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238 relations: Abolition of serfdom in Poland, Absolute monarchy, Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski, Age of Enlightenment, Albert Blaustein, Alexander Bezborodko, Alliance of Democrats (Poland), Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Andrzej Zamoyski, Bar Confederation, Bar, Vinnytsia Oblast, Battle of Racławice, Bicameralism, Bill Moyers, Black Procession, Bogusław Leśnodorski, Bourgeoisie, Brandenburg-Prussia, Buffer state, Cabinet (government), Calque, Cardinal Laws, Casimir Pulaski, Castellan, Catherine the Great, Catholic Church, Central Archives of Historical Records, Chicago metropolitan area, Civil code, Code of law, Collegium Nobilium (Warsaw), Commander-in-chief, Commission of National Education, Communism in Poland, Confederated sejm, Confederation (Poland), Considerations on the Government of Poland, Constitution, Constitutional Act 1791, Constitutional monarchy, Constitutionalism, Convocation Sejm (1764), Corsican Constitution, Coup d'état, Criminal code, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Crown prince, Crown Tribunal, Czartoryski, Decentralization, ..., Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789, Deputy (legislator), Disfranchisement, Dual monarchy, Duchy of Warsaw, Dzików Confederation, Edmund Burke, Election sejm, Elective monarchy, Electoral system, Enlightenment in Poland, Ennoblement, Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg, Executionist movement, Executive (government), Familia (political party), Fatherland, First Partition of Poland, Foreign minister, Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, Frederick the Great, Frederick William II of Prussia, Free Royal Cities Act, French Constitution of 1791, French Revolution, Friends of the Constitution, Gabriel Bonnot de Mably, General State Laws for the Prussian States, George Sanford (political scientist), Golden Liberty, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Great Sejm, Greater Poland, Greek Orthodox Church, Grodno Sejm, Guardians of the Laws, Habeas corpus, Habsburg Monarchy, Henrician Articles, Hereditary monarchy, Hetman, Hetmans' Party, History of the Jews in Poland, House of Wettin, Hugo Kołłątaj, Ignacy Krasicki, Ignacy Potocki, Impeachment, Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars, Imperial Russian Army, Interior ministry, International Workers' Day, Jacek Jędruch, Jan Zamoyski, Józef Andrzej Załuski, Józef Kossakowski (colonel), Józef Poniatowski, Józef Pułaski, Józef Wybicki, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John II Casimir Vasa, John Locke, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Kajetan Sołtyk, Kazimierz Karwowski, Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385), Kingdom of Prussia, Kołłątaj's Forge, Kościuszko Uprising, Latin, Legislature, Lesser Poland, Liberum veto, Lietuvos istorijos metraštis, List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland, Lithuanian language, Lithuanian Tribunal, Lower house, Lynne Olson, Magnates of Poland and Lithuania, Marshal of the Sejm, Michał Józef Massalski, Michał Wielhorski (elder), Montesquieu, Motion of no confidence, Napoleon, National Assembly (French Revolution), Neminem captivabimus, Nicholas Repnin, Norman Davies, Ottoman Empire, Pacta conventa, Pardon, Parliamentary system, Partition Sejm, Partitions of Poland, Patriotic Party, Permanent Council, Philosophes, Piotr Skarga, Plenipotentiary, Poland Is Not Yet Lost, Polish Americans, Polish Constitution Day Parade, Polish People's Republic, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish–Lithuanian union, Polish–Prussian alliance, Polish–Russian War of 1792, Political opportunity, Polity, Popular sovereignty, Powiat, Proclamation of Połaniec, Protestantism, Prussian Army, Radom Confederation, Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations, Regent, Repnin Sejm, Revolutions of 1989, Right of initiative (legislative), Rokosz, Royal elections in Poland, Ruble, Russian Empire, Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), Saint Petersburg, Sandomierz Confederation, Saxony, Scipione Piattoli, Second Partition of Poland, Second Polish Republic, Sejm, Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sejmik, Senate, Senate of Poland, Separation of powers, Serfdom, Seweryn Rzewuski, Social contract, Society of Jesus, Stanisław Antoni Szczuka, Stanisław August Poniatowski, Stanisław Dunin-Karwicki, Stanisław Konarski, Stanisław Leszczyński, Stanisław Małachowski, Stanisław Staszic, Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, State Tribunal (Poland), Szlachta, Szlachta privileges, Szymon Marcin Kossakowski, Tadeusz Kościuszko, Tadeusz Rejtan, Targowica Confederation, Tarnogród Confederation, Third Partition of Poland, Toleration, Treason, Treasury, Trial court, Tsar, Tsardom of Russia, Unitary state, United States Bill of Rights, United States Constitution, Upper house, Valerian Kalinka, Veto, Voivode, Wacław Rzewuski, War of the Polish Succession, Warsaw, Warsaw Confederation, Warsaw Confederation (1704), Warsaw Uprising (1794), Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki, Władysław Smoleński, Wikisource, Wilno uprising (1794), Wola, Yakov Bulgakov, Zamoyski Code. Expand index (188 more) »
Abolition of serfdom in Poland
Abolition of serfdom in Poland occurred over a period of time.
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Absolute monarchy
Absolute monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.
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Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski
Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski (1 December 1734 – 19 March 1823) was an influential Polish aristocrat, writer, literary and theater critic, linguist, traveller and statesman.
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Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".
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Albert Blaustein
Albert Paul Blaustein (October 12, 1921 – 1994) was an American Civil Rights and human rights lawyer and constitutional consultant who helped draft the Fijian and Liberian constitutions, as well as being called in as a consultant for the constitutions of for Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Cambodia and Peru.
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Alexander Bezborodko
Prince Alexander Andreyevich Bezborodko (Алекса́ндр Андре́евич Безборо́дко; Олександр Андрійович Безбородько; – 6 April 1799) was the Grand Chancellor of Russia and chief architect of Catherine the Great's foreign policy after the death of Nikita Panin.
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Alliance of Democrats (Poland)
The Alliance of Democrats (Stronnictwo Demokratyczne, SD) is a Polish centrist party.
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Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski
Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski (Andreas Fricius Modrevius) (ca. September 20, 1503 – autumn, 1572) was a Polish Renaissance scholar, humanist and theologian, called "the father of Polish democracy".
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Andrzej Zamoyski
Count Andrzej Hieronim Franciszek Zamoyski (12 February 1716 – 10 February 1792) was a Polish noble (szlachcic).
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Bar Confederation
The Bar Confederation (Konfederacja barska; 1768–1772) was an association of Polish nobles (szlachta) formed at the fortress of Bar in Podolia in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russian influence and against King Stanisław II Augustus with Polish reformers, who were attempting to limit the power of the Commonwealth's wealthy magnates.
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Bar, Vinnytsia Oblast
Bar (Бар; Bar; Barium; Βάρ; Bar; Бар) is a town located on the Riv River in the Vinnytsia Oblast (province) of central Ukraine.
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Battle of Racławice
The Battle of Racławice was one of the first battles of the Polish Kościuszko Uprising against Russia.
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Bicameralism
A bicameral legislature divides the legislators into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses.
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Bill Moyers
Billy Don Moyers (born June 5, 1934) is an American journalist and political commentator.
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Black Procession
Black procession (Czarna procesja) was a demonstration held by burghers of Polish royal cities in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's capital of Warsaw on 2 December 1789, during the Great Sejm.
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Bogusław Leśnodorski
Bogusław Leśnodorski (1914-1985) was a Polish historian, professor of the Warsaw University, author of many books and articles.
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Bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.
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Brandenburg-Prussia
Brandenburg-Prussia (Brandenburg-Preußen) is the historiographic denomination for the Early Modern realm of the Brandenburgian Hohenzollerns between 1618 and 1701.
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Buffer state
A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers.
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Cabinet (government)
A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch.
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Calque
In linguistics, a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation.
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Cardinal Laws
The Cardinal Laws (Prawa kardynalne) were a quasi-constitution enacted in Warsaw, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, by the Repnin Sejm of 1767–68.
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Casimir Pulaski
Kazimierz Michał Władysław Wiktor Pułaski of Ślepowron (Casimir Pulaski; March 4 or March 6, 1745Makarewicz, 1998 October 11, 1779) was a Polish nobleman, soldier and military commander who has been called, together with his Hungarian friend Michael Kovats de Fabriczy, "the father of the American cavalry".
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Castellan
A castellan was the governor or captain of a castellany and its castle.
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Catherine the Great
Catherine II (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна Yekaterina Alekseyevna; –), also known as Catherine the Great (Екатери́на Вели́кая, Yekaterina Velikaya), born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Central Archives of Historical Records
Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw (Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie, AGAD) is one of Poland's four national archives.
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Chicago metropolitan area
The Chicago metropolitan area, or Chicagoland, is the metropolitan area that includes the city of Chicago, Illinois, and its suburbs.
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Civil code
A civil code is a systematic collection of laws designed to deal with the core areas of private law such as for dealing with business and negligence lawsuits and practices.
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Code of law
A code of law, also called a law code or legal code, is a type of legislation that purports to exhaustively cover a complete system of laws or a particular area of law as it existed at the time the code was enacted, by a process of codification.
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Collegium Nobilium (Warsaw)
The Collegium Nobilium was an elite boarding secondary school for sons of magnates and wealthy gentry (szlachta), founded in 1740 in Warsaw by Stanisław Konarski and run by Piarist monks.
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Commander-in-chief
A commander-in-chief, also sometimes called supreme commander, or chief commander, is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nation's military forces.
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Commission of National Education
The Commission of National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, abbreviated KEN, Edukacinė komisija, Адукацыйная камісія) was the central educational authority in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, created by the Sejm and the King Stanisław August Poniatowski on October 14, 1773.
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Communism in Poland
Communism in Poland can trace its origins to the late 19th century: the Marxist First Proletariat party was founded in 1882.
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Confederated sejm
Confederated sejm was a form of sejm in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century.
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Confederation (Poland)
A konfederacja ("confederation") was an ad hoc association formed by Polish-Lithuanian szlachta (nobility), clergy, cities, or military forces in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the attainment of stated aims.
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Considerations on the Government of Poland
Considerations on the Government of Poland — also simply The Government of Poland or, in the original French, Considérations sur le gouvernement de Pologne — is an essay by Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau concerning the design of a new constitution for the people of Poland (or more exactly, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth).
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Constitution
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.
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Constitutional Act 1791
The Clergy Endowments (Canada) Act 1791 (31 Geo 3 c 31), (the Act) commonly known as the Constitutional Act 1791, is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain.
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Constitutional monarchy
A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.
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Constitutionalism
Constitutionalism is "a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law".
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Convocation Sejm (1764)
The Convocation Sejm of 1764 was a session of the Sejm (parliament) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Corsican Constitution
The first Corsican Constitution was drawn up in 1755 for the short-lived Corsican Republic independent from Genoa beginning in 1755 and remained in force until the annexation of Corsica by France in 1769.
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Coup d'état
A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.
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Criminal code
A criminal code (or penal code) is a document which compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction's criminal law.
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Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Korona Królestwa Polskiego, Latin: Corona Regni Poloniae), commonly known as the Polish Crown or simply the Crown, is the common name for the historic (but unconsolidated) Late Middle Ages territorial possessions of the King of Poland, including Poland proper.
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Crown prince
A crown prince is the male heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy.
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Crown Tribunal
Crown Tribunal (Polish: Trybunał Koronny, Latin Iudicium Ordinarium Generale Tribunalis Regni) – was the highest appeal court in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom for most cases, exceptions being the cases were a noble landowner was threatened with loss of life and/or property - then he could appeal to the Sejm court (parliament court).
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Czartoryski
Czartoryski (feminine form: Czartoryska, plural: Czartoryscy; Чарторийські, Chartoryisky; Чорторийські, Chortoryisky; Čartoriskiai) is a Polish princely family of Lithuanian-Ruthenian origin, also known as the Familia.
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Decentralization
Decentralization is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group.
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Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789
The Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 (Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.
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Deputy (legislator)
A deputy is a legislator in many countries, particularly those with legislatures styled as a 'Chamber of Deputies' or 'National Assembly'.
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Disfranchisement
Disfranchisement (also called disenfranchisement) is the revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or through practices, prevention of a person exercising the right to vote.
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Dual monarchy
Dual monarchy occurs when two separate kingdoms are ruled by the same monarch, follow the same foreign policy, exist in a customs union with each other and have a combined military but are otherwise self-governing.
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Duchy of Warsaw
The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie, Duché de Varsovie, Herzogtum Warschau) was a Polish state established by Napoleon I in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit.
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Dzików Confederation
The Dzikowska Confederation was a military organisation formed in 1734 in Dzików (today suburb of Tarnobrzeg) by supporters of Stanisław I during the War of the Polish Succession, under the leadership of Adam Tarło as Marshel, and Grand Hetman of the Crown Józef Potocki as commander of the army until 28 February 1735 when he was relieved of command.
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Edmund Burke
Edmund Burke (12 January 17309 July 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman born in Dublin, as well as an author, orator, political theorist and philosopher, who after moving to London in 1750 served as a member of parliament (MP) between 1766 and 1794 in the House of Commons with the Whig Party.
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Election sejm
Election sejm (Polish: sejm elekcyjny) was one of three kinds of special general sejm in pre-partition Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Elective monarchy
An elective monarchy is a monarchy ruled by an elected monarch, in contrast to a hereditary monarchy in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance.
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Electoral system
An electoral system is a set of rules that determines how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined.
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Enlightenment in Poland
The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe, as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Liberty) were in deep crisis.
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Ennoblement
Ennoblement is the conferring of nobility—the induction of an individual into the noble class.
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Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg
Ewald Friedrich Graf von Hertzberg (2 September 1725 – 22 May 1795) was a Prussian statesman.
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Executionist movement
The Executionist movement was a 16th-century political movement in the Kingdom of Poland and, later, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Executive (government)
The executive is the organ exercising authority in and holding responsibility for the governance of a state.
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Familia (political party)
The Familia ("The Family", from Latin familia) was the name of an 18th-century Polish political party (or political faction more precisely) led by the House of Czartoryski and allied families.
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Fatherland
Fatherland is the nation of one's "fathers", "forefathers" or "ancestors".
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First Partition of Poland
The First Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795.
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Foreign minister
A foreign minister or minister of foreign affairs (less commonly for foreign affairs) is generally a cabinet minister in charge of a state's foreign policy and relations.
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Franciszek Ksawery Branicki
Franciszek Ksawery Branicki (1730, Barwałd Górny – 1819) was a Polish nobleman, magnate, count, diplomat, politician, military commander and one of the leaders of the Targowica Confederation.
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Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
Frederick Augustus I (full name: Frederick Augustus Joseph Maria Anthony John Nepomuk Aloysius Xavier; Friedrich August Josef Maria Anton Johann Nepomuk Alois Xavier; Fryderyk August Józef Maria Antoni Jan Nepomucen Alojzy Ksawery Wettyn; 23 December 1750 – 5 May 1827) was a member of the House of Wettin who reigned as Elector of Saxony from 1763 to 1806 (as Frederick Augustus III) and as King of Saxony from 1806 to 1827.
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Frederick the Great
Frederick II (Friedrich; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king.
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Frederick William II of Prussia
Frederick William II (Friedrich Wilhelm II.; 25 September 1744 – 16 November 1797) was King of Prussia from 1786 until his death.
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Free Royal Cities Act
The Free Royal Cities Act (full Polish title: Miasta Nasze Królewskie wolne w państwach Rzeczypospolitej; English: "Our Free Royal Cities in the States of the Commonwealth", or the Law on the Cities, Prawo o miastach) was an act adopted by the Four-Year Sejm (1788–92) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on April 18, 1791, in the run-up to the adoption of the Constitution of May 3, 1791.
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French Constitution of 1791
The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
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Friends of the Constitution
Zgromadzenie Przyjaciół Konstytucji Rządowej (in English, also variously rendered as Association of Friends of the (Governing) Constitution, Society of Friends of the Government Ordinance, Society of Friends of the Constitution, Assembly of Friends of the Government Constitution) was the first modern Polish political party (with a charter and organizational discipline), formed in May 1791, shortly after the adoption of the Constitution of May 3, 1791, by the efforts of the Patriotic Party.
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Gabriel Bonnot de Mably
Gabriel Bonnot de Mably (Grenoble, 14 March 1709 – 2 April 1785 in Paris), sometimes known as Abbé de Mably, was a French philosopher, historian, and writer, who for a short time served in the diplomatic corps.
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General State Laws for the Prussian States
The General State Laws for the Prussian States (Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preußischen Staaten, often abbreviated to ALR) were an important code of Prussia, promulgated in 1794 and codified by Carl Gottlieb Svarez and Ernst Ferdinand Klein, under the orders of Frederick II.
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George Sanford (political scientist)
George Sanford is a former professor of politics at the University of Bristol, England.
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Golden Liberty
Golden Liberty (Aurea Libertas; Złota Wolność, Auksinė laisvė), sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy or Nobles' Commonwealth (Szlachecka or Złota wolność szlachecka, aureă lībertās) was a political system in the Kingdom of Poland and, after the Union of Lublin (1569), in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that lasted from the 13th century up to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and Austria.
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Great Sejm
The Great Sejm, also known as the Four-Year Sejm (Polish: respectively, Sejm Wielki or Sejm Czteroletni; Lithuanian: Didysis seimas or Ketverių metų seimas) was a Sejm (parliament) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that was held in Warsaw between 1788 and 1792.
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Greater Poland
Greater Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska (Großpolen; Latin: Polonia Maior), is a historical region of west-central Poland.
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Greek Orthodox Church
The name Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἑκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía), or Greek Orthodoxy, is a term referring to the body of several Churches within the larger communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, whose liturgy is or was traditionally conducted in Koine Greek, the original language of the Septuagint and New Testament, and whose history, traditions, and theology are rooted in the early Church Fathers and the culture of the Byzantine Empire.
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Grodno Sejm
Grodno Sejm (Sejm grodzieński; Гарадзенскі сойм; Gardino seimas) was the last Sejm (session of parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Guardians of the Laws
Guardians of the Laws or Guard of Laws (Straż Praw) was a short-lived supreme executive governing body of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth established by the Constitution of May 3, 1791.
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Habeas corpus
Habeas corpus (Medieval Latin meaning literally "that you have the body") is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful.
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Habsburg Monarchy
The Habsburg Monarchy (Habsburgermonarchie) or Empire is an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1521 and 1780 and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918.
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Henrician Articles
The Henrician Articles or King Henry's Articles (Polish: Artykuły henrykowskie, Latin: Articuli Henriciani) were a permanent contract between the "Polish nation" (i.e., the szlachta (nobility) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and a newly elected king upon his election to the throne that stated the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Hereditary monarchy
A hereditary monarchy is a form of government and succession of power in which the throne passes from one member of a royal family to another member of the same family.
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Hetman
reason (translit; hejtman; hatman) is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders.
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Hetmans' Party
The Hetmans' Party (Stronnictwo hetmańskie), also known as the Magnates' Party (Stronnictwo magnackie), the Muscovite Party (Stronnictwo moskiewskie), the Conservative Party (Stronnictwo konswerwatywne) and the Old-Nobility Party (Stronnictwo staroszlacheckie), was a political party that opposed reforms advocated in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Patriotic Party.
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History of the Jews in Poland
The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years.
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House of Wettin
The House of Wettin is a dynasty of German counts, dukes, prince-electors and kings that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia.
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Hugo Kołłątaj
Hugo Stumberg Kołłątaj, alt.
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Ignacy Krasicki
Ignacy Krasicki (3 February 173514 March 1801), from 1766 Prince-Bishop of Warmia (in German, Ermland) and from 1795 Archbishop of Gniezno (thus, Primate of Poland), was Poland's leading Enlightenment poet"Ignacy Krasicki", Encyklopedia Polski (Encyclopedia of Poland), p. 325.
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Ignacy Potocki
Count Roman Ignacy Potocki, generally known as Ignacy Potocki, (1750–1809) was a Polish nobleman, member of the influential magnate Potocki family, owner of Klementowice and Olesin (near Kurów), a politician, writer, and office holder.
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Impeachment
Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body formally levels charges against a high official of government.
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Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars
The Imperial and Royal or Imperial Austrian Army (Kaiserlich-königliche Armee, abbreviation "K.K. Armee") was strictly speaking, the armed force of the Holy Roman Empire under its last monarch, the Habsburg Emperor Francis II, although in reality, it was nearly all composed of the Habsburg army.
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Imperial Russian Army
The Imperial Russian Army (Ру́сская импера́торская а́рмия) was the land armed force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Interior ministry
An interior ministry (sometimes ministry of internal affairs or ministry of home affairs) is a government ministry typically responsible for policing, emergency management, national security, registration, supervision of local governments, conduct of elections, public administration and immigration matters.
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International Workers' Day
International Workers' Day, also known as Labour Day or Workers' Day in some countries and often referred to as May Day, is a celebration of labourers and the working classes that is promoted by the international labour movement which occurs every year on May Day (1 May), an ancient European spring festival.
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Jacek Jędruch
Jacek Jędruch (Warsaw, Poland, 1927 – Athens, Greece, 1995) was a Polish-American nuclear engineer and historian of Polish representative government.
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Jan Zamoyski
Jan Zamoyski or Zamojski (Ioannes Zamoyski de Zamoscie; 19 March 1542 – 3 June 1605) was a Polish nobleman, magnate, and the 1st ordynat of Zamość.
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Józef Andrzej Załuski
Józef Andrzej Załuski (12 January 17029 January 1774) was a Polish Catholic priest, Bishop of Kiev, a sponsor of learning and culture, and a renowned bibliophile.
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Józef Kossakowski (colonel)
Ślepowron'', the coat of arms of Korwin-Kossakowski Józef Dominik Korwin-Kossakowski (16 August 1771 in Vaitkuškis near Ukmergė – 2 November 1840 in Warsaw), was a Polish–Lithuanian statesman and military commander, a participant of Targowica Confederation and a colonel of the Polish Army.
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Józef Poniatowski
Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski (7 May 1763 – 19 October 1813) was a Polish leader, general, minister of war and army chief, who became a Marshal of the French Empire.
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Józef Pułaski
Józef Pułaski of the house of Ślepowron (February 17, 1704 – February 1769) was a Polish noble, starost of Warka, deputy to Sejm, one of the creators and members of the Konfederacja barska (Bar Confederation).
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Józef Wybicki
Józef Rufin Wybicki (29 September 1747 – 19 March 1822) was a Polish jurist, poet, political and military activist.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer.
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John II Casimir Vasa
John II Casimir (Jan II Kazimierz Waza; Johann II.; Jonas Kazimieras Vaza; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania during the era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke of Opole in Upper Silesia, and titular King of Sweden 1648–1660.
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John Locke
John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".
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Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz (6 February 1758, Skoki, near Brest – 21 May 1841, Paris) was a Polish poet, playwright and statesman.
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Kajetan Sołtyk
Kajetan Ignacy Sołtyk (12 November 1715 – 30 July 1788) was a Polish Catholic priest, bishop of Kiev from 1756, bishop of Kraków from 13 March 1759.
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Kazimierz Karwowski
Kazimierz Karwowski (c. 1670 – 12 May 1746) of Pniejnia was a Polish noble and politician.
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Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was the Polish state from the coronation of the first King Bolesław I the Brave in 1025 to the union with Lithuania and the rule of the Jagiellon dynasty in 1385.
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Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.
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Kołłątaj's Forge
Kołłątaj's Forge (Kuźnica Kołłątajowska) was a group of social and political activists, publicists and writers from the period of the Great Sejm in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Kościuszko Uprising
The Kościuszko Uprising was an uprising against Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Prussia led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in the Commonwealth of Poland and the Prussian partition in 1794.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Legislature
A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city.
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Lesser Poland
Lesser Poland (Polish: Małopolska, Latin: Polonia Minor) is a historical region (dzielnica) of Poland; its capital is the city of Kraków.
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Liberum veto
The liberum veto (Latin for "free veto") was a parliamentary device in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Lietuvos istorijos metraštis
Lietuvos istorijos metraštis (literary Year-Book of Lithuanian History) is a historical research periodical publication.
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List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland
This is a list of Archbishops of the Archdiocese of Gniezno, who are simultaneously Primates of Poland since 1418.
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Lithuanian language
Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) is a Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region.
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Lithuanian Tribunal
The Lithuanian Tribunal was the highest appeal court for the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
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Lower house
A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house.
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Lynne Olson
Lynne Olson (born August 19, 1949) is an American author, historian and journalist.
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Magnates of Poland and Lithuania
The magnates of Poland and Lithuania were an aristocracy of nobility (szlachta) that existed in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, from the 1569 Union of Lublin, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.
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Marshal of the Sejm
Marshal of the Sejm also known as Sejm Marshal, Chairman of the Sejm or Speaker of the Sejm (Marszałek Sejmu) is the speaker (chair) of the Sejm, the lower house of the Polish parliament.
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Michał Józef Massalski
Prince Michał Józef Masalski (c. 1700–1768) was a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman (szlachcic).
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Michał Wielhorski (elder)
Michał Wielhorski h. Kierdeja (c. 1730 – 1794) was a Polish noble, official, politician, diplomat and writer.
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Montesquieu
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher.
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Motion of no confidence
A motion of no confidence (alternatively vote of no confidence, no-confidence motion, or (unsuccessful) confidence motion) is a statement or vote which states that a person(s) in a position of responsibility (government, managerial, etc.) is no longer deemed fit to hold that position, perhaps because they are inadequate in some respect, are failing to carry out obligations, or are making decisions that other members feel are detrimental.
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Napoleon
Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.
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National Assembly (French Revolution)
During the French Revolution, the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale), which existed from 13 June 1789 to 9 July 1789, was a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General; thereafter (until replaced by the Legislative Assembly on 30 Sept 1791) it was known as the National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée nationale constituante), though popularly the shorter form persisted.
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Neminem captivabimus
Neminem captivabimus is a legal term in Lithuanian and Polish historical law that was short for (Latin, "We shall not arrest anyone without a court verdict").
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Nicholas Repnin
Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin (Никола́й Васи́льевич Репни́н; –) was an Imperial Russian statesman and general from the Repnin princely family who played a key role in the dissolution of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Norman Davies
Ivor Norman Richard Davies (born 8 June 1939) is a British-Polish historian noted for his publications on the history of Europe, Poland and the United Kingdom.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Pacta conventa
Pacta conventa (Latin for "articles of agreement") was a contractual agreement, from 1573 to 1764 entered into between the "Polish nation" (i.e., the szlachta (nobility) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and a newly elected king upon his "free election" (''wolna elekcja'') to the throne.
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Pardon
A pardon is a government decision to allow a person to be absolved of guilt for an alleged crime or other legal offense, as if the act never occurred.
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Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament.
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Partition Sejm
The Partition Sejm (Sejm Rozbiorowy) was a Sejm lasting from 1773 to 1775 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, convened by its three neighbours (the Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria) in order to legalize their First Partition of Poland.
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Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
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Patriotic Party
The Patriotic Party (Stronnictwo Patriotyczne), also known as the Patriot Party or, in English, as the Reform Party, was a political movement in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the period of the Four-Year Sejm (Great Sejm) of 1788–92, whose chief achievement was the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
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Permanent Council
The Permanent Council was the highest administrative authority in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1775 and 1789 and the first modern executive government in Europe.
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Philosophes
The philosophes (French for "philosophers") were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment.
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Piotr Skarga
Piotr Skarga (less often, Piotr Powęski; 2 February 1536 – 27 September 1612) was a Polish Jesuit, preacher, hagiographer, polemicist, and leading figure of the Counter-Reformation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Plenipotentiary
The word plenipotentiary (from the Latin plenus "full" and potens "powerful") has two meanings.
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Poland Is Not Yet Lost
"Mazurek Dąbrowskiego", also known by its incipit, "Poland Is Not Yet Lost", is the national anthem of Poland.
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Polish Americans
Polish Americans are Americans who have total or partial Polish ancestry.
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Polish Constitution Day Parade
The Polish Constitution Day Parade in Chicago is the largest Polish parade outside of Poland, and celebrates the anniversary of the ratification of the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, which historian Norman Davies calls "the first constitution of its kind in Europe".
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Polish People's Republic
The Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) covers the history of contemporary Poland between 1952 and 1990 under the Soviet-backed socialist government established after the Red Army's release of its territory from German occupation in World War II.
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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.
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Polish–Lithuanian union
The term Polish–Lithuanian Union refers to a series of acts and alliances between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lasted for prolonged periods of time and led to the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth—the "Republic of the Two Nations"—in 1569 and eventually to the creation of a short-lived unitary state in 1791.
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Polish–Prussian alliance
The Polish–Lithuanian and Prussian alliance was a mutual defense alliance signed on 29 March 1790 in Warsaw between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Prussia.
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Polish–Russian War of 1792
The Polish–Russian War of 1792 (also, War of the Second Partition, and in Polish sources, War in Defence of the Constitution (wojna w obronie Konstytucji 3 maja)) was fought between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Targowica Confederation (conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of 3 May 1791) and the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great on the other.
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Political opportunity
Political opportunity theory, sometimes also known as the political process theory or political opportunity structure, is an approach of social movements heavily influenced by political sociology.
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Polity
A polity is any kind of political entity.
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Popular sovereignty
Popular sovereignty, or sovereignty of the peoples' rule, is the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.
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Powiat
A powiat (pronounced; Polish plural: powiaty) is the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture (LAU-1, formerly NUTS-4) in other countries.
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Proclamation of Połaniec
The Proclamation of Połaniec (also known as the Połaniec Manifesto; Uniwersał Połaniecki), issued on 7 May 1794 by Tadeusz Kościuszko near the town of Połaniec, was one of the most notable events of Poland's Kościuszko Uprising, and the most famous legal act of the Uprising.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.
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Prussian Army
The Royal Prussian Army (Königlich Preußische Armee) served as the army of the Kingdom of Prussia.
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Radom Confederation
Radom Confederation (Konfederacja radomska, Radomo konfederacija) was a konfederacja of nobility (szlachta) in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in Radom on 23 June 1767 to prevent reforms and defend the Golden Liberties.
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Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations
The Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations (Zaręczenie Wzajemne Obojga Narodów;Michał Rozbicki, European and American Constitutionalism in the Eighteenth Century, Uniwersytet Warszawski Ośrodek Studiów Amerykańskich, 1990, p.109-110Kenneth W. Thompson, Rett R. Ludwikowski, White Burkett Miller, Constitutionalism and Human Rights: America, Poland, and France, University of Virginia, 1991 also Reciprocal Warranty of Two NationsHarry E. Dembkowski, The Union of Lublin, Polish Federalism in the Golden Age, 1982, Columbia University Press,, p.199 and Mutual Pledge of the Two Nations) was an addendum to the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, adopted on 20 October 1791 by the Great Sejm, which stated implementing principles that had not been spelled out in the May 3rd Constitution.
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Regent
A regent (from the Latin regens: ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state because the monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated.
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Repnin Sejm
The Repnin Sejm (Sejm Repninowski) was a Sejm (session of the parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place between 1767 and 1768 in Warsaw.
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Revolutions of 1989
The Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond.
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Right of initiative (legislative)
The right of (legislative) initiative is the constitutionally defined power to propose a new law (bill).
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Rokosz
A rokosz originally was a gathering of all the Polish szlachta (nobility), not merely of deputies, for a sejm.
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Royal elections in Poland
Royal elections in Poland (wolna elekcja, lit. free election) was the election of individual kings, rather than of dynasties, to the Polish throne.
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Ruble
The ruble or rouble (p) is or was a currency unit of a number of countries in Eastern Europe closely associated with the economy of Russia.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
The Russo-Swedish War of 1788–90, known as Gustav III's Russian War in Sweden, Gustav III's War in Finland and Catherine II's Swedish War in Russia, was fought between Sweden and Russia from June 1788 to August 1790.
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Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
The Russo–Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774).
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).
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Sandomierz Confederation
The Sandomierz Confederation was an anti-Swedish confederation, formed on May 20, 1704 in defense of the King of Poland, August II the Strong.
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Saxony
The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen; Swobodny stat Sakska) is a landlocked federal state of Germany, bordering the federal states of Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, and Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland (Lower Silesian and Lubusz Voivodeships) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Liberec, and Ústí nad Labem Regions).
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Scipione Piattoli
Scipione Piattoli (10 November 1749 – 12 April 1809) was an Italian Catholic priest—a Piarist—an educator, writer, and political activist, and a major figure of the Enlightenment in Poland.
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Second Partition of Poland
The 1793 Second Partition of Poland was the second of three partitions (or partial annexations) that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795.
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Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, commonly known as interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars (1918–1939).
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Sejm
The Sejm of the Republic of Poland (Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the lower house of the Polish parliament.
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Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The general sejm (sejm walny, also translated as the full or ordinary sejm) was the bicameral parliament of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Sejmik
A sejmik (diminutive of sejm, occasionally translated as a dietine; seimelis) was one of various local parliaments in the history of Poland.
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Senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature or parliament.
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Senate of Poland
The Senate (Senat) is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the 'Sejm'.
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Separation of powers
The separation of powers is a model for the governance of a state.
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Serfdom
Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism.
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Seweryn Rzewuski
Seweryn Rzewuski (13 March 1743 in Podhorce – 11 December 1811 in Vienna) was a Polish nobleman, writer, poet, general of the Royal Army, Field Hetman of the Crown, Voivode of Podolian Voivodeship and one of the leaders of the Targowica Confederation.
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Social contract
In both moral and political philosophy, the social contract is a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment.
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Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.
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Stanisław Antoni Szczuka
Stanisław Antoni Szczuka h. Grabie (1652 or 1654 – May 19, 1710) was a Polish noble (szlachcic), talented politician and political writer.
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Stanisław August Poniatowski
Stanisław II Augustus (also Stanisław August Poniatowski; born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski; 17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798), who reigned as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1764 to 1795, was the last monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Stanisław Dunin-Karwicki
Stanisław Dunin-Karwicki (c. 1640 – c. 1725), also known as Stanisław Karwicki-Dunin or Stanisław Karwicki, of the Łabędź coat of arms, was a Polish noble, politician, and political writer.
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Stanisław Konarski
Stanisław Konarski (actual name: Hieronim Konarski; 30 September 1700 – 3 August 1773) was a Polish pedagogue, educational reformer, political writer, poet, dramatist, Piarist priest and precursor of the Enlightenment in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Stanisław Leszczyński
Stanisław I Leszczyński (also Anglicized and Latinized as Stanislaus I, Stanislovas Leščinskis, Stanislas Leszczynski; 20 October 1677 – 23 February 1766) was King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Duke of Lorraine and a count of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Stanisław Małachowski
Count Stanisław Małachowski, of the Nałęcz coat-of-arms (1736–1809) was the first Prime Minister of Poland, a member of the Polish government's Permanent Council (Rada Nieustająca) (1776–1780), Marshal of the Crown Courts of Justice from 1774, Crown Grand Referendary (1780–1792) and Marshal of the Four-Year Sejm (1788–1792).
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Stanisław Staszic
Stanisław Wawrzyniec Staszic (baptised 6 November 1755 – 20 January 1826) was a leading figure in the Polish Enlightenment: a Catholic priest, philosopher, geologist, writer, poet, translator and statesman.
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Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki
Count Stanisław Szczęsny Feliks Potocki (1751–1805), of the Piława coat of arms, known as Szczęsny Potocki was a member of the Polish szlachta and a military commander of the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and then Poland.
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State Tribunal (Poland)
The State Tribunal of the Republic of Poland is the judicial body, which rules on the constitutional liability of people holding the highest offices of state.
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Szlachta
The szlachta (exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia (both after Union of Lublin became a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Zaporozhian Host.
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Szlachta privileges
The privileges of the szlachta (Poland's nobility) formed a cornerstone of "Golden Liberty" in the Kingdom of Poland and, later, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Szymon Marcin Kossakowski
Szymon Marcin Kossakowski (Simonas Martynas Kosakovskis; 1741 in Šilai, Jonava – 1794) was a Polish–Lithuanian nobleman (szlachcic), and one of the leaders of the Targowica Confederation.
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Tadeusz Kościuszko
Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kosciuszko; February 4 or 12, 1746 – October 15, 1817) was a Polish-Lithuanian military engineer, statesman, and military leader who became a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States.
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Tadeusz Rejtan
Tadeusz Reytan (or Tadeusz Rejtan, rarely Reyten; 20 August 1742 – 8 August 1780) was a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman.
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Targowica Confederation
The Targowica Confederation (konfederacja targowicka,, Targovicos konfederacija) was a confederation established by Polish and Lithuanian magnates on 27 April 1792, in Saint Petersburg, with the backing of the Russian Empress Catherine II.
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Tarnogród Confederation
The Tarnogród Confederation was a confederation of szlachta in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the years 1715–1716.
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Third Partition of Poland
The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish–Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918.
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Toleration
Toleration is the acceptance of an action, object, or person which one dislikes or disagrees with, where one is in a position to disallow it but chooses not to.
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Treason
In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more extreme acts against one's nation or sovereign.
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Treasury
A treasury is either.
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Trial court
A trial court or court of first instance is a court having original jurisdiction, in which trials take place.
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Tsar
Tsar (Old Bulgarian / Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe.
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Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia (Русское царство, Russkoye tsarstvo or Российское царство, Rossiyskoye tsarstvo), also known as the Tsardom of Muscovy, was the name of the centralized Russian state from assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721.
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Unitary state
A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate.
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United States Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.
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United States Constitution
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States.
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Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature (or one of three chambers of a tricameral legislature), the other chamber being the lower house.
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Valerian Kalinka
Valerian Kalinka (or Walerian Kalinka) (1826–1886) was a Polish priest and historian.
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Veto
A veto – Latin for "I forbid" – is the power (used by an officer of the state, for example) to unilaterally stop an official action, especially the enactment of legislation.
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Voivode
VoivodeAlso spelled "voievod", "woiwode", "voivod", "voyvode", "vojvoda", or "woiwod" (Old Slavic, literally "war-leader" or "warlord") is an Eastern European title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force.
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Wacław Rzewuski
Wacław Piotr Rzewuski (1706–1779) was a Polish dramatist and poet as well as a military commander and a Grand Crown Hetman.
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War of the Polish Succession
The War of the Polish Succession (1733–35) was a major European war sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II, which the other European powers widened in pursuit of their own national interests.
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Warsaw
Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.
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Warsaw Confederation
The Warsaw Confederation, signed on 28 January 1573 by the Polish national assembly (sejm konwokacyjny) in Warsaw, was the first European act granting religious freedoms.
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Warsaw Confederation (1704)
The Warsaw Confederation was a confederation against King of Poland August II the Strong.
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Warsaw Uprising (1794)
The Warsaw Uprising of 1794 or Warsaw Insurrection (insurekcja warszawska) was an armed insurrection by the people of Warsaw early in the Kościuszko Uprising.
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Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki
Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki (Laurentius Grimaldius Goslicius; between 1530 and 1540 – 31 October 1607) was a Polish nobleman, Bishop of Poznań (1601–1607), political thinker and philosopher best known for his book De optimo senatore (1568).
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Władysław Smoleński
Władysław Smoleński (1851–1926) was a Polish historian, author of many books and articles, and a professor of the Warsaw University.
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Wikisource
Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.
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Wilno uprising (1794)
The Wilno uprising of 1794 or Vilnius uprising of 1794 began on April 22, 1794, during which Polish and Lithuanian forces led by Jakub Jasiński fought Russian forces occupying the city during the Kościuszko Uprising.
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Wola
Wola is a district in western Warsaw, Poland, formerly the village of Wielka Wola, incorporated into Warsaw in 1916.
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Yakov Bulgakov
Yakov Ivanovich Bulgakov (Russian: Яков Иванович Булгаков; 15 October 1743 – 7 July 1809) was a Russian diplomat best remembered as Catherine II's emissary in Constantinople in the 1780s.
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Zamoyski Code
Zamoyski Code (Kodeks Zamoyskiego or Zbiór praw sądowych na mocy konstytucji roku 1776 przez J.W. Andrzeja Zamoyskiego ekskanclerza koronnego ułożony..., Encyklopedia PWN, 2 October 2008) was a major, progressive legislation, proposed by Andrzej Zamoyski, Grand Chancellor of the Crown of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in 1776.
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Redirects here:
3 May Constitution, 3rd May Constitution, Constitution of 3 May, Constitution of 3 May, 1791, Constitution of 3rd May, Constitution of 3rd may, Constitution of May 3, Constitution of May 3, 1791, Constitution of May 3rd, Constitution of the 3 May, Constitution of the 3rd May, Constitution of the May 3rd, Constitution of the Third May, Constitution of the third of May, Constitution of third May, May 3 Constitution, May 3rd Constitution, May 3rd, 1791, Constitution, May Constitution of 1791, May Constitution of Poland, Polish Constitution of 1791, Polish Constitution of 3 May, Polish Constitution of 3rd May, Polish Constitution of May 3, Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, Polish Constitution of May 3rd, Polish Constitution of the 3rd May, Polish constitution of May 3, 1791, Polish constitution of the 3 May, Polish-Lithuanian constitution of May 3, 1791.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791
