the cuisine of Colombia and Venezuela, but also present in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Central America.
Armenia, Colombia
Armenia is the capital of Quindío Department in the South American country of Colombia.
See Colombia and Armenia, Colombia
Arroz de lisa
Arroz de lisa (mullet rice) is a traditional Colombian cuisine dish from the Atlantic (Caribbean Sea) coast.
See Colombia and Arroz de lisa
Art Deco
Art Deco, short for the French Arts décoratifs, is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design, that first appeared in Paris in the 1910s (just before World War I), and flourished in the United States and Europe during the 1920s to early 1930s.
Art music
Art music (alternatively called classical music, cultivated music, serious music, and canonic music) is music considered to be of high phonoaesthetic value.
Artificial cardiac pacemaker
An artificial cardiac pacemaker, commonly referred to as simply a pacemaker, is an implanted medical device that generates electrical pulses delivered by electrodes to one or more of the chambers of the heart.
See Colombia and Artificial cardiac pacemaker
Asado
Asado is the technique and the social event of having or attending a barbecue in various South American countries: especially Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay where it is also a traditional event.
Asian people
Asian people (or Asians, sometimes referred to as Asiatic peopleUnited States National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings. 2004. November 17, 2006.: Asian Continental Ancestry Group is also used for categorical purposes.) are the people of the continent of Asia.
Asiento de Negros
The Asiento de Negros was a monopoly contract between the Spanish Crown and various merchants for the right to provide enslaved Africans to colonies in the Spanish Americas.
See Colombia and Asiento de Negros
Association football
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who primarily use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.
See Colombia and Association football
Asymmetric warfare
Asymmetric warfare (or asymmetric engagement) is a type of war between belligerents whose relative military power, strategy or tactics differ significantly.
See Colombia and Asymmetric warfare
Atheism
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.
Atlantic slave trade
The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people to the Americas.
See Colombia and Atlantic slave trade
Atlántico Department
Atlántico (Atlantic) is a department of Colombia, located in northern Colombia with the Caribbean Sea to its north, the Bolívar Department to its west and south separated by the Canal del Dique, and the Magdalena Department to its east separated by the Magdalena River.
See Colombia and Atlántico Department
Atrato River
The Atrato River is a river of northwestern Colombia.
Avena (drink)
Avena is a beverage prepared with stewed oatmeal, milk, water, cinnamon, clove and sugar consumed in Latin America and Caribbean.
See Colombia and Avena (drink)
Avenue (landscape)
In landscaping, an avenue (from the French), alameda (from the Portuguese and Spanish), or allée (from the French), is a straight path or road with a line of trees or large shrubs running along each side, which is used, as its Latin source venire ("to come") indicates, to emphasize the "coming to," or arrival at a landscape or architectural feature.
See Colombia and Avenue (landscape)
Avocado
The avocado, alligator pear or avocado pear (Persea americana) is a medium-sized, evergreen tree in the laurel family (Lauraceae).
Álvaro Mutis
Álvaro Mutis Jaramillo (August 25, 1923 – September 22, 2013) was a Colombian poet, novelist, and essayist.
Álvaro Uribe
Álvaro Uribe Vélez (born 4 July 1952) is a Colombian politician who served as the 31st President of Colombia from 7 August 2002 to 7 August 2010.
Édgar Negret
Édgar Negret (October 11, 1920 – October 11, 2012) was a Colombian abstract sculptor.
Édgar Rentería
Édgar Enrique Rentería Herazo (born August 7, 1975), nicknamed "the Barranquilla Baby", is a Colombian former professional baseball shortstop.
See Colombia and Édgar Rentería
Óscar Iván Zuluaga
Óscar Iván Zuluaga Escobar (born 3 February 1959) is a Colombian politician and economist who was the Democratic Center's nominee for President of Colombia in the 2014 election.
See Colombia and Óscar Iván Zuluaga
Bacatá
Bacatá (Chibcha: Muyquytá or Muequetá) is the name given to the main settlement of the Muisca Confederation on the Bogotá savanna.
Baháʼí Faith
The Baháʼí Faith is a religion founded in the 19th century that teaches the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people.
Bambuco
Bambuco is a traditional music genre from Colombia.
Banana
A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa.
Banana passionfruit
Banana passionfruit (Passiflora supersect. Tacsonia), also known as taxo and curuba, is a group of around 64 Passiflora species found in South America.
See Colombia and Banana passionfruit
Bandeja paisa
Bandeja paisa (Paisa refers to a person from the Paisa Region and bandeja is Spanish for platter), with variations known as bandeja de arriero, bandeja montañera, or bandeja antioqueña, is one of the most representative meals in Colombian cuisine, especially of the Antioquia department and the Paisa Region, as well as with the Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis (the departments of Caldas, Quindío and Risaralda), and part of Valle del Cauca and the northwest of Tolima.
See Colombia and Bandeja paisa
Bandola
The bandola is one of many varieties of small pear-shape chordophones found in Venezuela and Colombia.
Bank of the Republic (Colombia)
The Bank of the Republic (Banco de la República) is the central bank of Colombia.
See Colombia and Bank of the Republic (Colombia)
Baptism
Baptism (from immersion, dipping in water) is a Christian sacrament of initiation almost invariably with the use of water.
Barbacoan languages
Barbacoan (also Barbakóan, Barbacoano, Barbacoana) is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador.
See Colombia and Barbacoan languages
Baroque
The Baroque is a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s.
Baroque architecture
Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the early 17th century and gradually spread across Europe.
See Colombia and Baroque architecture
Barranquilla
Barranquilla is the capital district of the Atlántico department in Colombia.
Baseball World Cup
The Baseball World Cup (BWC) was an international baseball tournament for national teams around the world, sanctioned by the International Baseball Federation (IBAF).
See Colombia and Baseball World Cup
Basque Colombians
A Basque Colombian (Vasco-Colombiano, Eusko-Kolonbiar) is a person or resident born in Colombia of Basque descent.
See Colombia and Basque Colombians
Bass drum
The bass drum is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch.
Battle of Old Baldy
The Battle of Old Baldy was a series of five engagements for Hill 266 in west-central Korea.
See Colombia and Battle of Old Baldy
BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
Beef
Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle (Bos taurus).
Beetle
Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera, in the superorder Holometabola.
Bell
A bell is a directly struck idiophone percussion instrument.
Benkos Biohó
Benkos Biohó (late 16th century — 1621), also known as Domingo Biohó was a Mandinka and South American leader who escaped from the slave port of Cartagena with ten others and founded San Basilio de Palenque, then known as the "village of the maroons", located in what is now Northern Colombia.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is the variety and variability of life on Earth.
Biodiversity of Colombia
The biodiversity of Colombia is the variety of indigenous organisms in the country with the second-highest biodiversity in the world.
See Colombia and Biodiversity of Colombia
Biome
A biome is a distinct geographical region with specific climate, vegetation, and animal life.
Blackberry
The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus Rubus in the family Rosaceae, hybrids among these species within the subgenus Rubus, and hybrids between the subgenera Rubus and Idaeobatus.
Bocadillo (dessert)
Guava jelly (Spanish: bocadillo (de guayaba), "guava snack"), guava jelly, or guava paste, is a Hispanic American confection made with guava pulp and panela, which is consumed abundantly throughout Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela.
See Colombia and Bocadillo (dessert)
Bogotazo
El Bogotazo (from "Bogotá" and the ''-azo'' suffix of violent augmentation) was a massive outbreak of rioting after the assassination in Bogotá, Colombia of Liberal leader and presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on 9 April 1948 during the government of President Mariano Ospina Pérez.
Bogotá
Bogotá (also), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá during the Spanish Colonial period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, and one of the largest cities in the world.
Bogotá Film Festival
The Bogotá Film Festival (Festival de Cine de Bogotá) is an annual international film festival held in Bogotá, Colombia, inaugurated in 1984.
See Colombia and Bogotá Film Festival
Bogotá Philharmonic Orchestra
The Bogotá Philharmonic Orchestra (italic) is the most important symphony orchestra in Colombia.
See Colombia and Bogotá Philharmonic Orchestra
Boiled egg
Boiled eggs are eggs, typically from a chicken, cooked with their shells unbroken, usually by immersion in boiling water.
Bolívar Department
Bolívar is a department of Colombia.
See Colombia and Bolívar Department
Bomb
A bomb is an explosive weapon that uses the exothermic reaction of an explosive material to provide an extremely sudden and violent release of energy.
Bond credit rating
In investment, the bond credit rating represents the credit worthiness of corporate or government bonds.
See Colombia and Bond credit rating
Bora–Witoto languages
Bora–Witóto (also Bora–Huitoto, Bora–Uitoto, or, ambiguously, Witotoan) is a proposal to unite the Boran and Witotoan language families of southwestern Colombia (Amazonas Department) and neighboring regions of Peru and Brazil.
See Colombia and Bora–Witoto languages
Bowling
Bowling is a target sport and recreational activity in which a player rolls a ball toward pins (in pin bowling) or another target (in target bowling).
Boxing
Boxing is a combat sport and martial art.
Boyacá Department
Boyacá is one of the thirty-two departments of Colombia, and the remnant of Boyacá State, one of the original nine states of the "United States of Colombia".
See Colombia and Boyacá Department
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America. Colombia and Brazil are countries in South America and member states of the United Nations.
Buñuelo
A buñuelo (alternatively called boñuelo, bimuelo, birmuelo, bermuelo, bumuelo, burmuelo, or bonuelo, is a fried dough fritter found in Spain, Latin America, and other regions with a historical connection to Spaniards, including Southwest Europe, the Balkans, Anatolia, and other parts of Asia and North Africa.
Bucaramanga
Bucaramanga is the capital and largest city of the department of Santander, Colombia.
Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.
Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca
Buenaventura is a coastal seaport city located in the Pacific Region of the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia (South America).
See Colombia and Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca
Building material
Building material is material used for construction.
See Colombia and Building material
Cacicazgo
Cacicazgo is a phonetic Spanish transliteration (or a derivative) of the Taíno word for the lands ruled by a cacique.
Cadena Súper
Cadena Super was a Colombian radio network, founded in the 1970s by Conservative politician Jaime Pava Navarro.
Caldas Department
Caldas is a department of Colombia named after Colombian patriotic figure Francisco José de Caldas.
See Colombia and Caldas Department
Cali
Santiago de Cali, or Cali, is the capital of the Valle del Cauca department, and the most populous city in southwest Colombia, with 2,280,522 residents estimate by DANE in 2023.
Calypso music
Calypso is a style of Caribbean music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago during the early to mid-19th century and spread to the rest of the Caribbean Antilles by the mid-20th century.
See Colombia and Calypso music
Camilo Torres Tenorio
José Camilo Clemente de Torres Tenorio (November 22, 1766 – October 5, 1816) was a Neogranadine independence leader and lawyer who also served as president of the United Provinces of New Granada.
See Colombia and Camilo Torres Tenorio
Cancer research
Cancer research is research into cancer to identify causes and develop strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and cure.
See Colombia and Cancer research
Candelario Obeso
Candelario Obeso (12 January 1849 – 3 July 1884) was a Colombian poet.
See Colombia and Candelario Obeso
Cannabis (drug)
Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed, among other names, is a non-chemically uniform drug from the cannabis plant.
See Colombia and Cannabis (drug)
Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.
Caquetá Department
Caquetá Department is a department of Colombia.
See Colombia and Caquetá Department
Caracol Radio
Caracol Radio (Cadena Radial Colombiana, "Colombian Radio Network") is one of the main radio networks in Colombia.
See Colombia and Caracol Radio
Caracol Televisión
Caracol Televisión (known as Caracol and previously as Canal Caracol) is a Colombian free-to-air television network owned by Caracol Medios, a unit of Grupo Valorem.
See Colombia and Caracol Televisión
Cariban languages
The Cariban languages are a family of languages indigenous to north-eastern South America.
See Colombia and Cariban languages
Caribbean
The Caribbean (el Caribe; les Caraïbes; de Caraïben) is a subregion of the Americas that includes the Caribbean Sea and its islands, some of which are surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some of which border both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean; the nearby coastal areas on the mainland are sometimes also included in the region.
Caribbean Basin
The Caribbean Basin or Caribbean Proper (or the Caribbean Basin regionUnited States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance, "Caribbean Basin Initiative--1983: Hearing Before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, on S. 544, April 13, 1983." Volume 98, Issue 277 of S.
See Colombia and Caribbean Basin
Caribbean natural region
The Caribbean region is mostly lowland plains extending from the northern reaches of the Colombian Andes to the Caribbean Sea that are characterized by a variety of ecosystems including: humid forests, dry forests, savannas, wetlands and desert.
See Colombia and Caribbean natural region
Caribbean region of Colombia
The Caribbean region of Colombia or Caribbean coast region is in the north of Colombia and is mainly composed of 8 departments located contiguous to the Caribbean.
See Colombia and Caribbean region of Colombia
Caribbean Sea
The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere.
See Colombia and Caribbean Sea
Carimañola
A carimañola is a South American meat-pie in a torpedo-shaped yuca fritter, stuffed with cheese, seasoned ground meat or shredded chicken and fried.
Carlos Vives
Carlos Alberto Vives Restrepo (born 7 August 1961) is a Colombian singer, songwriter and actor.
Cartagena Film Festival
The Cartagena Film Festival (Festival Internacional de Cine de Cartagena de Indias), or FICCI, is a film festival held in Cartagena, Colombia, which focuses mainly on the promotion of Colombian television series, Latin American films and short films.
See Colombia and Cartagena Film Festival
Cartagena, Colombia
Cartagena, known since the colonial era as Cartagena de Indias, is a city and one of the major ports on the northern coast of Colombia in the Caribbean Coast Region, along the Caribbean sea.
See Colombia and Cartagena, Colombia
Cartoonist
A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in both drawing and writing cartoons (individual images) or comics (sequential images).
Casa de Contratación
The Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) or Casa de la Contratación de las Indias ("House of Trade of the Indies") was established by the Crown of Castile, in 1503 in the port of Seville (and transferred to Cádiz in 1717) as a crown agency for the Spanish Empire.
See Colombia and Casa de Contratación
Casanare Department
Casanare (Departamento de Casanare) is a department located in the central eastern of Colombia.
See Colombia and Casanare Department
Cassava
Manihot esculenta, commonly called cassava, manioc,--> or yuca (among numerous regional names), is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to South America, from Brazil, Paraguay and parts of the Andes.
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See Colombia and Catholic Church
Catholic Church in Spain
The Spanish Catholic Church, or Catholic Church in Spain, is part of the Catholic Church under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome, and the Spanish Episcopal Conference.
See Colombia and Catholic Church in Spain
Cauca Department
Cauca Department (Departamento del Cauca) is a department of Southwestern Colombia.
See Colombia and Cauca Department
Cauca River
The Cauca River is a river in Colombia that lies between the Occidental and Central cordilleras.
Córdoba Department
Córdoba (Departamento de Córdoba) is a Department of the Republic of Colombia located to the north of this country in the Colombian Caribbean Region.
See Colombia and Córdoba Department
Cúcuta
Cúcuta, officially San José de Cúcuta, is a Colombian municipality, capital of the department of Norte de Santander and nucleus of the Metropolitan Area of Cúcuta.
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.
See Colombia and Central Intelligence Agency
Ceramic
A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature.
Ceremony
A ceremony is a unified ritualistic event with a purpose, usually consisting of a number of artistic components, performed on a special occasion.
Cesar Department
Cesar Department (Departamento del Cesar) or simply Cesar is a department of Colombia located in the north of the country in the Caribbean region, bordering to the north with the Department of La Guajira, to the west with the Department of Magdalena and Department of Bolivar, to the south with Department of Santander, to the east with the Department of North Santander, and further to the east with the country of Venezuela (Zulia State).
See Colombia and Cesar Department
Chamber of Representatives of Colombia
The Chamber of Representatives (Spanish: Cámara de Representantes) is the lower house of the Congress of Colombia.
See Colombia and Chamber of Representatives of Colombia
Champús
Champús is a drink popular in Ecuador, Peru and southwest Colombia, made with maize, fruits such as lulo (also known as naranjilla), pineapple, quince or guanábana, sweetened with panela and seasoned with cinnamon, cloves and orange tree leaves.
Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other chemicals.
See Colombia and Chemical industry
Chibchan languages
The Chibchan languages (also known as Chibchano) make up a language family indigenous to the Isthmo-Colombian Area, which extends from eastern Honduras to northern Colombia and includes populations of these countries as well as Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.
See Colombia and Chibchan languages
Chicken as food
Chicken is the most common type of poultry in the world.
See Colombia and Chicken as food
Chiefdom
A chiefdom is a political organization of people represented or governed by a chief.
Chiquita
Chiquita Brands International S.à.r.l., formerly known as United Fruit Co., is a Swiss-domiciled American producer and distributor of bananas and other produce.
Chocó Department
Chocó Department is a department of the Pacific region of Colombia known for hosting the largest Afro-Colombian population in the nation, and a large population of Amerindian and mixed African-Amerindian Colombians.
See Colombia and Chocó Department
Cholado
Cholado or Raspao is an icy beverage with fresh fruit and sweetened condensed milk traditional from Jamundí, in the region of Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Christians
A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.
See Colombia and Christopher Columbus
Cinema of Colombia
Cinema of Colombia refers to film productions made in Colombia, or considered Colombian for other reasons.
See Colombia and Cinema of Colombia
Ciudad Perdida
Ciudad Perdida (Spanish for "lost city"; also known as Teyuna and Buritaca-200) is the archaeological site of an ancient city in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of Colombia, within the jurisdiction of the municipality of Santa Marta.
See Colombia and Ciudad Perdida
Civil law (legal system)
Civil law is a legal system originating in Italy and France that has been adopted in large parts of the world.
See Colombia and Civil law (legal system)
Clapping
A clap is the percussive sound made by striking together two flat surfaces, as in the body parts of humans or animals.
Climate change
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.
See Colombia and Climate change
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams.
Cocada
Cocada are a traditional coconut confectionery found in many parts of Latin America and Europe.
Cocaine
Cocaine (from, from, ultimately from Quechua: kúka) is a tropane alkaloid that acts as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.
Cocoa bean
The cocoa bean, also known simply as cocoa or cacao, is the dried and fully fermented seed of Theobroma cacao, the cacao tree, from which cocoa solids (a mixture of nonfat substances) and cocoa butter (the fat) can be extracted.
Coconut rice
Coconut rice is a dish prepared by cooking white rice in coconut milk or coconut flakes.
Coffee
Coffee is a beverage brewed from roasted coffee beans.
Coffee production in Colombia
Coffee production in Colombia has a reputation for producing mild, well-balanced coffee beans.
See Colombia and Coffee production in Colombia
Colombia national football team
The Colombia national football team (Selección de fútbol de Colombia), nicknamed Los Cafeteros, represents Colombia in men's international football and is managed by the Colombian Football Federation, the governing body for football in Colombia.
See Colombia and Colombia national football team
Colombia Stock Exchange
The Colombia Securities Exchange (Bolsa de Valores de Colombia, bvc) is a stock exchange which was created as a result of merging three independent stock exchanges: Bogotá (Bolsa de Bogotá, 1928), Medellín (Bolsa de Medellín, 1961) and Occidente (Bolsa de Occidente, Cali, 1983).
See Colombia and Colombia Stock Exchange
Colombia–Peru War
The Colombia–Peru War, also called the Leticia War, was a short-lived armed conflict between Colombia and Peru over territory in the Amazon rainforest that lasted from September 1, 1932, to May 24, 1933.
See Colombia and Colombia–Peru War
Colombian Aerospace Force
The Colombian Air Force (FAC, Fuerza Aérea Colombiana) is the aerospace force of the Republic of Colombia.
See Colombia and Colombian Aerospace Force
Colombian Civil Aviation Authority
The Civil Aviation Authority of Colombia (Unidad Administrativa Especial de Aeronáutica Civil, also known as Aeronáutica Civil, Aerocivil or UAEAC) is a government agency of the Colombian Ministry of Transport.
See Colombia and Colombian Civil Aviation Authority
Colombian Civil War (1860–1862)
The Colombian Civil War began on 8 May 1860 and lasted until November 1862.
See Colombia and Colombian Civil War (1860–1862)
Colombian conflict
The Colombian conflict (lit) began on May 27, 1964, and is a low-intensity asymmetric war between the government of Colombia, far-right paramilitary groups and crime syndicates, and far-left guerrilla groups, fighting each other to increase their influence in Colombian territory.
See Colombia and Colombian conflict
Colombian Conservative Party
The Colombian Conservative Party (Partido Conservador Colombiano) is a conservative political party in Colombia.
See Colombia and Colombian Conservative Party
Colombian Constitution of 1821
The Constitution of Cúcuta, also known as Constitution of the Gran Colombia and Constitution of 1821, was the founding document and constitution of the Republic of Colombia (historiographically called Gran Colombia), unifying the territories of the Viceroyalty of New Granada as part of a federation.
See Colombia and Colombian Constitution of 1821
Colombian Constitution of 1991
The Political Constitution of Colombia of 1991 (Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991), is the Constitution of the Republic of Colombia.
See Colombia and Colombian Constitution of 1991
Colombian emeralds
Emeralds are green and sometime green with a blueish-tint precious gemstones that are mined in various geological settings.
See Colombia and Colombian emeralds
Colombian Liberal Party
The Colombian Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Colombiano; PLC) is a centre to centre-left political party in Colombia.
See Colombia and Colombian Liberal Party
Colombian Massif
The Colombian Massif (from the Spanish Macizo Colombiano), also known colloquially as Nudo de Almaguer, refers to a group of mountains within the Andes of south central Colombia.
See Colombia and Colombian Massif
Colombian Military Junta
The Colombian Military Junta was a Colombian transitional government established between 1957 and 1958, replacing President Gustavo Rojas Pinilla.
See Colombia and Colombian Military Junta
Colombian Naval Infantry
The Colombian Naval Infantry, also referred to as Colombian Marines (Infantería de Marina Colombiana), is the marine force of the Colombian National Armada.
See Colombia and Colombian Naval Infantry
Colombian Navy
The Colombian Navy, officially the Colombian National Navy (Armada Nacional de la República de Colombia), also known as the "Armada Nacional" or just the "Armada" in Spanish, is the naval branch of the military forces of Colombia.
See Colombia and Colombian Navy
Colombian Olympic Committee
The Colombian Olympic Committee or COC (Comité Olímpico Colombiano – COC) is the governing Olympic body of Colombia.
See Colombia and Colombian Olympic Committee
Colombian peace process
The Colombian peace process is the peace process between the Colombian government of President Juan Manuel Santos and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC–EP) to bring an end to the Colombian conflict, which eventually led to the Peace Agreements between the Colombian Government of Juan Manuel Santos and FARC-EP.
See Colombia and Colombian peace process
Colombian peso
The Colombian peso (sign: $; code: COP) is the currency of Colombia.
See Colombia and Colombian peso
Colombian Sign Language
Colombian Sign Language (Lengua de Señas Colombiana, LSC) is the deaf sign language of Colombia.
See Colombia and Colombian Sign Language
Colombian Spanish
Colombian Spanish (español colombiano) is a grouping of the varieties of Spanish spoken in Colombia.
See Colombia and Colombian Spanish
Colombian tiple
The Colombian tiple (in Spanish: ''tiple'', pronounced: tee-pleh) is a plucked string instrument of the guitar family, common in Colombia where it is considered one of the national instruments.
See Colombia and Colombian tiple
Colombian War of Independence
The Colombian War of Independence began on July 20, 1810 when the Junta de Santa Fe was formed in Santa Fe de Bogota, the capital of the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada, to govern the territory autonomously from Spain.
See Colombia and Colombian War of Independence
Colombians
Colombians (Colombianos) are people identified with the country of Colombia.
Commander-in-chief
A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed force or a military branch.
See Colombia and Commander-in-chief
Common Era
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.
Commoner
A commoner, also known as the common man, commoners, the common people or the masses, was in earlier use an ordinary person in a community or nation who did not have any significant social status, especially a member of neither royalty, nobility, nor any part of the aristocracy.
Concession (contract)
A concession or concession agreement is a grant of rights, land, property, or facility by a government, local authority, corporation, individual or other legal entity.
See Colombia and Concession (contract)
Concrete slab
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete.
See Colombia and Concrete slab
Conga
The conga, also known as tumbadora, is a tall, narrow, single-headed drum from Cuba.
Congress of Cúcuta
The Congress of Cúcuta was a constituent assembly where the Republic of Colombia (historiographically called Gran Colombia because it covered the territories of the previous viceroyalty of Nueva Granada and Venezuela, which are several nations today) was created.
See Colombia and Congress of Cúcuta
Congress of Colombia
The Congress of the Republic of Colombia (Congreso de la República de Colombia) is the name given to Colombia's bicameral national legislature.
See Colombia and Congress of Colombia
Conquistador
Conquistadors or conquistadores (lit 'conquerors') was a term used to refer to Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period.
Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property
Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity of any immovable cultural property are prolonged through carefully planned interventions.
See Colombia and Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property
Constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed.
Constitutional Court of Colombia
The Constitutional Court of Colombia (Corte Constitucional de Colombia) is the supreme constitutional court of Colombia.
See Colombia and Constitutional Court of Colombia
Consumer spending
Consumer spending is the total money spent on final goods and services by individuals and households.
See Colombia and Consumer spending
Contemporary architecture
Contemporary architecture is the architecture of the 21st century.
See Colombia and Contemporary architecture
Contradanza
Contradanza (also called contradanza criolla, danza, danza criolla, or habanera) is the Spanish and Spanish-American version of the contradanse, which was an internationally popular style of music and dance in the 18th century, derived from the English country dance and adopted at the court of France.
Cordillera Central (Colombia)
The Cordillera Central (Central Ranges) is the highest of the three branches of the Colombian Andes.
See Colombia and Cordillera Central (Colombia)
Cordillera Occidental (Colombia)
The Cordillera Occidental (Western Ranges) is the lowest in elevation of the three branches of the Colombian Andes.
See Colombia and Cordillera Occidental (Colombia)
Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)
The Cordillera Oriental (Eastern Ranges) is the widest of the three branches of the Colombian Andes.
See Colombia and Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)
Corregimientos of Colombia
Corregimiento is a term used in Colombia to define a subdivision of Colombian municipalities.
See Colombia and Corregimientos of Colombia
Costa Rica
Costa Rica (literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in the Central American region of North America. Colombia and Costa Rica are former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations, OECD members, republics and spanish-speaking countries and territories.
Costeño cheese
Costeño cheese is a dairy product from the Colombian Caribbean Region.
See Colombia and Costeño cheese
Costumbrismo
Costumbrismo (in Catalan: costumisme; sometimes anglicized as costumbrism, with the adjectival form costumbrist) is the literary or pictorial interpretation of local everyday life, mannerisms, and customs, primarily in the Hispanic scene, and particularly in the 19th century.
Council of Ministers of Colombia
The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Colombia is composed of the most senior appointed politicians of the executive branch of the Government of Colombia.
See Colombia and Council of Ministers of Colombia
Council of State (Colombia)
The Council of State of Colombia (Consejo de Estado de Colombia) is the supreme tribunal with jurisdiction over administrative issues in Colombia.
See Colombia and Council of State (Colombia)
Council of the Indies
The Council of the Indies (Consejo de las Indias), officially the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias), was the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire for the Americas and those territories it governed, such as the Spanish East Indies.
See Colombia and Council of the Indies
Counterinsurgency
Counterinsurgency (COIN, or NATO spelling counter-insurgency) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces".
See Colombia and Counterinsurgency
Counterterrorism
Counterterrorism (alternatively spelled: counter-terrorism), also known as anti-terrorism, relates to the practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, law enforcement, businesses, and intelligence agencies use to combat or eliminate terrorism.
See Colombia and Counterterrorism
Cowboy
A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks.
Crème caramel
Crème caramel, flan, caramel pudding, condensed milk pudding or caramel custard is a custard dessert with a layer of clear caramel sauce.
See Colombia and Crème caramel
Creole language
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language that develops from the process of different languages simplifying and mixing into a new form (often a pidgin), and then that form expanding and elaborating into a full-fledged language with native speakers, all within a fairly brief period.
See Colombia and Creole language
Crisis in Venezuela
An ongoing socioeconomic and political crisis began in Venezuela during the presidency of Hugo Chávez and has worsened during the presidency of successor Nicolás Maduro.
See Colombia and Crisis in Venezuela
Cuatro (instrument)
The cuatro is a family of Latin American string instruments played in Colombia, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and other Latin American countries.
See Colombia and Cuatro (instrument)
Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, archipelagos, 4,195 islands and cays surrounding the main island. Colombia and Cuba are former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations, republics and spanish-speaking countries and territories.
Cubism
Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement begun in Paris that revolutionized painting and the visual arts, and influenced artistic innovations in music, ballet, literature, and architecture.
Cultural heritage
Cultural heritage is the heritage of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a group or society that is inherited from past generations.
See Colombia and Cultural heritage
Culture of Africa
The Culture of Africa is varied and manifold, consisting of a mixture of countries with various tribes depicting their unique characteristic and trait from the continent of Africa.
See Colombia and Culture of Africa
Culture of Europe
The culture of Europe is diverse, and rooted in its art, architecture, traditions, cuisines, music, folklore, embroidery, film, literature, economics, philosophy and religious customs.
See Colombia and Culture of Europe
Culture of Latin America
The Culture of Latin America is the formal or informal expression of the people of Latin America and includes both high culture (literature and high art) and popular culture (music, folk art, and dance), as well as religion and other customary practices.
See Colombia and Culture of Latin America
Culture of Spain
The culture of Spain is influenced by its Western origin, its interaction with other cultures in Europe, its historically Catholic religious tradition, and the varied national and regional identities within the country.
See Colombia and Culture of Spain
Culture of the Caribbean
The term Caribbean culture summarizes the artistic, musical, literary, culinary, political and social elements that are representative of Caribbean people all over the world.
See Colombia and Culture of the Caribbean
Culture of the United States
The culture of the United States of America, also referred to as American culture, encompasses various social behaviors, institutions, and norms in the United States, including forms of speech, literature, music, visual arts, performing arts, food, sports, religion, law, technology as well as other customs, beliefs, and forms of knowledge.
See Colombia and Culture of the United States
Cumbia (Colombia)
Cumbia is a folkloric genre and dance from Colombia.
See Colombia and Cumbia (Colombia)
Cundinamarca Department
Department of Cundinamarca (Departamento de Cundinamarca) is one of the departments of Colombia.
See Colombia and Cundinamarca Department
Cundinamarca Department (1820)
Cundinamarca was one of the three departments of Gran Colombia until 1824.
See Colombia and Cundinamarca Department (1820)
Cycle sport
Cycle sport is competitive physical activity using bicycles.
Cylindrical drum
Cylindrical drums are a category of drum instruments that include a wide range of implementations, including the bass drum and the Iranian dohol.
See Colombia and Cylindrical drum
Daguerreotype
Daguerreotype (daguerréotype) was the first publicly available photographic process, widely used during the 1840s and 1850s.
See Colombia and Daguerreotype
Danza
Danza is a musical genre that originated in Ponce, a city in southern Puerto Rico.
David Manzur
David Manzur Londoño (born December 14, 1929) is a Colombian painter, two time Guggenheim Fellowship winner and alumni of the Art Students League and Pratt Institute of New York.
Deforestation in Colombia
Colombia loses 2,000 km2 of forest annually to deforestation, according to the United Nations in 2003.
See Colombia and Deforestation in Colombia
Democratic Center (Colombia)
Democratic Centre (identified electorally as Democratic Centre – Strong Hand, Big Heart; Centro Democrático – Mano firme, corazón grande) is a conservative political party in Colombia founded in 2013 by Álvaro Uribe, former President of Colombia, former Vice President Francisco Santos Calderón and former Minister of Finance and Public Credit Óscar Iván Zuluaga.
See Colombia and Democratic Center (Colombia)
Democratic security
Democratic security or Democratic security policy was a Colombian security policy implemented during the administration of former President Álvaro Uribe (2002-2010).
See Colombia and Democratic security
Departments of Colombia
Departments of Colombia refer to the administrative divisions of Colombia.
See Colombia and Departments of Colombia
Desert
A desert is a landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions create unique biomes and ecosystems.
Dignity
Dignity (from the Latin dignitas meaning "worth, worthiness; dignity, position, rank, status; authority, office; self-respect, grace") in some of its modern usages has come to mean the right of a person to be valued and respected for their own sake, and to be treated ethically.
Dissolution of Gran Colombia
The dissolution of Gran Colombia and the disintegration of its political structures and central government created three independent countries: the Republic of Venezuela, the Republic of Ecuador and the Republic of New Granada.
See Colombia and Dissolution of Gran Colombia
Distillation
Distillation, also classical distillation, is the process of separating the component substances of a liquid mixture of two or more chemically discrete substances; the separation process is realized by way of the selective boiling of the mixture and the condensation of the vapors in a still.
Districts of Colombia
The districts (Distrito) of Colombia are cities that have a feature that highlights them, such as its location and trade, history or tourism.
See Colombia and Districts of Colombia
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic is a North American country on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north. Colombia and Dominican Republic are former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations, republics and spanish-speaking countries and territories.
See Colombia and Dominican Republic
Doris Salcedo
Doris Salcedo (born 1958) is a Colombian-born visual artist and sculptor.
See Colombia and Doris Salcedo
Drug cartel
A drug cartel is a criminal organization composed of independent drug lords who collude with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the illegal drug trade.
Dual carriageway
A dual carriageway (BrE) or a divided highway (AmE) is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation (BrE) or median (AmE).
See Colombia and Dual carriageway
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD), also called younger-onset Alzheimer's disease (YOAD), is Alzheimer's disease diagnosed before the age of 65.
See Colombia and Early-onset Alzheimer's disease
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.
See Colombia and Eastern Orthodox Church
Eclecticism in architecture
Eclecticism is a 19th and 20th century architectural style in which a single piece of work incorporates a mixture of elements from previous historical styles to create something that is new and original.
See Colombia and Eclecticism in architecture
Economy of Colombia
The economy of Colombia is the fourth largest in Latin America as measured by gross domestic product and the third-largest economic power in South America.
See Colombia and Economy of Colombia
Ecosystem
An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system that environments and their organisms form through their interaction.
Ecuador
Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Colombia and Ecuador are Andean Community, countries in South America, former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations, republics and spanish-speaking countries and territories.
Eduardo Caballero Calderón
Eduardo Caballero Calderón (6 March 1910 – 3 April 1993) was a Colombian journalist and writer.
See Colombia and Eduardo Caballero Calderón
El Abra
El Abra is the name given to an extensive archeological site, located in the valley of the same name.
El Dorado
El Dorado (Spanish for "the golden") is commonly associated with the legend of a gold city, kingdom, or empire purportedly located somewhere in the Americas.
El Dorado International Airport
El Dorado International Airport is an international airport serving Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, and its surrounding areas.
See Colombia and El Dorado International Airport
El Espectador
El Espectador ("The Spectator") is a newspaper of national circulation within Colombia, founded by Fidel Cano Gutiérrez on March 22, 1887, in Medellín and published since 1915 in Bogotá.
See Colombia and El Espectador
El País (Cali)
El País (The Country.) is a regional daily newspaper based in Cali, Colombia, and leading newspaper of the Colombian Pacific Region.
See Colombia and El País (Cali)
El Tiempo (Colombia)
El Tiempo ("Time" or "The Times") is a nationally distributed broadsheet daily newspaper in Colombia launched on January 30, 1911.
See Colombia and El Tiempo (Colombia)
Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias
Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias is an epic poem written in the late sixteenth century by Juan de Castellanos.
See Colombia and Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias
Emberá people
The Emberá, also known in the historical literature as the Chocó or Katío Indians are an Indigenous people of Panama and Colombia.
See Colombia and Emberá people
Emerald
Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) colored green by trace amounts of chromium or sometimes vanadium.
Empanada
An empanada is a type of baked or fried turnover consisting of pastry and filling, common in Spain, other Southern European countries, Latin American countries, and the Philippines.
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
See Colombia and Encyclopædia Britannica
Endemic birds of Colombia
The following is a list of the 83 known endemic bird species in Colombia (about 4% of Colombian species) with notes about their general distribution.
See Colombia and Endemic birds of Colombia
Endemism
Endemism is the state of a species only being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.
Energy Information Administration
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System responsible for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment.
See Colombia and Energy Information Administration
English language
English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.
See Colombia and English language
Enrique Grau
Enrique Grau (December 18, 1920 – April 1, 2004) was a Colombian artist best known for his depictions of Amerindian and Afro-Colombian figures.
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Ethnic groups in the Middle East are ethnolinguistic groupings in the "transcontinental" region that is commonly a geopolitical term designating the intercontinental region comprising West Asia (including Cyprus) without the South Caucasus, and also comprising Egypt in North Africa.
See Colombia and Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Ethnologue
Ethnologue: Languages of the World is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world.
Eugenia stipitata
Eugenia stipitata (Araza, Portuguese common names araçá, araçá-boi, Spanish common name arazá, from Guarani arasa; also known as membrillo in Ecuador) is a fruit tree native to the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador.
See Colombia and Eugenia stipitata
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
European emigration
European emigration is the successive emigration waves from the European continent to other continents.
See Colombia and European emigration
Evangelicalism
Evangelicalism, also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide interdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity that emphasizes the centrality of sharing the "good news" of Christianity, being "born again" in which an individual experiences personal conversion, as authoritatively guided by the Bible, God's revelation to humanity.
See Colombia and Evangelicalism
Existentialism
Existentialism is a family of views and forms of philosophical inquiry that explores the issue of human existence.
See Colombia and Existentialism
Expressionism
Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century.
See Colombia and Expressionism
External debt
A country's gross external debt (or foreign debt) is the liabilities that are owed to nonresidents by residents.
See Colombia and External debt
Extremadura
Extremadura (Estremaúra; Estremadura; Fala: Extremaúra) is a landlocked autonomous community of Spain.
Factory (trading post)
Factory was the common name during the medieval and early modern eras for an entrepôt – which was essentially an early form of free-trade zone or transshipment point.
See Colombia and Factory (trading post)
Fanzine
A fanzine (blend of fan and magazine or -zine) is a non-professional and non-official publication produced by enthusiasts of a particular cultural phenomenon (such as a literary or musical genre) for the pleasure of others who share their interest.
Federal government of the United States
The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, five major self-governing territories, several island possessions, and the federal district/national capital of Washington, D.C., where most of the federal government is based.
See Colombia and Federal government of the United States
Federal Research Division
The Federal Research Division (FRD) is the research and analysis unit of the United States Library of Congress.
See Colombia and Federal Research Division
Federalism
Federalism is a mode of government that combines a general government (the central or federal government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two.
Feijoa sellowiana
Feijoa sellowiana also known as Acca sellowiana (O.Berg) Burret, is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae.
See Colombia and Feijoa sellowiana
Ferdinand VII
Ferdinand VII (Fernando VII; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was King of Spain during the early 19th century.
See Colombia and Ferdinand VII
Fernando Botero
Fernando Botero Angulo (19 April 1932 – 15 September 2023) was a Colombian figurative artist and sculptor.
See Colombia and Fernando Botero
Fernando González (writer)
Fernando González Ochoa (April 24, 1895 – February 16, 1964), was a Colombian writer and existentialist philosopher known as "el filósofo de Otraparte" (The Philosopher from Elsewhere).
See Colombia and Fernando González (writer)
Financial inclusion
Financial inclusion is the availability and equality of opportunities to access financial services.
See Colombia and Financial inclusion
Financial services
Financial services are economic services tied to finance provided by financial institutions.
See Colombia and Financial services
First Republic of New Granada
The First Republic of New Granada, known despectively as the Foolish Fatherland (la Patria Boba), is the period in the history of Colombia immediately following the declaration of independence from Spain in 1810 and until the Spanish reconquest in 1816.
See Colombia and First Republic of New Granada
Flamenco
Flamenco is an art form based on the various folkloric music traditions of southern Spain, developed within the gitano subculture of the region of Andalusia, and also having historical presence in Extremadura and Murcia.
Florencia, Caquetá
Florencia (Florence) is a municipality and the capital city of the Department of Caquetá, Colombia.
See Colombia and Florencia, Caquetá
Flower
A flower, also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae).
Folklore studies
Folklore studies (less often known as folkloristics, and occasionally tradition studies or folk life studies in the United Kingdom) is the branch of anthropology devoted to the study of folklore.
See Colombia and Folklore studies
Food
Food is any substance consumed by an organism for nutritional support.
Food security
Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.
See Colombia and Food security
Forest Landscape Integrity Index
The Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) is an annual global index of forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification.
See Colombia and Forest Landscape Integrity Index
Fortification
A fortification (also called a fort, fortress, fastness, or stronghold) is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime.
See Colombia and Fortification
Francia Márquez
Francia Elena Márquez Mina (born 1 December 1981) is a Colombian human-rights and environmental activist and lawyer, who is the 13th and current Vice President of Colombia.
See Colombia and Francia Márquez
Francisco Antonio Zea
Juan Francisco Antonio Hilarión Zea Díaz (23 November 1766 – 28 November 1822) was a Neogranadine journalist, botanist, diplomat, politician, and statesman who served as Vice President of Colombia under then President Simón Bolívar.
See Colombia and Francisco Antonio Zea
Francisco de Paula Santander
Francisco José de Paula Santander y Omaña (April 2, 1792 – May 6, 1840) was a Colombian military and political leader who served as Vice-President of Gran Colombia between 1819 and 1826, and was later elected by Congress as the President of the Republic of New Granada between 1832 and 1837.
See Colombia and Francisco de Paula Santander
Francisco José de Caldas
Francisco José de Caldas (October 4, 1768 – October 28, 1816) was a Neogranadine lawyer, military engineer, self-taught naturalist, mathematician, geographer and inventor (he created the first hypsometer), who was executed by orders of General Pablo Morillo during the Spanish American Reconquista for being a forerunner of the fight for the independence of New Granada (modern day Colombia).
See Colombia and Francisco José de Caldas
Free trade agreements of Colombia
Colombia is a relatively open, free market economy that is party to many free trade agreements (FTAs) worldwide.
See Colombia and Free trade agreements of Colombia
Free-trade zone
A free-trade zone (FTZ) is a class of special economic zone.
See Colombia and Free-trade zone
French Colombian
A French Colombian (Franco-Colombien, franco-colombianos) is a Colombian citizen of full or partial French ancestry, or a person born in France residing in Colombia.
See Colombia and French Colombian
Freshwater fish
Freshwater fish are fish species that spend some or all of their lives in bodies of fresh water such as rivers, lakes and inland wetlands, where the salinity is less than 1.05%.
See Colombia and Freshwater fish
Gabriel García Márquez
Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (6 March 1927 – 17 April 2014) was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter, and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo or Gabito throughout Latin America.
See Colombia and Gabriel García Márquez
Gabriel París Gordillo
Gabriel París Gordillo (March 8, 1910 – March 21, 2008) was a Colombian military officer and political leader who ruled the country as the chairman of a military junta from May 1957 to August 1958, following the resignation of General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla.
See Colombia and Gabriel París Gordillo
Galerón
The galerón are two genres of Venezuelan typical song.
Gendarmerie
A gendarmerie is a military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population.
Genetic diversity
Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.
See Colombia and Genetic diversity
Geographical feature
A feature (also called an object or entity), in the context of geography and geographic information science, is a discrete phenomenon that exists at a location in the space and scale of relevance to geography; that is, at or near the surface of Earth.
See Colombia and Geographical feature
German Colombian
German Colombians (Deutschkolumbianer; Germanocolombianos) are Colombian citizens of German ancestry.
See Colombia and German Colombian
Global Innovation Index
The Global Innovation Index is an annual ranking of countries by their capacity for, and success in, innovation, published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
See Colombia and Global Innovation Index
Gold
Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and atomic number 79.
Gonzalo Arango
Gonzalo Arango Arias (Andes, Antioquia, 1931 – Gachancipá, Cundinamarca, 1976) was a Colombian writer, poet, and journalist.
See Colombia and Gonzalo Arango
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada y Rivera, also spelled as Ximénez and De Quezada, (1509 – 16 February 1579) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador in northern South America, territories currently known as Colombia.
See Colombia and Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas.
See Colombia and Gothic architecture
Government of Colombia
The Government of Colombia is a republic with separation of powers into executive, judicial and legislative branches.
See Colombia and Government of Colombia
Government spending
Government spending or expenditure includes all government consumption, investment, and transfer payments.
See Colombia and Government spending
Gran Colombia
Gran Colombia ("Great Colombia"), or Greater Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia), was a state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831.
See Colombia and Gran Colombia
Granadine Confederation
The Granadine Confederation (Confederación Granadina) was a short-lived federal republic established in 1858 as a result of a constitutional change replacing the Republic of New Granada.
See Colombia and Granadine Confederation
Great Depression
The Great Depression (19291939) was a severe global economic downturn that affected many countries across the world.
See Colombia and Great Depression
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the gases in the atmosphere that raise the surface temperature of planets such as the Earth.
See Colombia and Greenhouse gas
Gregorio Vásquez de Arce y Ceballos
Gregorio Vásquez de Arce y Ceballos (May 9, 1638 – August 6, 1711), commonly referred to as Gregorio Vásquez, was a Spanish Neogranadine painter, one of the leading artists of the Hispanic American Baroque movement, which extended from the mid 17th to the late 18th century in the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
See Colombia and Gregorio Vásquez de Arce y Ceballos
Gross enrolment ratio
Gross enrolment ratio (GER) or gross enrolment index (GEI) is a statistical measure used in the education sector, and formerly by the UN in its Education Index, to determine the number of students enrolled in school at several different grade levels (like elementary, middle school and high school), and use it to show the ratio of the number of students who live in that country to those who qualify for the particular grade level.
See Colombia and Gross enrolment ratio
Guacharaca
Guacharaca is a percussion instrument found in Colombia.
Guainía Department
Guainía (Yuri language: "Land of many waters") is a department of Eastern Colombia.
See Colombia and Guainía Department
Guajiboan languages
Guajiboan (also Guahiban, Wahívoan, Guahiboan) is a language family spoken in the Orinoco River region in eastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela, a savanna region known as the Llanos.
See Colombia and Guajiboan languages
Guajira Peninsula
The Guajira Peninsula (Península de La Guajira, also spelled Goajira, mainly in colonial period texts, Woumainpa’a) is a peninsula in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela in the Caribbean.
See Colombia and Guajira Peninsula
Guatemala
Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America. Colombia and Guatemala are former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations, republics and spanish-speaking countries and territories.
Guava
Guava is a common tropical fruit cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions.
Guaviare Department
Guaviare is a department of Colombia.
See Colombia and Guaviare Department
Guaviare River
The Guaviare is a tributary of the Orinoco in Colombia. It flows together with the upper Orinoco (until here also called Río Parágua), which it clearly surpasses in length (altogether about 1,760 km) and water flow. Thus, the Guaviare is hydrologically the main stream of the Orinoco system.
See Colombia and Guaviare River
Guerrilla movements in Colombia
Guerrilla movements in Colombia (guerrilleros) refers to the origins, development and actions of guerrilla movements in the Republic of Colombia.
See Colombia and Guerrilla movements in Colombia
Guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians including recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism, raids, petty warfare or hit-and-run tactics in a rebellion, in a violent conflict, in a war or in a civil war to fight against regular military, police or rival insurgent forces.
See Colombia and Guerrilla warfare
Guillermo Uribe Holguín
Guillermo Uribe Holguín (sometimes spelled Uribe-Holguín) (17 March 1880 – 26 June 1971) was a Colombian composer and violinist and one of the most important Colombian cultural figures of his generation.
See Colombia and Guillermo Uribe Holguín
Gulf of Urabá
The Gulf of Urabá is a gulf on the northern coast of Colombia.
See Colombia and Gulf of Urabá
Gustavo Petro
Gustavo Francisco Petro Urrego (born 19 April 1960) is a Colombian politician and former guerrilla who is the 34th and current president of Colombia since 2022.
See Colombia and Gustavo Petro
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (12 March 1900 – 17 January 1975) was a Colombian army general, civil engineer and politician who ruled as 19th President of Colombia in a military dictatorship from June 1953 to May 1957.
See Colombia and Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
Haiti
Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas. Colombia and Haiti are former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations and republics.
Halite
Halite, commonly known as rock salt, is a type of salt, the mineral (natural) form of sodium chloride (NaCl).
Harp
The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard; the strings are plucked with the fingers.
Héctor Abad Gómez
Héctor Abad Gómez (1921 – August 25, 1987) was a Colombian medical doctor, university professor, and human rights leader who founded the Colombian National School of Public Health.
See Colombia and Héctor Abad Gómez
Head of government
In the executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments.
See Colombia and Head of government
Head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona of a sovereign state.
See Colombia and Head of state
Health care in Colombia
Health care in Colombia refers to the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions in the Republic of Colombia.
See Colombia and Health care in Colombia
Health facility
A health facility is, in general, any location where healthcare is provided.
See Colombia and Health facility
High diving
High diving is the act of diving into water from relatively great heights.
Highways in Colombia
Colombian geography presents formidable challenges to roadbuilders, who need to integrate its largest production centers deep within the Andes with major ports in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
See Colombia and Highways in Colombia
Hinduism
Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.
History of architecture
The history of architecture traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends, and dates.
See Colombia and History of architecture
History of Ecuador (1895–1925)
This is a summary of the history of Ecuador from 1895-1925.
See Colombia and History of Ecuador (1895–1925)
History of the Jews in Colombia
The History of the Jews in Colombia begins in the Spanish colonial period with the arrival of the first Jews during the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
See Colombia and History of the Jews in Colombia
Hogao
Hogao is a variant of Spanish sofrito and is typically used in Colombian cuisine.
Honduras
Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. Colombia and Honduras are former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations, republics and spanish-speaking countries and territories.
Hot chocolate
Hot chocolate, also known as hot cocoa or drinking chocolate, is a heated drink consisting of shaved or melted chocolate or cocoa powder, heated milk or water, and usually a sweetener.
See Colombia and Hot chocolate
Huila Department
Huila is one of the departments of Colombia.
See Colombia and Huila Department
Human rights defender
A human rights defender or human rights activist is a person who, individually or with others, acts to promote or protect human rights.
See Colombia and Human rights defender
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.
See Colombia and Human Rights Watch
Humanitarian aid
Humanitarian aid is material and logistic assistance, usually in the short-term, to people in need.
See Colombia and Humanitarian aid
Humidity
Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air.
Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer or forager is a human living in a community, or according to an ancestrally derived lifestyle, in which most or all food is obtained by foraging, that is, by gathering food from local naturally occurring sources, especially wild edible plants but also insects, fungi, honey, bird eggs, or anything safe to eat, and/or by hunting game (pursuing and/or trapping and killing wild animals, including catching fish).
See Colombia and Hunter-gatherer
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain.
See Colombia and Hydrocephalus
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower (water power).
See Colombia and Hydroelectricity
Hypogeum
A hypogeum or hypogaeum (plural hypogea or hypogaea, pronounced; literally meaning "underground", from Greek hypo (under) and ghê (earth)) is an underground temple or tomb.
Ibagué
Ibagué (referred to as San Bonifacio de Ibagué del Valle de las Lanzas during the Spanish period) is the capital of Tolima, one of the 32 departments that make up the Republic of Colombia.
Iberian ship development, 1400–1600
Due to centuries of constant conflict, warfare and daily life in the Iberian Peninsula were interlinked.
See Colombia and Iberian ship development, 1400–1600
ICFES examination
The ICFES examination, or Saber 11, is a high school exit examination administered annually in grade 11 in Colombian high schools.
See Colombia and ICFES examination
Ignacio Gómez Jaramillo
Ignacio Gómez Jaramillo (Medellín, 30 December 1910 - Coveñas, 12 July 1970) was a Colombian painter, drawer, and muralist.
See Colombia and Ignacio Gómez Jaramillo
Illegal drug trade in Colombia
The illegal drug trade in Colombia has, since the 1970s, centered successively on four major drug trafficking cartels: Medellín, Cali, Norte del Valle, and North Coast, as well as several bandas criminales, or BACRIMs.
See Colombia and Illegal drug trade in Colombia
Immigration to Colombia
Immigration to Colombia during the early 19th and late 20th Century, is what makes it one of the most diverse countries in the world, above other countries in the Latin region.
See Colombia and Immigration to Colombia
Inírida, Guainía
Inírida, formerly Puerto Inírida, is the capital city, and a municipality, of the department of Guainía in Colombia.
See Colombia and Inírida, Guainía
Inca road system
The Inca road system (also spelled Inka road system and known as Qhapaq ÑanQhapaq.
See Colombia and Inca road system
Independence
Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state, in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory.
Index of Colombia-related articles
The following is an alphabetical list of topics related to the Republic of Colombia.
See Colombia and Index of Colombia-related articles
Index of Economic Freedom
The Index of Economic Freedom is an annual index and ranking created in 1995 by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal to measure the degree of economic freedom in the world's nations.
See Colombia and Index of Economic Freedom
Indian auxiliaries
Indian auxiliaries, also known as Indios amigos, were those indigenous peoples of the Americas who allied with Spain and fought alongside the conquistadors during the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
See Colombia and Indian auxiliaries
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 is an International Labour Organization Convention, also known as ILO Convention 169, or C169.
See Colombia and Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
Indigenous architecture
The field of Indigenous architecture refers to the study and practice of architecture of, for and by Indigenous people.
See Colombia and Indigenous architecture
Indigenous languages of the Americas
The Indigenous languages of the Americas are a diverse group of languages that originated in the Americas prior to colonization, many of which continue to be spoken.
See Colombia and Indigenous languages of the Americas
Indigenous peoples in Colombia
Indigenous peoples of Colombia are the ethnic groups who have inhabited Colombia since before the Spanish colonization of Colombia, in the early 16th century.
See Colombia and Indigenous peoples in Colombia
Inline speed skating
Inline speed skating is the roller sport of racing on inline skates.
See Colombia and Inline speed skating
Insular region of Colombia
The insular region of Colombia includes the oceanic islands outside the continental territory.
See Colombia and Insular region of Colombia
Internally displaced person
An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who is forced to leave their home but who remains within their country's borders.
See Colombia and Internally displaced person
International Center for Tropical Agriculture
The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (known as CIAT from its Spanish-language name) is an international research and development organization dedicated to reducing poverty and hunger while protecting natural resources in developing countries.
See Colombia and International Center for Tropical Agriculture
International Futures
International Futures (IFs) is a global integrated assessment model designed to help with thinking strategically and systematically about key global systems (economic, demographic, education, health, environment, technology, domestic governance, infrastructure, agriculture, energy and environment).
See Colombia and International Futures
International humanitarian law
International humanitarian law (IHL), also referred to as the laws of armed conflict, is the law that regulates the conduct of war (jus in bello).
See Colombia and International humanitarian law
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.
See Colombia and International Monetary Fund
International Society for Krishna Consciousness
The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), known colloquially as the Hare Krishna movement, is a Gaudiya Vaishnava Hindu religious organization.
See Colombia and International Society for Krishna Consciousness
International Style
The International Style or internationalism is a major architectural style that developed in the 1920s and 1930s and was closely related to modernism and modernist architecture.
See Colombia and International Style
Invertebrate
Invertebrates is an umbrella term describing animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a spine or backbone), which evolved from the notochord.
Irreligion
Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
Islamic architecture
Islamic architecture comprises the architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam.
See Colombia and Islamic architecture
Italian Colombian
Italian Colombians (italo-colombiani; ítalo-colombianos) are Colombian-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Colombia during the Italian diaspora, or Italian-born people in Colombia.
See Colombia and Italian Colombian
IUniverse
iUniverse, founded in October 1999, is an American self-publishing company based in Bloomington, Indiana.
Iván Duque
Iván Duque Márquez (born 1 August 1976) is a Colombian politician and lawyer who served as the president of Colombia from 2018 to 2022.
Jamaica
Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies. At, it is the third largest island—after Cuba and Hispaniola—of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, west of Hispaniola (the island containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and south-east of the Cayman Islands (a British Overseas Territory). Colombia and Jamaica are former Spanish colonies and member states of the United Nations.
Jamaicans
Jamaicans are the citizens of Jamaica and their descendants in the Jamaican diaspora.
Japurá River
The Japurá River or Caquetá River is a long river in the Amazon basin. It rises in Colombia and flows eastward through Brazil to join the Amazon River.
Javier de Nicoló
Javier De Nicoló, (29 April 1928 – 22 March 2016) or Saverio (Javier) De Nicolò was an Italian-born Colombian salesian priest who developed a program that has offered more than 40,000 young people the education and moral support they needed to become productive citizens.
See Colombia and Javier de Nicoló
Jawbone (instrument)
The quijada, charrasca, or jawbone (in English) is an idiophone percussion instrument made from the jawbone of a donkey, horse, mule, or cattle, producing a powerful buzzing sound.
See Colombia and Jawbone (instrument)
Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros
Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros (1793–1870), also known as Baron Gros, was a French diplomat and later senator, as well as a notable pioneer of photography.
See Colombia and Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a nontrinitarian, millenarian, restorationist Christian denomination.
See Colombia and Jehovah's Witnesses
Jesuits
The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.
Jorge Eliécer Gaitán
Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala (23 January 1903 – 9 April 1948) was a liberal with nationalist ideals in Colombia and also a politician and leader of the Liberal Party.
See Colombia and Jorge Eliécer Gaitán
Jorge Isaacs
Jorge Isaacs Ferrer (April 1, 1837 – April 17, 1895) was a Colombian writer, politician and soldier.
Jorge Reynolds Pombo
Jorge Reynolds Pombo is an electrical and bio- engineer born in Bogotá, Colombia on June 22, 1936.
See Colombia and Jorge Reynolds Pombo
Jorge Tadeo Lozano
Jorge Tadeo Lozano de Peralta, Viscount of Pastrana (January 30, 1771 – July 6, 1816) was a Neogranadine (now Colombian) scientist, journalist, and politician who presided over the Constituent College of Cundinamarca and was elected President of Cundinamarca in 1811.
See Colombia and Jorge Tadeo Lozano
Joropo
The joropo, better known as Música Llanera, is a musical style resembling the fandango, and an accompanying dance.
José Asunción Silva
José Asunción Silva (27 November 1865 in Bogotá – 23 May 1896 in Bogotá) was a Colombian poet.
See Colombia and José Asunción Silva
José Celestino Mutis
José Celestino Bruno Mutis y Bosio (6 April 1732 – 11 September 1808) was a Spanish priest, botanist and mathematician.
See Colombia and José Celestino Mutis
José Eustasio Rivera
José Eustasio Rivera Salas (February 19, 1888 – December 1, 1928) was a Colombian lawyer and author primarily known for his national epic The Vortex.
See Colombia and José Eustasio Rivera
José Fernández Madrid
José Luis Álvaro Alvino Fernández Madrid (February 19, 1789 – June 28, 1830) was a Neogranadine statesman, physician, scientist and writer, who was President of the interim triumvirate of the United Provinces of New Granada in 1814, and President of the United Provinces of the New Granada in 1816.
See Colombia and José Fernández Madrid
José María Vargas Vila
José María de la Concepción Apolinar Vargas Vila Bonilla (June 23, 1860 – May 23, 1933), commonly referred to as José María Vargas Vila, was a Colombian writer and public intellectual.
See Colombia and José María Vargas Vila
Juan de Castellanos
Juan de Castellanos (March 9, 1522 – November 1606) - Boyacá Cultural was a Spanish poet, soldier and Catholic priest who lived in the New Kingdom of Granada.
See Colombia and Juan de Castellanos
Juan de Sámano
Juan José Francisco de Sámano y Uribarri de Rebollar y Mazorra (1753 in Selaya, Cantabria – July 1821 in Panama), was a Spanish military officer and the last viceroy of New Granada from March 9, 1818 to August 9, 1819, during the Colombian War of Independence.
See Colombia and Juan de Sámano
Juan Guaidó
Juan Gerardo Antonio Guaidó Márquez (born 28 July 1983) is a Venezuelan opposition politician.
Juan Manuel Santos
Juan Manuel Santos Calderón (born 10 August 1951) is a Colombian politician who was the President of Colombia from 2010 to 2018.
See Colombia and Juan Manuel Santos
Juan Pablo Montoya
Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán (born 20 September 1975), is a Colombian racing driver who has competed in open-wheel car, sports car and stock car racing events.
See Colombia and Juan Pablo Montoya
Juan Rodríguez Freyle
Juan Rodríguez Freyle (also written as Juan Rodríguez Freile), (Bogotá, New Kingdom of Granada, 25 April 1566 - Bogotá, 1642) was an early writer in the New Kingdom of Granada, the Spanish colonial territory of what today is Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela.
See Colombia and Juan Rodríguez Freyle
Juanes
Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez (born 9 August 1972), known professionally as Juanes, is a Colombian musician who was a member of the rock band Ekhymosis and is now a solo artist.
Judiciary of Colombia
The judiciary of Colombia (Rama Judicial de Colombia) is a branch of the State of Colombia that interprets and applies the laws of Colombia, to ensure equal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution.
See Colombia and Judiciary of Colombia
Judo
is an unarmed modern Japanese martial art, combat sport, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of jacket wrestling competed internationally.
Jungle
A jungle is land covered with dense forest and tangled vegetation, usually in tropical climates.
Junta (Spanish American Independence)
Junta during Spanish American independence was the type of self government as patriotic alternative to the central government of Spain during the first phase of Spanish American wars of independence.
See Colombia and Junta (Spanish American Independence)
Justice
Justice, in its broadest sense, is the concept that individuals are to be treated in a manner that is equitable and fair.
Kibbeh
Kibbeh (also kubba and other spellings; kibba) is a popular dish in the Levant based on spiced lean ground meat and bulgur wheat.
Kingdom of Great Britain
The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800.
See Colombia and Kingdom of Great Britain
Korean War
The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea; it began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea and ceased upon an armistice on 27 July 1953.
Kuisi
A kuisi (or kuizi) is a Native Colombian fipple (or duct) flute made from a hollowed cactus stem, with a beeswax and charcoal powder mixture for the head, with a thin quill made from the feather of a large bird for the mouthpiece.
La Guajira Department
La Guajira is a department of Colombia.
See Colombia and La Guajira Department
La Guajira Desert
The La Guajira Desert (Wayuu: Woumainkat Wajiira, Spanish: Desierto de La Guajira) is a desert located in northern Colombia and Venezuela, approximately north of Bogotá, covering most of the La Guajira Peninsula at the northernmost tip of South America.
See Colombia and La Guajira Desert
La Violencia
La Violencia (The Violence) was a ten-year civil war in Colombia from 1948 to 1958, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the countryside.
Labour economics
Labour economics, or labor economics, seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the markets for wage labour.
See Colombia and Labour economics
Languages of Colombia
Around 99.2% of Colombians speak the Spanish language.
See Colombia and Languages of Colombia
LASIK
LASIK or Lasik (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis), commonly referred to as laser eye surgery or laser vision correction, is a type of refractive surgery for the correction of myopia, hyperopia, and an actual cure for astigmatism, since it is in the cornea.
Latin America
Latin America often refers to the regions in the Americas in which Romance languages are the main languages and the culture and Empires of its peoples have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact.
See Colombia and Latin America
Latin American Boom
The Latin American Boom (Boom latinoamericano) was a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s when the work of a group of relatively young Latin American novelists became widely circulated in Europe and throughout the world.
See Colombia and Latin American Boom
Laureano Gómez
Laureano Eleuterio Gómez Castro (20 February 1889 – 13 July 1965) was a Colombian politician and civil engineer who served as the 18th President of Colombia from 1950 to 1953.
See Colombia and Laureano Gómez
League of Nations
The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
See Colombia and League of Nations
León de Greiff
Francisco de Asís León Bogislao de Greiff Haeusler (July 22, 1895 – July 11, 1976), was a Colombian poet known for his stylistic innovations and deliberately eclectic use of obscure lexicon.
See Colombia and León de Greiff
Lebanese Colombians
Lebanese Colombians are Colombians of Lebanese descent.
See Colombia and Lebanese Colombians
Legume
Legumes are plants in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seeds of such plants.
Leticia, Amazonas
Leticia is the southernmost city in the Republic of Colombia, capital of the department of Amazonas, Colombia's southernmost town (4.09° south 69.57° west) and one of the major ports on the Amazon River.
See Colombia and Leticia, Amazonas
Library of Congress Country Studies
The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the United States Library of Congress, freely available for use by researchers.
See Colombia and Library of Congress Country Studies
Life expectancy
Human life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age.
See Colombia and Life expectancy
Lima
Lima, founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (Spanish for "City of Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean.
List of airports in Colombia
This is a list of airports in Colombia, grouped by type and sorted by location.
See Colombia and List of airports in Colombia
List of architectural styles
An architectural style is characterized by the features that make a building or other structure notable and historically identifiable.
See Colombia and List of architectural styles
List of birds of Colombia
This is a list of the bird species recorded in Colombia.
See Colombia and List of birds of Colombia
List of butterflies of Colombia
This is a list of butterflies of Colombia.
See Colombia and List of butterflies of Colombia
List of cities in Colombia by population
This article lists cities in Colombia by population, according to National Administrative Department of Statistics (commonly referred to as DANE in Spanish).
See Colombia and List of cities in Colombia by population
List of Colombian department governors
This is a list of governors of departments of Colombia.
See Colombia and List of Colombian department governors
List of conquistadors in Colombia
This is a list of conquistadors who were active in the conquest of terrains that presently belong to Colombia.
See Colombia and List of conquistadors in Colombia
List of countries and dependencies by population
This is a list of countries and dependencies by population.
See Colombia and List of countries and dependencies by population
List of countries by GDP (PPP)
GDP (PPP) means gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity.
See Colombia and List of countries by GDP (PPP)
List of countries by real GDP growth rate
This article includes a lists of countries and dependent territories sorted by their real gross domestic product growth rate; the rate of growth of the value of all final goods and services produced within a state in a given year.
See Colombia and List of countries by real GDP growth rate
List of mammals of Colombia
This is a list of the mammal species recorded in Colombia.
See Colombia and List of mammals of Colombia
List of pre-Columbian cultures
This is a list of pre-Columbian cultures.
See Colombia and List of pre-Columbian cultures
List of reptiles of Colombia
Colombia is the sixth richest country in the world for reptiles, and third richest in the Western Hemisphere.
See Colombia and List of reptiles of Colombia
Llanos
The Llanos (Spanish Los Llanos, "The Plains") is a vast tropical grassland plain situated to the east of the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela, in northwestern South America.
Low-intensity conflict
A low-intensity conflict (LIC) is a military conflict, usually localised, between two or more state or non-state groups which is below the intensity of conventional war.
See Colombia and Low-intensity conflict
Lulada
Lulada is a traditional Colombian beverage from Cali, in the Valle del Cauca Department of Colombia.
Magdalena Department
Magdalena is a department of Colombia with more than 1.3 million people, located to the north of the country by the Caribbean Sea.
See Colombia and Magdalena Department
Magdalena River
The Magdalena River (Río Magdalena,; less commonly Rio Grande de la Magdalena) is the main river of Colombia, flowing northward about through the western half of the country.
See Colombia and Magdalena River
Major League Baseball
Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball league and the highest level of organized baseball in the United States and Canada.
See Colombia and Major League Baseball
Major non-NATO ally
A major non-NATO ally (MNNA) is a designation given by the United States government to countries that have strategic working relationships with the U.S. Armed Forces while not being members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
See Colombia and Major non-NATO ally
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates.
Mandolin
A mandolin (mandolino,; literally "small mandola") is a stringed musical instrument in the lute family and is generally plucked with a pick.
Mango
A mango is an edible stone fruit produced by the tropical tree Mangifera indica.
Mangosteen
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), also known as the purple mangosteen, is a tropical evergreen tree with edible fruit native to Island Southeast Asia, from the Malay Peninsula to Borneo.
Manizales
Manizales is a city in central Colombia.
Manjar blanco
The manjar blanco (or also in Spanish as manjar de leche), known in Catalan as menjar blanc or menjablanc, is a term used in Spanish- and Catalan- speaking areas of the world in reference to a variety of milk-based delicacies.
See Colombia and Manjar blanco
Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
Manuel Elkin Patarroyo Murillo (born November 3, 1946)Fundación Príncipe de Asturias.
See Colombia and Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
Manuel Mejía Vallejo
Manuel Mejía Vallejo (23 April 1923 – 23 July 1998) was a Colombian writer and journalist.
See Colombia and Manuel Mejía Vallejo
Map
A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes.
See Colombia and Map
Mapalé
The Mapalé is an Afro-Colombian and Ecuadorian style of dance that was brought over by the slaves and representing the fishermen after a long day of work.
Marañón River
The Marañón River (Río Marañón) is the principal or mainstem source of the Amazon River, arising about 160 km to the northeast of Lima, Peru, and flowing northwest across plateaus 3,650 m (12,000 feet) high, it runs through a deeply eroded Andean valley, along the eastern base of the Cordillera of the Andes, as far as 5° 36′ southern latitude; from where it makes a great bend to the northeast, and cuts through the jungle Ande in its midcourse, until at the Pongo de Manseriche it flows into the flat Amazon basin.
See Colombia and Marañón River
Maraca
A maraca, sometimes called shaker or chac-chac, is a rattle which appears in many genres of Caribbean and Latin music.
Maria Luisa cake
Torta Maria Luisa is a dessert found in Colombian and Salvadoran cuisine.
See Colombia and Maria Luisa cake
Marimba
The marimba is a musical instrument in the percussion family that consists of wooden bars that are struck by mallets.
Market economy
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.
See Colombia and Market economy
Medellín
Medellín, officially the Special District of Science, Technology and Innovation of Medellín (Distrito Especial de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Medellín), is the second-largest city in Colombia after Bogotá, and the capital of the department of Antioquia.
Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx, Dx, or Ds) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.
See Colombia and Medical diagnosis
Medication
A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
Megadiverse countries
A megadiverse country is one of a group of nations that harbours the majority of Earth's species and high numbers of endemic species.
See Colombia and Megadiverse countries
Megalith
A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a prehistoric structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones.
Mento
Mento is a style of Jamaican folk music that predates and has greatly influenced ska and reggae music.
Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano
The Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano, more commonly known as MILA, is a program that integrates the stock exchange markets of Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru.
See Colombia and Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano
Mercenary
A mercenary, also called a merc, soldier of fortune, or hired gun, is a private individual who joins an armed conflict for personal profit, is otherwise an outsider to the conflict, and is not a member of any other official military.
Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area that begins in the southern part of North America and extends to the Pacific coast of Central America, thus comprising the lands of central and southern Mexico, all of Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and parts of Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
Mestizo Colombians
Mestizo Colombians refers to Colombians who are of European (mostly Spanish) and Amerindian ancestry.
See Colombia and Mestizo Colombians
Meta Department
Meta is a department of Colombia.
See Colombia and Meta Department
Meta River
The Meta River is a major left tributary of the Orinoco River in eastern Colombia and southern Venezuela, South America.
Mexico City
Mexico City (Ciudad de México,; abbr.: CDMX; Central Nahuatl:,; Otomi) is the capital and largest city of Mexico, and the most populous city in North America.
Microkeratome
A microkeratome is a precision surgical instrument with an oscillating blade designed for creating the corneal flap in LASIK or ALK surgery.
See Colombia and Microkeratome
Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
Miguel A. De La Torre
Miguel A. De La Torre (born 6 October 1958) is a professor of Social Ethics and Latino Studies at Iliff School of Theology, author, and an ordained Southern Baptist minister.
See Colombia and Miguel A. De La Torre
Miguel de Cervantes Prize
The Miguel de Cervantes Prize (Premio de Literatura en Lengua Castellana Miguel de Cervantes) is awarded annually to honour the lifetime achievement of an outstanding writer in the Spanish language.
See Colombia and Miguel de Cervantes Prize
Milhojas
Milhojas ("thousand sheets") is a type of dessert of French origin that is found nowadays in Spain and Latin America.
Military career of Simón Bolívar
The military and political career of Simón Bolívar (July 24, 1783 – December 17, 1830), which included both formal service in the armies of various revolutionary regimes and actions organized by himself or in collaboration with other exiled patriot leaders during the years from 1811 to 1830, was an important element in the success of the independence wars in South America.
See Colombia and Military career of Simón Bolívar
Military Forces of Colombia
The Military Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Militares de Colombia) are the unified armed forces of the Republic of Colombia.
See Colombia and Military Forces of Colombia
Military robot
Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled mobile robots designed for military applications, from transport to search & rescue and attack.
See Colombia and Military robot
Ministry of Culture (Colombia)
The Ministry of Culture (Ministerio de Cultura; short name MinCultura) is the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia charged with preserving, promoting, and encouraging the growth, free expression and understanding of the culture of Colombia in all its multi-ethnic forms.
See Colombia and Ministry of Culture (Colombia)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MRE) (Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores) also known as the Chancellery (Cancillería), is the Cabinet position of the Government of Colombia responsible for the international relations of Colombia through its diplomatic missions abroad by formulating foreign policy relevant to the matters of the State.
See Colombia and Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)
Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications (Colombia)
Ministry for the Information and Communications Technologies (Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, abbreviated MinTIC), is the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia responsible for overseeing the information and communication technologies, telecommunications and broadcasting industries in Colombia.
See Colombia and Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications (Colombia)
Ministry of National Defense (Colombia)
The Ministry of National Defence (Ministerio de Defensa Nacional) is the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the military forces of Colombia, similar to the defense ministries in other countries.
See Colombia and Ministry of National Defense (Colombia)
Ministry of Transport (Colombia)
The Ministry of Transport (Ministerio de Transporte) is the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia responsible for regulating transportation in Colombia.
See Colombia and Ministry of Transport (Colombia)
Mitú
Mitú is the capital town of the department of Vaupés in Colombia.
Mocoa
Mocoa (Kamsá: Shatjok) is a municipality and capital city of the department of Putumayo in Colombia.
Modernismo
Modernismo is a literary movement that took place primarily during the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century in the Spanish-speaking world, best exemplified by Rubén Darío, who is known as the father of Modernismo.
Mollusca
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals, after Arthropoda; members are known as molluscs or mollusks.
Monarchy of Spain
The monarchy of Spain or Spanish monarchy (Monarquía Española) is the constitutional form of government of Spain.
See Colombia and Monarchy of Spain
Monolith
A monolith is a geological feature consisting of a single massive stone or rock, such as some mountains.
Montería
Montería is a municipality and city located in northern Colombia and the capital of the Department of Córdoba.
Mormonism
Mormonism is the theology and religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity started by Joseph Smith in Western New York in the 1820s and 1830s.
Motorsport
Motorsport(s) or motor sport(s) are sporting events, competitions and related activities that primarily involve the use of automobiles, motorcycles, motorboats and powered aircraft.
Mountain papaya
The mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens) also known as mountain pawpaw, papayuelo, chamburo, or simply "papaya" is a species of the genus Vasconcellea, native to the Andes of northwestern South America from Colombia south to central Chile, typically growing at altitudes of.
See Colombia and Mountain papaya
Muisca
The Muisca (also called Chibcha) are an indigenous people and culture of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia, that formed the Muisca Confederation before the Spanish conquest.
Muisca Confederation
The Muisca Confederation was a loose confederation of different Muisca rulers (zaques, zipas, iraca, and tundama) in the central Andean highlands of what is today Colombia before the Spanish conquest of northern South America.
See Colombia and Muisca Confederation
Mulatto
Mulatto is a racial classification that refers to people of mixed African and European ancestry.
Municipalities of Colombia
The municipalities of Colombia are decentralized subdivisions of the Republic of Colombia.
See Colombia and Municipalities of Colombia
Nadaism
Nadaism (Nadaísmo, meaning "Nothing-ism" in English) was an artistic and philosophical counterculture movement in Colombia prevalent from 1958 to 1964.
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.
See Colombia and Napoleonic Wars
Nariño Department
Nariño is a department of Colombia named after independence leader Antonio Nariño.
See Colombia and Nariño Department
National Administrative Department of Statistics
The National Administrative Department of Statistics (Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística), commonly referred to as DANE, is the Colombian Administrative Department responsible for the planning, compilation, analysis and dissemination of the official statistics of Colombia.
See Colombia and National Administrative Department of Statistics
National Anthem of Colombia
The "National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia" (Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia) is the official name of the national anthem of Colombia.
See Colombia and National Anthem of Colombia
National Army of Colombia
The National Army of Colombia (Ejército Nacional de Colombia) is the land warfare service branch of the Military Forces of Colombia.
See Colombia and National Army of Colombia
National Capitol of Colombia
The National Capitol of Colombia (Capitolio Nacional de Colombia), often simply referred to as Capitolio Nacional (National Capitol), is a building on Bolivar Square in central Bogotá, the construction of which began in 1848 and was finished in 1926.
See Colombia and National Capitol of Colombia
National Front (Colombia)
National Front (Frente Nacional 1958–1974) was a period in the history of Colombia in which the two main political parties, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party, agreed to rotate power, intercalating for a period of four presidential terms.
See Colombia and National Front (Colombia)
National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
The National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia or ONIC) is an organization representing the Indigenous peoples of Colombia, who, according to the 2018 census, comprise some 1,905,617 people or approximately 3.7% of the population.
See Colombia and National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
National Infrastructure Agency (Colombia)
The National Infrastructure Agency (Agencia Nacional de Infraestructura) ANI, is a Colombian government agency, part of the Ministry of Transport, in charge of concessions through public–private partnerships, for the design, construction, maintenance, operation, and administration of the transport infrastructure in Colombia.
See Colombia and National Infrastructure Agency (Colombia)
National Intelligence Directorate (Colombia)
The National Intelligence Directorate (Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia; DNI) is the main intelligence agency of Colombia.
See Colombia and National Intelligence Directorate (Colombia)
National Liberation Army (Colombia)
The National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional, ELN) is a Marxist–Leninist guerrilla insurgency group involved in the continuing Colombian conflict, Official Journal of the European Union.
See Colombia and National Liberation Army (Colombia)
National Police of Colombia
The National Police of Colombia (Policía Nacional de Colombia) is the national police force of the Republic of Colombia.
See Colombia and National Police of Colombia
National Roads Institute (Colombia)
The National Roads Institute (INVÍAS) is an agency of the Executive Branch of the Government of Colombia in charge of allocating, regulating and supervising contracts for highway and roads construction and maintenance.
See Colombia and National Roads Institute (Colombia)
National symbols of Colombia
The National symbols of Colombia are the symbols which represent the national identity of the Republic of Colombia as a sovereign state.
See Colombia and National symbols of Colombia
National Symphony Orchestra of Colombia
The National Symphony Orchestra of Colombia (Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional de Colombia) is a Colombian orchestra based in Bogotá.
See Colombia and National Symphony Orchestra of Colombia
National Training Service (Colombia)
The National Training Service (Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje, SENA) is a Colombian public institution aimed to develop vocational training programs for the Colombian labor force as a means to increase the competitiveness of Colombia's enterprises.
See Colombia and National Training Service (Colombia)
National University of Colombia
The National University of Colombia is a national public research university in Colombia, with general campuses in Bogotá, Medellín, Manizales and Palmira, and satellite campuses in Leticia, San Andrés, Arauca, Tumaco, and La Paz, Cesar.
See Colombia and National University of Colombia
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.
Natural regions of Colombia
Because of its natural structure, Colombia can be divided into six distinct natural regions.
See Colombia and Natural regions of Colombia
Navigation
Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another.
Necropolis
A necropolis (necropolises, necropoles, necropoleis, necropoli) is a large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments.
Neiva, Huila
Neiva is the capital of the Department of Huila.
Neoclassical architecture
Neoclassical architecture, sometimes referred to as Classical Revival architecture, is an architectural style produced by the Neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy, France and Germany.
See Colombia and Neoclassical architecture
Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism, also spelled Neo-classicism, emerged as a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity.
See Colombia and Neoclassicism
Neoplasm
A neoplasm is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.
Neuron
A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.
New Kingdom of Granada
The New Kingdom of Granada (Nuevo Reino de Granada), or Kingdom of the New Granada, was the name given to a group of 16th-century Spanish ultramarine provinces in northern South America governed by the president of the Royal Audience of Santafé, an area corresponding mainly to modern-day Colombia.
See Colombia and New Kingdom of Granada
New Spain
New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España; Nahuatl: Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain. Colombia and New Spain are former Spanish colonies and spanish-speaking countries and territories.
Nicaragua
Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the geographically largest country in Central America, comprising. Colombia and Nicaragua are former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations, republics and spanish-speaking countries and territories.
Nicolás Maduro
Nicolás Maduro Moros (born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician who has served as the 53rd President of Venezuela since 2013.
See Colombia and Nicolás Maduro
Nihilism
Nihilism is a family of views within philosophy that rejects generally accepted or fundamental aspects of human existence, such as knowledge, morality, or meaning.
Nikolaus Federmann
Nikolaus Federmann (Nicolás Féderman) (c. 1505, Ulm – February 1542, Valladolid) was a German adventurer and conquistador in what is modern-day Venezuela and Colombia.
See Colombia and Nikolaus Federmann
Nobel Prize in Literature
The Nobel Prize in Literature (here meaning for literature; Nobelpriset i litteratur) is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction" (original den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk riktning).
See Colombia and Nobel Prize in Literature
Norte de Santander Department
North Santander (Spanish: Norte de Santander) is a department of Northeastern Colombia.
See Colombia and Norte de Santander Department
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.
See Colombia and North America
Oblea
Oblea is a wafer dessert from several coutries in Latin America, and has variants across Europe.
OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
Official language
An official language is a language having certain rights to be used in defined situations.
See Colombia and Official language
Olympic weightlifting
Weightlifting (often known as Olympic weightlifting) is a sport in which athletes compete in lifting a barbell loaded with weight plates from the ground to overhead, with the aim of successfully lifting the heaviest weights.
See Colombia and Olympic weightlifting
Omar Rayo
Omar Rayo Reyes (January 20, 1928 – June 7, 2010) was a renowned Colombian painter, sculptor, caricaturist and plastic artist.
One Hundred Years of Solitude
One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad) is a 1967 novel by Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that tells the multi-generational story of the Buendía family, whose patriarch, José Arcadio Buendía, founded the fictitious town of Macondo.
See Colombia and One Hundred Years of Solitude
Orchid
Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae, a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant.
Organic food
Organic food, ecological food, or biological food are foods and drinks produced by methods complying with the standards of organic farming.
Organization of American States
The Organization of American States (OAS or OEA; Organización de los Estados Americanos; Organização dos Estados Americanos; Organisation des États américains) is an international organization founded on 30 April 1948 to promote cooperation among its member states within the Americas.
See Colombia and Organization of American States
Organization of Ibero-American States
The Organization of Ibero-American States (Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos, Organização de Estados Iberoamericanos, Organització d'Estats Iberoamericans; abbreviated as OEI), formally the Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture, is an international organization made up of 23 members states of Iberophone nations in Europe and the Americas, as well as one member in Africa.
See Colombia and Organization of Ibero-American States
Orinoco
The Orinoco is one of the longest rivers in South America at. Its drainage basin, sometimes known as the Orinoquia, covers ca 1 million km2, with 65% of it in Venezuela and the 35% in Colombia. It is the fourth largest river in the world by discharge volume of water. The nevertheless high volume flow (39,000 m3/s at delta) of the Orinoco can be explained by the high precipitation in almost the entire catchment area (ca 2,300 mm/a).
Orinoquía natural region
The Orinoquía region is one of the six natural regions of Colombia that belongs to the Orinoco River watershed.
See Colombia and Orinoquía natural region
Orlando Cabrera
Orlando Luis Cabrera Ramírez (born November 2, 1974), nicknamed "O-Cab" and "the OC", is a Colombian-American former baseball infielder.
See Colombia and Orlando Cabrera
Ornament (art)
In architecture and decorative art, ornament is decoration used to embellish parts of a building or object.
See Colombia and Ornament (art)
Oscar Muñoz (artist)
Oscar Muñoz (born 1951) is a Colombian visual artist.
See Colombia and Oscar Muñoz (artist)
Oscar Murillo (artist)
Oscar Murillo (born 1986 in La Paila, Colombia) is an artist working within the painting tradition.
See Colombia and Oscar Murillo (artist)
Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá
Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá or the Virgin of Chiquinquirá, is a Marian title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with a venerated image in the northern Andes region.
See Colombia and Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá
Outline of Colombia
188px An enlargeable relief map of the Republic of Colombia The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Colombia: Colombia – tropical equatorial country located in northern South America.
See Colombia and Outline of Colombia
Pacific Alliance
The Pacific Alliance (Alianza del Pacífico) is a Latin American trade bloc, formed by Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, which all border the Pacific Ocean.
See Colombia and Pacific Alliance
Pacific coast
Pacific coast may be used to reference any coastline that borders the Pacific Ocean.
See Colombia and Pacific coast
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions.
See Colombia and Pacific Ocean
Pacific/Chocó natural region
The Pacific/Chocó region is one of the five major natural regions of Colombia.
See Colombia and Pacific/Chocó natural region
Paez people
The Páez people, also known as the Nasa, are a Native American people who live in the southwestern highlands of Colombia, especially in the Cauca Department, but also the Caquetá Department lowlands and Tierradentro.
Palenquero
Palenquero (sometimes spelled Palenkero) or Palenque (Lengua) is a Spanish-based creole language spoken in Colombia.
Paleo-Indians
Paleo-Indians were the first peoples who entered and subsequently inhabited the Americas towards the end of the Late Pleistocene period.
See Colombia and Paleo-Indians
Palestinians
Palestinians (al-Filasṭīniyyūn) or Palestinian people (label), also referred to as Palestinian Arabs (label), are an Arab ethnonational group native to Palestine.
Palm oil
Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of oil palms.
Panama
Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. Colombia and Panama are member states of the United Nations, republics and spanish-speaking countries and territories.
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal (Canal de Panamá) is an artificial waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, cutting across the Isthmus of Panama, and is a conduit for maritime trade.
Pandebono
Pandebono or pan de bono is a type of Colombian bread made of cassava starch, cheese, eggs, and in some regions of the country, guava paste.
Papaya
The papaya, papaw, or pawpaw is the plant species Carica papaya, one of the 21 accepted species in the genus Carica of the family Caricaceae, and also the name of its fruit.
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus and one of the two species that cause paracoccidioidomycosis (the other being Paracoccidioides lutzii). The fungus has been affiliated with the family Ajellomycetaceae (division Ascomycota) although a sexual state or teleomorph has not yet been found.
See Colombia and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Paradigm
In science and philosophy, a paradigm is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitute legitimate contributions to a field.
Participatory democracy
Participatory democracy, participant democracy, participative democracy, or semi-direct democracy is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather than through elected representatives.
See Colombia and Participatory democracy
Pasillo
Pasillo (little step, hallway or aisle) is a Colombian genre of music popular in the territories that composed the 19th century Viceroyalty of New Granada: Born in the Colombian Andes during the independence wars, it spread to other areas; especially Ecuador (where it is considered the national musical style) and, to a lesser extent, the mountainous regions of Venezuela and Panama.
Passiflora edulis
Passiflora edulis, commonly known as passion fruit, is a vine species of passion flower native to the region of southern Brazil through Paraguay to northern Argentina.
See Colombia and Passiflora edulis
Passiflora ligularis
Passiflora ligularis, commonly known as the sweet granadilla or grenadia, is a plant species in the genus Passiflora.
See Colombia and Passiflora ligularis
Pasto, Colombia
Pasto, officially San Juan de Pasto ("Saint John of Pasto"), is the capital of the department of Nariño, in southern Colombia.
See Colombia and Pasto, Colombia
Patron saint
A patron saint, patroness saint, patron hallow or heavenly protector is a saint who in Catholicism, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy is regarded as the heavenly advocate of a nation, place, craft, activity, class, clan, family, or person.
Páramo
Páramo may refer to a variety of alpine tundra ecosystems located in the Andes Mountain Range, South America.
Pedro José Figueroa
Simón Bolívar, one of Pedro José Figueroa's portraits Pedro José Figueroa (1770–1838) was a Colombian portrait painter.
See Colombia and Pedro José Figueroa
Pedro Nel Gómez
Pedro Nel Gómez Agudelo (4 July 1899 — 6 June 1984) was a Colombian engineer, painter, and sculptor, best known for his work as a muralist, and for starting, along with Santiago Martinez Delgado, the Colombian Muralist Movement, inspired by the Mexican movement that drew on nationalistic, social, and political messages as subjects.
See Colombia and Pedro Nel Gómez
Pedro Simón
Fray Pedro Simón (San Lorenzo de la Parrilla, Spain, 1574 - Ubaté, New Kingdom of Granada, ca. 1628) was a Spanish franciscan friar, professor and chronicler of the indigenous peoples of modern-day Colombia and Venezuela, at the time forming the New Kingdom of Granada.
Pereira, Colombia
Pereira is the capital city of the Colombian department of Risaralda.
See Colombia and Pereira, Colombia
Peru
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River. Colombia and Peru are Andean Community, countries in South America, former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations, republics and spanish-speaking countries and territories.
Peruvian corn
Choclo, also referred to as Peruvian corn or Cuzco corn (after Cuzco, the capital city of the Inca empire), is a large-kernel variety of field corn from the Andes.
See Colombia and Peruvian corn
Peter Claver
Peter Claver SJ (Pedro Claver y Corberó; 26 June 1580 – 8 September 1654) was a Spanish Jesuit priest and missionary born in Verdú (Spain) who, due to his life and work, became the patron saint of enslaved people, the Republic of Colombia, and ministry to Africans.
Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.
Physalis peruviana
Physalis peruviana is a species of plant in the nightshade family (Solanaceae) native to Chile and Peru.
See Colombia and Physalis peruviana
Piaroa–Saliban languages
The Piaroa–Saliban, also known as Saliban (in spanish: Sálivan), are a small proposed language family of the middle Orinoco Basin, which forms an independent island within an area of Venezuela and Colombia (northern llanos) dominated by peoples of Carib and Arawakan affiliation.
See Colombia and Piaroa–Saliban languages
Pico Cristóbal Colón
Pico Cristóbal Colón is possibly the highest mountain in Colombia, with an estimated height of.
See Colombia and Pico Cristóbal Colón
Pico Simón Bolívar
Pico Simón Bolívar is the second highest mountain in Colombia, with an estimated height of.
See Colombia and Pico Simón Bolívar
Pictogram
A pictogram (also pictogramme, pictograph, or simply picto) is a graphical symbol that conveys meaning through its visual resemblance to a physical object.
Pineapple
The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.
Pipeline
A pipeline is a system of pipes for long-distance transportation of a liquid or gas, typically to a market area for consumption.
Piracy in the Caribbean
The era of piracy in the Caribbean began in the 1500s and phased out in the 1830s after the navies of the nations of Western Europe and North America with colonies in the Caribbean began hunting and prosecuting pirates.
See Colombia and Piracy in the Caribbean
Pitaya
A pitaya or pitahaya is the fruit of several different cactus species indigenous to the region of southern Mexico and along the Pacific coasts of Guatemala, Costa Rica, and El Salvador.
Polka
Polka is a dance style and genre of dance music originating in nineteenth-century Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic.
Popayán
Popayán is the capital of the Colombian department of Cauca.
Pope Francis
Pope Francis (Franciscus; Francesco; Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936) is head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State.
Population growth
Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group.
See Colombia and Population growth
Porfirio Barba-Jacob
Miguel Ángel Osorio Benítez (July 29, 1883 – January 14, 1942), better known by his pseudonym, Porfirio Barba-Jacob, was a Colombian poet and writer.
See Colombia and Porfirio Barba-Jacob
Porro
The porro is a musical style and dance from the Caribbean region of Colombia.
Portrait
A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face is always predominant.
Potato
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world.
Preschool
A preschool (sometimes spelled as pre school or pre-school), also known as nursery school, pre-primary school, play school or creche, is an educational establishment or learning space offering early childhood education to children before they begin compulsory education at primary school.
President of Colombia
The President of Colombia (President of the Republic) is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Colombia.
See Colombia and President of Colombia
Presidential system
A presidential system, or single executive system, is a form of government in which a head of government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separation of powers.
See Colombia and Presidential system
Princess of Asturias Awards
The Princess of Asturias Awards (Premios Princesa de Asturias, Premios Princesa d'Asturies), formerly the Prince of Asturias Awards from 1981 to 2014 (Premios Príncipe de Asturias), are a series of annual prizes awarded in Spain by the Princess of Asturias Foundation (previously the Prince of Asturias Foundation) to individuals, entities or organizations from around the world who make notable achievements in the sciences, humanities, and public affairs.
See Colombia and Princess of Asturias Awards
Production (economics)
Production is the process of combining various inputs, both material (such as metal, wood, glass, or plastics) and immaterial (such as plans, or knowledge) in order to create output.
See Colombia and Production (economics)
Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.
See Colombia and Protestantism
Provinces of the Republic of New Granada
According to the constitution of 1832, the territory of the Republic of New Granada was divided into provinces.
See Colombia and Provinces of the Republic of New Granada
Public–private partnership
A public–private partnership (PPP, 3P, or P3) is a long-term arrangement between a government and private sector institutions.
See Colombia and Public–private partnership
Puerto Carreño
Puerto Carreño, translation is the departmental capital city, and a municipality combined of the department of Vichada in the Llanos of Colombia located on the Orinoco River.
See Colombia and Puerto Carreño
Puerto Hormiga archaeological site
The Puerto Hormiga archaeological site is located in the Bolivar department, Colombia, in the lower Magdalena basin near the Caribbean coast.
See Colombia and Puerto Hormiga archaeological site
Putumayo Department
Putumayo is a department of Southern Colombia.
See Colombia and Putumayo Department
Putumayo River
The Putumayo River or Içá River (Río Putumayo, Rio Içá) is one of the tributaries of the Amazon River, southwest of and parallel to the Japurá River.
See Colombia and Putumayo River
Quena
The quena (hispanicized spelling of Quechua qina, sometimes also written kena in English) is the traditional flute of the Andes.
Quibdó
Quibdó is the capital city of Chocó Department, in the Pacific Region of Colombia, and is located on the Atrato River.
Quimbaya
The Quimbaya (/kɪmbaɪa/) were a small, ancient indigenous group in present-day Colombia noted for their gold work characterized by technical accuracy and detailed designs.
Quindío Department
Quindío is a department of Colombia.
See Colombia and Quindío Department
Quito
Quito (Kitu), officially San Francisco de Quito, is the capital of Ecuador, with an estimated population of 2.8 million in its metropolitan area.
Radio in Colombia
Radio in Colombia started in the early 1920s when a group of radio amateurs and enthusiasts brought the first receivers to the country, mostly in order to listen broadcasts from Europe and the United States.
See Colombia and Radio in Colombia
Radio Nacional de Colombia
Radio Nacional de Colombia ("Colombian National Radio") is a Colombian state-owned public radio network, part of Señal Colombia RTVC.
See Colombia and Radio Nacional de Colombia
Rafael Pombo
José Rafael de Pombo y Rebolledo (November 7, 1833 – May 5, 1912) was a Colombian poet born in Bogotá.
Rail freight transport
Rail freight transport is the use of railways and trains to transport cargo as opposed to human passengers.
See Colombia and Rail freight transport
Rail transport in Colombia
The Colombian railway network has a total length of.
See Colombia and Rail transport in Colombia
Raizal
The Raizal are an ethnic group from the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (The Raizal Islands), located approximately 470 kilometres south-west of Jamaica.
Ramón Torres Méndez
Ramón Torres Méndez (29 August 1809 – 16 December 1885) was a Colombian painter and lithographer considered one of the most prolific and important costumbrismo artists of the 19th century in Colombia, best known for his genre works into everyday Colombian life documenting the costumes, occupations, and pastimes of the common people of his time.
See Colombia and Ramón Torres Méndez
Rastafari
Rastafari, sometimes called Rastafarianism, is an Abrahamic religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s.
Rationalism (architecture)
In architecture, Rationalism (razionalismo) is an architectural current which mostly developed from Italy in the 1920s and 1930s.
See Colombia and Rationalism (architecture)
RCN Radio
RCN Radio (Radio Cadena Nacional, "National Radio Network") is one of the main radio networks in Colombia. Founded in 1949 with the integration of Radio Pacífico (Cali), La Voz de Medellín and Emisora Nueva Granada (Bogotá). Carlos Ardila Lülle is its main shareholder since 1973.
RCN Televisión
RCN Televisión, branded as Canal RCN (Radio Cadena Nacional) is a Colombian free-to-air television network owned by Organización Ardila Lülle.
See Colombia and RCN Televisión
Real Audiencia
A Real Audience, or simply an Audience (Reial Audience, Audience Reial, or Audience), was an appellate court in Spain and its empire.
See Colombia and Real Audiencia
Recession
In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction that occurs when there is a general decline in economic activity.
Refractive error
Refractive error is a problem with focusing light accurately on the retina due to the shape of the eye and/or cornea.
See Colombia and Refractive error
Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility.
See Colombia and Reinforced concrete
Religious art
Religious art is a visual representation of religious ideologies and their relationship with humans.
See Colombia and Religious art
Religious order (Catholic)
In the Catholic Church, a religious order is a community of consecrated life with members that profess solemn vows.
See Colombia and Religious order (Catholic)
Renewable energy
Renewable energy (or green energy) is energy from renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human timescale.
See Colombia and Renewable energy
Republic of New Granada
The Republic of New Granada was a centralist unitary republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Costa Rica, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil that existed from 1831 to 1858.
See Colombia and Republic of New Granada
Requinto
The term requinto is used in both Spanish and Portuguese to mean a smaller, higher-pitched version of another instrument.
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People's Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de ColombiaEjército del Pueblo, FARC–EP or FARC) is a Marxist–Leninist guerrilla group involved in the continuing Colombian conflict starting in 1964.
See Colombia and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
Rhythm
Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός, rhythmos, "any regular recurring motion, symmetry") generally means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions".
Ricardo Acevedo Bernal
Ricardo Acevedo Bernal (4 May 1867 – 7 April 1930) was a Colombian portrait painter, composer and photographer.
See Colombia and Ricardo Acevedo Bernal
Rice
Rice is a cereal grain and in its domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa.
Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia
Right-wing paramilitary groups in Colombia (paramilitares de derecha) are paramilitary groups acting in opposition to revolutionary Marxist–Leninist guerrilla forces and their allies among the civilian population.
See Colombia and Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia
Ring of Fire
The Ring of Fire (also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Rim of Fire, the Girdle of Fire or the Circum-Pacific belt) is a tectonic belt of volcanoes and earthquakes.
Riohacha
Riohacha (Wayuu: Süchiimma) is a city in the Riohacha Municipality in the northern Caribbean Region of Colombia by the mouth of the Ranchería River and the Caribbean Sea.
Risaralda Department
Risaralda is a department of Colombia.
See Colombia and Risaralda Department
Rock (geology)
In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter.
See Colombia and Rock (geology)
Rococo
Rococo, less commonly Roccoco, also known as Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and dramatic style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, and trompe-l'œil frescoes to create surprise and the illusion of motion and drama.
Rodolfo Hernández Suárez
Rodolfo Hernández Suárez (born 26 March 1945) is a Colombian politician, civil engineer, and businessman who served as a senator of Colombia from July to August 2022.
See Colombia and Rodolfo Hernández Suárez
Rodolfo Llinás
Rodolfo Llinás Riascos (born 16 December 1934) is a Colombian and American neuroscientist.
See Colombia and Rodolfo Llinás
Rodrigo Arenas Betancourt
Rodrigo Arenas Betancourt (23 October 1919 – 14 May 1995) was a Colombian sculptor.
See Colombia and Rodrigo Arenas Betancourt
Rodrigo de Bastidas
Rodrigo de Bastidas (Triana, Seville, Andalusia, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 28 July 1527) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who mapped the northern coast of South America, discovered Panama, and founded the city of Santa Marta.
See Colombia and Rodrigo de Bastidas
Rogelio Salmona
Rogelio Salmona (April 28, 1927 – October 3, 2007) was a French Colombian architect.
See Colombia and Rogelio Salmona
Romani language
Romani (also Romany, Romanes, Roma; rromani ćhib) is an Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani communities.
See Colombia and Romani language
Romani people
The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma (Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle.
See Colombia and Romani people
Romani people in Colombia
There is an important community of Romani people in Colombia consisting 8000 Colombians of Romani descent and are scattered throughout the country.
See Colombia and Romani people in Colombia
Rondador
The rondador is a set of chorded cane panpipes that produces two tones simultaneously.
Roscón
Roscón is a sweet bread-based ring-shaped dessert typical of the Spanish cuisine.
Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada
The Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada (Expedición Botánica al Virreinato de Nueva Granada.) took place between 1783 and 1816 in the territories of New Granada, covering present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Peru and northern Brazil and western Guyana.
See Colombia and Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada
Royalist (Spanish American independence)
The royalists were the people of Hispanic America (mostly from native and indigenous peoples) and Europeans that fought to preserve the integrity of the Spanish monarchy during the Spanish American wars of independence.
See Colombia and Royalist (Spanish American independence)
Sacredness
Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity; is considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspires awe or reverence among believers.
Saint-Domingue
Saint-Domingue was a French colony in the western portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, in the area of modern-day Haiti, from 1697 to 1804.
See Colombia and Saint-Domingue
Salesians of Don Bosco
The Salesians of Don Bosco (SDB), formally known as the Society of Saint Francis de Sales, is a religious congregation of men in the Catholic Church, founded in 1859 by the Italian priest John Bosco to help poor and migrant youngsters during the Industrial Revolution.
See Colombia and Salesians of Don Bosco
Salsa music
Salsa music is a style of Caribbean music, combining elements of Cuban, Puerto Rican, and American influences.
Saltwater fish
Saltwater fish, also called marine fish or sea fish, are fish that live in seawater.
See Colombia and Saltwater fish
Salvador Rizo
Salvador Rizo Blanco (Santa Cruz de Mompox, Viceroyalty of New Granada, 1760 – Bogotá, Viceroyalty of New Granada, 1816) was a botanist and painter who was a person very important during the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada which classified plants and wildlife.
See Colombia and Salvador Rizo
San Agustín Archaeological Park
The San Agustín Archaeological Park (Spanish: Parque Arqueológico de San Agustín) is a large archaeological area located near the town of San Agustín in Huila Department in Colombia.
See Colombia and San Agustín Archaeological Park
San Agustín, Huila
San Agustín is a town and municipality in the southern Colombian Department of Huila.
See Colombia and San Agustín, Huila
San Andrés, San Andrés y Providencia
San Andrés is the capital city of the department of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, in Colombia.
See Colombia and San Andrés, San Andrés y Providencia
San Andrés–Providencia Creole
San Andrés–Providencia creole, also called Raizal Creole, or Raizal Patwah, is an English-based creole language spoken in the San Andrés and Providencia (The Raizal Islands) by the native Raizals; which is a dialect of Jamaican Patois (Patwah) with notable similarities to Miskito Coastal Creole.
See Colombia and San Andrés–Providencia Creole
San Basilio de Palenque
San Basilio de Palenque or Palenque de San Basilio, often referred to by the locals simply as Palenke, is a Palenque village and corregimiento in the Municipality of Mahates, Bolivar in northern Colombia.
See Colombia and San Basilio de Palenque
San Jacinto, Bolívar
San Jacinto is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.
See Colombia and San Jacinto, Bolívar
San José del Guaviare
San José del Guaviare is a town and municipality in Colombia, capital of the department of Guaviare by the Guaviare River.
See Colombia and San José del Guaviare
Sancocho
Sancocho (from the Spanish verb sancochar, "to parboil") is a traditional stew in several Caribbean cuisine and Latin American cuisines.
Sanjuanero
El Sanjuanero, often called simply Sanjuanero, (translation "St. John's Festivities Song") is a traditional Colombian bambuco song.
Santa María la Antigua del Darién
Santa María la Antigua del Darién—turned into Dariena in the Latin of De Orbo Novo—was a Spanish colonial town founded in 1510 by Vasco Núñez de Balboa, located in present-day Colombia approximately south of Acandí, within the municipality of Unguía in the Chocó Department.
See Colombia and Santa María la Antigua del Darién
Santa Marta
Santa Marta, officially the Distrito Turístico, Cultural e Histórico de Santa Marta, is a port city on the coast of the Caribbean Sea in northern Colombia.
Santander Department
Santander is a department of Colombia.
See Colombia and Santander Department
Santander State
Santander State was one of the states of Colombia, which existed from 1857 until 1886.
See Colombia and Santander State
Santiago Martínez Delgado
Santiago Martínez Delgado (1906–1954) was a Colombian painter, sculptor, art historian and writer.
See Colombia and Santiago Martínez Delgado
Sarcophagus
A sarcophagus (sarcophagi or sarcophaguses) is a coffin, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried.
Savanna
A savanna or savannah is a mixed woodland-grassland (i.e. grassy woodland) biome and ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close.
School leaving qualification
A school leaving qualification is an academic qualification awarded for the completion of secondary education.
See Colombia and School leaving qualification
School life expectancy
School life expectancy is a measure of how many years of education a child of school-entering age would receive during their lifetime if the school enrollment rates stay the same as of today.
See Colombia and School life expectancy
Schottische
The schottische is a partnered country dance that apparently originated in Bohemia.
Sebastián de Belalcázar
Sebastián Moyano y Cabrera, best known as Sebastián de Belalcázar (c. 1490 – April 28, 1551) was a Spanish conquistador.
See Colombia and Sebastián de Belalcázar
Senate of Colombia
The Senate of the Republic of Colombia (Senado de la República de Colombia) is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia, with the lower house being the Chamber of Representatives.
See Colombia and Senate of Colombia
Sense
A sense is a biological system used by an organism for sensation, the process of gathering information about the surroundings through the detection of stimuli.
Separation of Panama from Colombia
The separation of Panama from Colombia was formalized on 3 November 1903, with the establishment of the Republic of Panama.
See Colombia and Separation of Panama from Colombia
Separation of powers
The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually law-making, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinguishable and articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each.
See Colombia and Separation of powers
Serranía del Baudó
The Serranía del Baudó is a coastal mountain range on the Pacific coast of Colombia.
See Colombia and Serranía del Baudó
Seven Years' War
The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict involving most of the European great powers, fought primarily in Europe and the Americas.
See Colombia and Seven Years' War
Shaft tomb
A shaft tomb or shaft grave is a type of deep rectangular burial structure, similar in shape to the much shallower cist grave, containing a floor of pebbles, walls of rubble masonry, and a roof constructed of wooden planks.
Shakira
Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (born 2 February 1977), known mononymously as Shakira, is a Colombian singer and songwriter.
Shooting sports
Shooting sports is a group of competitive and recreational sporting activities involving proficiency tests of accuracy, precision and speed in shooting — the art of using ranged weapons, mainly small arms (firearms and airguns, in forms such as handguns, rifles and shotguns) and bows/crossbows.
See Colombia and Shooting sports
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (English: Snow-Covered Mountain Range of Saint Martha) is an isolated mountain range in northern Colombia, separate from the Andes range that runs through the north of the country.
See Colombia and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
Simón Bolívar
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco (24July 178317December 1830) was a Venezuelan statesman and military officer who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire.
See Colombia and Simón Bolívar
Sincelejo
Sincelejo is the capital and largest city of the Colombian department of Sucre in the Caribbean region.
Slavery
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.
Small press
A small press is a publisher with annual sales below a certain level or below a certain number of titles published.
Smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.
Snare drum
The snare drum (or side drum) is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound when the head is struck with a drum stick, due to the use of a series of stiff wires held under tension against the lower skin.
Solanum quitoense
Solanum quitoense, known as naranjilla ("little orange") in Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Panama and as lulo (from Quechua) in Colombia, is a tropical perennial plant from northwestern South America.
See Colombia and Solanum quitoense
Soursop
Soursop (also called graviola, guyabano, and in Latin America guanábana) is the fruit of Annona muricata, a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree.
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
See Colombia and South America
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
Spanish American wars of independence
The Spanish American wars of independence (Guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas) took place throughout Spanish America during the early 19th century, with the aim of political independence from Spanish rule.
See Colombia and Spanish American wars of independence
Spanish architecture
Spanish architecture refers to architecture in any area of what is now Spain, and by Spanish architects worldwide.
See Colombia and Spanish architecture
Spanish Colombian
A Spanish Colombian is a Colombian of full Spanish descent.
See Colombia and Spanish Colombian
Spanish colonization of the Americas
The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from Queen Isabella I of Castile. Colombia and Spanish colonization of the Americas are former Spanish colonies.
See Colombia and Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.
See Colombia and Spanish Empire
Spanish language
Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
See Colombia and Spanish language
Spanish reconquest of New Granada
The Spanish reconquest of New Granada in 1815–1816 was part of the Spanish American wars of independence in South America and Colombian War of Independence.
See Colombia and Spanish reconquest of New Granada
Spatial analysis
Spatial analysis is any of the formal techniques which studies entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties.
See Colombia and Spatial analysis
Special Jurisdiction for Peace
The Special Jurisdiction for Peace (in Spanish: Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, JEP), also known as Special Justice for Peace, is the Colombian transitional justice mechanism through which FARC members, members of the Public Force and third parties who have participated in the Colombian armed conflict are investigated and put on trial.
See Colombia and Special Jurisdiction for Peace
Species
A species (species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.
Sport of athletics
Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking.
See Colombia and Sport of athletics
Steppe
In physical geography, a steppe is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes.
Stone and Sky (movement)
Stone and sky (Piedra y cielo) was a Colombian literary movement that appeared in 1939 and whose name is taken from the title of a 1919 poetry book published by Juan Ramón Jiménez.
See Colombia and Stone and Sky (movement)
Stonemasonry
Stonemasonry or stonecraft is the creation of buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone as the primary material.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa, Subsahara, or Non-Mediterranean Africa is the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lie south of the Sahara.
See Colombia and Sub-Saharan Africa
Subdivisions of Gran Colombia
The Republic of Gran Colombia was a former independent country in northern South America, a post-Spanish colonial country that existed from 1819 to 1831.
See Colombia and Subdivisions of Gran Colombia
Suckling pig
A suckling pig is a piglet fed on its mother's milk (i.e., a piglet which is still a "suckling").
Sucre Department
Sucre is a department in the Caribbean Region of Colombia.
See Colombia and Sucre Department
Suero
Suero, also referred to as suero costeño or suero atollabuey, is a fermented-milk-based condiment from Colombia's Caribbean coastal region.
Sugarcane
Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, perennial grass (in the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production.
Superior Council of Judicature
Superior Council of Judicature (Consejo Superior de la Judicatura) is Colombian institution part of the judicial branch of Colombia in charge of adopting a yearly report which is presented to the Congress of Colombia with a detailed report on justice handling in Colombia.
See Colombia and Superior Council of Judicature
Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia
The Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia (Corte Suprema de Justicia de Colombia) in Bogotá is the highest judicial body in civil and penal matters and issues of criminal and civil procedure in Colombia.
See Colombia and Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia
Sustainable Development Goals
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations members in 2015, created 17 world Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
See Colombia and Sustainable Development Goals
Symbolism (arts)
Symbolism was a late 19th-century art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts seeking to represent absolute truths symbolically through language and metaphorical images, mainly as a reaction against naturalism and realism.
See Colombia and Symbolism (arts)
Synthetic substance
A synthetic substance or synthetic compound refers to a substance that is man-made by synthesis, rather than being produced by nature.
See Colombia and Synthetic substance
Synthetic vaccine
A synthetic vaccine is a vaccine consisting mainly of synthetic peptides, carbohydrates, or antigens.
See Colombia and Synthetic vaccine
Taekwondo
Taekwondo is a Korean martial art and combat sport involving punching and kicking techniques.
Tairona
Tairona or Tayrona was a Pre-Columbian culture of Colombia, which consisted in a group of chiefdoms in the region of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in present-day Cesar, Magdalena and La Guajira Departments of Colombia, South America, which goes back at least to the 1st century AD and had significant demographic growth around the 11th century.
Tamale
A tamale, in Spanish, is a traditional Mesoamerican dish made of masa, a dough made from nixtamalized corn, which is steamed in a corn husk or banana leaves.
Tatacoa Desert
The Tatacoa Desert is the second largest arid zone in Colombia after the Guajira Peninsula.
See Colombia and Tatacoa Desert
Teatro de Cristóbal Colón
The Teatro de Cristóbal Colón (The Christopher Columbus Theatre), also known as the "Teatro Colón", is located in Bogotá, Colombia and it is the nation's National Theatre.
See Colombia and Teatro de Cristóbal Colón
Tejo (sport)
Tejo or turmequé, is a traditional throwing sport in Colombia.
Telephone numbers in Colombia
Colombia operates a closed dialing plan, with all fixed line and mobile subscriber numbers being 10-digit.
See Colombia and Telephone numbers in Colombia
Television in Colombia
Television in Colombia or Colombian television (Televisión de Colombia) is a media of Colombia.
See Colombia and Television in Colombia
Tequendama
Tequendama is a preceramic and ceramic archaeological site located southeast of Soacha, Cundinamarca, Colombia, a couple of kilometers east of Tequendama Falls.
Terrace (earthworks)
In agriculture, a terrace is a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming.
See Colombia and Terrace (earthworks)
The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
The Heritage Foundation
The Heritage Foundation, sometimes referred to simply as "Heritage", is an activist American conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1973, it took a leading role in the conservative movement in the 1980s during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, whose policies were taken from Heritage Foundation studies, including its Mandate for Leadership.
See Colombia and The Heritage Foundation
The Washington Post
The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.
See Colombia and The Washington Post
The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
See Colombia and The World Factbook
Theater of Colombia
Theater was introduced in Colombia during the Spanish colonization in 1550 through zarzuela companies.
See Colombia and Theater of Colombia
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or T.R., was an American politician, soldier, conservationist, historian, naturalist, explorer and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909.
See Colombia and Theodore Roosevelt
Thomson–Urrutia Treaty
The Thomson–Urrutia Treaty was ratified on April 20, 1921, between the United States and Colombia.
See Colombia and Thomson–Urrutia Treaty
Thousand Days' War
The Thousand Days' War (Guerra de los Mil Días) was a civil war fought in Colombia from 17 October 1899 to 21 November 1902, at first between the Liberal Party and the government led by the National Party, and later – after the Conservative Party had ousted the National Party – between the liberals and the conservative government.
See Colombia and Thousand Days' War
Tibitó
Tibitó is the second-oldest dated archaeological site on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia.
Tierra caliente
Tierra caliente is an informal term used in Latin America to refer to places with a distinctly tropical climate.
See Colombia and Tierra caliente
Tierra fría
In Latin America, tierra fría (Spanish for cold land) are mountain locations where high elevation results in a markedly cooler climate than that encountered in the lowlands at a comparable latitude.
Tierra helada
Tierra Helada (Spanish for "frozen land"), also known as Tierra Nevada (Spanish for "snowy land"), is a term used in Latin America to refer to the highest places found within the Andes mountains.
See Colombia and Tierra helada
Tierra templada
Tierra templada (Spanish for temperate land) is a pseudo-climatological term used in Latin America to refer to places which are either located in the tropics at a moderately high elevation or are marginally outside the astronomical tropics, producing a somewhat cooler overall climate than that found in the tropical lowlands, the zone of which is known as the tierra caliente.
See Colombia and Tierra templada
Tierradentro
Tierradentro (meaning "Underground" in Spanish for their well-known tombs) is one of the ancient Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia.
Time in Colombia
Colombia has one time zone, Colombia Time (COT), which is located in the UTC−05:00 zone, 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
See Colombia and Time in Colombia
Tiple
A tiple (literally treble or soprano), is a plucked typically 12-string chordophone of the guitar family.
Todelar
Todelar is a system of radio stations that covers all of Colombia, founded in 1953 by Bernardo Tobón de la Roche.
Tolima Department
Tolima is one of the 32 departments of Colombia, located in the Andean region, in the center-west of the country.
See Colombia and Tolima Department
Tomás Carrasquilla
Tomás Carrasquilla Naranjo (1858 – 1940) was a Colombian writer who lived in the Antioquia region.
See Colombia and Tomás Carrasquilla
Topology
Topology (from the Greek words, and) is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling, and bending; that is, without closing holes, opening holes, tearing, gluing, or passing through itself.
Torta
Torta is a culinary term that can, depending on the cuisine, refer to cakes, pies, flatbreads, sandwiches, or omelettes.
Torta de nata
Torta de nata is a traditional Colombian cuisine dessert.
See Colombia and Torta de nata
Tostones
Tostones (from the Spanish verb tostar which means "to toast") are twice-fried plantain slices commonly found in Latin American cuisine and Caribbean cuisine.
Tourism in Colombia
The contribution of travel and tourism to GDP was US$5,880.3bn (2.0% of total GDP) in 2016.
See Colombia and Tourism in Colombia
Town square
A square (or plaza, public square, or urban square) is an open public space used for various activities.
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), or the Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, is the first legally binding international agreement to comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons with the ultimate goal being their total elimination.
See Colombia and Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
Tropical rainforest
Tropical rainforests are dense and warm rainforests with high rainfall typically found between 10° north and south of the Equator.
See Colombia and Tropical rainforest
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.
Tucanoan languages
Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.
See Colombia and Tucanoan languages
Tunja
Tunja is a municipality and city on the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, in the region known as the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, 130 km northeast of Bogotá.
UCI BMX World Championships
UCI BMX World Championships are the World championship for BMX racing (bicycle motocross) held under the regulations of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), sport's international governing body.
See Colombia and UCI BMX World Championships
Unemployment
Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the reference period.
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
UNESCO established its Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage with the aim of ensuring better protection of important intangible cultural heritages worldwide and the awareness of their significance.
See Colombia and UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
Unitary state
A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority.
See Colombia and Unitary state
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
See Colombia and United Nations
United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.
See Colombia and United Nations Development Programme
United Provinces of New Granada
The United Provinces of New Granada was a country in South America from 1810 to 1816, a period known in Colombian history as la Patria Boba ("the Foolish Fatherland"). Colombia and United Provinces of New Granada are states and territories established in 1810.
See Colombia and United Provinces of New Granada
United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
The United Self-Defenders of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, or AUC, in Spanish) was a Colombian far-right paramilitary and drug trafficking group which was an active belligerent in the Colombian armed conflict during the period from 1997 to 2006.
See Colombia and United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. Colombia and United States are member states of the United Nations.
See Colombia and United States
United States of Colombia
United States of Colombia was the name adopted in 1863 by the for the Granadine Confederation, after years of civil war.
See Colombia and United States of Colombia
United States of Venezuela
The United States of Venezuela (Estados Unidos de Venezuela) was the official name of Venezuela, adopted in its 1864 constitution under the Juan Crisóstomo Falcón government.
See Colombia and United States of Venezuela
Urban park
An urban park or metropolitan park, also known as a city park, municipal park (North America), public park, public open space, or municipal gardens (UK), is a park or botanical garden in cities, densely populated suburbia and other incorporated places that offers green space and places for recreation to residents and visitors.
Urbanization
Urbanization (or urbanisation in British English) is the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change.
Valle del Cauca Department
Valle del Cauca, or Cauca Valley, is a department in western Colombia abutting the Pacific Ocean.
See Colombia and Valle del Cauca Department
Valledupar
Valledupar is a city and municipality in northeastern Colombia.
Vallenato
Vallenato, is a popular folk music genre from Colombia.
Value-added tax
A value-added tax (VAT or goods and services tax (GST), general consumption tax (GCT)), is a consumption tax that is levied on the value added at each stage of a product's production and distribution.
See Colombia and Value-added tax
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475around January 12–21, 1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador.
See Colombia and Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Vaupés Department
Vaupés is a department of Southeastern Colombia in the jungle covered Amazonía Region.
See Colombia and Vaupés Department
Venezuela
Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. Colombia and Venezuela are countries in South America, former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations and spanish-speaking countries and territories.
Venezuelans
Venezuelans (Spanish: venezolanos) are the citizens identified with the country of Venezuela.
Vice President of Colombia
The vice president of Colombia (Vice president of the Republic) is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the national government, after the president of Colombia, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession.
See Colombia and Vice President of Colombia
Viceroyalty
A viceroyalty was an entity headed by a viceroy.
Viceroyalty of New Granada
The Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada (Virreinato del Nuevo Reino de Granada), also called Viceroyalty of New Granada or Viceroyalty of Santafé, was the name given on 27 May 1717 to the jurisdiction of the Spanish Empire in northern South America, corresponding to modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela. Colombia and Viceroyalty of New Granada are former Spanish colonies and spanish-speaking countries and territories.
See Colombia and Viceroyalty of New Granada
Viceroyalty of Peru
The Viceroyalty of Peru (Virreinato del Perú), officially known as the Kingdom of Peru, was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America, governed from the capital of Lima. Colombia and Viceroyalty of Peru are spanish-speaking countries and territories.
See Colombia and Viceroyalty of Peru
Vichada Department
Vichada Department (Departamento del Vichada) is a department of the Republic of Colombia in South America.
See Colombia and Vichada Department
Villavicencio
Villavicencio is a city and municipality in Colombia.
See Colombia and Villavicencio
Volcano
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
Volume
Volume is a measure of regions in three-dimensional space.
Waltz
The waltz, meaning "to roll or revolve") is a ballroom and folk dance, normally in triple (4 time), performed primarily in closed position.
War of Jenkins' Ear
The War of Jenkins' Ear (lit) was a conflict lasting from 1739 to 1748 between Britain and Spain.
See Colombia and War of Jenkins' Ear
Washtub bass
The washtub bass, or gutbucket, is a stringed instrument used in American folk music that uses a metal washtub as a resonator.
Wayuu people
The Wayuu (also Wayu, Wayú, Guajiro, Wahiro) are an Indigenous ethnic group of the Guajira Peninsula in northernmost Colombia and northwest Venezuela.
White Colombians
White Colombians are the Colombian descendants of European and Middle Eastern people living in Colombia.
See Colombia and White Colombians
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
See Colombia and World Health Organization
World Series
The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada.
World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade.
See Colombia and World Trade Organization
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Wrestling
Wrestling is a martial art and combat sport that involves grappling with an opponent and striving to obtain a position of advantage through different throws or techniques, within a given ruleset.
Yopal
Yopal is a municipality and capital city of the department of Casanare in Colombia and the second most populated and important city in the Orinoquía region after Villavicencio.
Zarzuela
Zarzuela is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and popular songs, as well as dance.
Zenú
The Zenú or Sinú is a pre-Columbian culture in Colombia, whose ancestral territory comprises the valleys of the Sinú and San Jorge rivers as well as the coast of the Caribbean around the Gulf of Morrosquillo.
Zoomorphism
The word zoomorphism derives from and.
.co
.co is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) assigned to Colombia. It is administered by.CO Internet S.A.S., a subsidiary of Neustar since 2014., there were no registration restrictions on second-level.co domains; any individual or entity in the world can register a.co domain..CO Internet S.A.S from Bogotá, Colombia, was appointed as the manager for the.co TLD through a public procurement process that took place in early 2009..CO Internet received the re-delegation approval as the manager of the.co TLD by ICANN on December 9, 2009, and received formal confirmation of the request by the United States Department of Commerce on December 23, 2009.
See Colombia and .co
12th parallel north
The 12th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 12 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
See Colombia and 12th parallel north
1997 World Series
The 1997 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1997 season.
See Colombia and 1997 World Series
19th of April Movement
The 19th of April Movement (Movimiento 19 de Abril), or M-19, was a Colombian urban guerrilla movement active in the late 1970s and 1980s.
See Colombia and 19th of April Movement
2001 Copa América
The 2001 Copa América was held in Colombia, from 11 to 29 July.
See Colombia and 2001 Copa América
2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis
The 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis was a diplomatic stand-off between Colombia and Venezuela over allegations in July by Colombian President Álvaro Uribe that the Venezuelan government was actively permitting the FARC and ELN guerrillas to seek safe haven in its territory.
See Colombia and 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis
2010 Colombian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Colombia in 2010.
See Colombia and 2010 Colombian presidential election
2010 World Series
The 2010 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2010 season.
See Colombia and 2010 World Series
2014 Colombian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Colombia on 25 May 2014.
See Colombia and 2014 Colombian presidential election
2016 Colombian peace agreement referendum
The Colombian peace agreement referendum was held on 2 October 2016, aiming to ratify the final agreement on the termination of the Colombian conflict between the Colombian government and the FARC guerillas.
See Colombia and 2016 Colombian peace agreement referendum
2016 Nobel Peace Prize
The 2016 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos (b. 1951) "for his resolute efforts to bring the country’s more than 50-year-long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people." The conflict is the longest running war, and last remaining guerrilla struggle, in the Americas.
See Colombia and 2016 Nobel Peace Prize
2018 Colombian census
The 2018 Colombian Census was the 18th population census in Colombia, and the 7th to include the counting of households and dwelling units.
See Colombia and 2018 Colombian census
2018 Colombian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Colombia on 27 May 2018.
See Colombia and 2018 Colombian presidential election
2021 Colombian protests
A series of protests began in Colombia on 28 April 2021 against increased taxes, corruption, and health care reform proposed by the government of President Iván Duque.
See Colombia and 2021 Colombian protests
2022 Colombian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Colombia on 29 May 2022, with a runoff on 19 June 2022 as no candidate obtained at least 50% in the first round of voting.
See Colombia and 2022 Colombian presidential election
4th parallel south
The 4th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 4 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane.
See Colombia and 4th parallel south
67th meridian west
The meridian 67° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, South America, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
See Colombia and 67th meridian west
79th meridian west
The meridian 79° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, Panama, South America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
See Colombia and 79th meridian west
See also
Andean Community
- Andean Community
- Andean Parliament
- Andean passport
- Bolivia
- CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean
- Colombia
- Court of Justice of the Andean Community
- Ecuador
- Peru
- Secretary-General of the Andean Community
Constitutional republics
- Colombia
Countries in South America
- Argentina
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Chile
- Colombia
- Ecuador
- Guyana
- List of South American countries and dependencies by GDP (PPP)
- List of South American countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Suriname
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
OECD members
- Australia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Canada
- Chile
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Japan
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of Ireland
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
Spanish-speaking countries and territories
- Alta California
- Andorra
- Argentina
- Belize
- Bolivia
- Captaincy General of Chile
- Captaincy General of Cuba
- Captaincy General of Guatemala
- Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
- Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
- Captaincy General of Venezuela
- Captaincy General of Yucatán
- Captaincy General of the Philippines
- Chile
- Colombia
- Colony of Santiago
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Guatemala
- Hispanidad
- Honduras
- Insular Government of Porto Rico
- Intendancy of San Salvador
- List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language
- Mexico
- New Spain
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Province of Las Californias
- Provincias Internas
- Puerto Rico
- Republic of Texas
- Republic of Yucatán
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- Spain
- Spanish West Indies
- Upper Peru
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
- Viceroyalty of New Granada
- Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
- Western Sahara
States and territories established in 1810
- Colombia
- Department of Alto Adige
- Ems-Occidental
- Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca
- Government Junta of Chile (1810)
- Jämtland County
- Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam
- Kingdom of Reman
- Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara
- Mexico
- Mobile District
- Norrbotten County
- Simplon (department)
- United Provinces of New Granada
- Zuyderzée
References
Also known as Agrado, Columbia (country), Country of Columbia, El Agrado, Ethnic groups in Colombia, Etymology of Colombia, ISO 3166-1:CO, Name of Colombia, Republic of Colombia, Republic of Columbia, República de Colombia, The Republic of Colombia.
, Arecaceae, Arepa, Armenia, Colombia, Arroz de lisa, Art Deco, Art music, Artificial cardiac pacemaker, Asado, Asian people, Asiento de Negros, Association football, Asymmetric warfare, Atheism, Atlantic slave trade, Atlántico Department, Atrato River, Avena (drink), Avenue (landscape), Avocado, Álvaro Mutis, Álvaro Uribe, Édgar Negret, Édgar Rentería, Óscar Iván Zuluaga, Bacatá, Baháʼí Faith, Bambuco, Banana, Banana passionfruit, Bandeja paisa, Bandola, Bank of the Republic (Colombia), Baptism, Barbacoan languages, Baroque, Baroque architecture, Barranquilla, Baseball World Cup, Basque Colombians, Bass drum, Battle of Old Baldy, BBC News, Beef, Beetle, Bell, Benkos Biohó, Biodiversity, Biodiversity of Colombia, Biome, Blackberry, Bocadillo (dessert), Bogotazo, Bogotá, Bogotá Film Festival, Bogotá Philharmonic Orchestra, Boiled egg, Bolívar Department, Bomb, Bond credit rating, Bora–Witoto languages, Bowling, Boxing, Boyacá Department, Brazil, Buñuelo, Bucaramanga, Buddhism, 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bean, Coconut rice, Coffee, Coffee production in Colombia, Colombia national football team, Colombia Stock Exchange, Colombia–Peru War, Colombian Aerospace Force, Colombian Civil Aviation Authority, Colombian Civil War (1860–1862), Colombian conflict, Colombian Conservative Party, Colombian Constitution of 1821, Colombian Constitution of 1991, Colombian emeralds, Colombian Liberal Party, Colombian Massif, Colombian Military Junta, Colombian Naval Infantry, Colombian Navy, Colombian Olympic Committee, Colombian peace process, Colombian peso, Colombian Sign Language, Colombian Spanish, Colombian tiple, Colombian War of Independence, Colombians, Commander-in-chief, Common Era, Commoner, Concession (contract), Concrete slab, Conga, Congress of Cúcuta, Congress of Colombia, Conquistador, Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property, Constitution, Constitutional Court of Colombia, Consumer spending, Contemporary architecture, Contradanza, Cordillera Central (Colombia), Cordillera Occidental (Colombia), Cordillera Oriental (Colombia), Corregimientos of Colombia, Costa Rica, Costeño cheese, Costumbrismo, Council of Ministers of Colombia, Council of State (Colombia), Council of the Indies, Counterinsurgency, Counterterrorism, Cowboy, Crème caramel, Creole language, Crisis in Venezuela, Cuatro (instrument), Cuba, Cubism, Cultural heritage, Culture of Africa, Culture of Europe, Culture of Latin America, Culture of Spain, Culture of the Caribbean, Culture of the United States, Cumbia (Colombia), Cundinamarca Department, Cundinamarca Department (1820), Cycle sport, Cylindrical drum, Daguerreotype, Danza, David Manzur, Deforestation in Colombia, Democratic Center (Colombia), Democratic security, Departments of Colombia, Desert, Dignity, Dissolution of Gran Colombia, Distillation, Districts of Colombia, Dominican Republic, Doris Salcedo, Drug cartel, Dual carriageway, Early-onset Alzheimer's disease, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eclecticism in architecture, Economy of Colombia, Ecosystem, Ecuador, Eduardo Caballero Calderón, El Abra, El Dorado, El Dorado International Airport, El Espectador, El País (Cali), El Tiempo (Colombia), Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias, Emberá people, Emerald, Empanada, Encyclopædia Britannica, Endemic birds of Colombia, Endemism, Energy Information Administration, English language, Enrique Grau, Ethnic groups in the Middle East, Ethnologue, Eugenia stipitata, Europe, European emigration, Evangelicalism, Existentialism, Expressionism, External debt, Extremadura, Factory (trading post), Fanzine, Federal government of the United States, Federal Research Division, Federalism, Feijoa sellowiana, Ferdinand VII, Fernando Botero, Fernando González (writer), Financial inclusion, Financial services, First Republic of New Granada, Flamenco, Florencia, Caquetá, Flower, Folklore studies, Food, Food security, Forest Landscape Integrity Index, Fortification, Francia Márquez, Francisco Antonio Zea, Francisco de Paula 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