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45 relations: American Revolutionary War, Board of Trade, British Empire, British government departments, British North America, British Raj, Colonial Service, Colony, Dominion, Dominion of India, Dominion of Pakistan, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Frederic Rogers, 1st Baron Blachford, Harrison and Sons, Herman Merivale, Home Office, India Office, Irgun, James Stephen (civil servant), Khedivate of Egypt, Kingdom of Great Britain, List of British Empire-related topics, Ministry (government department), Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Protectorate, Robert Henry Meade, Robert Herbert, Robert William Hay, Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, Secretary of State for the Colonies, Secretary of State for the Southern Department, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, The Age, The Argus (Melbourne), The Canadian Encyclopedia, The Queenslander, The Sydney Stock and Station Journal, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, War Office, Waterlow and Sons, Whitehall, 1907 Imperial Conference, 1946 British Embassy bombing.
American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America. After 1765, growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies. Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts, which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts Bay Colony. Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power. British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord, Massachusetts in April 1775 led to open combat. Militia forces then besieged Boston, forcing a British evacuation in March 1776, and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army. Concurrently, an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British failed decisively. On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress voted for independence, issuing its declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive, capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb. However, victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence. In 1777, the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne, intending to isolate the New England Colonies. Instead of assisting this effort, Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia, and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777. Burgoyne's defeat had drastic consequences. France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778, and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States. In 1780, the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India, and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war. In North America, the British mounted a "Southern strategy" led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising, but too few came forward. Cornwallis suffered reversals at King's Mountain and Cowpens. He retreated to Yorktown, Virginia, intending an evacuation, but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape. A Franco-American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis' army and, with no sign of relief, he surrendered in October 1781. Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive,Brooks, Richard (editor). Atlas of World Military History. HarperCollins, 2000, p. 101 "Washington's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory, but French intervention won the war." but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes.
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Board of Trade
The Board of Trade is a British government department concerned with commerce and industry, currently within the Department for International Trade.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
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British government departments
The Government of the United Kingdom exercises its executive authority through a number of government departments or departments of state.
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British North America
The term "British North America" refers to the former territories of the British Empire on the mainland of North America.
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British Raj
The British Raj (from rāj, literally, "rule" in Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947.
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Colonial Service
The Colonial Service, also known as His/Her Majesty's Colonial Service, was the British government service which administered most of Britain's overseas possessions, under the authority of the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the Colonial Office in London.
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Colony
In history, a colony is a territory under the immediate complete political control of a state, distinct from the home territory of the sovereign.
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Dominion
Dominions were semi-independent polities under the British Crown, constituting the British Empire, beginning with Canadian Confederation in 1867.
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Dominion of India
Between gaining independence from the United Kingdom on 15 August 1947 and the proclamation of a republic on 26 January 1950, India was an independent dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations with king George VI as its head of state.
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Dominion of Pakistan
Pakistan (পাকিস্তান অধিরাজ্য; مملکتِ پاکستان), also called the Dominion of Pakistan, was an independent federal dominion in South Asia that was established in 1947 as a result of the Pakistan movement, followed by the simultaneous partition of British India to create a new country called Pakistan.
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Foreign and Commonwealth Office
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), commonly called the Foreign Office, is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom.
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Frederic Rogers, 1st Baron Blachford
Frederic Rogers, 1st Baron Blachford (31 January 1811 – 21 November 1889) was a British civil servant, styled as Sir Frederick Rogers, 8th Baronet from 1851 to 1871.
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Harrison and Sons
Harrison and Sons was a major worldwide engraver and printer of postage stamps and banknotes.
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Herman Merivale
Herman Merivale CB (8 November 1806 – 8 February 1874) was an English civil servant and historian.
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Home Office
The Home Office (HO) is a ministerial department of Her Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom, responsible for immigration, security and law and order.
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India Office
The India Office was a British government department established in London in 1858 to oversee the administration, through a Viceroy and other officials, of the Provinces of British India.
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Irgun
The Irgun (ארגון; full title:, lit. "The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel") was a Zionist paramilitary organization that operated in Mandate Palestine between 1931 and 1948.
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James Stephen (civil servant)
Sir James Stephen (3 January 1789 – 14 September 1859) was the British under-secretary of state for the colonies from 1836 to 1847.
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Khedivate of Egypt
The Khedivate of Egypt (خدیویت مصر) was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces which brought an end to the short-lived French occupation of Lower Egypt.
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Kingdom of Great Britain
The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially called simply Great Britain,Parliament of the Kingdom of England.
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List of British Empire-related topics
This is a list of topics related to the British Empire.
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Ministry (government department)
A ministry is a governmental organisation, headed by a minister, that is meant to manage a specific sector of public administration.
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Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom.
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Protectorate
A protectorate, in its inception adopted by modern international law, is a dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and some independence while still retaining the suzerainty of a greater sovereign state.
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Robert Henry Meade
Sir Robert Henry Meade (16 December 1835 – 8 January 1898) was a British civil servant and the Head of the Colonial Office between 1892 and 1897.
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Robert Herbert
Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert, (12 June 1831 – 6 May 1905), was the first Premier of Queensland, Australia.
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Robert William Hay
Robert William Hay (1786–1861) was a British aristocrat and public official.
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Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs
The Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs was a British Cabinet minister responsible for dealing with the United Kingdom's relations with members of the Commonwealth of Nations (its former colonies).
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Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
The Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations was a British Cabinet minister responsible for dealing with the United Kingdom's relations with members of the Commonwealth of Nations (its former colonies).
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Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
The position of Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs was a British cabinet-level position created in 1925 responsible for British relations with the dominions — Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Newfoundland, and the Irish Free State — and the self-governing Crown colony of Southern Rhodesia.
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Secretary of State for the Colonies
The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet minister in charge of managing the United Kingdom's various colonial dependencies.
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Secretary of State for the Southern Department
The Secretary of State for the Southern Department was a position in the cabinet of the government of Kingdom of Great Britain up to 1782, when the Southern Department became the Foreign Office.
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Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
The Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was a British cabinet-level position responsible for the army and the British colonies (other than India).
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The Age
The Age is a daily newspaper that has been published in Melbourne, Australia, since 1854.
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The Argus (Melbourne)
The Argus was a morning daily newspaper in Melbourne, Australia that was established in 1846 and closed in 1957.
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The Canadian Encyclopedia
The Canadian Encyclopedia (abbreviated as TCE) is a source of information on Canada published by Historica Canada of Toronto.
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The Queenslander
The Queenslander was the weekly summary and literary edition of the 'Brisbane Courier' (now The Courier-Mail), since the 1850s the leading journal in the colony and later federal state of Queensland, Australia.
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The Sydney Stock and Station Journal
The Sydney Stock and Station Journal was a newspaper published in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia from 1888 to 1924.
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Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies
The Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies was a junior Ministerial post in the United Kingdom government, subordinate to the Secretary of State for the Colonies and, from 1948, also to a Minister of State.
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War Office
The War Office was a department of the British Government responsible for the administration of the British Army between 1857 and 1964, when its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Defence.
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Waterlow and Sons
Waterlow and Sons Limited was a major worldwide engraver of currency, postage stamps, stocks and bond certificates based in London, Watford and Dunstable in England.
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Whitehall
Whitehall is a road in the City of Westminster, Central London, which forms the first part of the A3212 road from Trafalgar Square to Chelsea.
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1907 Imperial Conference
The Imperial Conference of 1907 was convened in London on 15 April 1907 as the Colonial Conference of 1907 and concluded on 14 May 1907.
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1946 British Embassy bombing
The bombing of the British Embassy at Porta Pia in Rome was a terrorist action perpetrated by the Irgun that occurred on 31 October 1946.
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British Colonial Office, Colonial Office, Her Britannic Majesty's Government, Colonial Office, His Britannic Majesty's Government, Colonial office.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Office
