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438 relations: Abruzzo, Academy, Accountant, Accounting software, Action Party (Italy), Administrative court, Administrative law, Adversarial system, Age of Enlightenment, Age of majority, Alcide De Gasperi, Aldo Moro, Allowance (money), Amintore Fanfani, Amnesty, Annual leave, Antonio Giolitti, Antonio Segni, Aosta Valley, Appeal, Apulia, Autonomous administrative division, Balanced budget, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Basilicata, Benedetto Croce, Benito Mussolini, Bernardo Mattarella, Bicameralism, Bill of rights, British Summer Time, Business, Business cycle, Calabria, Calunnia, Campania, Capital city, Capital punishment, Carlo Sforza, Catholic Church, Chamber of Deputies (Italy), Christian democracy, Christian Democracy (Italy), Civil law (legal system), Civil registration, Civil service, Code of conduct, Collective bargaining, Collective punishment, Commander-in-chief, ..., Common good, Common law, Common Man's Front, Communism, Commutation (law), Competition law, Compulsory education, Comune, Conscription, Constituent Assembly of Italy, Constitution of Japan, Constitutional amendment, Constitutional Court of Italy, Constitutional law, Constitutional laws of Italy, Constitutionality, Consulta Araldica, Cooperation, Cooperative, Council of Europe, Council of Ministers (Italy), Council of State, Court of Audit, Court-martial, Credit, Crime, Criminal code, Criminal law, Cross-examination, Cruel and unusual punishment, Culture of Italy, Customs, Debt, Declaration of war, Defendant, Defense of infancy, Democracy, Democratic republic, Demonstration (protest), Differentiation (sociology), Dignity, Direct election, Direct examination, Disability pension, Dissolution of parliament, Due process, Economic inequality, Economic union, Education in Italy, Efficiency, Egypt, Elections in Italy, Elections to the European Parliament, Electoral college, Electoral district, Emilia-Romagna, Emilio Colombo, Emilio Lussu, Eminent domain, Employment, Energy in 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Abruzzo
Abruzzo (Aquiliano: Abbrùzzu) is a region of Southern Italy, with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.2 million.
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Academy
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, higher learning, research, or honorary membership.
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Accountant
An accountant is a practitioner of accounting or accountancy, which is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about financial information that helps managers, investors, tax authorities and others make decisions about allocating resource(s).
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Accounting software
Accounting software describes a type of application software that records and processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as accounts payable, accounts receivable,journal, general ledger, payroll, and trial balance.
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Action Party (Italy)
The Action Party (Partito d'Azione, PdA) was a liberal-socialist political party in Italy.
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Administrative court
An administrative court is a type of court specializing in administrative law, particularly disputes concerning the exercise of public power.
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Administrative law
Administrative law is the body of law that governs the activities of administrative agencies of government.
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Adversarial system
The adversarial system or adversary system is a legal system used in the common law countries where two advocates represent their parties' case or position before an impartial person or group of people, usually a jury or judge, who attempt to determine the truth and pass judgment accordingly.
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Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".
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Age of majority
The age of majority is the threshold of adulthood as recognized or declared in law.
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Alcide De Gasperi
Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman who founded the Christian Democracy party.
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Aldo Moro
Aldo Romeo Luigi Moro (23 September 1916 – 9 May 1978) was an Italian statesman and a prominent member of the Christian Democracy party.
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Allowance (money)
An allowance is an amount of money given or allotted usually at regular intervals for a specific purpose.
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Amintore Fanfani
Amintore Fanfani (6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and the Prime Minister of Italy for five separate runs.
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Amnesty
Amnesty (from the Greek ἀμνηστία amnestia, "forgetfulness, passing over") is defined as: "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." It includes more than pardon, inasmuch as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense.
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Annual leave
Annual leave is paid time off work granted by employers to employees to be used for whatever the employee wishes.
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Antonio Giolitti
Antonio Giolitti (12 February 1915 – 8 February 2010) was an Italian politician and cabinet member.
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Antonio Segni
Antonio Segni (2 February 1891 – 1 December 1972) was an Italian politician who was the 34th Prime Minister of Italy (1955–1957, 1959–1960), and the fourth President of the Italian Republic from 1962 to 1964.
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Aosta Valley
The Aosta Valley (Valle d'Aosta (official) or Val d'Aosta (usual); Vallée d'Aoste (official) or Val d'Aoste (usual); Val d'Outa (usual); Augschtalann or Ougstalland; Val d'Osta) is a mountainous autonomous region in northwestern Italy.
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Appeal
In law, an appeal is the process in which cases are reviewed, where parties request a formal change to an official decision.
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Apulia
Apulia (Puglia; Pùglia; Pulia; translit) is a region of Italy in Southern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Òtranto and Gulf of Taranto to the south.
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Autonomous administrative division
An autonomous administrative division (also referred to as an autonomous area, entity, unit, region, subdivision, or territory) is a subdivision or dependent territory of a country that has a degree of self-governance, or autonomy, from an external authority.
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Balanced budget
A balanced budget (particularly that of a government) is a budget in which revenues are equal to expenditures.
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Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany.
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Basilicata
Basilicata, also known with its ancient name Lucania, is a region in Southern Italy, bordering on Campania to the west, Apulia (Puglia) to the north and east, and Calabria to the south.
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Benedetto Croce
Benedetto Croce (25 February 1866 – 20 November 1952) was an Italian idealist philosopher, historian and politician, who wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy, history, historiography and aesthetics.
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Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who was the leader of the National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF).
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Bernardo Mattarella
Bernardo Mattarella (15 September 1905 – 1 March 1971) was an Italian politician for the Christian Democrat party (Democrazia Cristiana, DC).
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Bicameralism
A bicameral legislature divides the legislators into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses.
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Bill of rights
A bill of rights, sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights, is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country.
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British Summer Time
During British Summer Time (BST), civil time in the United Kingdom is advanced one hour forward of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) (in effect, changing the time zone from UTC+0 to UTC+1), so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less.
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Business
Business is the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (goods and services).
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Business cycle
The business cycle, also known as the economic cycle or trade cycle, is the downward and upward movement of gross domestic product (GDP) around its long-term growth trend.
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Calabria
Calabria (Calàbbria in Calabrian; Calavría in Calabrian Greek; Καλαβρία in Greek; Kalavrì in Arbëresh/Albanian), known in antiquity as Bruttium, is a region in Southern Italy.
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Calunnia
Calunnia, meaning "calumny") is a criminal offence under Article 368 of the Italian Penal Code (Codice Penale), which states: Anyone who with a denunciation, complaint, demand or request, even anonymously or under a false name, directs a judicial authority or other authority that has an obligation to report, to blame someone for a crime who he knows is innocent, that is he fabricates evidence against someone, shall be punished with imprisonment from two to six years. The penalty shall be increased if the accused blames someone of a crime for which the law prescribes a penalty of imprisonment exceeding a maximum of ten years, or another more serious penalty. The imprisonment shall be from four to twelve years if the act results in a prison sentence exceeding five years, from six to twenty years if the act results in a life sentence. The mens rea of calunnia requires awareness and a willingness to blame someone of a crime that the accused knows is innocent., Studio Assistenza Legale, accessed 24 October 2011 Calunnia differs from criminal slander (ingiuria) and criminal libel (diffamazione) which relate to offences against personal honour in the Italian Penal Code.
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Campania
Campania is a region in Southern Italy.
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Capital city
A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other administrative region, usually as its seat of government.
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Capital punishment
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.
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Carlo Sforza
Count Carlo Sforza (24 January 1872 – 4 September 1952) was an Italian diplomat and anti-Fascist politician.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
The Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei deputati) is a house of the bicameral Parliament of Italy (the other being the Senate of the Republic).
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Christian democracy
Christian democracy is a political ideology that emerged in nineteenth-century Europe under the influence of Catholic social teaching, as well as Neo-Calvinism.
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Christian Democracy (Italy)
Christian Democracy (Democrazia Cristiana, DC) was a Christian democratic political party in Italy.
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Civil law (legal system)
Civil law, civilian law, or Roman law is a legal system originating in Europe, intellectualized within the framework of Roman law, the main feature of which is that its core principles are codified into a referable system which serves as the primary source of law.
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Civil registration
Civil registration is the system by which a government records the vital events (births, marriages, and deaths) of its citizens and residents.
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Civil service
The civil service is independent of government and composed mainly of career bureaucrats hired on professional merit rather than appointed or elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership.
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Code of conduct
A code of conduct is a set of rules outlining the social norms, religious rules and responsibilities of, and or proper practices for, an individual.
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Collective bargaining
Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and rights for workers.
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Collective punishment
Collective punishment is a form of retaliation whereby a suspected perpetrator's family members, friends, acquaintances, sect, neighbors or entire ethnic group is targeted.
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Commander-in-chief
A commander-in-chief, also sometimes called supreme commander, or chief commander, is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nation's military forces.
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Common good
In philosophy, economics, and political science, the common good (also commonwealth, common weal or general welfare) refers to either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community, or alternatively, what is achieved by citizenship, collective action, and active participation in the realm of politics and public service.
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Common law
Common law (also known as judicial precedent or judge-made law, or case law) is that body of law derived from judicial decisions of courts and similar tribunals.
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Common Man's Front
The Common Man's Front (Fronte dell'Uomo Qualunque, or UQ) was a short-lived right-wing populist, monarchist and anti-communist political party in Italy.
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Communism
In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.
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Commutation (law)
In law, a commutation is the substitution of a lesser penalty for that given after a conviction for a crime.
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Competition law
Competition law is a law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies.
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Compulsory education
Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by government.
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Comune
The comune (plural: comuni) is a basic administrative division in Italy, roughly equivalent to a township or municipality.
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Conscription
Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.
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Constituent Assembly of Italy
The Italian Constituent Assembly (Italian: Assemblea Costituente della Repubblica Italiana) was a parliamentary chamber which existed in Italy from 25 June 1946 until 31 January 1948.
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Constitution of Japan
The is the fundamental law of Japan.
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Constitutional amendment
A constitutional amendment is a modification of the constitution of a nation or state.
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Constitutional Court of Italy
The Constitutional Court of the Italian Republic (Corte costituzionale della Repubblica Italiana) is the highest court of Italy in matters of constitutional law.
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Constitutional law
Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the parliament or legislature, and the judiciary; as well as the basic rights of citizens and, in federal countries such as the United States and Canada, the relationship between the central government and state, provincial, or territorial governments.
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Constitutional laws of Italy
A constitutional law, in the Italian legal system, is an Act of Parliament that has the same strength as the Constitution of Italy.
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Constitutionality
Constitutionality is the condition of acting in accordance with an applicable constitution; the status of a law, a procedure, or an act's accordance with the laws or guidelines set forth in the applicable constitution.
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Consulta Araldica
The Consulta Araldica (College of Arms) was a college instituted by royal decree on 10 October 1869 to advise the Italian government on noble titles, coats of arms and related matters.
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Cooperation
Cooperation (sometimes written as co-operation) is the process of groups of organisms working or acting together for common, mutual, or some underlying benefit, as opposed to working in competition for selfish benefit.
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Cooperative
A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise".
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Council of Europe
The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe) is an international organisation whose stated aim is to uphold human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe.
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Council of Ministers (Italy)
The Council of Ministers (Consiglio dei Ministri, CdM) is the principal executive organ of the Government of Italy.
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Council of State
A Council of State is the name of a governmental body in a country, or a subdivision of a country, with a function that varies by jurisdiction.
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Court of Audit
A Court of Audit or Court of Accounts is a Supreme audit institution, i.e. a government institution performing financial and/or legal audit (i.e. Statutory audit or External audit) on the executive branch of power.
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Court-martial
A court-martial or court martial (plural courts-martial or courts martial, as "martial" is a postpositive adjective) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court.
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Credit
Credit (from Latin credit, "(he/she/it) believes") is the trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party where that second party does not reimburse the first party immediately (thereby generating a debt), but instead promises either to repay or return those resources (or other materials of equal value) at a later date.
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Crime
In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.
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Criminal code
A criminal code (or penal code) is a document which compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction's criminal law.
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Criminal law
Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime.
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Cross-examination
In law, cross-examination is the interrogation of a witness called by one's opponent.
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Cruel and unusual punishment
Cruel and unusual punishment is a phrase describing punishment that is considered unacceptable due to the suffering, pain, or humiliation it inflicts on the person subjected to it.
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Culture of Italy
Italy is considered the birthplace of Western civilization and a cultural superpower.
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Customs
Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal, and hazardous items, into and out of a country.
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Debt
Debt is when something, usually money, is owed by one party, the borrower or debtor, to a second party, the lender or creditor.
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Declaration of war
A declaration of war is a formal act by which one state goes to war against another.
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Defendant
A defendant is a person accused of committing a crime in criminal prosecution or a person against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.
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Defense of infancy
The defense of infancy is a form of defense known as an excuse so that defendants falling within the definition of an "infant" are excluded from criminal liability for their actions, if at the relevant time, they had not reached an age of criminal responsibility.
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Democracy
Democracy (δημοκρατία dēmokraa thetía, literally "rule by people"), in modern usage, has three senses all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting.
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Democratic republic
A democratic republic is a form of government operating on principles adopted from a republic and a democracy.
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Demonstration (protest)
A demonstration or street protest is action by a mass group or collection of groups of people in favor of a political or other cause; it normally consists of walking in a mass march formation and either beginning with or meeting at a designated endpoint, or rally, to hear speakers.
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Differentiation (sociology)
Differentiation is a term in system theory (found in sociology.) From the viewpoint of this theory, the principal feature of modern society is the increased process of system differentiation as a way of dealing with the complexity of its environment.
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Dignity
Dignity is the right of a person to be valued and respected for their own sake, and to be treated ethically.
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Direct election
Direct election is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person, persons, or political party that they desire to see elected.
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Direct examination
The direct examination or examination-in-chief is one stage in the process of adducing evidence from witnesses in a court of law.
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Disability pension
A disability pension is a form of pension given to those people who are permanently or temporarily unable to work due to a disability.
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Dissolution of parliament
In parliamentary and some semi-presidential systems, a dissolution of parliament is the dispersal of a legislature at the call of an election.
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Due process
Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person.
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Economic inequality
Economic inequality is the difference found in various measures of economic well-being among individuals in a group, among groups in a population, or among countries.
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Economic union
An economic union is a type of trade bloc which is composed of a common market with a customs union.
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Education in Italy
Education in Italy is compulsory from 6 to 16 years of age, and is divided into five stages: kindergarten (scuola dell'infanzia), primary school (scuola primaria or scuola elementare), lower secondary school (scuola secondaria di primo grado or scuola media inferiore), upper secondary school (scuola secondaria di secondo grado or scuola media superiore) and university (università).
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Efficiency
Efficiency is the (often measurable) ability to avoid wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time in doing something or in producing a desired result.
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Egypt
Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
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Elections in Italy
Italy elects, at the national level, a Parliament consisting of two houses: the Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati) with 630 members; and the Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) with 315 elected members, plus a few senators for life.
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Elections to the European Parliament
Elections to the European Parliament take place every five years by universal adult suffrage.
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Electoral college
An electoral college is a set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to a particular office.
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Electoral district
An electoral district, (election) precinct, election district, or legislative district, called a voting district by the US Census (also known as a constituency, riding, ward, division, electoral area, or electorate) is a territorial subdivision for electing members to a legislative body.
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Emilia-Romagna
Emilia-Romagna (Emilian and Emélia-Rumâgna) is an administrative Region of Northeast Italy comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna.
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Emilio Colombo
Emilio Colombo (11 April 1920 – 24 June 2013) was an Italian politician and the Prime Minister of Italy from 1970 to 1972.
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Emilio Lussu
Emilio Lussu (December 4, 1890 – March 5, 1975) was an Italian soldier, politician and a writer.
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Eminent domain
Eminent domain (United States, Philippines), land acquisition (Singapore), compulsory purchase (United Kingdom, New Zealand, Ireland), resumption (Hong Kong, Uganda), resumption/compulsory acquisition (Australia), or expropriation (France, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, Canada, Brazil, Portugal, Spain, Chile, Denmark, Sweden) is the power of a state, provincial, or national government to take private property for public use.
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Employment
Employment is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract where work is paid for, where one party, which may be a corporation, for profit, not-for-profit organization, co-operative or other entity is the employer and the other is the employee.
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Energy in Italy
Italy consumed about 185 Mtoe of primary energy in 2010.
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Enrico De Nicola
Enrico De Nicola, (9 November 1877 – 1 October 1959) was an Italian jurist, journalist, politician, and provisional Head of State of republican Italy from 1946 to 1948.
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Equal pay for equal work
Equal pay for equal work is the concept of labor rights that individuals in the same workplace be given equal pay.
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Equality before the law
Equality before the law, also known as: equality under the law, equality in the eyes of the law, or legal equality, is the principle that each independent being must be treated equally by the law (principle of isonomy) and that all are subject to the same laws of justice (due process).
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Euro
The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the European Union.
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European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU).
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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European Union law
European Union law is the system of laws operating within the member states of the European Union.
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Evidence (law)
The law of evidence, also known as the rules of evidence, encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding.
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Ex post facto law
An ex post facto law (corrupted from) is a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences (or status) of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law.
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Executive (government)
The executive is the organ exercising authority in and holding responsibility for the governance of a state.
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Export
The term export means sending of goods or services produced in one country to another country.
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Extradition
Extradition is the act by one jurisdiction of delivering a person who has been accused of committing a crime in another jurisdiction or has been convicted of a crime in that other jurisdiction into the custody of a law enforcement agency of that other jurisdiction.
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Fauna of Italy
Italy has the highest level of faunal biodiversity in Europe, with over 57,000 species recorded, representing more than a third of all European fauna.
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Ferruccio Parri
Ferruccio Parri (19 January 1890 in Pinerolo – 8 December 1981 in Rome) was an Italian partisan and politician who served as the 29th Prime Minister of Italy for several months in 1945.
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Financial market
A financial market is a market in which people trade financial securities and derivatives such as futures and options at low transaction costs.
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Flag of Italy
The flag of Italy (Bandiera d'Italia), often referred to in Italian as il Tricolore; is a tricolour featuring three equally-sized vertical pales of green, white and red, with the green at the hoist side.
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Flora of Italy
The flora of Italy was traditionally estimated to comprise about 5,500 vascular plant species.
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Florestano Di Fausto
Florestano Di Fausto (16 July 1890 – 11 January 1965) was an Italian architect, engineer and politician who is best known for his building designs in the Italian overseas territories around the Mediterranean.
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Foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market (Forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized or over-the-counter (OTC) market for the trading of currencies.
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Foreign relations of Italy
Foreign relations of the Italian Republic are the Italian government's external relations with the outside world.
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Francesco Saverio Nitti
Francesco Saverio Vincenzo de Paolo Nitti (19 July 1868 – 20 February 1953) was an Italian economist and political figure.
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Free education
Free education is education funded through taxation or charitable organizations rather than tuition funding.
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Freedom of assembly
Freedom of assembly, sometimes used interchangeably with the freedom of association, is the individual right or ability of people to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend their collective or shared ideas.
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Freedom of association
Freedom of association encompasses both an individual's right to join or leave groups voluntarily, the right of the group to take collective action to pursue the interests of its members, and the right of an association to accept or decline membership based on certain criteria.
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Freedom of education
Freedom of education is the right for parents to have their children educated in accordance with their religious and other views, allowing groups to be able to educate children without being impeded by the nation state.
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Freedom of movement
Freedom of movement, mobility rights, or the right to travel is a human rights concept encompassing the right of individuals to travel from place to place within the territory of a country,Jérémiee Gilbert, Nomadic Peoples and Human Rights (2014), p. 73: "Freedom of movement within a country encompasses both the right to travel freely within the territory of the State and the right to relocate oneself and to choose one's place of residence".
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Freedom of religion
Freedom of religion is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance without government influence or intervention.
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Freedom of religion in Italy
Freedom of religion in Italy is guaranteed under the 1947 constitution of the Italian Republic.
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Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.
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Freedom of the press
Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely.
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Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Friûl-Vignesie Julie; Furlanija-Julijska krajina, Friaul-Julisch Venetien; Friul-Venesia Julia; Friul-Unieja Julia) is one of the 20 regions of Italy, and one of five autonomous regions with special statute.
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Gaetano Martino
Gaetano Martino (25 November 1900 – 21 July 1967) was an Italian politician, physician and university teacher.
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Gaspare Ambrosini
Gaspare Ambrosini (24 October 1886 in Favara, Sicily – 1986 in Rome) was an Italian jurist and statesman.
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Gazzetta Ufficiale
The Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana (Italian, trans. Official Gazette of the Italian Republic) is the official journal of record of the Italian government.
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Geography of Italy
Italy is located in southern Europe and comprises the long, boot-shaped Italian Peninsula, the southern side of Alps, the large plain of the Po Valley and some islands including Sicily and Sardinia.
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Giorgio Amendola
Giorgio Amendola (21 November 1907 – 5 June 1980) was an Italian writer and politician.
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Giovanni Gronchi
Giovanni Gronchi, (10 September 1887 – 17 October 1978) was a Christian Democratic Italian politician who became the third President of the Italian Republic in 1955, after Luigi Einaudi.
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Giovanni Leone
Giovanni Leone (3 November 1908 – 9 November 2001) was an Italian politician.
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Girolamo Li Causi
Girolamo Li Causi (January 1, 1896 – April 14, 1977) was an Italian politician and a leader of the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI).
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Giulio Andreotti
Giulio Andreotti (14 January 1919 – 6 May 2013) was an Italian politician and statesman who served as the 41st Prime Minister of Italy and leader of the Christian Democracy party; he was the sixth longest-serving Prime Minister since the Italian Unification and the second longest-serving post-war Prime Minister, after Silvio Berlusconi.
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Giuseppe Di Vittorio
Giuseppe Di Vittorio, also known under the pseudonym Nicoletti (August 11, 1892 – November 3, 1957), was an Italian syndicalist trade unionist and communist politician, one of the most influential leaders of the labor movement after World War I.
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Giuseppe Pella
Giuseppe Pella (18 April 1902 – 31 May 1981) was an Italian Christian Democratic politician who served as the 31st Prime Minister of Italy from 1953 to 1954.
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Giuseppe Saragat
Giuseppe Saragat (19 September 1898 – 11 June 1988) was an Italian politician who was the fifth President of the Italian Republic from 1964 to 1971.
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Government agency
A government or state agency, sometimes an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions, such as an intelligence agency.
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Government budget
A government budget is an annual financial statement presenting the government's proposed revenues and spending for a financial year that is often passed by the legislature, approved by the chief executive or president and presented by the Finance Minister to the nation.
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Government debt
Government debt (also known as public interest, public debt, national debt and sovereign debt) is the debt owed by a government.
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Greenwich Mean Time
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London.
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Group cohesiveness
Group cohesiveness (also called group cohesion and social cohesion) arises when bonds link members of a social group to one another and to the group as a whole.
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Gun laws in Italy
Gun laws in Italy incorporates the political and regulatory aspects of firearms usage in the country within the framework of the European Firearms Directive.
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Habeas corpus
Habeas corpus (Medieval Latin meaning literally "that you have the body") is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful.
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Handicraft
A handicraft, sometimes more precisely expressed as artisanal handicraft or handmade, is any of a wide variety of types of work where useful and decorative objects are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools.
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Hate speech
Hate speech is speech that attacks a person or group on the basis of attributes such as race, religion, ethnic origin, national origin, gender, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity.
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Health
Health is the ability of a biological system to acquire, convert, allocate, distribute, and utilize energy with maximum efficiency.
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Healthcare in Italy
For a general article on health in Italy, see health in Italy Healthcare spending in Italy accounted for 9.2% of GDP in 2012 (about $3,200 per capita) of which about 77% is public, slightly lower than the average of 9.3% in OECD countries.
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Hearing (law)
In law, a hearing is a proceeding before a court or other decision-making body or officer, such as a government agency or a Parliamentary committee.
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High treason
Treason is criminal disloyalty.
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History of the Italian Republic
After World War II and the overthrow of Mussolini's fascist regime, Italy's history was dominated by the Christian Democracy (Democrazia Cristiana, DC) political party for 48 years—from the 1946 election until the 1994 election—while the opposition was led by the Italian Communist Party (PCI).
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Holiday
A holiday is a day set aside by custom or by law on which normal activities, especially business or work including school, are suspended or reduced.
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Home rule
Home rule is government of a colony, dependent country, or region by its own citizens.
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Homeland
A homeland (country of origin and native land) is the concept of the place (cultural geography) with which an ethnic group holds a long history and a deep cultural association – the country in which a particular national identity began.
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House of Savoy
The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia) is a royal family that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, the family grew in power from ruling a small county in the Alps of northern Italy to absolute rule of the kingdom of Sicily in 1713 to 1720 (exchanged for Sardinia). Through its junior branch, the House of Savoy-Carignano, it led the unification of Italy in 1861 and ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 until 1946 and, briefly, the Kingdom of Spain in the 19th century. The Savoyard kings of Italy were Victor Emmanuel II, Umberto I, Victor Emmanuel III, and Umberto II. The last monarch ruled for a few weeks before being deposed following the Constitutional Referendum of 1946, after which the Italian Republic was proclaimed.
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy.
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Immigration to Italy
As of 1 January 2017, there were 5,047,028 foreign nationals resident in Italy.
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Impartiality
Impartiality (also called evenhandedness or fair-mindedness) is a principle of justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons.
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Impeachment
Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body formally levels charges against a high official of government.
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Import
An import is a good brought into a jurisdiction, especially across a national border, from an external source.
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In flagrante delicto
In flagrante delicto (Latin: "in blazing offence") or sometimes simply in flagrante (Latin: "in blazing") is a legal term used to indicate that a criminal has been caught in the act of committing an offence (compare). The colloquial "caught red-handed" or "caught rapid" are English equivalents.
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Inheritance
Inheritance is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual.
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Intellect
Intellect is a term used in studies of the human mind, and refers to the ability of the mind to come to correct conclusions about what is true or real, and about how to solve problems.
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International law
International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations.
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International organization
An international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence.
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International trade
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.
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Involuntary unemployment
Involuntary unemployment occurs when a person is willing to work at the prevailing wage yet is unemployed.
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Italian Armed Forces
The Italian Armed Forces (italian: Forze armate italiane) encompass the Italian Army, the Italian Navy and the Italian Air Force.
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Italian Communist Party
The Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) was a communist political party in Italy.
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Italian constitutional referendum, 2001
A constitutional referendum was held in Italy on 7 October 2001.
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Italian constitutional referendum, 2006
A constitutional referendum was held in Italy on 25 June 2006.
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Italian constitutional referendum, 2016
A constitutional referendum was held in Italy on Sunday 4 December 2016.
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Italian Council of State
The Consiglio di Stato (Council of State) is a legal-administrative consultative body that ensures the legality of public administration in Italy.
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Italian cuisine
Italian cuisine is food typical from Italy.
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Italian Democratic Socialist Party
The Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) was a minor social-democratic political party in Italy.
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Italian diaspora
The Italian diaspora is the large-scale emigration of Italians from Italy.
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Italian Fascism
Italian Fascism (fascismo italiano), also known simply as Fascism, is the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy.
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Italian general election, 1948
General elections were held in Italy on Sunday 18 April 1948 to elect the First Republican Parliament.
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Italian institutional referendum, 1946
An institutional referendum (referendum istituzionale, or referendum sulla forma istituzionale dello Stato, in Italian) was held in Italy on 2 June 1946,Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 a key event of Italian contemporary history.
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Italian Liberal Party
The Italian Liberal Party (Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI) was a liberal and conservative political party in Italy.
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Italian nationality law
Italian nationality law is the law of Italy governing the acquisition, transmission and loss of Italian citizenship.
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Italian Parliament
The Italian Parliament (Parlamento Italiano) is the national parliament of the Italian Republic.
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Italian presidential election, 1948
The Italian presidential election of 1948 was held in Italy on 10 – 11 May 1948, following the resignation of outgoing President Enrico De Nicola.
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Italian Republican Party
The Italian Republican Party (Partito Repubblicano Italiano, PRI) is a liberal and social-liberal political party in Italy.
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Italian Socialist Party
The Italian Socialist Party (PSI) was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy.
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Italians
The Italians (Italiani) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation native to the Italian peninsula.
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Italy
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Ivanoe Bonomi
Ivanoe Bonomi (18 October 1873 – 20 April 1951) was an Italian statesman before and after World War II and served as the 25th Prime Minister of Italy.
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Joint session
A joint session or joint convention is, most broadly, when two normally separate decision-making groups meet together, often in a special session or other extraordinary meeting, for a specific purpose.
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Judge
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges.
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Judicial independence
Judicial independence is the concept that the judiciary needs to be kept away from the other branches of government.
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Judiciary of Italy
In Italy, judges are public officials and, since they exercise one of the sovereign powers of the State, only Italian citizens are eligible for judgeship.
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Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction (from the Latin ius, iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak") is the practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined field of responsibility, e.g., Michigan tax law.
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Justice
Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered.
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King of Italy
King of Italy (Latin: Rex Italiae; Italian: Re d'Italia) was the title given to the ruler of the Kingdom of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
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Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state which existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy—until 1946—when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic.
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Labor rights
Labor rights or workers' rights are a group of legal rights and claimed human rights having to do with labor relations between workers and their employers, usually obtained under labor and employment law.
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Labour law
Labour law (also known as labor law or employment law) mediates the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions and the government.
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Lame duck (politics)
In politics, a lame duck is an elected official whose successor has already been elected.
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Lame-duck session
A lame-duck session of Congress in the United States occurs whenever one Congress meets after its successor is elected, but before the successor's term begins.
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Language interpretation
Interpretation or interpreting is a translational activity in which one produces a first and final translation on the basis of a one-time exposure to an utterance in a source language.
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Lateran Treaty
The Lateran Treaty (Patti Lateranensi; Pacta Lateranensia) was one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See, settling the "Roman Question".
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Latium
Latium is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire.
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Law
Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.
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Law enforcement in Italy
Law enforcement in Italy is provided by multiple police forces, five of which are national agencies with full powers.
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Lawyer
A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law, as an advocate, attorney, attorney at law, barrister, barrister-at-law, bar-at-law, counsel, counselor, counsellor, counselor at law, or solicitor, but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary.
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Left-wing politics
Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy.
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Legal liability
In law, liable means "esponsible or answerable in law; legally obligated." Legal liability concerns both civil law and criminal law and can arise from various areas of law, such as contracts, torts, taxes, or fines given by government agencies.
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Legal person
A legal person (in legal contexts often simply person, less ambiguously legal entity) is any human or non-human entity, in other words, any human being, firm, or government agency that is recognized as having privileges and obligations, such as having the ability to enter into contracts, to sue, and to be sued.
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Legislature
A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city.
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Legitimacy (family law)
Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce.
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Lelio Basso
Lelio Basso (25 December 1903 – 16 December 1978) was an Italian democratic socialist politician and journalist.
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Letter of recommendation
A letter of recommendation or recommendation letter, also known as a letter of reference, reference letter or simply reference, is a document in which the writer assesses the qualities, characteristics, and capabilities of the person being recommended in terms of that individual's ability to perform a particular task or function.
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Liberalism and radicalism in Italy
Liberalism and radicalism have played a role in the political history of Italy since the country's unification, started in 1861 and largely completed in 1871, and currently influence several leading political parties.
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Liguria
Liguria (Ligûria, Ligurie) is a coastal region of north-western Italy; its capital is Genoa.
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List of countries by tax rates
A comparison of tax rates by countries is difficult and somewhat subjective, as tax laws in most countries are extremely complex and the tax burden falls differently on different groups in each country and sub-national unit.
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List of current Presidents of Regions of Italy
This is the list of current Presidents of Regions of Italy.
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List of enacting clauses
An enacting clause, or enacting formula, is a short phrase that introduces the main provisions of a law enacted by a legislature.
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List of intergovernmental organizations
The following is a list of the major existing intergovernmental organizations (IGOs).
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List of Italian products with protected designation of origin
This is a list of Italian Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) as defined in the Council Regulation CE 510/2006..
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List of political parties in Italy
Political parties in Italy are numerous and since World War II no party has ever gained enough support to govern alone.
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List of Presidents of Italy
Below is a list of the Presidents of the Italian Republic with the title Presidente della Repubblica since 1948.
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Literature
Literature, most generically, is any body of written works.
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Loan guarantee
A loan guarantee, in finance, is a promise by one party (the guarantor) to assume the debt obligation of a borrower if that borrower defaults.
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Local government
A local government is a form of public administration which, in a majority of contexts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within a given state.
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Lombardy
Lombardy (Lombardia; Lumbardia, pronounced: (Western Lombard), (Eastern Lombard)) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy, in the northwest of the country, with an area of.
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Luigi Einaudi
Luigi Einaudi, (24 March 1874 – 30 October 1961) was an Italian politician and economist.
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Luigi Longo
Luigi Longo (15 March 1900 – 16 October 1980), also known as Gallo, was an Italian communist politician and secretary of the Italian Communist Party from 1964 to 1972.
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Magistrate
The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law.
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Majority government
A majority government is a government formed by a governing party that has an absolute majority of seats in the legislature or parliament in a parliamentary system.
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March on Rome
The March on Rome (Marcia su Roma) was an organized mass demonstration in October 1922, which resulted in Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, or PNF) acceding to power in the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia).
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Marche
Marche, or the Marches, is one of the twenty regions of Italy.
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Marriage
Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a socially or ritually recognised union between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between those spouses, as well as between them and any resulting biological or adopted children and affinity (in-laws and other family through marriage).
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Martial law
Martial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal civilian functions of government, especially in response to a temporary emergency such as invasion or major disaster, or in an occupied territory. Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public.
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Member of parliament
A member of parliament (MP) is the representative of the voters to a parliament.
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Metropolitan cities of Italy
The metropolitan city (città metropolitana in Italian) is an administrative division of Italy, operative since 2015.
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Military justice
Military justice (or military law) is the body of laws and procedures governing members of the armed forces.
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Military service
Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, whether as a chosen job or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription).
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Minimum wage
A minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers can legally pay their workers.
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Ministry of Justice (Italy)
The Ministry of Justice (Ministero della Giustizia) is a department of the government of Italy.
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Minor (law)
In law, a minor is a person under a certain age, usually the age of majority, which legally demarcates childhood from adulthood.
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Minority language
A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a territory.
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Miscarriage of justice
A miscarriage of justice is primarily the conviction and punishment of a person for a crime they did not commit.
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Mixed Group
Mixed Group (Gruppo Misto, GM) is a parliamentary group active in both houses of the Italian Parliament, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.
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Molise
Molise is a region of Southern Italy.
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Montesquieu
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher.
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Motion (democracy)
A motion is a formal step to introduce a matter for consideration by a group.
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Motion of no confidence
A motion of no confidence (alternatively vote of no confidence, no-confidence motion, or (unsuccessful) confidence motion) is a statement or vote which states that a person(s) in a position of responsibility (government, managerial, etc.) is no longer deemed fit to hold that position, perhaps because they are inadequate in some respect, are failing to carry out obligations, or are making decisions that other members feel are detrimental.
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National Council for Economics and Labour
The National Council for Economics and Labour (in italian, Consiglio nazionale dell'economia e del lavoro or CNEL) is a constitutional organ provided for by Article 99 of Constitution of Italy and established in 1957.
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National Democratic Union (Italy)
The National Democratic Union (Unione Democratica Nazionale, UDN) was a political alliance of parties for the 1946 general election, formed by the Italian Liberal Party, the Labour Democratic Party and some other liberal, conservative and monarchist parties.
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National Fascist Party
The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) was an Italian political party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of fascism (previously represented by groups known as Fasci).
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National security
National security refers to the security of a nation state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, and is regarded as a duty of government.
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Nilde Iotti
Leonilde Iotti, commonly known as Nilde Iotti (10 April 1920 – 4 December 1999) was an Italian politician of the Communist Party, the first woman to become president of the Italian Chamber of Deputies for three consecutive legislatures from 1979 to 1992.
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No taxation without representation
"No taxation without representation" is a slogan originating during the 1700s that summarized a primary grievance of the American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution.
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Nuclear family
A nuclear family, elementary family or conjugal family is a family group consisting of two parents and their children (one or more).
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Oath
Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon āð, also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise with wording relating to something considered sacred as a sign of verity.
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Obscenity
An obscenity is any utterance or act that strongly offends the prevalent morality of the time.
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Occupational safety and health
Occupational safety and health (OSH), also commonly referred to as occupational health and safety (OHS), occupational health, or workplace health and safety (WHS), is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work.
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Official
An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority (either their own or that of their superior and/or employer, public or legally private).
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One-party state
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system, or single-party system is a type of state in which one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution.
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Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood bestowed by the House of Savoy, founded in 1572 by Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, through amalgamation approved by Pope Gregory XIII of the Order of Saint Maurice, founded in 1434, with the medieval Order of Saint Lazarus, founded circa 1119, considered its sole legitimate successor.
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Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy
The Italian honours system is a means to reward achievements or service to the Italian Republic, formerly the Kingdom of Italy including the Italian Social Republic.
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Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (9 September 1918 – 29 January 2012) was an Italian politician and magistrate, the ninth President of the Italian Republic from 1992 to 1999, and subsequently a senator for life.
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Overseas constituencies of the Italian Parliament
The Italian Parliament is one of the few legislatures in the world to reserve seats for those citizens residing abroad.
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Palmiro Togliatti
Palmiro Togliatti (26 March 1893 – 21 August 1964) was an Italian politician and leader of the Italian Communist Party from 1927 until his death.
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Paolo Emilio Taviani
Paolo Emilio Taviani (6 November 1912 – 18 June 2001) was an Italian political leader, economist and historian of the career of Christopher Columbus.
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Paolo Rossi (politician)
Paolo Rossi (Bordighera, September 15, 1900 – Lucca, 24 May 1985) was an Italian lawyer and politician.
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Paramilitary
A paramilitary is a semi-militarized force whose organizational structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are similar to those of a professional military, but which is not included as part of a state's formal armed forces.
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Pardon
A pardon is a government decision to allow a person to be absolved of guilt for an alleged crime or other legal offense, as if the act never occurred.
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Parenting
Parenting or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood.
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Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament.
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Partisan (military)
A partisan is a member of an irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation by some kind of insurgent activity.
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Peace
Peace is the concept of harmony and the absence of hostility.
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Piedmont
Piedmont (Piemonte,; Piedmontese, Occitan and Piemont; Piémont) is a region in northwest Italy, one of the 20 regions of the country.
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Piero Calamandrei
Piero Calamandrei (Florence, 21 April 1889 – Florence, 27 September 1956) was an Italian author, jurist, soldier, university professor and politician.
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Pietro Nenni
Pietro Sandro Nenni (February 9, 1891 – January 1, 1980) was an Italian socialist politician, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and lifetime Senator since 1970.
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Political offence exception
A political offence exception (or exemption) is a provision which limits the obligation of a sovereign state under an extradition or mutual legal assistance treaty or statute.
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Political party
A political party is an organised group of people, often with common views, who come together to contest elections and hold power in government.
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Political repression
Political repression is the persecution of an individual or group within society for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part in the political life of a society thereby reducing their standing among their fellow citizens.
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Political spectrum
A political spectrum is a system of classifying different political positions upon one or more geometric axes that symbolize independent political dimensions.
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Politics of Italy
The politics of Italy are conducted through a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system.
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Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.
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Poverty
Poverty is the scarcity or the lack of a certain (variant) amount of material possessions or money.
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Preamble
A preamble is an introductory and expressionary statement in a document that explains the document's purpose and underlying philosophy.
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President of Italy
The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica Italiana) is the head of state of Italy and in that role represents national unity and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Constitution.
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Presumption of innocence
The presumption of innocence is the principle that one is considered innocent unless proven guilty.
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Preventive detention
Preventive detention is an imprisonment that is putatively justified for non-punitive purposes.
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Preventive healthcare
Preventive healthcare (alternately preventive medicine, preventative healthcare/medicine, or prophylaxis) consists of measures taken for disease prevention, as opposed to disease treatment.
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Primary education
Primary education and elementary education is typically the first stage of formal education, coming after preschool and before secondary education (The first two grades of primary school, Grades 1 and 2, are also part of early childhood education).
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Prime Minister of Italy
The President of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic (Italian: Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri della Repubblica Italiana), commonly referred to in Italy as Presidente del Consiglio, or informally as Premier and known in English as the Prime Minister of Italy, is the head of government of the Italian Republic.
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Privacy
Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves, or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively.
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Private property
Private property is a legal designation for the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities.
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Private school
Private schools, also known to many as independent schools, non-governmental, privately funded, or non-state schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments.
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Private sector
The private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is run by private individuals or groups, usually as a means of enterprise for profit, and is not controlled by the State.
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Privately held company
A privately held company, private company, or close corporation is a business company owned either by non-governmental organizations or by a relatively small number of shareholders or company members which does not offer or trade its company stock (shares) to the general public on the stock market exchanges, but rather the company's stock is offered, owned and traded or exchanged privately.
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Probable cause
In United States criminal law, probable cause is the standard by which police authorities have reason to obtain a warrant for the arrest of a suspected criminal or the issuing of a search warrant.
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Procedural law
Procedural law, adjective law, or rules of court comprises the rules by which a court hears and determines what happens in civil, lawsuit, criminal or administrative proceedings.
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Progressive tax
A progressive tax is a tax in which the tax rate increases as the taxable amount increases.
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Proportionality (law)
Proportionality is a general principle in law which covers several special (although related) concepts.
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Prosecutor
A prosecutor is a legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system.
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Protezione Civile
The Protezione Civile (Civil Protection) department is the national body in Italy that deals with the prediction, prevention and management of exceptional events.
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Provinces of Italy
In Italy, a province (provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between a municipality (comune) and a region (regione).
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Public administration
Public Administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service.
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Public interest
Public interest is "the welfare or well-being of the general public".
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Public morality
Public morality refers to moral and ethical standards enforced in a society, by law or police work or social pressure, and applied to public life, to the content of the media, and to conduct in public places.
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Public property
Public property is property that is dedicated to public use and is a subset of state property.
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Public sector
The public sector (also called the state sector) is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises.
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Public security
Public security is the function of governments which ensures the protection of citizens, persons in their territory, organizations, and institutions against threats to their well-being – and to the prosperity of their communities.
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Public-order crime
In criminology, public-order crime is defined by Siegel (2004) as "crime which involves acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently", i.e., it is behaviour that has been labelled criminal because it is contrary to shared norms, social values, and customs.
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Questia Online Library
Questia is an online commercial digital library of books and articles that has an academic orientation, with a particular emphasis on books and journal articles in the humanities and social sciences.
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Quirinal Palace
The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply Quirinale) is a historic building in Rome, Italy, one of the three current official residences of the President of the Italian Republic, together with Villa Rosebery in Naples and Tenuta di Castelporziano in Rome.
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Quorum
A quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly (a body that uses parliamentary procedure, such as a legislature) necessary to conduct the business of that group.
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Randolfo Pacciardi
Randolfo Pacciardi (1 January 1899 – 14 April 1991) was an Italian politician, a member of the Italian Republican Party (PRI).
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Ratification
Ratification is a principal's approval of an act of its agent that lacked the authority to bind the principal legally.
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Redirect examination
When a witness is presented for testimony in the U.S. judicial system, the order is "direct" testimony, then the opposing attorney does "cross" and then "redirect" from the attorney first offering the witness.
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Referendums in Italy
A referendum, in the Italian legal system is a request directed to the whole electorate to express their view on a determined question.
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Regions of Italy
The regions of Italy (Italian: regioni) are the first-level administrative divisions of Italy, constituting its second NUTS administrative level.
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Regulation
Regulation is an abstract concept of management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends.
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Rehabilitation (penology)
Rehabilitation is the re-integration into society of a convicted person and the main objective of modern penal policy, to counter habitual offending, also known as criminal recidivism.
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Religion in Italy
Religion in Italy is characterised by the predominance of Christianity and an increasing diversity of religious practices, beliefs and denominations.
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Resignation
A resignation is the formal act of giving up or quitting one's office or position.
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Right of asylum
The right of asylum (sometimes called right of political asylum, from the Ancient Greek word ἄσυλον) is an ancient juridical concept, under which a person persecuted by his own country may be protected by another sovereign authority, such as another country or church official, who in medieval times could offer sanctuary.
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Right to a fair trial
A trial which is observed by trial judge or by jury without being partial is a fair trial.
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Right to counsel
Right to counsel means a defendant has a right to have the assistance of counsel (i.e., lawyers), and if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer, requires that the government appoint one or pay the defendant's legal expenses.
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Right to education
The right to education has been recognized as a human right in a number of international conventions, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which recognizes a right to free, compulsory primary education for all, an obligation to develop secondary education accessible to all, in particular by the progressive introduction of free secondary education, as well as an obligation to develop equitable access to higher education, ideally by the progressive introduction of free higher education.
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Right to health
The right to health is the economic, social and cultural right to a universal minimum standard of health to which all individuals are entitled.
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Right to work
The right to work is the concept that people have a human right to work, or engage in productive employment, and may not be prevented from doing so.
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Rights of audience
In common law, a right of audience is generally a right of a lawyer to appear and conduct proceedings in court on behalf of their client.
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Rome
Rome (Roma; Roma) is the capital city of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale).
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Royal and noble ranks
Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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Rule according to higher law
The rule according to a higher law means that no law may be enforced by the government unless it conforms with certain universal principles (written or unwritten) of fairness, morality, and justice.
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Salary
A salary is a form of payment from an employer to an employee, which may be specified in an employment contract.
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Sandro Pertini
Alessandro "Sandro" Pertini, (25 September 1896 – 24 February 1990) was an Italian journalist and socialist politician, who served as the seventh President of the Italian Republic, from 1978 to 1985.
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Sardinia
| conventional_long_name.
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Saving
Saving is income not spent, or deferred consumption.
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Savings bank
A savings bank is a financial institution whose primary purpose is accepting savings deposits and paying interest on those deposits.
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Scholarship
A scholarship is an award of financial aid for a student to further their education.
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Science
R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.
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Search and seizure
Search and Seizure is a procedure used in many civil law and common law legal systems by which police or other authorities and their agents, who, suspecting that a crime has been committed, commence a search of a person's property and confiscate any relevant evidence found in connection to the crime.
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Seat of local government
In local government, a city hall, town hall, civic centre, (in the UK or Australia) a guildhall, a Rathaus (German), or (more rarely) a municipal building, is the chief administrative building of a city, town, or other municipality.
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Secession
Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio) is the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity, but also from any organization, union or military alliance.
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Secret society
A secret society is a club or an organization whose activities, events, inner functioning, or membership are concealed from non-members.
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Semestre bianco
The semestre bianco (in English, "white semester") is an Italian legislative term referring to the last six months of the President of Italy's seven-year term of office.
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Senate of the Republic (Italy)
The Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) or Senate (Senato) is a house of the bicameral Italian Parliament (the other being the Chamber of Deputies).
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Senator for life
A senator for life is a member of the senate or equivalent upper chamber of a legislature who has life tenure.
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Separation of church and state
The separation of church and state is a philosophic and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the nation state.
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Separation of powers
The separation of powers is a model for the governance of a state.
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Sicily
Sicily (Sicilia; Sicìlia) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Sick leave
Sick leave (or paid sick days or sick pay) is time off from work that workers can use to stay home to address their health and safety needs without losing pay.
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Sister city
Twin towns or sister cities are a form of legal or social agreement between towns, cities, counties, oblasts, prefectures, provinces, regions, states, and even countries in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.
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Small and medium-sized enterprises
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs, also small and medium enterprises) or small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) are businesses whose personnel numbers fall below certain limits.
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Social equality
Social equality is a state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated group have the same status in certain respects, including civil rights, freedom of speech, property rights and equal access to certain social goods and services.
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Social inequality
Social inequality occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.
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Social science
Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society.
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Social security
Social security is "any government system that provides monetary assistance to people with an inadequate or no income." Social security is enshrined in Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states: Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
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Socialism
Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
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Sociocultural evolution
Sociocultural evolution, sociocultural evolutionism or cultural evolution are theories of cultural and social evolution that describe how cultures and societies change over time.
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Solidarity
Solidarity is unity (as of a group or class) which produces or is based on unities of interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies.
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Sondergericht
A Sondergericht (plural: Sondergerichte) was a German "special court".
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Sortition
In governance, sortition (also known as allotment or demarchy) is the selection of political officials as a random sample from a larger pool of candidates.
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South Tyrol
South Tyrol is an autonomous province in northern Italy.
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Sovereign immunity
Sovereign immunity, or crown immunity, is a legal doctrine by which the sovereign or state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from civil suit or criminal prosecution.
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Sovereign state
A sovereign state is, in international law, a nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by one centralized government that has sovereignty over a geographic area.
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Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies.
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Speaker (politics)
The speaker of a deliberative assembly, especially a legislative body, is its presiding officer, or the chair.
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Special session
In a legislature, a special session (also extraordinary session) is a period when the body convenes outside of the normal legislative session.
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Sport in Italy
Sport in Italy has a long tradition.
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Standard time
Standard time is the synchronization of clocks within a geographical area or region to a single time standard, rather than using solar time or a locally chosen meridian (longitude) to establish a local mean time standard.
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State school
State schools (also known as public schools outside England and Wales)In England and Wales, some independent schools for 13- to 18-year-olds are known as 'public schools'.
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Statuto Albertino
The Statuto Albertino (English: Albertine Statute), was the constitution that Charles Albert of Sardinia conceded to the Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy on 4 March 1848.
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Strike action
Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.
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Subsidiarity
Subsidiarity is a principle of social organization that holds that social and political issues should be dealt with at the most immediate (or local) level that is consistent with their resolution.
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Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise is the right to vote in public, political elections (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote).
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Supermajority
A supermajority or supra-majority or a qualified majority, is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of one-half used for majority.
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Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)
The Supreme Court of Cassation (Corte Suprema di Cassazione) is the highest court of appeal or court of last resort in Italy.
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Tariff
A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states.
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Tax
A tax (from the Latin taxo) is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon a taxpayer (an individual or other legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures.
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Taxation in Italy
Taxation in Italy is levied by the central and regional governments and is collected by the Italian Agency of Revenue (Agenzia delle Entrate).
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Taxpayer
A taxpayer is a person or organization (such as a company) subject to a tax on income.
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Telecommunications in Italy
Telephones - main lines in use: 20.031 million (2008) Telephones - mobile cellular: 88.58 million (2008) Telephone system: modern, well-developed, fast; fully automated telephone, telex, and data services domestic: high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NA Eutelsat; 21 submarine cables.
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Teresa Mattei
Teresa Mattei, also known as Teresita (1 February 1921 - 12 March 2013) was an Italian partisan and politician.
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Territorial integrity
Territorial integrity is the principle under international law that prohibits states from the use of force against the "territorial integrity or political independence" of another state.
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Test (assessment)
A test or examination (informally, exam or evaluation) is an assessment intended to measure a test-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness, or classification in many other topics (e.g., beliefs).
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The arts
The arts refers to the theory and physical expression of creativity found in human societies and cultures.
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Toponymy
Toponymy is the study of place names (toponyms), their origins, meanings, use, and typology.
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Trade union
A trade union or trades union, also called a labour union (Canada) or labor union (US), is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals; such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages, benefits (such as vacation, health care, and retirement), and working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by the creation of a monopoly of the workers.
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Training
Training is teaching, or developing in oneself or others, any skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies.
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Transport in Italy
Italy has a well developed transport infrastructure.
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Treaty
A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations.
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Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE; commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty) was an unratified international treaty intended to create a consolidated constitution for the European Union (EU).
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Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947
The Treaty of Peace with Italy (one of the Paris Peace Treaties) was signed on 10 February 1947 between Italy and the victorious powers of World War II, formally ending hostilities.
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Trentino
Trentino, officially the Autonomous Province of Trento, is an autonomous province of Italy, in the country's far north.
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Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (Trentino-Alto Adige,; Trentino-Südtirol; Trentin-Südtirol) is an autonomous region in Northern Italy.
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Trial
In law, a trial is a coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information (in the form of evidence) in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes.
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Tuscany
Tuscany (Toscana) is a region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants (2013).
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Umberto II of Italy
Umberto II (Umberto Nicola Tommaso Giovanni Maria di Savoia; 15 September 190418 March 1983) was the last King of Italy.
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Umberto Nobile
Umberto Nobile (21 January 1885 – 30 July 1978) was an Italian aviator, aeronautical engineer and Arctic explorer.
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Umbria
Umbria is a region of central Italy.
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Unemployment benefits
Unemployment benefits (depending on the jurisdiction also called unemployment insurance or unemployment compensation) are payments made by the state or other authorized bodies to unemployed people.
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Unfree labour
Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), compulsion, or other forms of extreme hardship to themselves or members of their families.
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Unit of measurement
A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same kind of quantity.
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Universal suffrage
The concept of universal suffrage, also known as general suffrage or common suffrage, consists of the right to vote of all adult citizens, regardless of property ownership, income, race, or ethnicity, subject only to minor exceptions.
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University
A university (universitas, "a whole") is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines.
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Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
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Veneto
Veneto (or,; Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy.
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Veto
A veto – Latin for "I forbid" – is the power (used by an officer of the state, for example) to unilaterally stop an official action, especially the enactment of legislation.
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Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
Victor Emmanuel III (Vittorio Emanuele Ferdinando Maria Gennaro di Savoia; Vittorio Emanuele III, Viktor Emanueli III; 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was the King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946.
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Vital record
Vital records are records of life events kept under governmental authority, including birth certificates, marriage licenses, and death certificates.
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Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (19 May 1860 – 1 December 1952) was an Italian statesman, known for representing Italy in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference with his foreign minister Sidney Sonnino.
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Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples
Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, Prince of Naples (Vittorio Emanuele Alberto Carlo Teodoro Umberto Bonifacio Amedeo Damiano Bernardino Gennaro Maria di Savoia;Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser XIV. "Haus Italien". C.A. Starke Verlag, 1997, pp. 33, 38–39..Willis, Daniel, The Descendants of Louis XIII, Clearfield Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1999, p. 673.. born 12 February 1937) is the only son of Umberto II, the last King of Italy, and his wife, Marie-José of Belgium.
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Vittorio Foa
Vittorio Foa (18 September 1910 in Turin – 20 October 2008 in Formia) was an Italian politician, trade unionist, journalist and writer.
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Voluntary association
A voluntary group or union (also sometimes called a voluntary organization, common-interest association,Prins HEL et al. (2010).. Cengage Learning. association, or society) is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement, usually as volunteers, to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose.
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Voting
Voting is a method for a group, such as, a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion, usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns.
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War
War is a state of armed conflict between states, societies and informal groups, such as insurgents and militias.
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War of aggression
A war of aggression, sometimes also war of conquest, is a military conflict waged without the justification of self-defense, usually for territorial gain and subjugation.
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Warrant (law)
A warrant is generally an order that serves as a specific type of authorization, that is, a writ issued by a competent officer, usually a judge or magistrate, which permits an otherwise illegal act that would violate individual rights and affords the person executing the writ protection from damages if the act is performed.
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Weapon
A weapon, arm or armament is any device used with intent to inflict damage or harm.
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Women's rights
Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide, and formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the nineteenth century and feminist movement during the 20th century.
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Workers' compensation
Workers' compensation is a form of insurance providing wage replacement and medical benefits to employees injured in the course of employment in exchange for mandatory relinquishment of the employee's right to sue their employer for the tort of negligence.
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Workers' self-management
Self-management or workers' self-management (also referred to as labor management, autogestión, workers' control, industrial democracy, democratic management and producer cooperatives) is a form of organizational management based on self-directed work processes on the part of an organization's workforce.
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Writ
In common law, a writ (Anglo-Saxon gewrit, Latin breve) is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction; in modern usage, this body is generally a court.
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Redirects here:
Constitution of italy, Constitution of the Italian Republic, Italian Constitution, Italian constitution.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy
