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Table of Contents

1. 532 relations: Aarhus, Abacus, Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid dynasty, Abd al-Rahman I, Abu Bakr, Africa (Roman province), Al-Andalus, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, Alans, Alaric I, Alboin, Alcuin, Alemanni, Alfred the Great, Ali, Ammianus Marcellinus, Anatolia, Ancient Greek, Angles (tribe), Anglo-Saxon mission, Anglo-Saxon paganism, Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo-Saxons, Anna Porphyrogenita, Apulia, Arab conquest of Egypt, Arab Muslims, Arab–Byzantine wars, Arabic numerals, Arabs, Archaeology, Archaeology of Northern Europe, Archimedes, Ardo, Arianism, Aristotle, Arithmetic, Armenia, Astronomy, Asturias, Athens, Augustine of Canterbury, Augustine of Hippo, Auxilia, Baghdad, Balkans, Balts, Barcelona, ... Expand index (482 more) » « Shrink index

2. 10th century in Europe
3. 10th-century disestablishments in Europe
4. 6th century in Europe
5. 6th-century establishments in Europe
6. 7th century in Europe
7. 8th century in Europe
8. 9th century in Europe
9. Dark ages
10. Middle Ages

Aarhus

Aarhus (officially spelled Århus from 1948 until 1 January 2011) is the second-largest city in Denmark and the seat of Aarhus Municipality.

See Early Middle Ages and Aarhus

Abacus

An abacus (abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Arabic numeral system.

See Early Middle Ages and Abacus

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

See Early Middle Ages and Abbasid Caliphate

Abbasid dynasty

The Abbasid dynasty or Abbasids (Banu al-ʿAbbās) were an Arab dynasty that ruled the Abbasid Caliphate between 750 and 1258.

See Early Middle Ages and Abbasid dynasty

Abd al-Rahman I

Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham (7 March 731 – 30 September 788), commonly known as Abd al-Rahman I, was the founder and first emir of the Emirate of Córdoba, ruling from 756 to 788.

See Early Middle Ages and Abd al-Rahman I

Abu Bakr

Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (23 August 634), commonly known by the kunya Abu Bakr, was the first caliph, ruling from 632 until his death in 634.

See Early Middle Ages and Abu Bakr

Africa (Roman province)

Africa was a Roman province on the northern coast of the continent of Africa.

See Early Middle Ages and Africa (Roman province)

Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.

See Early Middle Ages and Al-Andalus

Al-Khwarizmi

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (محمد بن موسى خوارزمی), often referred to as simply al-Khwarizmi, was a polymath who produced vastly influential Arabic-language works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography.

See Early Middle Ages and Al-Khwarizmi

Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani

Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani (السمح بن مالك الخولاني) was the Arab governor general of Al-Andalus from between 719 and 721.

See Early Middle Ages and Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani

Alans

The Alans (Latin: Alani) were an ancient and medieval Iranic nomadic pastoral people who migrated to what is today North Caucasus – while some continued on to Europe and later North-Africa.

See Early Middle Ages and Alans

Alaric I

Alaric I (𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃, Alarīks, "ruler of all"; c. 370 – 411 AD) was the first king of the Visigoths, from 395 to 410.

See Early Middle Ages and Alaric I

Alboin

Alboin (530s – 28 June 572) was king of the Lombards from about 560 until 572.

See Early Middle Ages and Alboin

Alcuin

Alcuin of York (Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus; 735 – 19 May 804) – also called Ealhwine, Alhwin, or Alchoin – was a scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher from York, Northumbria.

See Early Middle Ages and Alcuin

Alemanni

The Alemanni or Alamanni were a confederation of Germanic tribes.

See Early Middle Ages and Alemanni

Alfred the Great

Alfred the Great (also spelled Ælfred; – 26 October 899) was King of the West Saxons from 871 to 886, and King of the Anglo-Saxons from 886 until his death in 899.

See Early Middle Ages and Alfred the Great

Ali

Ali ibn Abi Talib (translit) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 to 661, as well as the first Shia imam.

See Early Middle Ages and Ali

Ammianus Marcellinus

Ammianus Marcellinus, occasionally anglicised as Ammian (Greek: Αμμιανός Μαρκελλίνος; born, died 400), was a Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from antiquity (preceding Procopius).

See Early Middle Ages and Ammianus Marcellinus

Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

See Early Middle Ages and Anatolia

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

See Early Middle Ages and Ancient Greek

Angles (tribe)

The Angles were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period.

See Early Middle Ages and Angles (tribe)

Anglo-Saxon mission

Anglo-Saxon missionaries were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in the Frankish Empire during the 8th century, continuing the work of Hiberno-Scottish missionaries which had been spreading Celtic Christianity across the Frankish Empire as well as in Scotland and Anglo-Saxon England itself during the 6th century (see Anglo-Saxon Christianity). Early Middle Ages and Anglo-Saxon mission are 8th century in Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Anglo-Saxon mission

Anglo-Saxon paganism

Anglo-Saxon paganism, sometimes termed Anglo-Saxon heathenism, Anglo-Saxon pre-Christian religion, Anglo-Saxon traditional religion, or Anglo-Saxon polytheism refers to the religious beliefs and practices followed by the Anglo-Saxons between the 5th and 8th centuries AD, during the initial period of Early Medieval England.

See Early Middle Ages and Anglo-Saxon paganism

Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain

The settlement of Great Britain by diverse Germanic peoples led to the development of a new Anglo-Saxon cultural identity and shared Germanic language, Old English, which was most closely related to Old Frisian on the other side of the North Sea.

See Early Middle Ages and Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain

Anglo-Saxons

The Anglo-Saxons, the English or Saxons of Britain, were a cultural group who spoke Old English and inhabited much of what is now England and south-eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Anglo-Saxons

Anna Porphyrogenita

Anna Porphyrogenita (13 March 963 – 1011) was the grand princess consort of Kiev during her marriage to Vladimir the Great.

See Early Middle Ages and Anna Porphyrogenita

Apulia

Apulia, also known by its Italian name Puglia, is a region of Italy, located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Strait of Otranto and Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Gulf of Taranto to the south.

See Early Middle Ages and Apulia

Arab conquest of Egypt

The Arab conquest of Egypt, led by the army of 'Amr ibn al-'As, took place between 639 and 642 AD and was overseen by the Rashidun Caliphate.

See Early Middle Ages and Arab conquest of Egypt

Arab Muslims

Arab Muslims (ﺍﻟْمُسْلِمون ﺍﻟْﻌَﺮَﺏ) are the largest subdivision of the Arab people and the largest ethnic group among Muslims globally, followed by Bengalis and Punjabis.

See Early Middle Ages and Arab Muslims

Arab–Byzantine wars

The Arab–Byzantine wars were a series of wars from the 7th to 11th centuries between multiple Arab dynasties and the Byzantine Empire.

See Early Middle Ages and Arab–Byzantine wars

Arabic numerals

The ten Arabic numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are the most commonly used symbols for writing numbers.

See Early Middle Ages and Arabic numerals

Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

See Early Middle Ages and Arabs

Archaeology

Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

See Early Middle Ages and Archaeology

Archaeology of Northern Europe

The archaeology of Northern Europe studies the prehistory of Scandinavia and the adjacent North European Plain, roughly corresponding to the territories of modern Sweden, Norway, Denmark, northern Germany, Poland and the Netherlands.

See Early Middle Ages and Archaeology of Northern Europe

Archimedes

Archimedes of Syracuse was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily.

See Early Middle Ages and Archimedes

Ardo

Ardo (or Ardonus, possibly short for Ardabastus; d. 720/721) is attested as the last of all Visigothic kings of Hispania, reigning from 713 or 714 until his death in 720 or 721.

See Early Middle Ages and Ardo

Arianism

Arianism (Ἀρειανισμός) is a Christological doctrine considered heretical by all modern mainstream branches of Christianity.

See Early Middle Ages and Arianism

Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

See Early Middle Ages and Aristotle

Arithmetic

Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that studies numerical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

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Armenia

Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia.

See Early Middle Ages and Armenia

Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.

See Early Middle Ages and Astronomy

Asturias

Asturias (Asturies) officially the Principality of Asturias, (Principado de Asturias; Principáu d'Asturies; Galician–Asturian: Principao d'Asturias) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain.

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Athens

Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.

See Early Middle Ages and Athens

Augustine of Canterbury

Augustine of Canterbury (early 6th century – most likely 26 May 604) was a Christian monk who became the first archbishop of Canterbury in the year 597.

See Early Middle Ages and Augustine of Canterbury

Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa.

See Early Middle Ages and Augustine of Hippo

Auxilia

The auxilia were introduced as non-citizen troops attached to the citizen legions by Augustus after his reorganisation of the Imperial Roman army from 27 BC.

See Early Middle Ages and Auxilia

Baghdad

Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.

See Early Middle Ages and Baghdad

Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

See Early Middle Ages and Balkans

Balts

The Balts or Baltic peoples (baltai, balti) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea who speak Baltic languages.

See Early Middle Ages and Balts

Barcelona

Barcelona is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain.

See Early Middle Ages and Barcelona

Bardas Phokas the Elder

Bardas Phokas (Βάρδας Φωκᾶς) (c. 878 – c. 968) was a notable Byzantine general in the first half of the 10th century.

See Early Middle Ages and Bardas Phokas the Elder

Bardas Skleros

Bardas Skleros (Greek: Βάρδας Σκληρός) or Sclerus was a Byzantine general who led a wide-scale Asian rebellion against Emperor Basil II during the years 976 to 979.

See Early Middle Ages and Bardas Skleros

Basques

The Basques (or; euskaldunak; vascos; basques) are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians.

See Early Middle Ages and Basques

Basra

Basra (al-Baṣrah) is a city in southern Iraq.

See Early Middle Ages and Basra

Battle of Adrianople

The Battle of Adrianople (9 August 378), sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between an Eastern Roman army led by the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (largely Thervings as well as Greutungs, non-Gothic Alans, and various local rebels) led by Fritigern.

See Early Middle Ages and Battle of Adrianople

Battle of Cannae

The Battle of Cannae was a key engagement of the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Carthage, fought on 2 August 216 BC near the ancient village of Cannae in Apulia, southeast Italy.

See Early Middle Ages and Battle of Cannae

Battle of Covadonga

The Battle of Covadonga took place in 722 between the army of Pelagius the Visigoth and the army of the Umayyad Caliphate.

See Early Middle Ages and Battle of Covadonga

Battle of Lechfeld

The Battle of Lechfeld also known as the Second battle of Lechfeld was a series of military engagements over the course of three days from 10–12 August 955 in which the Kingdom of Germany, led by King Otto I the Great, annihilated the Hungarian army led by Harka Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél and Súr.

See Early Middle Ages and Battle of Lechfeld

Battle of Maldon

The Battle of Maldon took place on 11 August 991 AD near Maldon beside the River Blackwater in Essex, England, during the reign of Æthelred the Unready.

See Early Middle Ages and Battle of Maldon

Battle of Ongal

The Battle of Ongal took place in the summer of 680 in the Ongal area, an unspecified location in and around the Danube delta near the Peuce Island, present-day Tulcea County, Romania.

See Early Middle Ages and Battle of Ongal

Battle of Roncevaux Pass

The Battle of Roncevaux Pass (French and English spelling, Roncesvalles in Spanish, Orreaga in Basque) in 778 saw a large force of Basques ambush a part of Charlemagne's army in Roncevaux Pass, a high mountain pass in the Pyrenees on the present border between France and Spain, after his invasion of the Iberian Peninsula.

See Early Middle Ages and Battle of Roncevaux Pass

Battle of Tolbiac

The Battle of Tolbiac was fought between the Franks, who were fighting under Clovis I, and the Alamanni, whose leader is not known.

See Early Middle Ages and Battle of Tolbiac

Battle of Tours

The Battle of Tours, also called the Battle of Poitiers and the Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs (Maʿrakat Balāṭ ash-Shuhadā'), was fought on 10 October 732, and was an important battle during the Umayyad invasion of Gaul.

See Early Middle Ages and Battle of Tours

Battle of Vouillé

The Battle of Vouillé (from Latin Campus Vogladensis) was fought in the northern marches of Visigothic territory, at Vouillé, near Poitiers (Gaul), around Spring 507 between the Franks, commanded by Clovis, and the Visigoths, commanded by Alaric II.

See Early Middle Ages and Battle of Vouillé

Bede

Bede (Bēda; 672/326 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable (Beda Venerabilis), was an English monk, author and scholar.

See Early Middle Ages and Bede

Benedict of Nursia

Benedict of Nursia (Benedictus Nursiae; Benedetto da Norcia; 2 March 480 – 21 March 547), often known as Saint Benedict, was an Italian Catholic monk.

See Early Middle Ages and Benedict of Nursia

Benedictines

The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (Ordo Sancti Benedicti, abbreviated as OSB), are a mainly contemplative monastic order of the Catholic Church for men and for women who follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. Early Middle Ages and Benedictines are 6th-century establishments in Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Benedictines

Berbers

Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also called by their endonym Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs in the Arab migrations to the Maghreb.

See Early Middle Ages and Berbers

Biblical canon

A biblical canon is a set of texts (also called "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible.

See Early Middle Ages and Biblical canon

Birka

Birka (Birca in medieval sources), on the island of Björkö (lit. "Birch Island") in present-day Sweden, was an important Viking Age trading center which handled goods from Scandinavia as well as many parts of the European continent and the Orient.

See Early Middle Ages and Birka

Bishop

A bishop is an ordained member of the clergy who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution.

See Early Middle Ages and Bishop

Black Death

The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.

See Early Middle Ages and Black Death

Black Sea

The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.

See Early Middle Ages and Black Sea

Bobbio Abbey

Bobbio Abbey (Italian: Abbazia di San Colombano) is a monastery founded by Irish Saint Columbanus in 614, around which later grew up the town of Bobbio, in the province of Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.

See Early Middle Ages and Bobbio Abbey

Boethius

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, commonly known simply as Boethius (Latin: Boetius; 480–524 AD), was a Roman senator, consul, magister officiorum, polymath, historian, and philosopher of the Early Middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Boethius

Bordeaux

Bordeaux (Gascon Bordèu; Bordele) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, southwestern France.

See Early Middle Ages and Bordeaux

Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.

See Early Middle Ages and Bourgeoisie

Bow and arrow

The bow and arrow is a ranged weapon system consisting of an elastic launching device (bow) and long-shafted projectiles (arrows).

See Early Middle Ages and Bow and arrow

British Isles

The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland), and over six thousand smaller islands.

See Early Middle Ages and British Isles

Bruges

Bruges (Brugge; Brügge) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country.

See Early Middle Ages and Bruges

Bubonic plague

Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.

See Early Middle Ages and Bubonic plague

Bulgarian Orthodox Church

The Bulgarian Orthodox Church (translit), legally the Patriarchate of Bulgaria (translit), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox jurisdiction based in Bulgaria. It is the first medieval recognised patriarchate outside the Pentarchy and the oldest Slavic Orthodox church, with some 6 million members in Bulgaria and between 1.5 and 2 million members in a number of other European countries, Asia, the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand.

See Early Middle Ages and Bulgarian Orthodox Church

Bulgars

The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region between the 5th and 7th centuries.

See Early Middle Ages and Bulgars

Burgundians

The Burgundians were an early Germanic tribe or group of tribes.

See Early Middle Ages and Burgundians

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty

The Byzantine Empire underwent a golden age under the Justinian dynasty, beginning in 518 AD with the accession of Justin I. Under the Justinian dynasty, particularly the reign of Justinian I, the empire reached its greatest territorial extent since the fall of its Western counterpart, reincorporating North Africa, southern Illyria, southern Spain, and Italy into the empire.

See Early Middle Ages and Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty

Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty

The Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty underwent a revival during the late 9th, 10th, and early 11th centuries.

See Early Middle Ages and Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty

Byzantine Iconoclasm

The Byzantine Iconoclasm (lit) were two periods in the history of the Byzantine Empire when the use of religious images or icons was opposed by religious and imperial authorities within the Ecumenical Patriarchate (at the time still comprising the Roman-Latin and the Eastern-Orthodox traditions) and the temporal imperial hierarchy.

See Early Middle Ages and Byzantine Iconoclasm

Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 was the final and most devastating of the series of wars fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Sasanian Empire. Early Middle Ages and Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 are 7th century in Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

Byzantium

Byzantium or Byzantion (Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Thracian settlement and later a Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and which is known as Istanbul today.

See Early Middle Ages and Byzantium

Caesaropapism

Caesaropapism is the idea of combining the social and political power of secular government with religious power, or of making secular authority superior to the spiritual authority of the Church, especially concerning the connection of the Church with government.

See Early Middle Ages and Caesaropapism

Calabria

Calabria is a region in southern Italy.

See Early Middle Ages and Calabria

Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.

See Early Middle Ages and Caliphate

Canon law

Canon law (from κανών, kanon, a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members.

See Early Middle Ages and Canon law

Carolingian dynasty

The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.

See Early Middle Ages and Carolingian dynasty

Carolingian Empire

The Carolingian Empire (800–887) was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. Early Middle Ages and Carolingian Empire are 8th century in Europe and 9th century in Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Carolingian Empire

Carolingian Renaissance

The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire.

See Early Middle Ages and Carolingian Renaissance

Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea.

See Early Middle Ages and Caspian Sea

Cassiodorus

Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (c. 485 – c. 585), commonly known as Cassiodorus, was a Christian, Roman statesman, renowned scholar of antiquity, and writer serving in the administration of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths.

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Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalunya; Cataluña; Catalonha) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

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Cathedral

A cathedral is a church that contains the of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate.

See Early Middle Ages and Cathedral

Cathedral school

Cathedral schools began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into medieval universities.

See Early Middle Ages and Cathedral school

Caucasian Albania

Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus, mostly in what is now Azerbaijan (where both of its capitals were located).

See Early Middle Ages and Caucasian Albania

Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.

See Early Middle Ages and Caucasus

Córdoba, Spain

Córdoba, or sometimes Cordova, is a city in Andalusia, Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.

See Early Middle Ages and Córdoba, Spain

Celtic Britons

The Britons (*Pritanī, Britanni), also known as Celtic Britons or Ancient Britons, were an indigenous Celtic people who inhabited Great Britain from at least the British Iron Age until the High Middle Ages, at which point they diverged into the Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons (among others).

See Early Middle Ages and Celtic Britons

Celtic Christianity

Celtic Christianity is a form of Christianity that was common, or held to be common, across the Celtic-speaking world during the Early Middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Celtic Christianity

Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

See Early Middle Ages and Central Asia

Chalcedonian Christianity

Chalcedonian Christianity is a term referring to the branches of Christianity that accept and uphold theological resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon, the fourth ecumenical council, held in 451.

See Early Middle Ages and Chalcedonian Christianity

Charlemagne

Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.

See Early Middle Ages and Charlemagne

Charles Freeman (historian)

Charles P. Freeman (born 1947) is an English historian specializing in the history of ancient Greece and Rome.

See Early Middle Ages and Charles Freeman (historian)

Charles Martel

Charles Martel (– 22 October 741), Martel being a sobriquet in Old French for "The Hammer", was a Frankish political and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of the Franks from 718 until his death.

See Early Middle Ages and Charles Martel

Charles the Fat

Charles III (839 – 13 January 888), also known as Charles the Fat, was the emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 881 to 887.

See Early Middle Ages and Charles the Fat

Chris Wickham

Christopher John Wickham (born 18 May 1950) is a British historian and academic.

See Early Middle Ages and Chris Wickham

Christendom

Christendom refers to Christian states, Christian-majority countries or countries in which Christianity is dominant or prevails.

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Christian monasticism

Christian monasticism is a religious way of life of Christians who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship.

See Early Middle Ages and Christian monasticism

Christian philosophy

Christian philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Christians, or in relation to the religion of Christianity.

See Early Middle Ages and Christian philosophy

Christianisation of the Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples underwent gradual Christianization in the course of late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Christianisation of the Germanic peoples

Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christianity as the Roman state religion

In the year before the Council of Constantinople in 381, the Trinitarian version of Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire when Emperor Theodosius I issued the Edict of Thessalonica in 380, which recognized the catholic orthodoxy of Nicene Christians as the Roman Empire's state religion.

See Early Middle Ages and Christianity as the Roman state religion

Christianity in the Middle Ages

Christianity in the Middle Ages covers the history of Christianity from the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

See Early Middle Ages and Christianity in the Middle Ages

Christianization

Christianization (or Christianisation) is a term for the specific type of change that occurs when someone or something has been or is being converted to Christianity.

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Christianization of Kievan Rus'

The Christianization of Kievan Rus' was a long and complicated process that took place in several stages.

See Early Middle Ages and Christianization of Kievan Rus'

Christians

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

See Early Middle Ages and Christians

Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin. Early Middle Ages and classical antiquity are historical eras.

See Early Middle Ages and Classical antiquity

Classical education

Classical education may refer to.

See Early Middle Ages and Classical education

Clement of Ohrid

Clement or Kliment of Ohrid (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Климент Охридски, Kliment Ohridski; Κλήμης τῆς Ἀχρίδας, Klḗmēs tē̂s Akhrídas; Kliment Ochridský; – 916) was one of the first medieval Bulgarian saints, scholar, writer, and apostle to the Slavs.

See Early Middle Ages and Clement of Ohrid

Cleph

Cleph (also Clef, Clepho, or Kleph) was king of the Lombards from 572 to 574.

See Early Middle Ages and Cleph

Clovis I

Clovis (Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlōdowig; – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Franks under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of petty kings to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.

See Early Middle Ages and Clovis I

Cluny Abbey

Cluny Abbey (formerly also Cluni or Clugny) is a former Benedictine monastery in Cluny, Saône-et-Loire, France.

See Early Middle Ages and Cluny Abbey

Cnut

Cnut (Knútr; c. 990 – 12 November 1035), also known as Canute and with the epithet the Great, was King of England from 1016, King of Denmark from 1018, and King of Norway from 1028 until his death in 1035.

See Early Middle Ages and Cnut

Columba

Columba or Colmcille (7 December 521 – 9 June 597 AD) was an Irish abbot and missionary evangelist credited with spreading Christianity in what is today Scotland at the start of the Hiberno-Scottish mission.

See Early Middle Ages and Columba

Columbanus

Columbanus (Columbán; 543 – 23 November 615) was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries after 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil Abbey in present-day France and Bobbio Abbey in present-day Italy.

See Early Middle Ages and Columbanus

Common Brittonic

Common Brittonic (Brythoneg; Brythonek; Predeneg), also known as British, Common Brythonic, or Proto-Brittonic, is an extinct Celtic language spoken in Britain and Brittany.

See Early Middle Ages and Common Brittonic

Consanguinity

Consanguinity (from Latin consanguinitas 'blood relationship') is the characteristic of having a kinship with a relative who is descended from a common ancestor.

See Early Middle Ages and Consanguinity

Constantine VII

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (Kōnstantinos Porphyrogennētos; 17 May 905 – 9 November 959) was the fourth Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty, reigning from 6 June 913 to 9 November 959.

See Early Middle Ages and Constantine VII

Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

See Early Middle Ages and Constantinople

Conversion to Christianity

Conversion to Christianity is the religious conversion of a previously non-Christian person that brings about changes in what sociologists refer to as the convert's "root reality" including their social behaviors, thinking and ethics.

See Early Middle Ages and Conversion to Christianity

Cornwall

Cornwall (Kernow;; or) is a ceremonial county in South West England.

See Early Middle Ages and Cornwall

Corpus Juris Civilis

The Corpus Juris (or Iuris) Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, enacted from 529 to 534 by order of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. It is also sometimes referred to metonymically after one of its parts, the Code of Justinian.

See Early Middle Ages and Corpus Juris Civilis

Council of Cannstatt

The Council of Cannstatt, also referred to as the blood court at Cannstatt (Blutgericht zu Cannstatt), was a council meeting at Cannstatt, now a part of Stuttgart, in 746 that took place as a result of an invitation by the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Carloman, the eldest son of Charles Martel, of all nobles of the Alemanni.

See Early Middle Ages and Council of Cannstatt

Counterurbanization

Counterurbanization, or deurbanization, is a demographic and social process in which people move from urban areas to rural areas.

See Early Middle Ages and Counterurbanization

Crimea

Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov.

See Early Middle Ages and Crimea

Crimean Goths

The Crimean Goths were Greuthungi-Gothic tribes or Western Germanic tribes who bore the name Gothi, a title applied to various Germanic tribes who remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in Crimea.

See Early Middle Ages and Crimean Goths

Croats

The Croats (Hrvati) or Horvati (in a more archaic version) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and other neighboring countries in Central and Southeastern Europe who share a common Croatian ancestry, culture, history and language.

See Early Middle Ages and Croats

Crop rotation

Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons.

See Early Middle Ages and Crop rotation

Ctesiphon

Ctesiphon (𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭, Tyspwn or Tysfwn; تیسفون; Κτησιφῶν,; ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢThomas A. Carlson et al., “Ctesiphon — ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified July 28, 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/58.) was an ancient Mesopotamian city, located on the eastern bank of the Tigris, and about southeast of present-day Baghdad.

See Early Middle Ages and Ctesiphon

Culture of ancient Rome

The culture of ancient Rome existed throughout the almost 1,200-year history of the civilization of Ancient Rome.

See Early Middle Ages and Culture of ancient Rome

Cumans

The Cumans or Kumans (kumani; Kumanen;; Połowcy; cumani; polovtsy; polovtsi) were a Turkic nomadic people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation who spoke the Cuman language.

See Early Middle Ages and Cumans

Cursus honorum

The paren, or more colloquially 'ladder of offices') was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in the Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire. It was designed for men of senatorial rank. The cursus honorum comprised a mixture of military and political administration posts; the ultimate prize for winning election to each "rung" in the sequence was to become one of the two consuls in a given year.

See Early Middle Ages and Cursus honorum

Cyprus in the Middle Ages

The Medieval history of Cyprus starts with the division of the Roman Empire into an Eastern and Western half.

See Early Middle Ages and Cyprus in the Middle Ages

Cyril and Methodius

Cyril (Kýrillos; born Constantine, 826–869) and Methodius (label; born Michael, 815–885) were brothers, Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries.

See Early Middle Ages and Cyril and Methodius

Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.

See Early Middle Ages and Cyrillic script

Dacia

Dacia was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west.

See Early Middle Ages and Dacia

Danube

The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.

See Early Middle Ages and Danube

Dark Ages (historiography)

The Dark Ages is a term for the Early Middle Ages (–10th centuries), or occasionally the entire Middle Ages (–15th centuries), in Western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which characterises it as marked by economic, intellectual, and cultural decline. Early Middle Ages and Dark Ages (historiography) are Dark ages and historical eras.

See Early Middle Ages and Dark Ages (historiography)

Date of Easter

As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as computation.

See Early Middle Ages and Date of Easter

David C. Lindberg

David Charles Lindberg (November 15, 1935 – January 6, 2015) was an American historian of science.

See Early Middle Ages and David C. Lindberg

David Knowles (scholar)

Michael David Knowles (born Michael Clive Knowles, 29 September 1896 – 21 November 1974) was an English Benedictine monk, Catholic priest, and historian, who became Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge from 1954 to 1963.

See Early Middle Ages and David Knowles (scholar)

De doctrina Christiana

(English: On Christian Doctrine or On Christian Teaching) is a theological text written by Augustine of Hippo.

See Early Middle Ages and De doctrina Christiana

Decree

A decree is a legal proclamation, usually issued by a head of state, judge, royal figure, or other relevant authorities, according to certain procedures.

See Early Middle Ages and Decree

Decretal

Decretals (litterae decretales) are letters of a pope that formulate decisions in ecclesiastical law of the Catholic Church.

See Early Middle Ages and Decretal

Denmark

Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Denmark

Derbent

Derbent (Дербе́нт; Кьвевар, Цал; Dərbənd; Дербенд), formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea.

See Early Middle Ages and Derbent

Desiderius

Desiderius, also known as Daufer or Dauferius (born – died), was king of the Lombards in northern Italy, ruling from 756 to 774.

See Early Middle Ages and Desiderius

Dialectic

Dialectic (διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; Dialektik), also known as the dialectical method, refers originally to dialogue between people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to arrive at the truth through reasoned argumentation.

See Early Middle Ages and Dialectic

Digest (Roman law)

The Digest (Digesta), also known as the Pandects (Pandectae; Πανδέκται, Pandéktai, "All-Containing"), was a compendium or digest of juristic writings on Roman law compiled by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in 530–533 AD.

See Early Middle Ages and Digest (Roman law)

Dnieper

The Dnieper, also called Dnepr or Dnipro, is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea.

See Early Middle Ages and Dnieper

Donation of Pepin

The Donation of Pepin in 756 provided a legal basis for the creation of the Papal States, thus extending the temporal rule of the popes beyond the duchy of Rome.

See Early Middle Ages and Donation of Pepin

Dublin

Dublin is the capital of the Republic of Ireland and also the largest city by size on the island of Ireland.

See Early Middle Ages and Dublin

Duchy of Benevento

The Duchy of Benevento (after 774, Principality of Benevento) was the southernmost Lombard duchy in the Italian Peninsula that was centred on Benevento, a city in Southern Italy.

See Early Middle Ages and Duchy of Benevento

Duchy of Rome

The Duchy of Rome (Ducatus Romanus) was a state within the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna.

See Early Middle Ages and Duchy of Rome

Duchy of Spoleto

The Duchy of Spoleto was a Lombard territory founded about 570 in central Italy by the Lombard dux Faroald.

See Early Middle Ages and Duchy of Spoleto

Early Christianity

Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

See Early Middle Ages and Early Christianity

Early medieval European dress

Early medieval European dress, from about 400 AD to 1100 AD, changed very gradually.

See Early Middle Ages and Early medieval European dress

Early medieval literature

This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during the 6th through 9th Centuries.

See Early Middle Ages and Early medieval literature

Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.

See Early Middle Ages and Early Muslim conquests

Early Slavs

The early Slavs were speakers of Indo-European dialects who lived during the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages (approximately from the 5th to the 10th centuries AD) in Central, Eastern and Southeast Europe and established the foundations for the Slavic nations through the Slavic states of the Early and High Middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Early Slavs

East Francia

East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (Regnum Francorum orientalium) was a successor state of Charlemagne's empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911.

See Early Middle Ages and East Francia

East–West Schism

The East–West Schism, also known as the Great Schism or the Schism of 1054, is the break of communion between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches since 1054.

See Early Middle Ages and East–West Schism

Eastern Christianity

Eastern Christianity comprises Christian traditions and church families that originally developed during classical and late antiquity in the Eastern Mediterranean region or locations further east, south or north.

See Early Middle Ages and Eastern Christianity

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.

See Early Middle Ages and Eastern Europe

Eastern Orthodoxy

Eastern Orthodoxy, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism.

See Early Middle Ages and Eastern Orthodoxy

Edictum Rothari

The Edictum Rothari (lit. Edict of Rothari; also Edictus Rothari or Edictum Rotharis) was the first written compilation of Lombard law, codified and promulgated on 22 November 643 by King Rothari in Pavia by a gairethinx, an assembly of the army.

See Early Middle Ages and Edictum Rothari

Education

Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and manifests in various forms.

See Early Middle Ages and Education

Edward Gibbon

Edward Gibbon (8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English essayist, historian, and politician.

See Early Middle Ages and Edward Gibbon

Elbe

The Elbe (Labe; Ilv or Elv; Upper and Łobjo) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Elbe

Emirate of Crete

The Emirate of Crete (Iqrīṭish or إقريطية,; Krētē) was an Islamic state that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete from the late 820s to the reconquest of the island by the Byzantine Empire in 961.

See Early Middle Ages and Emirate of Crete

Emperor

The word emperor (from imperator, via empereor) can mean the male ruler of an empire.

See Early Middle Ages and Emperor

Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

See Early Middle Ages and Encyclopædia Britannica

End of Roman rule in Britain

The end of Roman rule in Britain was the transition from Roman Britain to post-Roman Britain.

See Early Middle Ages and End of Roman rule in Britain

English medieval clothing

The Medieval period in England is usually classified as the time between the fall of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the Renaissance, roughly the years AD 410–1485.

See Early Middle Ages and English medieval clothing

Euclid

Euclid (Εὐκλείδης; BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician active as a geometer and logician.

See Early Middle Ages and Euclid

Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

See Early Middle Ages and Europe

Exarchate of Ravenna

The Exarchate of Ravenna (Exarchatus Ravennatis; Εξαρχάτον τής Ραβέννας), also known as the Exarchate of Italy, was an administrative district of the Byzantine Empire comprising, between the 6th and 8th centuries, the territories under the jurisdiction of the exarch of Italy (exarchus Italiae) resident in Ravenna.

See Early Middle Ages and Exarchate of Ravenna

Fall of Constantinople

The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire.

See Early Middle Ages and Fall of Constantinople

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.

See Early Middle Ages and Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Fars province

Fars province (استان فارس) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.

See Early Middle Ages and Fars province

Feudalism

Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries. Early Middle Ages and Feudalism are middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Feudalism

Finnic peoples

The Finnic or Fennic peoples, sometimes simply called Finns, are the nations who speak languages traditionally classified in the Finnic (now commonly Finno-Permic) language family, and which are thought to have originated in the region of the Volga River.

See Early Middle Ages and Finnic peoples

First Bulgarian Empire

The First Bulgarian Empire (blŭgarĭsko tsěsarǐstvije; Първо българско царство) was a medieval state that existed in Southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded in 680–681 after part of the Bulgars, led by Asparuh, moved south to the northeastern Balkans.

See Early Middle Ages and First Bulgarian Empire

First Fitna

The First Fitna was the first civil war in the Islamic community.

See Early Middle Ages and First Fitna

Framing the Early Middle Ages

Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400–800 is a 2005 history book by English historian Christopher Wickham at the University of Oxford.

See Early Middle Ages and Framing the Early Middle Ages

Francia

The Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), also known as the Frankish Kingdom, the Frankish Empire (Imperium Francorum) or Francia, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Francia

Franks

Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Franks

Fritigern

Fritigern (fl. 370s) was a Thervingian Gothic chieftain whose decisive victory at Adrianople during the Gothic War (376–382) led to favourable terms for the Goths when peace was made with Gratian and Theodosius I in 382.

See Early Middle Ages and Fritigern

Gaels

The Gaels (Na Gaeil; Na Gàidheil; Ny Gaeil) are an ethnolinguistic group native to Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.

See Early Middle Ages and Gaels

Gallia Aquitania

Gallia Aquitania, also known as Aquitaine or Aquitaine Gaul, was a province of the Roman Empire.

See Early Middle Ages and Gallia Aquitania

Gallia Narbonensis

Gallia Narbonensis (Latin for "Gaul of Narbonne", from its chief settlement) was a Roman province located in what is now Occitania and Provence, in Southern France.

See Early Middle Ages and Gallia Narbonensis

Gaul

Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.

See Early Middle Ages and Gaul

Gelasian Sacramentary

The so-called Gelasian Sacramentary (Latin: Sacramentarium Gelasianum) is a book of Christian liturgy, containing the priest's part in celebrating the Eucharist.

See Early Middle Ages and Gelasian Sacramentary

Geometry

Geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures.

See Early Middle Ages and Geometry

Georges Duby

Georges Duby (7 October 1919 – 3 December 1996) was a French historian who specialised in the social and economic history of the Middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Georges Duby

Germanic paganism

Germanic paganism or Germanic religion refers to the traditional, culturally significant religion of the Germanic peoples.

See Early Middle Ages and Germanic paganism

Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Germanic peoples

Ghassanids

The Ghassanids, also called the Jafnids, were an Arab tribe which founded a kingdom which was in place from the third century to the seventh century in the area of the Levant and northern Arabia. They emigrated from South Arabia in the early third century to the Levant. Some merged with Hellenized Christian communities, converting to Christianity in the first few centuries, while others may have already been Christians before emigrating north to escape religious persecution.

See Early Middle Ages and Ghassanids

Ghent

Ghent (Gent; Gand; historically known as Gaunt in English) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

See Early Middle Ages and Ghent

Gibraltar

Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean (Strait of Gibraltar).

See Early Middle Ages and Gibraltar

Girona

Girona (Gerona) is the capital city of the province of Girona in the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain, at the confluence of the Ter, Onyar, Galligants, and Güell rivers.

See Early Middle Ages and Girona

Glagolitic script

The Glagolitic script (glagolitsa) is the oldest known Slavic alphabet.

See Early Middle Ages and Glagolitic script

Gothic War (376–382)

Between 376 and 382 the Goths fought against the Eastern Roman Empire, one of several Gothic Wars in Roman history.

See Early Middle Ages and Gothic War (376–382)

Gothic War (535–554)

The Gothic War between the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian I and the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy took place from 535 to 554 in the Italian Peninsula, Dalmatia, Sardinia, Sicily, and Corsica.

See Early Middle Ages and Gothic War (535–554)

Goths

The Goths (translit; Gothi, Gótthoi) were Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Goths

Grammar

In linguistics, a grammar is the set of rules for how a natural language is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers.

See Early Middle Ages and Grammar

Gratian

Gratian (Gratianus; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 367 to 383.

See Early Middle Ages and Gratian

Great Britain

Great Britain (commonly shortened to Britain) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland and Wales.

See Early Middle Ages and Great Britain

Great Heathen Army

The Great Heathen Army, also known as the Viking Great Army,Hadley.

See Early Middle Ages and Great Heathen Army

Great Moravia

Great Moravia (Regnum Marahensium; Μεγάλη Μοραβία, Meghálī Moravía; Velká Morava; Veľká Morava; Wielkie Morawy, Großmähren), or simply Moravia, was the first major state that was predominantly West Slavic to emerge in the area of Central Europe, possibly including territories which are today part of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria, Germany, Poland, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine and Slovenia. Early Middle Ages and Great Moravia are 10th century in Europe, 10th-century disestablishments in Europe and 9th century in Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Great Moravia

Greater Khorasan

Greater KhorāsānDabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed.

See Early Middle Ages and Greater Khorasan

Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Greece

Greenland

Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is a North American island autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.

See Early Middle Ages and Greenland

Gregorian mission

The Gregorian missionJones "Gregorian Mission" Speculum p. 335 or Augustinian missionMcGowan "Introduction to the Corpus" Companion to Anglo-Saxon Literature p. 17 was a Christian mission sent by Pope Gregory the Great in 596 to convert Britain's Anglo-Saxons.

See Early Middle Ages and Gregorian mission

Gregory of Tours

Gregory of Tours (born italic; 30 November – 17 November 594 AD) was a Gallo-Roman historian and Bishop of Tours during the Merovingian period and is known as the "father of French history".

See Early Middle Ages and Gregory of Tours

Greuthungi

The Greuthungi (also spelled Greutungi) were a Gothic people who lived on the Pontic steppe between the Dniester and Don rivers in what is now Ukraine, in the 3rd and the 4th centuries.

See Early Middle Ages and Greuthungi

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia ('Holy Wisdom'), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque (Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi), is a mosque and former church serving as a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey.

See Early Middle Ages and Hagia Sophia

Harald Fairhair

Harald Fairhair (Old Norse: Haraldr Hárfagri) (–) was a Norwegian king.

See Early Middle Ages and Harald Fairhair

Hasan ibn Ali

Hasan ibn Ali (translit; 2 April 670) was an Alid political and religious leader.

See Early Middle Ages and Hasan ibn Ali

Hebrides

The Hebrides (Innse Gall,; Southern isles) are an archipelago off the west coast of the Scottish mainland.

See Early Middle Ages and Hebrides

Hedeby

Hedeby (Old Norse Heiðabýr, German Haithabu) was an important Danish Viking Age (8th to the 11th centuries) trading settlement near the southern end of the Jutland Peninsula, now in the Schleswig-Flensburg district of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

See Early Middle Ages and Hedeby

Heinrich Fichtenau

Heinrich von Fichtenau (10 December 1912 – 15 June 2000) was an Austrian medievalist best known for his studies of medieval diplomatics, social, and intellectual history.

See Early Middle Ages and Heinrich Fichtenau

Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

See Early Middle Ages and Hellenistic period

Heraclius

Heraclius (Hērákleios; – 11 February 641) was Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641.

See Early Middle Ages and Heraclius

Hiberno-Scottish mission

The Hiberno-Scottish mission was a series of expeditions in the 6th and 7th centuries by Gaelic missionaries originating from Ireland that spread Celtic Christianity in Scotland, Wales, England and Merovingian France.

See Early Middle Ages and Hiberno-Scottish mission

High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. Early Middle Ages and High Middle Ages are middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and High Middle Ages

Hijrah

The Hijrah (hijra, originally 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'), also Hegira (from Medieval Latin), was the journey the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers took from Mecca to Medina.

See Early Middle Ages and Hijrah

Hindu–Arabic numeral system

The Hindu–Arabic numeral system (also known as the Indo-Arabic numeral system,Audun Holme,, 2000 Hindu numeral system, Arabic numeral system) is a positional base ten numeral system for representing integers; its extension to non-integers is the decimal numeral system, which is presently the most common numeral system.

See Early Middle Ages and Hindu–Arabic numeral system

Hispania

Hispania (Hispanía; Hispānia) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula.

See Early Middle Ages and Hispania

Hispania Baetica

Hispania Baetica, often abbreviated Baetica, was one of three Roman provinces created in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) on 27 BC.

See Early Middle Ages and Hispania Baetica

History of Europe

The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500).

See Early Middle Ages and History of Europe

History of Ireland (400–795)

The early medieval history of Ireland, often referred to as Early Christian Ireland, spans the 5th to 8th centuries, from the gradual emergence out of the protohistoric period (Ogham inscriptions in Primitive Irish, mentions in Greco-Roman ethnography) to the beginning of the Viking Age.

See Early Middle Ages and History of Ireland (400–795)

History of Islam in southern Italy

The history of Islam in Sicily and southern Italy began with the first Arab settlement in Sicily, at Mazara, which was captured in 827.

See Early Middle Ages and History of Islam in southern Italy

History of the Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire's history is generally periodised from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD.

See Early Middle Ages and History of the Byzantine Empire

Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Early Middle Ages and Holy Roman Emperor

Honorius (emperor)

Honorius (9 September 384 – 15 August 423) was Roman emperor from 393 to 423.

See Early Middle Ages and Honorius (emperor)

Horse collar

A horse collar is a part of a horse harness that is used to distribute the load around a horse's neck and shoulders when pulling a wagon or plough.

See Early Middle Ages and Horse collar

House of Alpin

The House of Alpin, also known as the Alpinid dynasty, Clann Chináeda, and Clann Chinaeda meic Ailpín, was the kin-group which ruled in Pictland, possibly Dál Riata, and then the kingdom of Alba from Constantine II (Causantín mac Áeda) in the 940s until the death of Malcolm II (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) in 1034.

See Early Middle Ages and House of Alpin

Hugh Capet

Hugh Capet (Hugues Capet; 940 – 24 October 996) was the King of the Franks from 987 to 996.

See Early Middle Ages and Hugh Capet

Human history

Human history is the development of humankind from prehistory to the present.

See Early Middle Ages and Human history

Hungarians

Hungarians, also known as Magyars (magyarok), are a Central European nation and an ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands (i.e. belonging to the former Kingdom of Hungary) who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language.

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Hungary

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Hungary

Huns

The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th centuries AD.

See Early Middle Ages and Huns

Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

See Early Middle Ages and Iberian Peninsula

Iceland

Iceland (Ísland) is a Nordic island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Iceland

Iliad

The Iliad (Iliás,; " about Ilion (Troy)") is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.

See Early Middle Ages and Iliad

Illyria

In classical and late antiquity, Illyria (Ἰλλυρία, Illyría or Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís; Illyria, Illyricum) was a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by numerous tribes of people collectively known as the Illyrians.

See Early Middle Ages and Illyria

Illyrians

The Illyrians (Ἰλλυριοί, Illyrioi; Illyrii) were a group of Indo-European-speaking people who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula in ancient times.

See Early Middle Ages and Illyrians

Irish people

Irish people (Muintir na hÉireann or Na hÉireannaigh) are an ethnic group and nation native to the island of Ireland, who share a common ancestry, history and culture.

See Early Middle Ages and Irish people

Isidore of Seville

Isidore of Seville (Isidorus Hispalensis; 4 April 636) was a Hispano-Roman scholar, theologian, and archbishop of Seville.

See Early Middle Ages and Isidore of Seville

Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

See Early Middle Ages and Islam

Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.

See Early Middle Ages and Islamic Golden Age

Judaism

Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.

See Early Middle Ages and Judaism

Justinian I

Justinian I (Iūstīniānus,; Ioustinianós,; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.

See Early Middle Ages and Justinian I

Kaupang

Kaupang was a Viking Age village that is generally considered to be the first town/marketplace in Norway.

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Kharijites

The Kharijites (translit, singular) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661).

See Early Middle Ages and Kharijites

Khazars

The Khazars were a nomadic Turkic people that, in the late 6th-century CE, established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern European Russia, southern Ukraine, Crimea, and Kazakhstan.

See Early Middle Ages and Khazars

Kievan Rus'

Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,.

See Early Middle Ages and Kievan Rus'

Kingdom of Alba

The Kingdom of Alba (Scotia; Alba) was the Kingdom of Scotland between the deaths of Donald II in 900 and of Alexander III in 1286.

See Early Middle Ages and Kingdom of Alba

Kingdom of Asturias

The Kingdom of Asturias was a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the Visigothic nobleman Pelagius.

See Early Middle Ages and Kingdom of Asturias

Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 886, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom.

See Early Middle Ages and Kingdom of England

Kingdom of Gwynedd

The Kingdom of Gwynedd (Medieval Latin:; Middle Welsh: Guynet) was a Welsh kingdom and a Roman Empire successor state that emerged in sub-Roman Britain in the 5th century during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain.

See Early Middle Ages and Kingdom of Gwynedd

Kingdom of Scotland

The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England. During the Middle Ages, Scotland engaged in intermittent conflict with England, most prominently the Wars of Scottish Independence, which saw the Scots assert their independence from the English.

See Early Middle Ages and Kingdom of Scotland

Kingdom of the Isles

The Kingdom of the Isles was a Norse-Gaelic kingdom comprising the Isle of Man, the Hebrides and the islands of the Clyde from the 9th to the 13th centuries AD.

See Early Middle Ages and Kingdom of the Isles

Kingdom of the Lombards

The Kingdom of the Lombards (Regnum Langobardorum; Regno dei Longobardi; Regn di Lombard), also known as the Lombard Kingdom and later as the Kingdom of all Italy (Regnum totius Italiae), was an early medieval state established by the Lombards, a Germanic people, on the Italian Peninsula in the latter part of the 6th century.

See Early Middle Ages and Kingdom of the Lombards

Kubrat

Kubrat (Κροβατον, Kούβρατος; Кубрат) was the ruler of the Onogur–Bulgars, credited with establishing the confederation of Old Great Bulgaria in ca.

See Early Middle Ages and Kubrat

Kufa

Kufa (الْكُوفَة), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf.

See Early Middle Ages and Kufa

Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

The Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom (or Indo-Sasanians) was a polity established by the Sasanian Empire in Bactria during the 3rd and 4th centuries.

See Early Middle Ages and Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

Kyiv

Kyiv (also Kiev) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine.

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L'Anse aux Meadows

L'Anse aux Meadows is an archaeological site, first excavated in the 1960s, of a Norse settlement dating to approximately 1,000 years ago.

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Laity

In religious organizations, the laity consists of all members who are not part of the clergy, usually including any non-ordained members of religious orders, e.g. a nun or a lay brother.

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Last of the Romans

The term Last of the Romans (Ultimus Romanorum) has historically been used to describe a person thought to embody the values of ancient Roman civilization – values which, by implication, became extinct on his death.

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Late Antique Little Ice Age

The Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA) was a long-lasting Northern Hemispheric cooling period in the 6th and 7th centuries AD, during the period known as Late Antiquity.

See Early Middle Ages and Late Antique Little Ice Age

Late Roman army

In modern scholarship, the "late" period of the Roman army begins with the accession of the Emperor Diocletian in AD 284, and ends in 480 with the death of Julius Nepos, being roughly coterminous with the Dominate.

See Early Middle Ages and Late Roman army

Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Early Middle Ages and Latin

Leo VI the Wise

Leo VI, also known as Leo the Wise (Léōn ho Sophós, 19 September 866 – 11 May 912), was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912.

See Early Middle Ages and Leo VI the Wise

Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.

See Early Middle Ages and Levant

Liberal arts education

Liberal arts education (from Latin 'free' and 'art or principled practice') is the traditional academic course in Western higher education.

See Early Middle Ages and Liberal arts education

List of Byzantine emperors

The foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, which fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD.

See Early Middle Ages and List of Byzantine emperors

List of epidemics and pandemics

This is a list of the largest known epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectious disease in humans.

See Early Middle Ages and List of epidemics and pandemics

List of islands of Scotland

This is a list of islands of Scotland, the mainland of which is part of the island of Great Britain.

See Early Middle Ages and List of islands of Scotland

List of sieges of Constantinople

The following is a list of sieges of Constantinople, a historic city located in an area which is today part of Istanbul, Turkey.

See Early Middle Ages and List of sieges of Constantinople

Literacy

Literacy is the ability to read and write.

See Early Middle Ages and Literacy

Liutprand, King of the Lombards

Liutprand was the king of the Lombards from 712 to 744 and is chiefly remembered for his multiple phases of law-giving, in fifteen separate sessions from 713 to 735 inclusive, and his long reign, which brought him into a series of conflicts, mostly successful, with most of Italy.

See Early Middle Ages and Liutprand, King of the Lombards

Logic

Logic is the study of correct reasoning.

See Early Middle Ages and Logic

London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

See Early Middle Ages and London

Macedonian dynasty

The Macedonian dynasty (Greek: Μακεδονική Δυναστεία) ruled the Byzantine Empire from 867 to 1056, following the Amorian dynasty.

See Early Middle Ages and Macedonian dynasty

Macedonian Renaissance

Macedonian Renaissance (Μακεδονική Αναγέννηση) is a historiographical term used for the blossoming of Byzantine culture in the 9th–11th centuries, under the eponymous Macedonian dynasty (867–1056), following the upheavals and transformations of the 7th–8th centuries, also known as the "Byzantine Dark Ages".

See Early Middle Ages and Macedonian Renaissance

Magyar tribes

The Magyar or Hungarian tribes (magyar törzsek) or Hungarian clans were the fundamental political units within whose framework the Hungarians (Magyars) lived, before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin and the subsequent establishment of the Principality of Hungary.

See Early Middle Ages and Magyar tribes

Mainz

Mainz (see below) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and with around 223,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 35th-largest city.

See Early Middle Ages and Mainz

Malta

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.

See Early Middle Ages and Malta

Mamluk

Mamluk or Mamaluk (mamlūk (singular), مماليك, mamālīk (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world.

See Early Middle Ages and Mamluk

Manorialism

Manorialism, also known as seigneurialism, the manor system or manorial system, was the method of land ownership (or "tenure") in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, during the Middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Manorialism

Massacre of Verden

The Massacre of Verden was an event during the Saxon Wars where the Frankish king Charlemagne ordered the death of 4,500 Saxons in October 782.

See Early Middle Ages and Massacre of Verden

Maurice (emperor)

Maurice (Mauricius;; 539 – 27 November 602) was Byzantine emperor from 582 to 602 and the last member of the Justinian dynasty.

See Early Middle Ages and Maurice (emperor)

Mausoleum of Theodoric

The Mausoleum of Theodoric (Mausoleo di Teodorico) is an ancient monument just outside Ravenna, Italy.

See Early Middle Ages and Mausoleum of Theodoric

Mayor of the palace

Under the Merovingian dynasty, the mayor of the palace or majordomo.

See Early Middle Ages and Mayor of the palace

Mecca

Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.

See Early Middle Ages and Mecca

Medieval Academy of America

The Medieval Academy of America (MAA; spelled Mediaeval until) is the largest organization in the United States promoting the field of medieval studies.

See Early Middle Ages and Medieval Academy of America

Medieval commune

Medieval communes in the European Middle Ages had sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms) among the citizens of a town or city.

See Early Middle Ages and Medieval commune

Medieval demography

Medieval demography is the study of human demography in Europe and the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Medieval demography

Medieval Greek

Medieval Greek (also known as Middle Greek, Byzantine Greek, or Romaic) is the stage of the Greek language between the end of classical antiquity in the 5th–6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages, conventionally dated to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453.

See Early Middle Ages and Medieval Greek

Medieval university

A medieval university was a corporation organized during the Middle Ages for the purposes of higher education.

See Early Middle Ages and Medieval university

Medieval Warm Period

The Medieval Warm Period (MWP), also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum or the Medieval Climatic Anomaly, was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region that lasted from to.

See Early Middle Ages and Medieval Warm Period

Medina

Medina, officially Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah, is the capital of Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia.

See Early Middle Ages and Medina

Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.

See Early Middle Ages and Mediterranean Sea

Mercia

Mercia (Miercna rīċe, "kingdom of the border people"; Merciorum regnum) was one of the three main Anglic kingdoms founded after Sub-Roman Britain was settled by Anglo-Saxons in an era called the Heptarchy.

See Early Middle Ages and Mercia

Merfyn Frych

Merfyn Frych ("Merfyn the Freckled"; Old Welsh Mermin), also known as Merfyn ap Gwriad ("Merfyn son of Gwriad") and Merfyn Camwri ("Merfyn the Oppressor"), was King of Gwynedd from around 825 to 844, the first of its kings known not to have descended from the male line of King Cunedda.

See Early Middle Ages and Merfyn Frych

Merovingian dynasty

The Merovingian dynasty was the ruling family of the Franks from around the middle of the 5th century until 751. Early Middle Ages and Merovingian dynasty are 6th century in Europe and 7th century in Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Merovingian dynasty

Mesopotamia (Roman province)

Mesopotamia was the name of a Roman province, initially a short-lived creation of the Roman emperor Trajan in 116–117 and then re-established by Emperor Septimius Severus in c. 198.

See Early Middle Ages and Mesopotamia (Roman province)

Michael III

Michael III (Michaḗl; 9/10 January 840 – 24 September 867), also known as Michael the Drunkard, was Byzantine emperor from 842 to 867.

See Early Middle Ages and Michael III

Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD. Early Middle Ages and Middle Ages are 10th century in Europe, 6th century in Europe, 7th century in Europe, 8th century in Europe, 9th century in Europe, Dark ages and historical eras.

See Early Middle Ages and Middle Ages

Midian

Midian (מִדְיָן Mīḏyān; Madyan; Μαδιάμ, Madiam; Taymanitic: 𐪃𐪕𐪚𐪌 MDYN) is a geographical region in West Asia mentioned in the Tanakh and Quran.

See Early Middle Ages and Midian

Migration Period

The Migration Period (circa 300 to 600 AD), also known as the Barbarian Invasions, was a period in European history marked by large-scale migrations that saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent settlement of its former territories by various tribes, and the establishment of the post-Roman kingdoms. Early Middle Ages and migration Period are Dark ages and historical eras.

See Early Middle Ages and Migration Period

Military career of Muhammad

The military career of Muhammad (– 8 June 632), the Islamic prophet, encompasses several expeditions and battles throughout the Hejaz region in the western Arabian Peninsula which took place in the final ten years of his life, from 622 to 632.

See Early Middle Ages and Military career of Muhammad

Monastery

A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits).

See Early Middle Ages and Monastery

Monastic school

Monastic schools (Scholae monasticae) were, along with cathedral schools, the most important institutions of higher learning in the Latin West from the early Middle Ages until the 12th century.

See Early Middle Ages and Monastic school

Monophysitism

Monophysitism or monophysism (from Greek μόνος, "solitary" and φύσις, "nature") is a Christology that states that in the person of the incarnated Word (that is, in Jesus Christ) there was only one nature—the divine.

See Early Middle Ages and Monophysitism

Moors

The term Moor is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim populations of the Maghreb, al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.

See Early Middle Ages and Moors

Mount Athos

Mount Athos (Ἄθως) is a mountain on the Athos peninsula in northeastern Greece.

See Early Middle Ages and Mount Athos

Mu'awiya I

Mu'awiya I (Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death.

See Early Middle Ages and Mu'awiya I

Muhammad

Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.

See Early Middle Ages and Muhammad

Musa ibn Nusayr

Musa ibn Nusayr (موسى بن نصير Mūsá bin Nuṣayr; 640 – c. 716) was an Arab general and governor who served under the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I. He ruled over the Muslim provinces of North Africa (Ifriqiya), and directed the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom that controlled the Iberian Peninsula and part of what is now southern France (Septimania).

See Early Middle Ages and Musa ibn Nusayr

Music

Music is the arrangement of sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm, or otherwise expressive content.

See Early Middle Ages and Music

Muslim conquest of Persia

The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654.

See Early Middle Ages and Muslim conquest of Persia

Muslim conquest of Sicily

The Muslim conquest of Sicily began in June 827 and lasted until 902, when the last major Byzantine stronghold on the island, Taormina, fell. Early Middle Ages and Muslim conquest of Sicily are 10th century in Europe and 9th century in Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Muslim conquest of Sicily

Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula

The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, also known as the Arab conquest of Spain, by the Umayyad Caliphate occurred between approximately 711 and the 720s.

See Early Middle Ages and Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula

Muslim conquest of the Levant

The Muslim conquest of the Levant (Fatḥ al-šām; lit. "Conquest of Syria"), or Arab conquest of Syria, was a 634–638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate.

See Early Middle Ages and Muslim conquest of the Levant

Muslim conquest of the Maghreb

The Muslim conquest of the Maghreb or Arab conquest of North Africa by the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates commenced in 647 and concluded in 709, when the Byzantine Empire lost its last remaining strongholds to Caliph Al-Walid I. The North African campaigns were part of the century of rapid early Muslim conquests.

See Early Middle Ages and Muslim conquest of the Maghreb

Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

See Early Middle Ages and Muslims

Narbonne

Narbonne (Narbona; Narbo; Late Latin:Narbona) is a commune in Southern France in the Occitanie region.

See Early Middle Ages and Narbonne

Nasr ibn Sayyar

Naṣr ibn Sayyār al-Lāythi al-Kināni (نصر بن سيار الليثي الكناني; 663 – 9 December 748) was an Arab general and the last Umayyad governor of Khurasan in 738–748.

See Early Middle Ages and Nasr ibn Sayyar

Nestorianism

Nestorianism is a term used in Christian theology and Church history to refer to several mutually related but doctrinarily distinct sets of teachings.

See Early Middle Ages and Nestorianism

Nicomachus

Nicomachus of Gerasa (Νικόμαχος) was an Ancient Greek Neopythagorean philosopher from Gerasa, in the Roman province of Syria (now Jerash, Jordan).

See Early Middle Ages and Nicomachus

Nikephoros Phokas the Elder

Nikephoros Phokas (Nikēphoros Phōkas; died 895/6 or), usually surnamed the Elder to distinguish him from his grandson, Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas, was one of the most prominent Byzantine generals of the late 9th century, and the first important member of the Phokas family.

See Early Middle Ages and Nikephoros Phokas the Elder

Nontrinitarianism

Nontrinitarianism is a form of Christianity that rejects the mainstream Christian theology of the Trinity—the belief that God is three distinct hypostases or persons who are coeternal, coequal, and indivisibly united in one being, or essence (from the Ancient Greek). Certain religious groups that emerged during the Protestant Reformation have historically been known as antitrinitarian.

See Early Middle Ages and Nontrinitarianism

Norman Cantor

Norman Frank Cantor (November 19, 1929 – September 18, 2004) was a Canadian-American medievalist.

See Early Middle Ages and Norman Cantor

Norman Conquest

The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.

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Norman invasion of Wales

The Norman invasion of Wales began shortly after the Norman conquest of England under William the Conqueror, who believed England to be his birthright.

See Early Middle Ages and Norman invasion of Wales

Normandy

Normandy (Normandie; Normaundie, Nouormandie; from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant, originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy.

See Early Middle Ages and Normandy

Normans

The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; Normands; Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and locals of West Francia.

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Norse–Gaels

The Norse–Gaels (Gall-Goídil; Gall-Ghaeil; Gall-Ghàidheil, 'foreigner-Gaels') were a people of mixed Gaelic and Norse ancestry and culture.

See Early Middle Ages and Norse–Gaels

North Africa

North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.

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Northern Europe

The northern region of Europe has several definitions.

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Northern Scotland

Northern Scotland was an administrative division of Scotland used for police and fire services.

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Northumbria

Northumbria (Norþanhymbra rīċe; Regnum Northanhymbrorum) was an early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now Northern England and south-east Scotland.

See Early Middle Ages and Northumbria

Norway

Norway (Norge, Noreg), formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula.

See Early Middle Ages and Norway

Odoacer

Odoacer (– 15 March 493 AD), also spelled Odovacer or Odovacar, was a barbarian soldier and statesman from the Middle Danube who deposed the Western Roman child emperor Romulus Augustulus and became the ruler of Italy (476–493).

See Early Middle Ages and Odoacer

Ohrid Literary School

The Ohrid Literary School or Ohrid-''Devol'' Literary school was one of the two major cultural centres of the First Bulgarian Empire, along with the Preslav Literary School (Pliska Literary School).

See Early Middle Ages and Ohrid Literary School

Old Church Slavonic

Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic is the first Slavic literary language.

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Old Great Bulgaria

Old Great Bulgaria (Medieval Greek: Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία, Palaiá Megálē Voulgaría), also often known by the Latin names Magna Bulgaria and Patria Onoguria ("Onogur land"), was a 7th-century Turkic nomadic empire formed by the Onogur-Bulgars on the western Pontic–Caspian steppe (modern southern Ukraine and southwest Russia).

See Early Middle Ages and Old Great Bulgaria

Oleg the Wise

Oleg (Ѡлегъ, Ольгъ; Helgi; died 912), also known as Oleg the Wise, was a Varangian prince of the Rus' who became prince of Kiev, and laid the foundations of the Kievan Rus' state.

See Early Middle Ages and Oleg the Wise

Open-field system

The open-field system was the prevalent agricultural system in much of Europe during the Middle Ages and lasted into the 20th century in Russia, Iran, and Turkey.

See Early Middle Ages and Open-field system

Ostrogoths

The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi, Austrogothi) were a Roman-era Germanic people.

See Early Middle Ages and Ostrogoths

Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto III (June/July 980 – 23 January 1002) was the Holy Roman Emperor from 996 until his death in 1002.

See Early Middle Ages and Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto the Great

Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (Otto der Große Ottone il Grande), or Otto of Saxony (Otto von Sachsen Ottone di Sassonia), was East Frankish king from 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death in 973.

See Early Middle Ages and Otto the Great

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

See Early Middle Ages and Ottoman Empire

Paganism

Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.

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Pandemic

A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has a sudden increase in cases and spreads across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals.

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Pannonian Avars

The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins. Early Middle Ages and Pannonian Avars are 6th-century establishments in Europe.

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Pannonian Basin

The Pannonian Basin, or Carpathian Basin, is a large sedimentary basin situated in southeast Central Europe.

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Papal States

The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.

See Early Middle Ages and Papal States

Paris Psalter

The Paris Psalter (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. gr. 139) is a Byzantine illuminated manuscript, 38 x 26.5 cm in size, containing 449 folios and 14 full-page miniatures.

See Early Middle Ages and Paris Psalter

Partible inheritance

Partible inheritance, sometimes also called partitive, is a system of inheritance in which property is apportioned among heirs.

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Patriarchate

Patriarchate (πατριαρχεῖον, patriarcheîon) is an ecclesiological term in Christianity, designating the office and jurisdiction of an ecclesiastical patriarch.

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Pavia

Pavia (Ticinum; Papia) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, in Northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino near its confluence with the Po.

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Pax Romana

The (Latin for "Roman peace") is a roughly 200-year-long period of Roman history which is identified as a golden age of increased and sustained Roman imperialism, relative peace and order, prosperous stability, hegemonic power, and regional expansion.

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Pechenegs

The Pechenegs or PatzinaksPeçeneq(lər), Peçenek(ler), Middle Turkic: بَجَنَكْ, Pecenegi, Печенег(и), Печеніг(и), Besenyő(k), Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται, პაჭანიკი, pechenegi, печенези,; Печенези, Pacinacae, Bisseni were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia who spoke the Pecheneg language.

See Early Middle Ages and Pechenegs

Pepin the Short

Pepin the Short (Pépin le Bref; – 24 September 768), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768.

See Early Middle Ages and Pepin the Short

Picts

The Picts were a group of peoples in what is now Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, in the Early Middle Ages.

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Plague of Justinian

The plague of Justinian or Justinianic plague (AD 541–549) was an epidemic that afflicted the entire Mediterranean Basin, Europe, and the Near East, severely affecting the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire, especially Constantinople.

See Early Middle Ages and Plague of Justinian

Platonic Academy

The Academy (Akadēmía), variously known as Plato's Academy, the Platonic Academy, and the Academic School, was founded at Athens by Plato circa 387 BC.

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Po (river)

The Po is the longest river in Italy.

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Pontic–Caspian steppe

The Pontic–Caspian Steppe is a steppe extending across Eastern Europe to Central Asia, formed by the Caspian and Pontic steppes.

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Pope

The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Pope Boniface III

Pope Boniface III (Bonifatius III) was the bishop of Rome from 19 February 607 to his death on 12 November of the same year.

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Pope Gregory I

Pope Gregory I (Gregorius I; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was the 64th Bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 to his death.

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Pope Leo III

Pope Leo III (Leo III; died 12 June 816) was bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 26 December 795 to his death.

See Early Middle Ages and Pope Leo III

Pope Sylvester II

Pope Sylvester II (Silvester II; – 12 May 1003), originally known as Gerbert of Aurillac, was a scholar and teacher who served as the bishop of Rome and ruled the Papal States from 999 to his death.

See Early Middle Ages and Pope Sylvester II

Pope Zachary

Pope Zachary (Zacharias; 679 – March 752) was the bishop of Rome from 28 November 741 to his death.

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Population decline

Population decline, also known as depopulation, is a reduction in a human population size.

See Early Middle Ages and Population decline

Pre-existence of Christ

The pre-existence of Christ asserts the existence of Christ prior to his incarnation as Jesus.

See Early Middle Ages and Pre-existence of Christ

Preslav Literary School

The Preslav Literary School (Преславска книжовна школа), also known as the "Pliska Literary School" or "Pliska-Preslav Literary school" was the first literary school in the medieval First Bulgarian Empire.

See Early Middle Ages and Preslav Literary School

Principality of Iberia

Principality of Iberia (Georgian: ႵႠႰႧႪႨႱ ႱႠႤႰႨႱႫႧႠႥႰႭ) was an early medieval aristocratic regime in a core Georgian region of Kartli, called Iberia by classical authors.

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Principality of Serbia (early medieval)

The Principality of Serbia (Kneževina Srbija) was one of the early medieval states of the Serbs, located in the western regions of Southeastern Europe.

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Pyrenees

The Pyrenees are a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain.

See Early Middle Ages and Pyrenees

Qutayba ibn Muslim

Abū Ḥafṣ Qutayba ibn Abī Ṣāliḥ Muslim ibn ʿAmr al-Bāhilī (أبو حفص قتيبة بن أبي صالح مسلمبن عمرو الباهلي; 669–715/6) was an Arab commander of the Umayyad Caliphate who became governor of Khurasan and distinguished himself in the conquest of Transoxiana during the reign of al-Walid I (705–715).

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R. W. Southern

Sir Richard William Southern (8 February 1912 – 6 February 2001), who published under the name R. W.

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Radhanite

The Radhanites or Radanites (ar-Raðaniyya) were early medieval Jewish merchants, active in the trade between Christendom and the Muslim world during roughly the 8th to the 10th centuries.

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Rashidun army

The Rashidun army was the core of the Rashidun Caliphate's armed forces during the early Muslim conquests in the 7th century.

See Early Middle Ages and Rashidun army

Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

See Early Middle Ages and Rashidun Caliphate

Ravenna

Ravenna (also; Ravèna, Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy.

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Recurve bow

In archery, a recurve bow is one of the main shapes a bow can take, with limbs that curve away from the archer when unstrung.

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Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

See Early Middle Ages and Reformation

Regnal year

A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign, from the Latin regnum meaning kingdom, rule.

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Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of persuasion.

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Rhine

--> The Rhine is one of the major European rivers.

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Ribe

Ribe is a town in south-west Jutland, Denmark, with a population of 8,295 (2024).

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Richard Hodges (archaeologist)

Richard Hodges, (born 29 September 1952) is a British archaeologist and past president of The American University of Rome.

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Richard Krautheimer

Richard Krautheimer (6 July 1897 in Fürth (Franconia), Germany – 1 November 1994 in Rome, Italy) was a German art historian, architectural historian, Baroque scholar, and Byzantinist.

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Robin Lane Fox

Robin James Lane Fox, (born 5 October 1946) is an English classicist, ancient historian, and gardening writer known for his works on Alexander the Great.

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Roman Britain

Roman Britain was the territory that became the Roman province of Britannia after the Roman conquest of Britain, consisting of a large part of the island of Great Britain.

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Roman Egypt

Roman Egypt; was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 641.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman Gaul

Roman Gaul refers to GaulThe territory of Gaul roughly corresponds to modern-day France, Belgium and Luxembourg, and adjacient parts of the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany.

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Roman law

Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.

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Roman legion

The Roman legion (legiō), the largest military unit of the Roman army, was composed of Roman citizens serving as legionaries.

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Roman Palestine

Roman Palestine was a period in the history of Palestine characterised by Roman rule in the Palestine region, starting from the Hasmonean civil war 63 BC, up until either the end of the Second Temple Period with the First Roman-Jewish war in 70 CE, or the Early Muslim Conquest in the 7th century, depending on whenever the Eastern Roman or Byzantine period is included.

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Roman province

The Roman provinces (pl.) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire.

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Roman Syria

Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.

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Roman–Persian Wars

The Roman–Persian Wars, also known as the Roman–Iranian Wars, were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires: the Parthian and the Sasanian.

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Romance languages

The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

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Romulus Augustulus

Romulus Augustus (after 511), nicknamed Augustulus, was Roman emperor of the West from 31 October 475 until 4 September 476.

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Route from the Varangians to the Greeks

The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks was a medieval trade route that connected Scandinavia, Kievan Rus' and the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Royal court

A royal court, often called simply a court when the royal context is clear, is an extended royal household in a monarchy, including all those who regularly attend on a monarch, or another central figure.

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Rule of the Dukes

The Rule of the Dukes was an interregnum in the Lombard Kingdom of Italy (574/5–584/5) during which part of Italy was ruled by the Lombard dukes of the old Roman provinces and urban centres.

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Rurikids

The Rurik dynasty, also known as the Rurikid or Riurikid dynasty, as well as simply Rurikids or Riurikids, was a noble lineage allegedly founded by the Varangian prince Rurik, who, according to tradition, established himself at Novgorod in the year 862. The Rurikids were the ruling dynasty of Kievan Rus' and its principalities following its disintegration.

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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Russo-Persian Wars

The Russo-Persian Wars or Russo-Iranian Wars (translit) were a series of conflicts between 1651 and 1828, concerning Persia and the Russian Empire.

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Sack of Rome (410)

The Sack of Rome on 24 August 410 AD was undertaken by the Visigoths led by their king, Alaric.

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Saint Boniface

Boniface (born Wynfreth; 675 – 5 June 754) was an English Benedictine monk and leading figure in the Anglo-Saxon mission to the Germanic parts of Francia during the eighth century.

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Saint Naum

Naum (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Свети Наум, Sveti Naum, also known as Naum of Ohrid or Naum of Preslav (c. 830 – December 23, 910), was a medieval Bulgarian writer and missionary among the Slavs, considered one of the Seven Apostles of the First Bulgarian Empire. He was among the disciples of Cyril and Methodius and is associated with the creation of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic script.

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Salic law

The Salic law (or; Lex salica), also called the was the ancient Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis.

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Samanid Empire

The Samanid Empire (Sāmāniyān), also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid amirate, or simply as the Samanids, was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, of Iranian dehqan origin.

See Early Middle Ages and Samanid Empire

Sarmatians

The Sarmatians (Sarmatai; Latin: Sarmatae) were a large confederation of ancient Iranian equestrian nomadic peoples who dominated the Pontic steppe from about the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD.

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Sasanian dynasty

The Sasanian dynasty (also known as the Sassanids or the House of Sasan) was the house that founded the Sasanian Empire of Iran, ruling this empire from 224 to 651 AD.

See Early Middle Ages and Sasanian dynasty

Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

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Saxons

The Saxons, sometimes called the Old Saxons, were the Germanic people of "Old" Saxony (Antiqua Saxonia) which became a Carolingian "stem duchy" in 804, in what is now northern Germany.

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Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a subregion of Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples.

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Scandinavian York

Scandinavian York or Viking York (Jórvík) is a term used by historians for what is now Yorkshire during the period of Scandinavian domination from late 9th century until it was annexed and integrated into England after the Norman Conquest; in particular, it is used to refer to York, the city controlled by these kings and earls.

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Scholasticism

Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.

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Scottish Highlands

The Highlands (the Hielands; a' Ghàidhealtachd) is a historical region of Scotland.

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Scriptorium

A scriptorium was a writing room in medieval European monasteries for the copying and illuminating of manuscripts by scribes.

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Septimania

Septimania is a historical region in modern-day southern France.

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Settlement of Iceland

The settlement of Iceland (landnámsöld) is generally believed to have begun in the second half of the ninth century, when Norse settlers migrated across the North Atlantic.

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Shipwreck

A shipwreck is the wreckage of a ship that is located either beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water.

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Siege of Constantinople (626)

The siege of Constantinople in 626 by the Sassanid Persians and Avars, aided by large numbers of allied Slavs, ended in a strategic victory for the Byzantines.

See Early Middle Ages and Siege of Constantinople (626)

Siege of Constantinople (674–678)

The first Arab siege of Constantinople in 674–678 was a major conflict of the Arab–Byzantine wars, and the first culmination of the Umayyad Caliphate's expansionist strategy towards the Byzantine Empire, led by Caliph Mu'awiya I. Mu'awiya, who had emerged in 661 as the ruler of the Muslim Arab empire following a civil war, renewed aggressive warfare against Byzantium after a lapse of some years and hoped to deliver a lethal blow by capturing the Byzantine capital of Constantinople.

See Early Middle Ages and Siege of Constantinople (674–678)

Siege of Constantinople (717–718)

The second Arab siege of Constantinople was a combined land and sea offensive in 717–718 by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople.

See Early Middle Ages and Siege of Constantinople (717–718)

Siege of Dorostolon

The Battle of Dorostopol or Dorystolon was fought in 971 between the Byzantine Empire and forces of Kievan Rus'.

See Early Middle Ages and Siege of Dorostolon

Simeon I of Bulgaria

Tsar Simeon (also Symeon) I the Great (cěsarĭ Sỳmeonŭ prĭvŭ Velikŭ Simeon I Veliki Sumeṓn prôtos ho Mégas) ruled over Bulgaria from 893 to 927,Lalkov, Rulers of Bulgaria, pp.

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Simony

Simony is the act of selling church offices and roles or sacred things.

See Early Middle Ages and Simony

Sindh

Sindh (سِنْدھ,; abbr. SD, historically romanized as Sind) is a province of Pakistan.

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Slavery

Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.

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Slavs

The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages.

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Slovenes

The Slovenes, also known as Slovenians (Slovenci), are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia, and adjacent regions in Italy, Austria and Hungary.

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Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.

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Song dynasty

The Song dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279.

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Southeast Europe

Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical sub-region of Europe, consisting primarily of the region of the Balkans, as well as adjacent regions and archipelagos.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Spanish March

The Spanish March or Hispanic March was a military buffer zone established c.795 by Charlemagne in the eastern Pyrenees and nearby areas, to protect the new territories of the Christian Carolingian Empire - the Duchy of Gascony, the Duchy of Aquitaine, and Septimania - from the Muslim Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba in al-Andalus.

See Early Middle Ages and Spanish March

Speculum (journal)

Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies is a quarterly academic journal published by University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Medieval Academy of America.

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Staraya Ladoga

Staraya Ladoga (t), known as Ladoga until 1704, is a rural locality (a selo) in Volkhovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Volkhov River near Lake Ladoga, north of the town of Volkhov, the administrative center of the district.

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Stilicho

Stilicho (– 22 August 408) was a military commander in the Roman army who, for a time, became the most powerful man in the Western Roman Empire.

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Suebi

The Suebi (also spelled Suevi) or Suebians were a large group of Germanic peoples originally from the Elbe river region in what is now Germany and the Czech Republic.

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Sviatoslav I

Sviatoslav or Svyatoslav I Igorevich (Svętoslavŭ Igorevičǐ; Old Norse: Sveinald; – 972) was Prince of Kiev from 945 until his death in 972.

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Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria

Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria refers to a conflict beginning in 967/968 and ending in 971, carried out in the eastern Balkans, and involving the Kievan Rus', Bulgaria, and the Byzantine Empire.

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Sweden

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Sweden

Tang dynasty

The Tang dynasty (唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an interregnum between 690 and 705.

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Tariq ibn Ziyad

Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād (طارق بن زياد), also known simply as Tarik in English, was an Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim conquest of Visigothic Hispania (present-day Spain and Portugal) in 711–718 AD.

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Tertullian

Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus; 155 – 220 AD) was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa.

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Tervel of Bulgaria

Khan Tervel (Тервел) also called Tarvel, or Terval, or Terbelis in some Byzantine sources, was the khan of Bulgaria during the First Bulgarian Empire at the beginning of the 8th century.

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The Closing of the Western Mind

The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason (2003) is a book by the classical historian Charles Freeman, in which he discusses the relationship between the Greek philosophical tradition and Christianity, primarily in the fourth to sixth century AD.

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Theme (Byzantine district)

The themes or (θέματα,, singular) were the main military and administrative divisions of the middle Byzantine Empire.

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Theodoric the Great

Theodoric (or Theoderic) the Great (454 – 30 August 526), also called Theodoric the Amal, was king of the Ostrogoths (475–526), and ruler of the independent Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy between 493 and 526, regent of the Visigoths (511–526), and a patrician of the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Theodosius I

Theodosius I (Θεοδόσιος; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was a Roman emperor from 379 to 395.

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Theodosius II

Theodosius II (Θεοδόσιος; 10 April 401 – 28 July 450) was Roman emperor from 402 to 450.

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Thervingi

The Thervingi, Tervingi, or Teruingi (sometimes pluralised Tervings or Thervings) were a Gothic people of the plains north of the Lower Danube and west of the Dniester River in the 3rd and the 4th centuries.

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Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), also known as Thessalonica, Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece, with slightly over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.

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Thrace

Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.

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Three-field system

The three-field system is a regime of crop rotation in which a field is planted with one set of crops one year, a different set in the second year, and left fallow in the third year.

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Tintagel

Tintagel or Trevena (Tre war Venydh, meaning Village on a Mountain) is a civil parish and village situated on the Atlantic coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.

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Transoxiana

Transoxiana or Transoxania is the Latin name for the region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Turkmenistan and southern Kyrgyzstan.

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Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte

The treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (911) is the foundational document of the Duchy of Normandy, establishing Rollo, a Norse warlord and Viking leader, as the first Duke of Normandy in exchange for his loyalty to Charles III, the king of West Francia, following the Siege of Chartres.

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Treaty of Verdun

The Treaty of Verdun, agreed in, divided the Frankish Empire into three kingdoms between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I, the son and successor of Charlemagne.

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Truso

Truso was a Viking Age port of trade (emporium) set up by the Scandinavians at the banks of the Nogat delta branch of the Vistula River, close to a bay (the modern Drużno lake), where it emptied into the shallow and brackish Vistula Lagoon.

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Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.

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Tyrrhenian Sea

The Tyrrhenian Sea (Mar Tirreno or)Mer Tyrrhénienne Tyrrhēnum mare, Mare Tirrenu, Mari Tirrenu, Mari Tirrenu, Mare Tirreno is part of the Mediterranean Sea off the western coast of Italy.

See Early Middle Ages and Tyrrhenian Sea

Umar

Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.

See Early Middle Ages and Umar

Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.

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Umayyad state of Córdoba

The Umayyad state of Córdoba was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031.

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University of Constantinople

The Imperial University of Constantinople, sometimes known as the University of the Palace Hall of Magnaura (Πανδιδακτήριον τῆς Μαγναύρας), was an Eastern Roman educational institution that could trace its corporate origins to 425 AD, when the emperor Theodosius II founded the Pandidacterium (Πανδιδακτήριον).

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Urbanization

Urbanization (or urbanisation in British English) is the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change.

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Uthman

Uthman ibn Affan (translit; 17 June 656) was the third caliph, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656.

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Valens

Valens (Ouálēs; 328 – 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378.

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Vandals

The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland.

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Varangians

The Varangians"," Online Etymology Dictionary were Viking conquerors, traders and settlers, mostly from present-day Sweden.

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Vatican City

Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy.

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Veliky Novgorod

Veliky Novgorod (lit), also known simply as Novgorod (Новгород), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia.

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Vendel Period

In Swedish prehistory, the Vendel Period (Vendeltiden) appears between the Migration Period and the Viking Age. Early Middle Ages and Vendel Period are 6th century in Europe, 7th century in Europe, 8th century in Europe and historical eras.

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Vernacular

Vernacular is the ordinary, informal, spoken form of language, particularly when perceived as being of lower social status in contrast to standard language, which is more codified, institutional, literary, or formal.

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Viking Age

The Viking Age (about) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonising, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America. Early Middle Ages and Viking Age are historical eras and middle Ages.

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Viking expansion

Viking expansion was the historical movement which led Norse explorers, traders and warriors, the latter known in modern scholarship as Vikings, to sail most of the North Atlantic, reaching south as far as North Africa and east as far as Russia, and through the Mediterranean as far as Constantinople and the Middle East, acting as looters, traders, colonists and mercenaries.

See Early Middle Ages and Viking expansion

Vikings

Vikings were seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe. Early Middle Ages and Vikings are middle Ages.

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Vineta

Vineta (sometimes Wineta) is the name of a legendary city at the southern coast of the Baltic Sea.

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Visigothic Kingdom

The Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Spain or Kingdom of the Goths (Regnum Gothorum) occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th centuries.

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Visigoths

The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were a Germanic people united under the rule of a king and living within the Roman Empire during late antiquity.

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Vladimir the Great

Vladimir I Sviatoslavich or Volodymyr I Sviatoslavych (Volodiměr Svętoslavič; Christian name: Basil; 15 July 1015), given the epithet "the Great", was Prince of Novgorod from 970 and Grand Prince of Kiev from 978 until his death in 1015. The Eastern Orthodox Church canonised him as Saint Vladimir.

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Volga

The Volga (p) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of, and a catchment area of., Russian State Water Registry It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge at delta – between and – and of drainage basin.

See Early Middle Ages and Volga

Volga Bulgaria

Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria (sometimes referred to as the Volga Bulgar Emirate) was a historical Bulgar state that existed between the 9th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia.

See Early Middle Ages and Volga Bulgaria

Volga trade route

In the Middle Ages, the Volga trade route connected Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia with the Caspian Sea and the Sasanian Empire, via the Volga River.

See Early Middle Ages and Volga trade route

Vulgar Latin

Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal registers of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward.

See Early Middle Ages and Vulgar Latin

Wales

Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

See Early Middle Ages and Wales

Wales in the early Middle Ages

Wales in the early Middle Ages covers the time between the Roman departure from Wales c. 383 until the middle of the 11th century.

See Early Middle Ages and Wales in the early Middle Ages

Wessex

The Kingdom of the West Saxons, also known as the Kingdom of Wessex, was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the south of Great Britain, from around 519 until Alfred the Great declared himself as King of the Anglo-Saxons in 886.

See Early Middle Ages and Wessex

West Asia

West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.

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West Francia

In medieval historiography, West Francia (Medieval Latin: Francia occidentalis) or the Kingdom of the West Franks constitutes the initial stage of the Kingdom of France and extends from the year 843, from the Treaty of Verdun, to 987, the beginning of the Capetian dynasty.

See Early Middle Ages and West Francia

West Slavs

The West Slavs are Slavic peoples who speak the West Slavic languages.

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Western Europe

Western Europe is the western region of Europe.

See Early Middle Ages and Western Europe

Western Roman Empire

In modern historiography, the Western Roman Empire was the western provinces of the Roman Empire, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court.

See Early Middle Ages and Western Roman Empire

Western Turkic Khaganate

The Western Turkic Khaganate or Onoq Khaganate (Ten arrow people) was a Turkic khaganate in Eurasia, formed as a result of the wars in the beginning of the 7th century (593–603 CE) after the split of the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century on the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan), into a western and an eastern Khaganate.

See Early Middle Ages and Western Turkic Khaganate

6th century

The 6th century is the period from 501 through 600 in line with the Julian calendar.

See Early Middle Ages and 6th century

8th century

The 8th century is the period from 701 (represented by the Roman numerals DCCI) through 800 (DCCC) in accordance with the Julian Calendar.

See Early Middle Ages and 8th century

See also

10th century in Europe

• 10th century in Denmark
• 10th century in England
• 10th century in Ireland
• 10th century in Russia
• 10th century in Serbia
• 10th century in Wales
• Early Middle Ages
• Fatimid sack of Genoa
• Great Moravia
• House of Ingelger
• Hungarian invasions of Europe
• Middle Ages
• Muslim conquest of Sicily
• Reginarids
• Sajid dynasty
• White Croatia

10th-century disestablishments in Europe

• Early Middle Ages
• Great Moravia
• Lotharingia

6th century in Europe

• 6th century in England
• 6th century in Ireland
• Barbarian kingdoms
• Battle of Droizy
• Early Middle Ages
• Ipotești–Cândești culture
• Late antiquity
• Merovingian dynasty
• Middle Ages
• Prague-Korchak culture
• Vendel Period
• Volcanic winter of 536

6th-century establishments in Europe

• Austrasia
• Benedictines
• Early Middle Ages
• Neustria
• Pannonian Avars

7th century in Europe

• 7th century in England
• 7th century in Ireland
• Barbarian kingdoms
• Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
• Early Middle Ages
• Late antiquity
• Merovingian dynasty
• Middle Ages
• Pereshchepina Treasure
• Protofeudalism
• Rhynchinoi
• Samo's Empire
• Vendel Period

8th century in Europe

• 8th century in England
• 8th century in Ireland
• Anglo-Saxon mission
• Carolingian Empire
• Early Middle Ages
• Middle Ages
• Protofeudalism
• Salme ships
• Vendel Period

9th century in Europe

• 9th century in England
• 9th century in Ireland
• 9th century in Serbia
• 9th century in Wales
• Carolingian Empire
• Carolingian schools
• Early Middle Ages
• Great Moravia
• Hungarian invasions of Europe
• Middle Ages
• Muslim conquest of Sicily
• Sajid dynasty
• Treaty of Heiligen

Dark ages

• Byzantine Dark Ages
• Dark Ages (historiography)
• Digital dark age
• Early Middle Ages
• Greek Dark Ages
• Late Bronze Age collapse
• Middle Ages
• Migration Period
• Parthian Dark Age
• Societal collapse

Middle Ages

• Anuario de Estudios Medievales
• Ars dictaminis
• Carolingian libraries
• Chief of the King's Guard (Portugal and Castile)
• Early Middle Ages
• Feudalism
• High Middle Ages
• Historiography in the Middle Ages
• Historiography of the Middle Ages
• Holy Roman Empire
• Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris
• Knight-villein
• Late Middle Ages
• List of medieval abbreviations
• Medieval Africa
• Medieval Asia
• Medieval Islamic world
• Medieval art
• Medieval garden
• Middle Ages
• Middle Ages in popular culture
• Outline of the Middle Ages
• Post-classical history
• Religion in the Middle Ages
• Science in the Middle Ages
• The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe
• Timeline of post-classical history
• Viking Age
• Vikings
• Vilafranca (medieval town)

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages

Also known as Early European Middle Ages, Early Mediaeval, Early Medieval, Early Medieval Europe, Early Medieval Period, Early medieval history, Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages, Europe in AD 1000, Medieval dark ages.

, Bardas Phokas the Elder, Bardas Skleros, Basques, Basra, Battle of Adrianople, Battle of Cannae, Battle of Covadonga, Battle of Lechfeld, Battle of Maldon, Battle of Ongal, Battle of Roncevaux Pass, Battle of Tolbiac, Battle of Tours, Battle of Vouillé, Bede, Benedict of Nursia, Benedictines, Berbers, Biblical canon, Birka, Bishop, Black Death, Black Sea, Bobbio Abbey, Boethius, Bordeaux, Bourgeoisie, Bow and arrow, British Isles, Bruges, Bubonic plague, Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Bulgars, Burgundians, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty, Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty, Byzantine Iconoclasm, Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, Byzantium, Caesaropapism, Calabria, Caliphate, Canon law, Carolingian dynasty, Carolingian Empire, Carolingian Renaissance, Caspian Sea, Cassiodorus, Catalonia, Cathedral, Cathedral school, Caucasian Albania, Caucasus, Córdoba, Spain, Celtic Britons, Celtic Christianity, Central Asia, Chalcedonian Christianity, Charlemagne, Charles Freeman (historian), Charles Martel, Charles the Fat, Chris Wickham, Christendom, Christian monasticism, Christian philosophy, Christianisation of the Germanic peoples, Christianity, Christianity as the Roman state religion, Christianity in the Middle Ages, Christianization, Christianization of Kievan Rus', Christians, Classical antiquity, Classical education, Clement of Ohrid, Cleph, Clovis I, Cluny Abbey, Cnut, Columba, Columbanus, Common Brittonic, Consanguinity, Constantine VII, Constantinople, Conversion to Christianity, Cornwall, Corpus Juris Civilis, Council of Cannstatt, Counterurbanization, Crimea, Crimean Goths, Croats, Crop rotation, Ctesiphon, Culture of ancient Rome, Cumans, Cursus honorum, Cyprus in the Middle Ages, Cyril and Methodius, Cyrillic script, Dacia, Danube, Dark Ages (historiography), Date of Easter, David C. 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W. Southern, Radhanite, Rashidun army, Rashidun Caliphate, Ravenna, Recurve bow, Reformation, Regnal year, Rhetoric, Rhine, Ribe, Richard Hodges (archaeologist), Richard Krautheimer, Robin Lane Fox, Roman Britain, Roman Egypt, Roman Empire, Roman Gaul, Roman law, Roman legion, Roman Palestine, Roman province, Roman Syria, Roman–Persian Wars, Romance languages, Rome, Romulus Augustulus, Route from the Varangians to the Greeks, Royal court, Rule of the Dukes, Rurikids, Russia, Russo-Persian Wars, Sack of Rome (410), Saint Boniface, Saint Naum, Salic law, Samanid Empire, Sarmatians, Sasanian dynasty, Sasanian Empire, Saxons, Scandinavia, Scandinavian York, Scholasticism, Scottish Highlands, Scriptorium, Septimania, Settlement of Iceland, Shipwreck, Siege of Constantinople (626), Siege of Constantinople (674–678), Siege of Constantinople (717–718), Siege of Dorostolon, Simeon I of Bulgaria, Simony, Sindh, Slavery, Slavs, Slovenes, Smallpox, Song dynasty, Southeast Europe, Spain, Spanish March, Speculum (journal), Staraya Ladoga, Stilicho, Suebi, Sviatoslav I, Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria, Sweden, Tang dynasty, Tariq ibn Ziyad, Tertullian, Tervel of Bulgaria, The Closing of the Western Mind, Theme (Byzantine district), Theodoric the Great, Theodosius I, Theodosius II, Thervingi, Thessaloniki, Thrace, Three-field system, Tintagel, Transoxiana, Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, Treaty of Verdun, Truso, Turkic peoples, Tyrrhenian Sea, Umar, Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad state of Córdoba, University of Constantinople, Urbanization, Uthman, Valens, Vandals, Varangians, Vatican City, Veliky Novgorod, Vendel Period, Vernacular, Viking Age, Viking expansion, Vikings, Vineta, Visigothic Kingdom, Visigoths, Vladimir the Great, Volga, Volga Bulgaria, Volga trade route, Vulgar Latin, Wales, Wales in the early Middle Ages, Wessex, West Asia, West Francia, West Slavs, Western Europe, Western Roman Empire, Western Turkic Khaganate, 6th century, 8th century.

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