Dead Sea Scrolls

The Dead Sea Scrolls, also called the Qumran Caves Scrolls, are a set of ancient Jewish manuscripts from the Second Temple period. ^[1]

A. Powell Davies

Arthur Powell Davies (June 5, 1902 – September 26, 1957) was the minister of All Souls Church, Unitarian in Washington, D.C. from 1944 until his death in 1957.

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ABC News (United States)

ABC News is the news division of the American television network ABC.

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Accordance

Accordance is a Bible study program for Apple Macintosh and iPhone, and now Windows and Android, developed by OakTree Software, Inc.

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The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.

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Agence France-Presse

Agence France-Presse (AFP) is a French international news agency headquartered in Paris, France.

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Aharon Barak

Aharon Barak (אהרן ברק; born 16 September 1936) is an Israeli lawyer and jurist who served as President of the Supreme Court of Israel from 1995 to 2006.

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Al Jazeera Arabic

Al Jazeera Arabic (الجزيرة) is a Qatari state-owned Arabic-language news television network.

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Aleppo Codex

The Aleppo Codex (כֶּתֶר אֲרָם צוֹבָא, romanized:, lit. 'Crown of Aleppo') is a medieval bound manuscript of the Hebrew Bible. Dead Sea Scrolls and Aleppo Codex are collections of the Israel Museum.

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Alpa

Alpa was formerly a Swiss camera design company and manufacturer of 35 mm SLR cameras.

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American Colony, Jerusalem

The American religious foundation and philanthropy that informally became known as the American Colony of Jerusalem, was established in the Ottoman Empire in 1881 as a "Christian utopian society" led by American religious leader Horatio Gates Spafford and his Norwegian wife Anne Tobine Larsen Øglende.

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American Society of Overseas Research

The American Society of Overseas Research (ASOR), founded in 1900 as the American School of Oriental Study and Research in Palestine, is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization based in Alexandria, Virginia, which supports the research and teaching of the history and cultures of the Near East and Middle Eastern countries.

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Ancient Hebrew writings

Ancient Hebrew writings are texts written in Biblical Hebrew using the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Dead Sea Scrolls and Ancient Hebrew writings are ancient Hebrew texts.

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Angela Kim Harkins

Angela Kim Harkins is a Professor of New Testament and Professor Ordinaria at Boston College School of Theology and Ministry.

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Arab Legion

The Arab Legion was the police force, then regular army, of the Emirate of Transjordan, a British protectorate, in the early part of the 20th century, and then of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, an independent state, with a final Arabization of its command taking place in 1956, when British senior officers were replaced by Jordanian ones.

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Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

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Aramaic

Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.

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Aramaic alphabet

The ancient Aramaic alphabet was used to write the Aramaic languages spoken by ancient Aramean pre-Christian tribes throughout the Fertile Crescent.

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Aramaic Enoch Scroll

The Aramaic Enoch Scroll is a non-published, complete copy of the Book of Enoch which is rumored to be in possession of private investors.

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Archaeology

Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

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Ashland Theological Seminary

Ashland Theological Seminary is a seminary in Ohio.

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Athanasius Yeshue Samuel

Metropolitan Mor Athanasius Yeshue Samuel (صموئيل، أثناسيوس يشوع; 19091995), more often referred to as Mor Samuel, was a The First Metropolitan and Archbishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch in the United States and Canada, the Metropolitan of Jerusalem of the Syriac Orthodox Church as well as a central figure in the discovery of the Dead Sea scrolls.

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Azusa Pacific University

Azusa Pacific University (APU) is a private evangelical research university in Azusa, California.

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Bank vault

A bank vault is a secure space where money, valuables, records, and documents are stored.

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Bar Kokhba revolt

The Bar Kokhba revolt (מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא) was a large-scale armed rebellion initiated by the Jews of Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba, against the Roman Empire in 132 CE.

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Barbara Thiering

Barbara Elizabeth Thiering (15 November 193016 November 2015) was an Australian historian, theologian, and biblical exegete specialising in the origins of the early Christian Church.

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Bedouin

The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (singular) are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia (Iraq).

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Beirut

Beirut (help) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.

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Benjamin Mazar

Benjamin Mazar (בנימין מזר; born Binyamin Zeev Maisler, June 28, 1906 – September 9, 1995) was a pioneering Israeli historian, recognized as the "dean" of biblical archaeologists.

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Bethlehem

Bethlehem (بيت لحم,,; בֵּית לֶחֶם) is a city in the Israeli-occupied West Bank of the State of Palestine, located about south of Jerusalem.

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Biblical Archaeology Society

The Biblical Archaeology Society was established in 1974 by American lawyer Hershel Shanks, as a non-sectarian organisation that supports and promotes biblical archaeology.

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Biblical canon

A biblical canon is a set of texts (also called "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible.

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Biblical Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew (rtl ʿīḇrîṯ miqrāʾîṯ or rtl ləšôn ham-miqrāʾ), also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language, a language in the Canaanitic branch of the Semitic languages spoken by the Israelites in the area known as the Land of Israel, roughly west of the Jordan River and east of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Bibliothèque nationale de France

The ('National Library of France'; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites known respectively as Richelieu and François-Mitterrand.

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Book of Baruch

The Book of Baruch is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible, used in many Christian traditions, such as Catholic and Orthodox churches. Dead Sea Scrolls and book of Baruch are ancient Hebrew texts.

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Book of Daniel

The Book of Daniel is a 2nd-century BC biblical apocalypse with a 6th century BC setting.

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Book of Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy (second law; Liber Deuteronomii) is the fifth book of the Torah (in Judaism), where it is called (דְּבָרִים|Dəḇārīm| words) and the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament.

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Book of Enoch

The Book of Enoch (also 1 Enoch; Hebrew: סֵפֶר חֲנוֹךְ, Sēfer Ḥănōḵ; መጽሐፈ ሄኖክ) is an ancient Hebrew apocalyptic religious text, ascribed by tradition to the patriarch Enoch who was the father of Methuselah and the great-grandfather of Noah.

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Book of Esther

The Book of Esther (Megillat Ester; Ἐσθήρ; Liber Esther), also known in Hebrew as "the Scroll" ("the Megillah"), is a book in the third section (כְּתוּבִים "Writings") of the Hebrew Bible.

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Book of Exodus

The Book of Exodus (from translit; שְׁמוֹת Šəmōṯ, 'Names'; Liber Exodus) is the second book of the Bible.

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Book of Ezekiel

The Book of Ezekiel is the third of the Latter Prophets in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and one of the major prophetic books in the Christian Bible, where it follows Isaiah and Jeremiah.

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Book of Genesis

The Book of Genesis (from Greek; בְּרֵאשִׁית|Bərēʾšīṯ|In beginning; Liber Genesis) is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament.

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Book of Habakkuk

The Book of Habakkuk is the eighth book of the 12 minor prophets of the Bible.

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Book of Jeremiah

The Book of Jeremiah (ספר יִרְמְיָהוּ) is the second of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, and the second of the Prophets in the Christian Old Testament.

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Book of Job

The Book of Job (ʾĪyyōḇ), or simply Job, is a book found in the Ketuvim ("Writings") section of the Hebrew Bible and the first of the Poetic Books in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Book of Jubilees

The Book of Jubilees is an ancient Jewish apocryphal text of 50 chapters (1341 verses), considered canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, as well as by Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews). Dead Sea Scrolls and Book of Jubilees are ancient Hebrew texts.

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Book of Judges

The Book of Judges (Sefer Shoftim; Κριτές; Liber Iudicum) is the seventh book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament.

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Book of Lamentations

The Book of Lamentations (אֵיכָה,, from its incipit meaning "how") is a collection of poetic laments for the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE.

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Book of Leviticus

The Book of Leviticus (from Λευιτικόν,; וַיִּקְרָא,, 'And He called'; Liber Leviticus) is the third book of the Torah (the Pentateuch) and of the Old Testament, also known as the Third Book of Moses.

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Book of Mysteries

The Book of Mysteries (also known as the Book of Secrets) is an ancient Essene text found in fragmentary form among the Dead Sea Scrolls. Dead Sea Scrolls and Book of Mysteries are ancient Hebrew texts and Essene texts.

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Book of Nahum

The Book of Nahum is the seventh book of the 12 minor prophets of the Hebrew Bible.

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Book of Numbers

The Book of Numbers (from Greek Ἀριθμοί, Arithmoi, lit. 'numbers'; בְּמִדְבַּר, Bəmīḏbar,; Liber Numeri) is the fourth book of the Hebrew Bible and the fourth of five books of the Jewish Torah.

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Book of Ruth

The Book of Ruth (מְגִלַּת רוּת, Megillath Ruth, "the Scroll of Ruth", one of the Five Megillot) is included in the third division, or the Writings (Ketuvim), of the Hebrew Bible.

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Book of Sirach

The Book of Sirach is an apocryphal Jewish work, originally written in Biblical Hebrew. Dead Sea Scrolls and Book of Sirach are ancient Hebrew texts and Essene texts.

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Book of Tobit

The Book of Tobit is an apocryphal Jewish work from the 3rd or early 2nd century BCE which describes how God tests the faithful, responds to prayers, and protects the covenant community (i.e., the Israelites). Dead Sea Scrolls and Book of Tobit are ancient Hebrew texts.

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Book of Zechariah

The Book of Zechariah is a Jewish text attributed to Zechariah, a Hebrew prophet of the late 6th century BC.

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Books of Kings

The Book of Kings (Sēfer Məlāḵīm) is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books (1–2 Kings) in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Books of Samuel

The Book of Samuel (Sefer Shmuel) is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books (1–2 Samuel) in the Old Testament.

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British Museum

The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London.

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British Museum leather dressing

British Museum leather dressing has been used by many conservators since its publication(Plenderleith, 1946) to protect and conserve leather.

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Bronze

Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids, such as arsenic or silicon.

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Cairo Geniza

The Cairo Geniza, alternatively spelled the Cairo Genizah, is a collection of some 400,000 Jewish manuscript fragments and Fatimid administrative documents that were kept in the genizah or storeroom of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat or Old Cairo, Egypt. Dead Sea Scrolls and Cairo Geniza are Hebrew manuscripts.

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Calf (animal)

A calf (calves) is a young domestic cow or bull.

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Capra (genus)

Capra is a genus of mammals, the goats, comprising ten species, including the markhor and several species known as ibexes.

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Carbon black

Carbon black (with subtypes acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black) is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of coal tar, vegetable matter, or petroleum products, including fuel oil, fluid catalytic cracking tar, and ethylene cracking in a limited supply of air.

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Catholic Bible

The term Catholic Bible can be understood in two ways.

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Cave of Horrors

Cave of Horror (Me'arat Ha'Eima) is the nickname given to a refuge cave that archaeologists have catalogued as Nahal Hever Cave 8 (8Hev) of the Judaean Desert, Israel, where the remains of Jewish refugees from the Bar Kokhba revolt (c. 132–136 AD) were found. Dead Sea Scrolls and cave of Horrors are Judaean Desert.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Cincinnati

Cincinnati (nicknamed Cincy) is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Ohio, United States.

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Cinnabar

Cinnabar, or cinnabarite, also known as mercurblende is the bright scarlet to brick-red form of mercury(II) sulfide (HgS).

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Cipher

In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.

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Community Rule

The Community Rule (סרך היחד), which is designated 1QS and was previously referred to as the Manual of Discipline, is one of the first scrolls to be discovered near the ruins of Qumran, the scrolls found in the eleven caves between 1947 and 1954 are now referred to simply as the Dead Sea Scrolls. Dead Sea Scrolls and Community Rule are ancient Hebrew texts, Essene texts and Hebrew manuscripts.

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Computer program

A computer program is a sequence or set of instructions in a programming language for a computer to execute.

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Concordance (publishing)

A concordance is an alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book or body of work, listing every instance of each word with its immediate context.

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Consistency

In classical deductive logic, a consistent theory is one that does not lead to a logical contradiction.

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Copper

Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu and atomic number 29.

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Copper Scroll

The Copper Scroll (3Q15) is one of the Dead Sea Scrolls found in Cave 3 near Khirbet Qumran, but differs significantly from the others.

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Copyright

A copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive legal right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time.

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Craig A. Evans

Craig Alan Evans (born January 21, 1952) is an American biblical scholar.

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Cyclotron

A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest Lawrence in 1929–1930 at the University of California, Berkeley, and patented in 1932.

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Dalia Dorner

Dalia Dorner (born March 3, 1934) is an Israeli-Turkish law professor and former Justice of the Supreme Court of Israel, serving from 1993 to 2004.

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David Nimmer

David Nimmer is an American lawyer, law professor, renowned as an expert in United States copyright law.

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Dead Sea

The Dead Sea (al-Baḥr al-Mayyit, or label; Yām hamMelaḥ), also known by other names, is a landlocked salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Israel to the west.

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Department of Antiquities (Jordan)

The Department of Antiquities is a government department in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with responsibility for archaeological research and cultural heritage management.

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Deuterocanonical books

The deuterocanonical books, meaning "Of, pertaining to, or constituting a second canon," collectively known as the Deuterocanon (DC), are certain books and passages considered to be canonical books of the Old Testament by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches and the Assyrian Church of the East, but which modern Jews and many Protestants regard as Apocrypha. Dead Sea Scrolls and deuterocanonical books are ancient Hebrew texts.

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Development of the Old Testament canon

The Old Testament is the first section of the two-part Christian biblical canon; the second section is the New Testament.

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Discoveries in the Judaean Desert

Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (DJD) is the official 40-volume publication that serves as the editio princeps for the Dead Sea Scrolls. Dead Sea Scrolls and Discoveries in the Judaean Desert are Hebrew manuscripts.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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Dominique Barthélemy

Jean-Dominique Barthélemy OP (16 May 1921, Pallet — 10 February 2002, Freiburg), was a emeritus French professor, Dominican priest and biblical scholar.

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Donald W. Parry

Donald W. Parry is an American academic who is a professor of Hebrew Bible in the Department of Asian and Near Eastern Languages at Brigham Young University.

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Early Christianity

Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

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East Jerusalem

East Jerusalem (al-Quds ash-Sharqiya) is the portion of Jerusalem that was held by Jordan after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, as opposed to West Jerusalem, which was held by Israel.

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Ecclesiastes

Ecclesiastes (Qōheleṯ, Ekklēsiastēs) is one of the Ketuvim ("Writings") of the Hebrew Bible and part of the Wisdom literature of the Christian Old Testament.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Ein Feshkha

Ein Feshkha (عين فشخة, also Ain Al-Fashka) or Einot Tzukim (lit) is a 2,500 ha nature reserve and archaeological site on the north-western shore of the Dead Sea, about south of Qumran in the West Bank, Palestine.

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Ein Gedi

Ein Gedi (ʿēn ged̲i), also spelled En Gedi, meaning "spring of the kid", is an oasis, an archeological site and a nature reserve in Israel, located west of the Dead Sea, near Masada and the Qumran Caves. Dead Sea Scrolls and Ein Gedi are Judaean Desert.

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Eleazar Sukenik

Eleazar Lipa Sukenik (12 August 1889 – 28 February 1953) was an Israeli archaeologist and professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

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Elisha Qimron

Elisha Qimron (born 5 February 1943) is an academic who studies ancient Hebrew.

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Emanuel Tov

Emanuel Tov (עמנואל טוב; born Menno Toff, 15 September 1941) is a Dutch–Israeli biblical scholar and linguist, emeritus J. L. Magnes Professor of Bible Studies in the Department of Bible at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

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Encryption

In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming (more specifically, encoding) information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can decode.

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Eschatology

Eschatology concerns expectations of the end of present age, human history, or the world itself.

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Essenes

The Essenes (Hebrew:, Isiyim; Greek: Ἐσσηνοί, Ἐσσαῖοι, or Ὀσσαῖοι, Essenoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi) or Essenians were a mystic Jewish sect during the Second Temple period that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE.

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Exposure (photography)

In photography, exposure is the amount of light per unit area reaching a frame of photographic film or the surface of an electronic image sensor.

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First Jewish–Roman War

The First Jewish–Roman War (66–74 CE), sometimes called the Great Jewish Revolt (ha-Mered Ha-Gadol), or The Jewish War, was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against the Roman Empire fought in the province of Judaea, resulting in the destruction of Jewish towns, the displacement of its people and the appropriation of land for Roman military use, as well as the destruction of the Jewish Temple and polity.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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Frank Moore Cross

Frank Moore Cross Jr. (July 13, 1921 – October 16, 2012) was the Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages at Harvard University, notable for his work in the interpretation of the Dead Sea Scrolls, his 1973 magnum opus Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic, and his work in Northwest Semitic epigraphy.

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Gall

Galls (from the Latin galla, 'oak-apple') or cecidia (from the Greek, anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants.

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Gazelle

A gazelle is one of many antelope species in the genus Gazella.

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Genesis Apocryphon

The Genesis Apocryphon (1Q20), also called the Tales of the Patriarchs or the Apocalypse of Lamech and labeled 1QapGen, is one of the original seven Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in 1946 by Bedouin shepherds in Cave 1 near Qumran, a small settlement in the northwest corner of the Dead Sea. Dead Sea Scrolls and Genesis Apocryphon are Essene texts and Hebrew manuscripts.

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Genizah

A genizah (also geniza; plural: genizot or genizahs) is a storage area in a Jewish synagogue or cemetery designated for the temporary storage of worn-out Hebrew-language books and papers on religious topics prior to proper cemetery burial.

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Gerald Lankester Harding

Gerald Lankester Harding CBE (8 December 1901 – 11 February 1979) was a British archaeologist who was the director of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan from 1936 to 1956.

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Goat

The goat or domestic goat (Capra hircus) is a species of domesticated goat-antelope that is mostly kept as livestock.

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Google

Google LLC is an American multinational corporation and technology company focusing on online advertising, search engine technology, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence (AI).

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Gospel of Mark

The Gospel of Mark is the second of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic Gospels.

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Great Psalms Scroll

The Great Psalms Scroll, also referred to as 11Q5, is the most substantial and well preserved manuscript of Psalms of the thirty-seven discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls in the Qumran caves. Dead Sea Scrolls and Great Psalms Scroll are 1st-century biblical manuscripts and Israel Antiquities Authority.

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Greek alphabet

The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.

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Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Green Collection

The Green Collection, later known as the Museum Collection, is one of the world's largest private collection of rare biblical texts and artifacts, made up of more than 40,000 biblical antiquities assembled by the Green family, founders of the American retail chain Hobby Lobby.

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Habakkuk Commentary

The Habakkuk Commentary or Pesher Habakkuk, labelled 1QpHab (Cave 1, Qumran, pesher, Habakkuk), was among the original seven Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in 1947 and published in 1951. Dead Sea Scrolls and Habakkuk Commentary are 1st-century BC biblical manuscripts, ancient Hebrew texts and Essene texts.

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Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict

The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict is the first international treaty that focuses exclusively on the protection of cultural property in armed conflict.

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Hasmonean dynasty

The Hasmonean dynasty (חַשְׁמוֹנָאִים Ḥašmōnāʾīm; Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία) was a ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during the Hellenistic times of the Second Temple period (part of classical antiquity), from BCE to 37 BCE. Dead Sea Scrolls and Hasmonean dynasty are Judea.

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Hebrew alphabet

The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי), known variously by scholars as the Ktav Ashuri, Jewish script, square script and block script, is traditionally an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language and other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Persian.

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Hebrew Bible

The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim. Dead Sea Scrolls and Hebrew Bible are ancient Hebrew texts.

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Hebrew language

Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.

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Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion

The Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion (also known as HUC, HUC-JIR, and The College-Institute) is a Jewish seminary with three locations in the United States and one location in Jerusalem.

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Hellenistic Judaism

Hellenistic Judaism was a form of Judaism in classical antiquity that combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of Hellenistic culture.

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Hershel Shanks

Hershel Shanks (March 8, 1930 – February 5, 2021) was an American lawyer and amateur biblical archaeologist who was the founder and long-time editor of the Biblical Archaeology Review.

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Hide (skin)

A hide or skin is an animal skin treated for human use.

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Huntington Library

The Huntington Library, Art Museum and Botanical Gardens, known as The Huntington, is a collections-based educational and research institution established by Henry E. Huntington and Arabella Huntington in San Marino, California.

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Hyrcania (fortress)

Hyrcania (Ὑρκανία; Arabic: خربة المرد "Khirbet el-Mird"; הורקניה) was an ancient fortress in the Judean Desert. Dead Sea Scrolls and Hyrcania (fortress) are Judaean Desert.

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Infrared photography

Top: tree photographed in the near infrared range.

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Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures

The Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa (ISAC; formerly the Oriental Institute), established in 1919, is the University of Chicago's interdisciplinary research center for ancient Near Eastern studies and archaeology museum.

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Isaiah Scroll

The Isaiah Scroll, designated 1QIsaa and also known as the Great Isaiah Scroll, is one of the seven Dead Sea Scrolls that were first discovered by Bedouin shepherds in 1946 from Qumran Cave 1. Dead Sea Scrolls and Isaiah Scroll are 2nd-century BC biblical manuscripts and collections of the Israel Museum.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.

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Israel Antiquities Authority

The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA, רשות העתיקות rashut ha-'atiqot; داﺌرة الآثار, before 1990, the Israel Department of Antiquities) is an independent Israeli governmental authority responsible for enforcing the 1978 Law of Antiquities.

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Israel Museum

The Israel Museum (מוזיאון ישראל, Muze'on Yisrael, متحف إسرائيل) is an art and archaeology museum in Jerusalem.

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Israeli occupation of the West Bank

The West Bank, including East Jerusalem, has been under military occupation by Israel since 7 June 1967, when Israeli forces captured the territory, then ruled by Jordan, during the Six-Day War.

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Israeli–Palestinian conflict

The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is an ongoing military and political conflict about land and self-determination within the territory of the former Mandatory Palestine.

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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

The Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN; "National Institute for Nuclear Physics") is the coordinating institution for nuclear, particle, theoretical and astroparticle physics in Italy.

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Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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James A. Sanders

James A. Sanders (28 November 1927 in Memphis, Tennessee – 1 October 2020) was an American scholar of the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible and one of the Dead Sea Scrolls editors.

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James M. Robinson

James McConkey Robinson (June 30, 1924 – March 22, 2016) was an American scholar who retired as Professor Emeritus of Religion at Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California, specializing in New Testament Studies and Nag Hammadi Studies.

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James, brother of Jesus

James the Just, or a variation of James, brother of the Lord (Iacobus from יעקב, and Ἰάκωβος,, can also be Anglicized as "Jacob"), was a brother of Jesus, according to the New Testament.

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Józef Milik

Józef Tadeusz Milik (Seroczyn, Poland, 24 March 1922 – Paris, 6 January 2006) was a Polish biblical scholar and a Catholic priest, researcher of the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) through the deserts of Judea/Jordan, and translator and editor of the Book of Enoch in Aramaic (fragments).

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Jerusalem

Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

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Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

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Jewish history

Jewish history is the history of the Jews, their nation, religion, and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions, and cultures.

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Jewish religious movements

Jewish religious movements, sometimes called "denominations", include diverse groups within Judaism which have developed among Jews from ancient times.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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John C. Trever

John C. Trever (November 26, 1916 – April 29, 2006) was a Biblical scholar and archaeologist, who was involved in the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

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John Hyrcanus

John Hyrcanus (Yoḥānān Hurqanos; Iōánnēs Hurkanós) was a Hasmonean (Maccabean) leader and Jewish High Priest of Israel of the 2nd century BCE (born 164 BCE, reigned from 134 BCE until he died in 104 BCE).

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John M. Allegro

John Marco Allegro (17 February 1923 – 17 February 1988) was an English archaeologist and Dead Sea Scrolls scholar.

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John Strugnell

John Strugnell (May 25, 1930, Barnet, Hertfordshire, England – November 30, 2007, Boston, Massachusetts) was an English Professor Emeritus at the Harvard Divinity School and a former editor-in-chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls project.

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Jordan

Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.

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Jordan Lead Codices

The Jordan Lead Codices (or the Jordanian Codices) are a collection of codices allegedly found in a cave in Jordan and first publicized in March 2011.

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Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

The Jordanian administration of the West Bank officially began on April 24, 1950, and ended with the decision to sever ties on July 31, 1988. Dead Sea Scrolls and Jordanian annexation of the West Bank are history of the West Bank.

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José O'Callaghan Martínez

José O'Callaghan Martínez, SJ (October 7, 1922 – December 15, 2001) was a Spanish Jesuit priest, papyrologist and Biblical scholar.

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Josephus

Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος,; AD 37 – 100) was a Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.

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Judaean Desert

The Judaean Desert or Judean Desert (Bariyah al-Khalil, Midbar Yehuda) is a desert in the West Bank and Israel that lies east of the Judaean Mountains, so east of Jerusalem, and descends to the Dead Sea. Dead Sea Scrolls and Judaean Desert are Judea.

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Judaism

Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.

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Ketef Hinnom

Ketef Hinnom (Shoulder of Hinnom) is an archaeological site discovered in the 1970s southwest of the Old City of Jerusalem.

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Ketef Hinnom scrolls

The Ketef Hinnom scrolls, also described as Ketef Hinnom amulets, are the oldest surviving texts currently known from the Hebrew Bible, dated to 600 BCE. Dead Sea Scrolls and Ketef Hinnom scrolls are collections of the Israel Museum and Hebrew manuscripts.

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Kohlhammer Verlag

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Koine Greek

Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.

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Ktav Ashuri

Ktav Ashuri (כְּתָב אַשּׁוּרִי,, lit. "Assyrian Writing") also (Ktav) Ashurit, is the traditional Hebrew language name of the Hebrew alphabet, used to write both Hebrew and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic.

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Lanier Theological Library

Lanier Theological Library (LTL) is a 17,000 sq.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Lawrence Schiffman

Lawrence Harvey Schiffman (born 1948) is a professor at New York University (as of 2014); he was formerly Vice-Provost of Undergraduate Education at Yeshiva University and Professor of Jewish Studies (from early 2011 to 2014).

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Leaf (Israeli company)

Leaf is an Israeli company that manufactures high-end digital backs for medium format and large format cameras.

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Lebanon

Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia.

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Letter of Jeremiah

The Letter of Jeremiah, also known as the Epistle of Jeremiah, is a deuterocanonical book of the Old Testament; this letter is attributed to Jeremiah and addressed to the Jews who were about to be carried away as captives to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar.

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Lewis Larsson

Lewis Larsson (1881 - 1958), was born Hol Lars Larsson in Nås, Sweden, and served as the de facto head of the Photographic Department of the American Colony in Jerusalem, British Mandate Palestine.

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Liquid crystal tunable filter

A liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) is an optical filter that uses electronically controlled liquid crystal (LC) elements to transmit a selectable wavelength of light and exclude others.

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List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts

A Hebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language (some of the biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic). Dead Sea Scrolls and List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts are Hebrew manuscripts.

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Live Science

Live Science is a science news website.

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Logos Bible Software

Logos Bible Software is a digital library application developed by Faithlife Corporation.

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Mandatory Palestine

Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.

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Manila folder

A manila folder (sometimes referred to as manilla folder) is a file folder designed to contain documents, often within a filing cabinet.

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Martin Abegg

Martin G. Abegg Jr. (born 1950) is a Dead Sea Scrolls scholar, researcher, and professor.

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Masada

Masada (מְצָדָה, 'fortress'; جبل مسعدة) is an ancient fortification in southern Israel, situated on top of an isolated rock plateau, akin to a mesa. Dead Sea Scrolls and Masada are Judaean Desert.

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Masoretic Text

The Masoretic Text (MT or 𝕸; Nūssāḥ hamMāsōrā, lit. 'Text of the Tradition') is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) in Rabbinic Judaism.

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Melchizedek

In the Bible, Melchizedek (מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק|translit.

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Metropolitan bishop

In Christian churches with episcopal polity, the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan (alternative obsolete form: metropolite), pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop of a metropolis.

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Mezuzah

A mezuzah (מְזוּזָה "doorpost"; plural: mezuzot) is a piece of parchment inscribed with specific Hebrew verses from the Torah, which Jews fix to the doorposts of their homes.

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Mikveh

A mikveh or mikvah (miqva'ot, mikvoth, mikvot, or (Yiddish) mikves, lit., "a collection") is a bath used for ritual immersion in Judaism to achieve ritual purity.

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Mildew

Mildew is a form of fungus.

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Millar Burrows

Millar Burrows (Wyoming, Ohio, October 26, 1889 – April 29, 1980) was an American biblical scholar, a leading authority on the Dead Sea scrolls and professor emeritus at Yale Divinity School.

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Monastery of Saint Mark

The Monastery of Saint Mark the Evangelist and the Virgin Mary is a Syriac Orthodox monastery in the Armenian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem and residence of the Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem.

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Morphology (linguistics)

In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, including the principles by which they are formed, and how they relate to one another within a language.

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Multispectral imaging

Multispectral imaging captures image data within specific wavelength ranges across the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Museum of the Bible

The Museum of the Bible is a museum in Washington D.C., owned by Museum of the Bible, Inc., a non-profit organization established in 2010 by the Green family.

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Nabataean Aramaic

Nabataean Aramaic is the extinct Aramaic variety used in inscriptions by the Nabataeans of the East Bank of the Jordan River, the Negev, and the Sinai Peninsula.

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Nabataean script

The Nabataean script is an abjad (consonantal alphabet) that was used to write Nabataean Aramaic and Nabataean Arabic from the second century BC onwards.

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Nag Hammadi library

The Nag Hammadi library (also known as the "Chenoboskion Manuscripts" and the "Gnostic Gospels") is a collection of early Christian and Gnostic texts discovered near the Upper Egyptian town of Nag Hammadi in 1945. Dead Sea Scrolls and Nag Hammadi library are archaeological corpora.

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Nahman Avigad

Nahman Avigad (Hebrew: נחמן אביגד, September 25, 1905 – January 28, 1992), born in Zawalow, Galicia (then Austria-Hungary, now Zavaliv, Ukraine), was an Israeli archaeologist.

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Najib Albina

Najib Anton Albina (2 January 1901 – 23 July 1983) was the Palestinian Arab master photographer of the Palestine Archaeological Museum and, in that position, took the first original sets of photographs of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

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NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.

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Nash Papyrus

The Nash Papyrus is a collection of four papyrus fragments acquired in Egypt in 1902, inscribed with a Hebrew text which mainly contains the Ten Commandments and the first part of the Shema Yisrael prayer, in a form that differs substantially from the later, canonical Masoretic text and is in parts more similar to the chronologically closer Septuagint. Dead Sea Scrolls and Nash Papyrus are 2nd-century BC biblical manuscripts.

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National Geographic

National Geographic (formerly The National Geographic Magazine, sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners.

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New Testament

The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.

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Norman Golb

Norman Golb (15 January 1928 – 29 December 2020) was a scholar of Jewish history and the Ludwig Rosenberger Professor in Jewish History and Civilization at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

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Oil lamp

An oil lamp is a lamp used to produce light continuously for a period of time using an oil-based fuel source.

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Old Testament

The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites.

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Olive Tree Bible Software

Olive Tree Bible Software creates Biblical software and mobile apps, and is an electronic publisher of Bible versions, study tools, Bible study tools, and Christian eBooks for mobile, tablet, and desktop devices.

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Ostracon

An ostracon (Greek: ὄστρακον ostrakon, plural ὄστρακα ostraka) is a piece of pottery, usually broken off from a vase or other earthenware vessel.

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Ottoman Bank

The Ottoman Bank (Osmanlı Bankası), known from 1863 to 1925 as the Imperial Ottoman Bank (Banque Impériale Ottomane, بانق عثمانی شاهانه) and correspondingly referred to by its French acronym BIO, was a bank that played a major role in the financial history of the Ottoman Empire.

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Ovid R. Sellers

Ovid Rogers Sellers (August 12, 1884 – July 7, 1975) was an internationally known Old Testament scholar and archaeologist who played a role in the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Oxyrhynchus Papyri

The Oxyrhynchus Papyri are a group of manuscripts discovered during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by papyrologists Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt at an ancient rubbish dump near Oxyrhynchus in Egypt (modern el-Bahnasa). Dead Sea Scrolls and Oxyrhynchus Papyri are archaeological corpora.

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Palaeography

Palaeography (UK) or paleography (US; ultimately from παλαιός,, 'old', and γράφειν,, 'to write') is the study and academic discipline of the analysis of historical writing systems, the historicity of manuscripts and texts, subsuming deciphering and dating of historical manuscripts, including the analysis of historic penmanship, handwriting script, signification and printed media.

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Paleo-Hebrew alphabet

The Paleo-Hebrew script (הכתב העברי הקדום), also Palaeo-Hebrew, Proto-Hebrew or Old Hebrew, is the writing system found in Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, including pre-Biblical and Biblical Hebrew, from southern Canaan, also known as the biblical kingdoms of Israel (Samaria) and Judah. Dead Sea Scrolls and Paleo-Hebrew alphabet are ancient Jewish history.

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Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll

Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll, known also as 11QpaleoLev, is an ancient text preserved in one of the Qumran group of caves, and which provides a rare glimpse of the script used formerly by the Israelites in writing Torah scrolls during pre-exilic history. Dead Sea Scrolls and Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll are 1st-century BC biblical manuscripts, 2nd-century BC biblical manuscripts, Hebrew manuscripts and Israel Antiquities Authority.

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Palestinian Authority

The Palestinian Authority, officially known as the Palestinian National Authority or the State of Palestine, is the Fatah-controlled government body that exercises partial civil control over the Palestinian enclaves in the Israeli-occupied West Bank as a consequence of the 1993–1995 Oslo Accords. Dead Sea Scrolls and Palestinian Authority are history of the West Bank.

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Papyrus

Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface.

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Parchment

Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves, and goats.

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Particle-induced X-ray emission

Particle-induced X-ray emission or proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) is a technique used for determining the elemental composition of a material or a sample.

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Paul the Apostle

Paul (Koinē Greek: Παῦλος, romanized: Paûlos), also named Saul of Tarsus (Aramaic: ܫܐܘܠ, romanized: Šāʾūl), commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul, was a Christian apostle (AD) who spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world.

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Philip R. Davies

Philip R. Davies (1945–2018) was a British biblical scholar.

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Pixel

In digital imaging, a pixel (abbreviated px), pel, or picture element is the smallest addressable element in a raster image, or the smallest addressable element in a dot matrix display device.

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Pliny the Elder

Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.

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Preservation (library and archive)

In conservation, library and archival science, preservation is a set of preventive conservation activities aimed at prolonging the life of a record, book, or object while making as few changes as possible.

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Priestly Blessing

The Priestly Blessing or priestly benediction (ברכת כהנים; translit. birkat kohanim), also known in rabbinic literature as raising of the hands (Hebrew nesiat kapayim), rising to the platform (Hebrew aliyah ledukhan), dukhenen (Yiddish from the Hebrew word dukhan – platform – because the blessing is given from a raised rostrum), or duchening, is a Hebrew prayer recited by Kohanim (the Hebrew Priests, descendants of Aaron).

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Protocanonical books

The protocanonical books are those books of the Old Testament that are also included in the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) and that came to be considered canonical during the formational period of orthodox Christianity.

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Provenance

Provenance is the chronology of the ownership, custody or location of a historical object.

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Psalm 151

Psalm 151 is a short psalm found in most copies of the Septuagint (LXX), but not in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible.

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Psalms

The Book of Psalms (תְּהִלִּים|Tehillīm|praises; Psalmós; Liber Psalmorum; Zabūr), also known as the Psalms, or the Psalter, is the first book of the third section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) called ("Writings"), and a book of the Old Testament.

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Psalms 152–155

Psalms 152 to 155 are additional Psalms found in two Syriac biblical manuscripts to date and several manuscripts of 's "Book of Discipline", first identified by the orientalist librarian Giuseppe Simone Assemani in 1759.

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Purim

Purim (see Name below) is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the saving of the Jewish people from annihilation at the hands of an official of the Achaemenid Empire named Haman, as it is recounted in the Book of Esther (usually dated to the 5th century BCE).

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Qimron v. Shanks

Qimron v. Shanks (2000) is a landmark ruling by the Israeli Supreme Court.

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Qumran

Qumran (קומראן; خربة قمران) is an archaeological site in the West Bank managed by Israel's Qumran National Park. Dead Sea Scrolls and Qumran are archaeology of Palestine (region) and Judaean Desert.

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Qumran Caves

The Qumran Caves (كهوف قمران; מערות קומראן HaMeara Kumran) are a series of caves, both natural and artificial, found around the archaeological site of Qumran in the Judaean Desert. Dead Sea Scrolls and Qumran Caves are Judaean Desert.

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Rabbinic Judaism

Rabbinic Judaism (יהדות רבנית|Yahadut Rabanit), also called Rabbinism, Rabbinicism, or Rabbanite Judaism, has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Babylonian Talmud.

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Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

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Reed (plant)

Reed is a common name for several tall, grass-like plants of wetlands.

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Reed pen

A reed pen (κάλαμοι; singular κάλαμος) is a writing implement made by cutting and shaping a single reed straw or length of bamboo.

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Robert Eisenman

Robert Eisenman (born 1937) is an American biblical scholar, historian, archaeologist, and poet.

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Rockefeller Archeological Museum

The Rockefeller Archeological Museum, formerly the Palestine Archaeological Museum ("PAM"; 1938–1967), is an archaeology museum located in East Jerusalem, next to Herod's Gate, that houses a large collection of artifacts unearthed in the excavations conducted in the British-ruled Mandatory Palestine, mainly in the 1920s and 1930s. Dead Sea Scrolls and Rockefeller Archeological Museum are archaeology of Palestine (region).

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Roland de Vaux

Roland Guérin de Vaux (17 December 1903 – 10 September 1971) was a French Dominican priest who led the Catholic team that initially worked on the Dead Sea Scrolls.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Sadducees

The Sadducees (lit) were a sect of Jews active in Judea during the Second Temple period, from the second century BCE to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.

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Samaritan Pentateuch

The Samaritan Pentateuch, also called the Samaritan Torah (Samaritan Hebrew: ‮ࠕࠦ‎‎‬ࠅࠓࠡࠄ), is the sacred scripture of the Samaritans. Dead Sea Scrolls and Samaritan Pentateuch are ancient Hebrew texts.

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San Marino, California

San Marino is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States.

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Schøyen Collection

The Schøyen Collection is one of the largest private manuscript collections in the world, mostly located in Oslo and London.

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Scriptorium

A scriptorium was a writing room in medieval European monasteries for the copying and illuminating of manuscripts by scribes.

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Scroll

A scroll (from the Old French escroe or escroue), also known as a roll, is a roll of papyrus, parchment, or paper containing writing.

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Second Temple Judaism

Second Temple Judaism is the Jewish religion as it developed during the Second Temple period, which began with the construction of the Second Temple around 516 BCE and ended with the Roman siege of Jerusalem in 70CE.

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Second Temple period

The Second Temple period or post-exilic period in Jewish history denotes the approximately 600 years (516 BCE – 70 CE) during which the Second Temple stood in the city of Jerusalem.

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Septuagint

The Septuagint, sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy (Hē metáphrasis tôn Hebdomḗkonta), and often abbreviated as LXX, is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew.

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Shrine of the Book

The Shrine of the Book (היכל הספר, Heikhal HaSefer) is a wing of the Israel Museum in the Givat Ram neighborhood of Jerusalem that houses the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Aleppo Codex, among others.

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Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

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Six-Day War

The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) from 5 to 10 June 1967.

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Solander box

A Solander box ("S" may also be in lowercase), or clamshell case (mainly in American English), is a book-form case used for storing manuscripts, maps, prints, documents, old and precious books, etc.

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Song of Songs

The Song of Songs (שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים|translit.

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Sons of Zadok

The Sons of Zadok (bǝnē Ṣādōq) is a lineage of priests (kohanim) descended from Zadok that is described in the prophecies of Ezekiel. Dead Sea Scrolls and Sons of Zadok are Essene texts.

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Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary

The Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary is a Baptist theological institute in Fort Worth, Texas.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Suez Crisis

The Suez Crisis or the Second Arab–Israeli War, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression in the Arab world and as the Sinai War in Israel, was a British–French–Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956.

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Supreme Court of Israel

The Supreme Court of Israel (Hebrew acronym Bagatz; al-Maḥkama al-‘Ulyā) is the highest court in Israel.

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Syriac Orthodox Church

The Syriac Orthodox Church (ʿIdto Sūryoyto Trīṣath Shubḥo); also known as West Syriac Church or West Syrian Church, officially known as the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, and informally as the Jacobite Church, is an Oriental Orthodox church that branched from the Church of Antioch.

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Syrians

Syrians (سوريون) are the majority inhabitants of Syria, indigenous to the Levant, who have Arabic, especially its Levantine dialect, as a mother tongue.

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Teacher of Righteousness

The Teacher of Righteousness (more haṣṣeḏeq) is a mysterious figure found in some of the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran, most prominently in the Damascus Document.

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Tefillin

Tefillin (Israeli Hebrew: /; Ashkenazic pronunciation:; Modern Hebrew pronunciation), or phylacteries, are a set of small black leather boxes with leather straps containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah.

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Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv University (TAU; אוּנִיבֶרְסִיטַת תֵּל אָבִיב, Universitat Tel Aviv, جامعة تل أبيب, Jami’at Tel Abib) is a public research university in Tel Aviv, Israel.

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Temple in Jerusalem

The Temple in Jerusalem, or alternatively the Holy Temple, refers to the two religious structures that served as the central places of worship for Israelites and Jews on the modern-day Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem.

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Temple Scroll

The Temple Scroll (מגילת המקדש) is the longest of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Dead Sea Scrolls and Temple Scroll are Israel Antiquities Authority.

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Thanksgiving Hymns

The Thanksgiving Scroll was one of the first seven Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in 1947 by the Bedouin. Dead Sea Scrolls and Thanksgiving Hymns are Essene texts.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Jordan Museum

The Jordan Museum is located in Ras al-Ein district of Amman, Jordan.

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The Rule of the Blessing

The Rule of the Blessing (1QSb) is a very fragmentary text once thought to be part of the text of the Community Rule scroll found in Cave 1 at Qumran as part of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Dead Sea Scrolls and the Rule of the Blessing are ancient Hebrew texts and Essene texts.

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The Seattle Times

The Seattle Times is an American daily newspaper based in Seattle, Washington.

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The Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal (WSJ), also referred to simply as the Journal, is an American newspaper based in New York City, with a focus on business and finance.

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Theodor Gaster

Theodor Herzl Gaster (July 21, 1906 – February 2, 1992) was a British-born American Biblical scholar known for work on comparative religion, mythology and the history of religion.

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Tin

Tin is a chemical element; it has symbol Sn and atomic number 50.

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Torah scroll

A Torah scroll (סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה,, lit. "Book of Torah"; plural: סִפְרֵי תוֹרָה) is a handwritten copy of the Torah, meaning the five books of Moses (the first books of the Hebrew Bible).

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Trinity Western University

Trinity Western University (TWU) is a private Christian liberal arts university with campuses in both Langley and Richmond, British Columbia.

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Twelve Minor Prophets

The Minor Prophets or Twelve Prophets (שנים עשר, Shneim Asar; תרי עשר, Trei Asar, "Twelve") (δωδεκαπρόφητον., "the Twelve Prophets"), occasionally Book of the Twelve, is a collection of prophetic books, written between about the 8th and 4th centuries BCE, which are in both the Jewish Tanakh and Christian Old Testament.

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Uncial script

Uncial is a majusculeGlaister, Geoffrey Ashall.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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United Nations Truce Supervision Organization

The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) is an organization founded on 29 May 1948 for peacekeeping in the Middle East.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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University of California, Davis

The University of California, Davis (UC Davis, UCD, or Davis) is a public land-grant research university in Davis, California, United States.

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Uriel Rappaport

Uriel Rappaport (אוריאל רפפורט) (1935 – 20 December 2019) was an Israeli historian.

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Vatican City

Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy.

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Vellum

Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material.

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Wadi Murabba'at

Wadi Murabba'at, also known as Nahal Darga, is a ravine cut by a seasonal stream which runs from the Judean Desert east of Bethlehem past the Herodium down to the Dead Sea 18 km south of Khirbet Qumran in the West Bank.

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Waldorf Astoria New York

The Waldorf Astoria New York is a luxury hotel and condominium residence in Midtown Manhattan in New York City.

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War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness

The War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness, also known as War Rule, Rule of War and the War Scroll, is a manual for military organization and strategy that was discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls. Dead Sea Scrolls and war of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness are ancient Hebrew texts and Essene texts.

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West Bank

The West Bank (aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; HaGadáh HaMaʽarávit), so called due to its location relative to the Jordan River, is the larger of the two Palestinian territories (the other being the Gaza Strip).

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West Jerusalem

West Jerusalem or Western Jerusalem (al-Quds al-Ġarbiyyah) refers to the section of Jerusalem that was controlled by Israel at the end of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

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William Andrew Moffett

William Andrew Moffett (January 25, 1933 – February 20, 1995) was a historian and librarian who was named "100 of the Most Important Leaders We Had in the 20th Century" by American Libraries in 1999.

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William John Cox

William John "Billy Jack" Cox (born February 15, 1941) is an American public interest lawyer and author.

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X-ray

X-rays (or rarely, X-radiation) are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation.

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Yahoo! News

Yahoo! News is a news website that originated as an internet-based news aggregator by Yahoo!.

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Yigael Yadin

Yigael Yadin (יִגָּאֵל יָדִין; 20 March 1917 – 28 June 1984) was an Israeli archeologist, soldier and politician.

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Yizhar Hirschfeld

Yizhar Hirschfeld (1950 – 16 November 2006) was an Israeli archaeologist studying Greco-Roman and Byzantine archaeology.

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11Q13

11Q13, also 11QMelch or the Melchizedek document, is a fragmentary manuscript among the Dead Sea Scrolls (from Cave 11) which mentions Melchizedek as leader of God's angels in a war in Heaven against the angels of darkness instead of the more familiar Archangel Michael. Dead Sea Scrolls and 11Q13 are Israel Antiquities Authority.

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1948 Arab–Israeli War

The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, also known as the First Arab–Israeli War, followed the civil war in Mandatory Palestine as the second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war.

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1QIsab

1QIsab is a fragmentary copy of the Book of Isaiah found at Qumran Cave 1 by Bedouin from the Ta'amireh tribe in 1947. Dead Sea Scrolls and 1QIsab are 1946 archaeological discoveries and 1st-century BC biblical manuscripts.

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4Q246

4Q246, also known as the Son of God Text or the Aramaic Apocalypse, is one of the Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran which is notable for an early messianic mention of a son of God.

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4QMMT

4QMMT, also known as MMT, or the Halakhic Letter, is a reconstructed text from manuscripts that were part of the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered at Qumran in the Judean desert. Dead Sea Scrolls and 4QMMT are Hebrew manuscripts.

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7Q5

Among the Dead Sea Scrolls, 7Q5 is the designation for a small Greek papyrus fragment discovered in Qumran Cave 7. Dead Sea Scrolls and 7Q5 are 1st-century biblical manuscripts.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls

Also known as Dead Sea Sacred Manuscripts, Dead Sea Scroll, Dead sea scolls, Discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Muhammed edh-Dhib, Qumran Caves Scrolls, Qumran Scrolls, Qumran documents, Tanakh at Qumran, The Dead Sea Scrolls, The Qumran Caves Scrolls, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? The Search for the Secret of Qumran.

, Book of Numbers, Book of Ruth, Book of Sirach, Book of Tobit, Book of Zechariah, Books of Kings, Books of Samuel, British Museum, British Museum leather dressing, Bronze, Cairo Geniza, Calf (animal), Capra (genus), Carbon black, Catholic Bible, Cave of Horrors, Christianity, Cincinnati, Cinnabar, Cipher, Community Rule, Computer program, Concordance (publishing), Consistency, Copper, Copper Scroll, Copyright, Craig A. Evans, Cyclotron, Dalia Dorner, David Nimmer, Dead Sea, Department of Antiquities (Jordan), Deuterocanonical books, Development of the Old Testament canon, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, DNA, Dominique Barthélemy, Donald W. Parry, Early Christianity, East Jerusalem, Ecclesiastes, Egypt, Ein Feshkha, Ein Gedi, Eleazar Sukenik, Elisha Qimron, Emanuel Tov, Encryption, Eschatology, Essenes, Exposure (photography), First Jewish–Roman War, France, Frank Moore Cross, Gall, Gazelle, Genesis Apocryphon, Genizah, Gerald Lankester Harding, Goat, Google, Gospel of Mark, Great Psalms Scroll, Greek alphabet, Greek language, Green Collection, Habakkuk Commentary, Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, Hasmonean dynasty, Hebrew alphabet, Hebrew Bible, Hebrew language, Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion, Hellenistic Judaism, Hershel Shanks, Hide (skin), Huntington Library, Hyrcania (fortress), Infrared photography, Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, Isaiah Scroll, Israel, Israel Antiquities Authority, Israel Museum, Israeli occupation of the West Bank, Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy, James A. Sanders, James M. Robinson, James, brother of Jesus, Józef Milik, Jerusalem, Jesuits, Jewish history, Jewish religious movements, Jews, John C. Trever, John Hyrcanus, John M. Allegro, John Strugnell, Jordan, Jordan Lead Codices, Jordanian annexation of the West Bank, José O'Callaghan Martínez, Josephus, Judaean Desert, Judaism, Ketef Hinnom, Ketef Hinnom scrolls, Kohlhammer Verlag, Koine Greek, Ktav Ashuri, Lanier Theological Library, Latin, Lawrence Schiffman, Leaf (Israeli company), Lebanon, Letter of Jeremiah, Lewis Larsson, Liquid crystal tunable filter, List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts, Live Science, Logos Bible Software, Mandatory Palestine, Manila folder, Martin Abegg, Masada, Masoretic Text, Melchizedek, Metropolitan bishop, Mezuzah, Mikveh, Mildew, Millar Burrows, Monastery of Saint Mark, Morphology (linguistics), Multispectral imaging, Museum of the Bible, Nabataean Aramaic, Nabataean script, Nag Hammadi library, Nahman Avigad, Najib Albina, NASA, Nash Papyrus, National Geographic, New Testament, Norman Golb, Oil lamp, Old Testament, Olive Tree Bible Software, Ostracon, Ottoman Bank, Ovid R. Sellers, Oxford University Press, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Palaeography, Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll, Palestinian Authority, Papyrus, Parchment, Particle-induced X-ray emission, Paul the Apostle, Philip R. Davies, Pixel, Pliny the Elder, Preservation (library and archive), Priestly Blessing, Protocanonical books, Provenance, Psalm 151, Psalms, Psalms 152–155, Purim, Qimron v. Shanks, Qumran, Qumran Caves, Rabbinic Judaism, Radiocarbon dating, Reed (plant), Reed pen, Robert Eisenman, Rockefeller Archeological Museum, Roland de Vaux, Roman Empire, Sadducees, Samaritan Pentateuch, San Marino, California, Schøyen Collection, Scriptorium, Scroll, Second Temple Judaism, Second Temple period, Septuagint, Shrine of the Book, Sicily, Six-Day War, Solander box, Song of Songs, Sons of Zadok, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Spain, Suez Crisis, Supreme Court of Israel, Syriac Orthodox Church, Syrians, Teacher of Righteousness, Tefillin, Tel Aviv University, Temple in Jerusalem, Temple Scroll, Thanksgiving Hymns, The Guardian, The Jordan Museum, The Rule of the Blessing, The Seattle Times, The Wall Street Journal, Theodor Gaster, Tin, Torah scroll, Trinity Western University, Twelve Minor Prophets, Uncial script, United Kingdom, United Nations, United Nations Truce Supervision Organization, United States, University of California, Davis, Uriel Rappaport, Vatican City, Vellum, Wadi Murabba'at, Waldorf Astoria New York, War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness, West Bank, West Jerusalem, William Andrew Moffett, William John Cox, X-ray, Yahoo! News, Yigael Yadin, Yizhar Hirschfeld, 11Q13, 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 1QIsab, 4Q246, 4QMMT, 7Q5.

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