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Table of Contents

1. 605 relations: Abdication, Académie Française, Acapulco, Adam Smith, Afghan (ethnonym), Age of Discovery, Age of Enlightenment, Age of Revolution, Al-Andalus, Albrecht Dürer, Alchemy, All Saints' Church, Wittenberg, American pioneer, American Revolution, American Revolutionary War, Americas, André Le Nôtre, Andreas Vesalius, Anglicanism, Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, Anglo-Maratha Wars, Angus Maddison, Anne, Queen of Great Britain, Anthropology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Arabized Berber, Archduke, Ardabil, Aristarchus of Samos, Aristotelian physics, Arquebus, Artisan, Ashgate Publishing, Ashikaga shogunate, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Asia, Astrakhan Khanate, Astrology and astronomy, Astronomy, Athanasius Kircher, Atlantic slave trade, Atlantic World, Atomism, Augustinians, Aurangzeb, Avignon, Ayutthaya Kingdom, Aztec Empire, Azuchi–Momoyama period, Bakumatsu, ... Expand index (555 more) » « Shrink index

2. 15th century in Europe
3. 16th century in Europe
4. 17th century in Europe
5. 18th century in Europe
6. History of Europe by period
7. Modern history
8. World history

Abdication

Abdication is the act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority.

See Early modern period and Abdication

Académie Française

The Académie Française, also known as the French Academy, is the principal French council for matters pertaining to the French language.

See Early modern period and Académie Française

Acapulco

Acapulco de Juárez, commonly called Acapulco (Acapolco), is a city and major seaport in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific Coast of Mexico, south of Mexico City.

See Early modern period and Acapulco

Adam Smith

Adam Smith (baptised 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment.

See Early modern period and Adam Smith

Afghan (ethnonym)

The ethnonym Afghan (Dari Persian/Pashto: افغان) has been used historically to refer to the Pashtuns.

See Early modern period and Afghan (ethnonym)

Age of Discovery

The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration, was part of the early modern period and largely overlapping with the Age of Sail. Early modern period and Age of Discovery are historical eras.

See Early modern period and Age of Discovery

Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries. Early modern period and Age of Enlightenment are historical eras and history of Europe by period.

See Early modern period and Age of Enlightenment

Age of Revolution

The Age of Revolution is a period from the late-18th to the mid-19th centuries during which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in most of Europe and the Americas. Early modern period and Age of Revolution are 18th century in Europe and historical eras.

See Early modern period and Age of Revolution

Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.

See Early modern period and Al-Andalus

Albrecht Dürer

Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528),Müller, Peter O. (1993) Substantiv-Derivation in Den Schriften Albrecht Dürers, Walter de Gruyter.

See Early modern period and Albrecht Dürer

Alchemy

Alchemy (from Arabic: al-kīmiyā; from Ancient Greek: χυμεία, khumeía) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe.

See Early modern period and Alchemy

All Saints' Church, Wittenberg

All Saints' Church, commonly referred to as Schlosskirche (Castle Church) to distinguish it from the Stadtkirche (Town Church) of St.

See Early modern period and All Saints' Church, Wittenberg

American pioneer

American pioneers, also known as American settlers, were European American, Asian American and African American settlers who migrated westward from the Thirteen Colonies and later the United States of America to settle and develop areas of the nation within the continent of North America.

See Early modern period and American pioneer

American Revolution

The American Revolution was a rebellion and political movement in the Thirteen Colonies which peaked when colonists initiated an ultimately successful war for independence against the Kingdom of Great Britain.

See Early modern period and American Revolution

American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.

See Early modern period and American Revolutionary War

Americas

The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.

See Early modern period and Americas

André Le Nôtre

André Le Nôtre (12 March 1613 – 15 September 1700), originally rendered as André Le Nostre, was a French landscape architect and the principal gardener of King Louis XIV of France.

See Early modern period and André Le Nôtre

Andreas Vesalius

Andries van Wezel (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564), latinised as Andreas Vesalius, was an anatomist and physician who wrote De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (On the fabric of the human body in seven books), what is considered to be one of the most influential books on human anatomy and a major advance over the long-dominant work of Galen.

See Early modern period and Andreas Vesalius

Anglicanism

Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe.

See Early modern period and Anglicanism

Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824

The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, also known as the Treaty of London (Verdrag van Londen), was a treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in London on 17 March 1824.

See Early modern period and Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824

Anglo-Maratha Wars

Anglo-Maratha Wars may refer to.

See Early modern period and Anglo-Maratha Wars

Angus Maddison

Angus Maddison (6 December 1926 – 24 April 2010) was a distinguished British economist specialising in quantitative macro economic history, including the measurement and analysis of economic growth and development.

See Early modern period and Angus Maddison

Anne, Queen of Great Britain

Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 8 March 1702, and Queen of Great Britain and Ireland following the ratification of the Acts of Union 1707 merging the kingdoms of Scotland and England, until her death.

See Early modern period and Anne, Queen of Great Britain

Anthropology

Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans.

See Early modern period and Anthropology

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch microbiologist and microscopist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology.

See Early modern period and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Arabized Berber

Arabized Berbers are Berbers whose language is a local dialect of Arabic and whose culture is Arab culture, as a result of Arabization.

See Early modern period and Arabized Berber

Archduke

Archduke (feminine: Archduchess; German: Erzherzog, feminine form: Erzherzogin) was the title borne from 1358 by the Habsburg rulers of the Archduchy of Austria, and later by all senior members of that dynasty.

See Early modern period and Archduke

Ardabil

Ardabil (اردبیل.) is a city in northwestern Iran.

See Early modern period and Ardabil

Aristarchus of Samos

Aristarchus of Samos (Ἀρίσταρχος ὁ Σάμιος, Aristarkhos ho Samios) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center of the universe, with the Earth revolving around the Sun once a year and rotating about its axis once a day.

See Early modern period and Aristarchus of Samos

Aristotelian physics

Aristotelian physics is the form of natural philosophy described in the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC).

See Early modern period and Aristotelian physics

Arquebus

An arquebus is a form of long gun that appeared in Europe and the Ottoman Empire during the 15th century.

See Early modern period and Arquebus

Artisan

An artisan (from artisan, artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates material objects partly or entirely by hand.

See Early modern period and Artisan

Ashgate Publishing

Ashgate Publishing was an academic book and journal publisher based in Farnham (Surrey, United Kingdom).

See Early modern period and Ashgate Publishing

Ashikaga shogunate

The, also known as the, was the feudal military government of Japan during the Muromachi period from 1336 to 1573.

See Early modern period and Ashikaga shogunate

Ashikaga Yoshiaki

"Ashikaga Yoshiaki" in The New Encyclopædia Britannica.

See Early modern period and Ashikaga Yoshiaki

Asia

Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.

See Early modern period and Asia

Astrakhan Khanate

The Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar rump state of the Golden Horde.

See Early modern period and Astrakhan Khanate

Astrology and astronomy

Astrology and astronomy were archaically treated together (astrologia), but gradually distinguished through the Late Middle Ages into the Age of Reason.

See Early modern period and Astrology and astronomy

Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.

See Early modern period and Astronomy

Athanasius Kircher

Athanasius Kircher (2 May 1602 – 27 November 1680) was a German Jesuit scholar and polymath who published around 40 major works of comparative religion, geology, and medicine.

See Early modern period and Athanasius Kircher

Atlantic slave trade

The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people to the Americas.

See Early modern period and Atlantic slave trade

Atlantic World

The Atlantic World comprises the interactions among the peoples and empires bordering the Atlantic Ocean rim from the beginning of the Age of Discovery to the early 19th century.

See Early modern period and Atlantic World

Atomism

Atomism (from Greek ἄτομον, atomon, i.e. "uncuttable, indivisible") is a natural philosophy proposing that the physical universe is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as atoms.

See Early modern period and Atomism

Augustinians

Augustinians are members of several religious orders that follow the Rule of Saint Augustine, written in about 400 AD by Augustine of Hippo.

See Early modern period and Augustinians

Aurangzeb

Muhi al-Din Muhammad (3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707), commonly known as italics, was the sixth Mughal emperor, reigning from 1658 until his death in 1707.

See Early modern period and Aurangzeb

Avignon

Avignon (Provençal or Avignoun,; Avenio) is the prefecture of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France.

See Early modern period and Avignon

Ayutthaya Kingdom

The Ayutthaya Kingdom (อยุธยา,, IAST: or) or the Empire of Ayutthaya was a Mon and later Siamese kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand.

See Early modern period and Ayutthaya Kingdom

Aztec Empire

The Aztec Empire or the Triple Alliance (Ēxcān Tlahtōlōyān, ˈjéːʃkaːn̥ t͡ɬaʔtoːˈlóːjaːn̥) was an alliance of three Nahua city-states: italic, italic, and italic.

See Early modern period and Aztec Empire

Azuchi–Momoyama period

The was the final phase of the in Japanese history from 1568 to 1600.

See Early modern period and Azuchi–Momoyama period

Bakumatsu

was the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate ended.

See Early modern period and Bakumatsu

Balance of power (international relations)

The balance of power theory in international relations suggests that states may secure their survival by preventing any one state from gaining enough military power to dominate all others.

See Early modern period and Balance of power (international relations)

Baptism

Baptism (from immersion, dipping in water) is a Christian sacrament of initiation almost invariably with the use of water.

See Early modern period and Baptism

Barnabites

The Barnabites (Barnabitum), officially named as the Clerics Regular of Saint Paul (Clerici Regulares Sancti Pauli.), are a religious order of clerics regular founded in 1530 in the Catholic Church.

See Early modern period and Barnabites

Baruch Spinoza

Baruch (de) Spinoza (24 November 163221 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin.

See Early modern period and Baruch Spinoza

Battle of Bosworth Field

The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York that extended across England in the latter half of the 15th century.

See Early modern period and Battle of Bosworth Field

Battle of Grotniki

The Battle of Grotniki took place either on 4 or 6 May 1439 in the vicinity of Grotniki Duże, a village near Nowy Korczyn, currently in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship.

See Early modern period and Battle of Grotniki

Battle of Gulnabad

The Battle of Gulnabad was fought between the military forces from Hotaki Dynasty and the army of the Safavid Empire on Sunday, March 8, 1722.

See Early modern period and Battle of Gulnabad

Battle of Plassey

The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company, under the leadership of Robert Clive, over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757.

See Early modern period and Battle of Plassey

Battle of Sekigahara

The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: 関ヶ原の戦い; Kyūjitai: 關ヶ原の戰い, Hepburn romanization: Sekigahara no Tatakai), was a historical battle in Japan which occurred on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu Prefecture, Japan, at the end of the Sengoku period.

See Early modern period and Battle of Sekigahara

Bavaria

Bavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a state in the southeast of Germany.

See Early modern period and Bavaria

Beauvais

Beauvais (Bieuvais) is a town and commune in northern France, and prefecture of the Oise département, in the Hauts-de-France region, north of Paris.

See Early modern period and Beauvais

Beijing

Beijing, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital of China.

See Early modern period and Beijing

Bengal

Geographical distribution of the Bengali language Bengal (Bôṅgo) or endonym Bangla (Bāṅlā) is a historical geographical, ethnolinguistic and cultural term referring to a region in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal.

See Early modern period and Bengal

Bengal Subah

The Bengal Subah, also referred to as Mughal Bengal, was the largest subdivision of the Mughal Empire encompassing much of the Bengal region, which includes modern-day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal, and some parts of the present-day Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha between the 16th and 18th centuries.

See Early modern period and Bengal Subah

Bifocals

Bifocals are eyeglasses with two distinct optical powers.

See Early modern period and Bifocals

Bihar

Bihar is a state in Eastern India.

See Early modern period and Bihar

Binomial nomenclature

In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.

See Early modern period and Binomial nomenclature

Black Army of Hungary

The Black Army (Fekete sereg, pronounced, Latin: Legio Nigra), also called the Black Legion/Regiment – were the military forces serving under the reign of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary.

See Early modern period and Black Army of Hungary

Blasphemy

Blasphemy refers to an insult that shows contempt, disrespect or lack of reverence concerning a deity, an object considered sacred, or something considered inviolable.

See Early modern period and Blasphemy

Borneo

Borneo (also known as Kalimantan in the Indonesian language) is the third-largest island in the world, with an area of.

See Early modern period and Borneo

Boyle's law

Boyle's law, also referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law or Mariotte's law (especially in France), is an empirical gas law that describes the relationship between pressure and volume of a confined gas.

See Early modern period and Boyle's law

British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

See Early modern period and British Empire

British Raj

The British Raj (from Hindustani, 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent,.

See Early modern period and British Raj

Caesar (title)

Caesar (English Caesars; Latin Caesares; in Greek: Καῖσαρ Kaîsar) is a title of imperial character.

See Early modern period and Caesar (title)

Canon law

Canon law (from κανών, kanon, a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members.

See Early modern period and Canon law

Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

See Early modern period and Capitalism

Cardinal Mazarin

Jules Mazarin (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarini; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), from 1641 known as Cardinal Mazarin, was an Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 to his death. After serving as a papal diplomat for Pope Urban VIII, Mazarin offered his diplomatic services to Cardinal Richelieu and moved to Paris in 1640.

See Early modern period and Cardinal Mazarin

Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,Blunt (2004), p. 171.

See Early modern period and Carl Linnaeus

Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

See Early modern period and Catholic Church

Celestial spheres

The celestial spheres, or celestial orbs, were the fundamental entities of the cosmological models developed by Plato, Eudoxus, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, and others.

See Early modern period and Celestial spheres

Censorship

Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information.

See Early modern period and Censorship

Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

See Early modern period and Central Asia

Charles Le Brun

Charles Le Brun (baptised 24 February 1619 – 12 February 1690) was a French painter, physiognomist, art theorist, and a director of several art schools of his time.

See Early modern period and Charles Le Brun

Charles the Bold

Charles Martin (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), called The Bold, was the last Duke of Burgundy from the Burgundian cadet branch of the House of Valois from 1467 to 1477.

See Early modern period and Charles the Bold

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

See Early modern period and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Chemical revolution

In the history of chemistry, the chemical revolution, also called the first chemical revolution, was the reformulation of chemistry during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which culminated in the law of conservation of mass and the oxygen theory of combustion.

See Early modern period and Chemical revolution

Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.

See Early modern period and Chemistry

China proper

China proper, also called Inner China are terms used primarily in the West in reference to the traditional "core" regions of China centered in the southeast.

See Early modern period and China proper

Chinese culture

Chinese culture is one of the world's oldest cultures, originating thousands of years ago.

See Early modern period and Chinese culture

Chongzhen Emperor

The Chongzhen Emperor (6 February 1611 – 25 April 1644), personal name Zhu Youjian, courtesy name Deyue (德約),Wang Yuan (王源)，Ju ye tang wen ji (《居業堂文集》), vol.

See Early modern period and Chongzhen Emperor

Christendom

Christendom refers to Christian states, Christian-majority countries or countries in which Christianity is dominant or prevails.

See Early modern period and Christendom

Christian denomination

A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity that comprises all church congregations of the same kind, identifiable by traits such as a name, particular history, organization, leadership, theological doctrine, worship style and, sometimes, a founder.

See Early modern period and Christian denomination

Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

See Early modern period and Christianity

Christopher Bayly

Sir Christopher Alan Bayly, FBA, FRSL (18 May 1945 – 18 April 2015) was a British historian specialising in British Imperial, Indian and global history.

See Early modern period and Christopher Bayly

Church of Christ

Church of Christ may refer to.

See Early modern period and Church of Christ

Circulatory system

The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.

See Early modern period and Circulatory system

City-state

A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory.

See Early modern period and City-state

Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire

The Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire (Klasik Çağ) concerns the history of the Ottoman Empire from the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 until the second half of the sixteenth century, roughly the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566).

See Early modern period and Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire

Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin. Early modern period and classical antiquity are historical eras and history of Europe by period.

See Early modern period and Classical antiquity

Classical economics

Classical economics, classical political economy, or Smithian economics is a school of thought in political economy that flourished, primarily in Britain, in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th century.

See Early modern period and Classical economics

Classical element

The classical elements typically refer to earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances.

See Early modern period and Classical element

Claude Perrault

Claude Perrault (25 September 1613 – 9 October 1688) was a French physician and amateur architect, best known for his participation in the design of the east façade of the Louvre in Paris.

See Early modern period and Claude Perrault

Claudio Monteverdi

Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (baptized 15 May 1567 – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string player.

See Early modern period and Claudio Monteverdi

Clément Marot

Clément Marot (23 November 1496 – 12 September 1544) was a French Renaissance poet.

See Early modern period and Clément Marot

Cogito, ergo sum

The Latin cogito, ergo sum, usually translated into English as "I think, therefore I am", is the "first principle" of René Descartes's philosophy.

See Early modern period and Cogito, ergo sum

Collège de France

The, formerly known as the or as the Collège impérial founded in 1530 by François I, is a higher education and research establishment in France.

See Early modern period and Collège de France

Colonial empire

A colonial empire is a collective of territories (often called colonies), either contiguous with the imperial center or located overseas, settled by the population of a certain state and governed by that state.

See Early modern period and Colonial empire

Columbian exchange

The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) in the Eastern Hemisphere, in the late 15th and following centuries.

See Early modern period and Columbian exchange

Commercial revolution

In European history, the commercial revolution saw the development of a European economy – based on trade – which began in the 11th century AD and operated until the advent of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century. Early modern period and commercial revolution are history of Europe by period.

See Early modern period and Commercial revolution

Common descent

Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time.

See Early modern period and Common descent

Company rule in India

Company rule in India (sometimes Company Raj, from lit) was the rule of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent.

See Early modern period and Company rule in India

Compass

A compass is a device that shows the cardinal directions used for navigation and geographic orientation.

See Early modern period and Compass

Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.

See Early modern period and Congress of Vienna

Conservation of mass

In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as the system's mass cannot change, so the quantity can neither be added nor be removed.

See Early modern period and Conservation of mass

Copernican Revolution

The Copernican Revolution was the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe, to the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

See Early modern period and Copernican Revolution

Corpus Juris Civilis

The Corpus Juris (or Iuris) Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, enacted from 529 to 534 by order of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. It is also sometimes referred to metonymically after one of its parts, the Code of Justinian.

See Early modern period and Corpus Juris Civilis

Corpuscularianism

Corpuscularianism, also known as corpuscularism, is a set of theories that explain natural transformations as a result of the interaction of particles (minima naturalia, partes exiles, partes parvae, particulae, and semina).

See Early modern period and Corpuscularianism

Cosmology

Cosmology is a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe, the cosmos.

See Early modern period and Cosmology

Cossacks

The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic Orthodox Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia.

See Early modern period and Cossacks

Coulomb's law

Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's law, is an experimental law of physics that calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest.

See Early modern period and Coulomb's law

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent (Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.

See Early modern period and Council of Trent

Counter-Enlightenment

The Counter-Enlightenment refers to a loose collection of intellectual stances that arose during the European Enlightenment in opposition to its mainstream attitudes and ideals.

See Early modern period and Counter-Enlightenment

Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time.

See Early modern period and Counter-Reformation

Coup of 18 Brumaire

The coup of 18 Brumaire brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France.

See Early modern period and Coup of 18 Brumaire

Crane (machine)

A crane is a machine used to move materials both vertically and horizontally, utilizing a system of a boom, hoist, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves for lifting and relocating heavy objects within the swing of its boom.

See Early modern period and Crane (machine)

Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.

See Early modern period and Crusades

Cuisine in the early modern world

Cuisine in the early modern world varied through the location and the resources available.

See Early modern period and Cuisine in the early modern world

Cuius regio, eius religio

Cuius regio, eius religio is a Latin phrase which literally means "whose realm, their religion" – meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled.

See Early modern period and Cuius regio, eius religio

Daimyo

were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings.

See Early modern period and Daimyo

De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem

De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (Latin, "On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books") is a set of books on human anatomy written by Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) and published in 1543.

See Early modern period and De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (English translation: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) of the Polish Renaissance.

See Early modern period and De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

Dejima

or Deshima, in the 17th century also called Tsukishima (築島, "built island"), was an artificial island off Nagasaki, Japan that served as a trading post for the Portuguese (1570–1639) and subsequently the Dutch (1641–1854). For 220 years, it was the central conduit for foreign trade and cultural exchange with Japan during the isolationist Edo period (1600–1869), and the only Japanese territory open to Westerners.

See Early modern period and Dejima

Denis Diderot

Denis Diderot (5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.

See Early modern period and Denis Diderot

Dentistry

Dentistry, also known as dental medicine and oral medicine, is the branch of medicine focused on the teeth, gums, and mouth.

See Early modern period and Dentistry

Diet of Augsburg

The diets of Augsburg were the meetings of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in the German city of Augsburg.

See Early modern period and Diet of Augsburg

Diet of Speyer (1526)

The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer I) was an Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in 1526 in the Imperial City of Speyer in present-day Germany.

See Early modern period and Diet of Speyer (1526)

Diet of Worms

The Diet of Worms of 1521 (Reichstag zu Worms) was an imperial diet (a formal deliberative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire called by Emperor Charles V and conducted in the Imperial Free City of Worms.

See Early modern period and Diet of Worms

Diplomacy

Diplomacy comprises spoken or written communication by representatives of state, intergovernmental, or non-governmental institutions intended to influence events in the international system.

See Early modern period and Diplomacy

Discalced Carmelites

The Discalced Carmelites, known officially as the Order of the Discalced Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel (Ordo Fratrum Carmelitarum Discalceatorum Beatae Mariae Virginis de Monte Carmelo) or the Order of Discalced Carmelites (Ordo Carmelitarum Discalceatorum; abbrev.: OCD; sometimes called in earlier times, Ordo Carmelitarum Excalceatorum), is a Catholic mendicant order with roots in the eremitic tradition of the Desert Fathers.

See Early modern period and Discalced Carmelites

Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire

The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire occurred de facto on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, abdicated his title and released all Imperial states and officials from their oaths and obligations to the empire.

See Early modern period and Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire

Djenné

Djenné (Jɛ̀nɛ́; also known as Djénné, Jenné, and Jenne) is a Songhai town and urban commune in the Inland Niger Delta region of central Mali.

See Early modern period and Djenné

Dorgon

Dorgon (17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650), was a Manchu prince and regent of the early Qing dynasty.

See Early modern period and Dorgon

Duchy of Burgundy

The Duchy of Burgundy (Ducatus Burgundiae; Duché de Bourgogne) emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians, which after its conquest in 532 had formed a constituent part of the Frankish Empire.

See Early modern period and Duchy of Burgundy

Duchy of Savoy

The Duchy of Savoy (Ducato di Savoia; Duché de Savoie) was a territorial entity of the Savoyard state that existed from 1416 until 1847 and was a possession of the House of Savoy.

See Early modern period and Duchy of Savoy

Duke of Burgundy

Duke of Burgundy (duc de Bourgogne) was a title used by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, from its establishment in 843 to its annexation by the French crown in 1477, and later by members of the House of Habsburg, including Holy Roman Emperors and kings of Spain, who claimed Burgundy proper and ruled the Burgundian Netherlands.

See Early modern period and Duke of Burgundy

Durrani Empire

The Durrani Empire, or the Afghan Empire, also known as the Sadozai Kingdom, was an Afghan empire founded by the Durrani tribe of Pashtuns under Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, which spanned parts of Central Asia, the Iranian plateau, and the Indian subcontinent.

See Early modern period and Durrani Empire

Dutch colonial empire

The Dutch colonial empire (Nederlandse koloniale rijk) comprised the overseas territories and trading posts controlled and administered by Dutch chartered companies—mainly the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company—and subsequently by the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), and by the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands after 1815.

See Early modern period and Dutch colonial empire

Dutch Republic

The United Provinces of the Netherlands, officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden) and commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.

See Early modern period and Dutch Republic

Dynasties of China

For most of its history, China was organized into various dynastic states under the rule of hereditary monarchs.

See Early modern period and Dynasties of China

Early modern warfare

Early modern warfare is the era of warfare following medieval warfare.

See Early modern period and Early modern warfare

Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

See Early modern period and Earth

East India Company

The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874.

See Early modern period and East India Company

Eastern Canada

Eastern Canada (Est du Canada, also the Eastern provinces, Canadian East or the East) is generally considered to be the region of Canada south of Hudson Bay/Hudson Strait and east of Manitoba, consisting of the following provinces (from east to west): Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario.

See Early modern period and Eastern Canada

Economic history

Economic history is the study of history using methodological tools from economics or with a special attention to economic phenomena.

See Early modern period and Economic history

Edo

Edo (江戸||"bay-entrance" or "estuary"), also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo.

See Early modern period and Edo

Edo Castle

is a flatland castle that was built in 1457 by Ōta Dōkan in Edo, Toshima District, Musashi Province.

See Early modern period and Edo Castle

Edo period

The, also known as the, is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional daimyo.

See Early modern period and Edo period

Edo society

Edo society refers to the society of Japan under the rule of the Tokugawa Shogunate during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868.

See Early modern period and Edo society

Edward Jenner

Edward Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines and created the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.

See Early modern period and Edward Jenner

Electorate of Saxony

The Electorate of Saxony, also known as Electoral Saxony (Kurfürstentum Sachsen or), was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356–1806.

See Early modern period and Electorate of Saxony

Electric battery

An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices.

See Early modern period and Electric battery

Electrical conductor

In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge (electric current) in one or more directions.

See Early modern period and Electrical conductor

Electrical telegraph

Electrical telegraphy is a point-to-point text messaging system, primarily used from the 1840s until the late 20th century.

See Early modern period and Electrical telegraph

Electricity

Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter possessing an electric charge.

See Early modern period and Electricity

Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change.

See Early modern period and Electrochemistry

Electrostatic generator

An electrostatic generator, or electrostatic machine, is an electrical generator that produces static electricity, or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current.

See Early modern period and Electrostatic generator

Empiricism

In philosophy, empiricism is an epistemological view which holds that true knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience and empirical evidence.

See Early modern period and Empiricism

Encyclopédie

Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts, better known as Encyclopédie, was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations.

See Early modern period and Encyclopédie

England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

See Early modern period and England

English Civil War

The English Civil War refers to a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom of England from 1642 to 1651.

See Early modern period and English Civil War

English Reformation

The English Reformation took place in 16th-century England when the Church of England was forced by its monarchs and elites to break away from the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church.

See Early modern period and English Reformation

Enlightenment in Spain

The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment (Ilustración) came to Spain in the 18th century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700.

See Early modern period and Enlightenment in Spain

Epistemology

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge.

See Early modern period and Epistemology

Ethics

Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena.

See Early modern period and Ethics

Eurasian Steppe

The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or The Steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome.

See Early modern period and Eurasian Steppe

Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

See Early modern period and Europe

European colonization of the Americas

During the Age of Discovery, a large scale colonization of the Americas, involving a number of European countries, took place primarily between the late 15th century and the early 19th century.

See Early modern period and European colonization of the Americas

European wars of religion

The European wars of religion were a series of wars waged in Europe during the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries. Early modern period and European wars of religion are 16th century in Europe, 17th century in Europe and 18th century in Europe.

See Early modern period and European wars of religion

Evolution

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

See Early modern period and Evolution

Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus

Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Latin, 'An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Living Beings'), commonly called De Motu Cordis, is the best-known work of the physician William Harvey, which was first published in 1628 and established the circulation of blood throughout the body.

See Early modern period and Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus

Fall of Constantinople

The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire.

See Early modern period and Fall of Constantinople

Farmer

A farmer is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials.

See Early modern period and Farmer

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials (such as iron) that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, allowing the material to form a permanent magnet.

See Early modern period and Ferromagnetism

Feudalism

Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries.

See Early modern period and Feudalism

First Toungoo Empire

The First Toungoo Empire (တောင်ငူ ခေတ်,; also known as the First Toungoo Dynasty, the Second Burmese Empire or simply the Toungoo Empire) was the dominant power in mainland Southeast Asia in the second half of the 16th century.

See Early modern period and First Toungoo Empire

Fixed stars

In astronomy, the fixed stars (stellae fixae) are the luminary points, mainly stars, that appear not to move relative to one another against the darkness of the night sky in the background.

See Early modern period and Fixed stars

Floating dock (impounded)

A floating dock, floating harbour or wet dock is a dock alongside a tidal waterway which maintains a 'constant' level, despite the changing tides.

See Early modern period and Floating dock (impounded)

Fluid theory of electricity

Fluid theories of electricity are outdated theories that postulated one or more electrical fluids which were thought to be responsible for many electrical phenomena in the history of electromagnetism.

See Early modern period and Fluid theory of electricity

Fossil

A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.

See Early modern period and Fossil

François Rabelais

François Rabelais (born between 1483 and 1494; died 1553) was a French writer who has been called the first great French prose author.

See Early modern period and François Rabelais

Francis I of France

Francis I (er|; Françoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547.

See Early modern period and Francis I of France

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis II and I (Franz II.; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor as Francis II from 1792 to 1806, and the first Emperor of Austria as Francis I from 1804 to 1835.

See Early modern period and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

Franklin stove

The Franklin stove is a metal-lined fireplace named after Benjamin Franklin, who invented it in 1742.

See Early modern period and Franklin stove

Franz von Sickingen

Franz von Sickingen (2 March 14817 May 1523) was a knight of the Holy Roman Empire who, with Ulrich von Hutten, led the so-called "Knights' War," and was one of the most notable figures of the early period of the Protestant Reformation.

See Early modern period and Franz von Sickingen

Frederick III, Elector of Saxony

Frederick III (17 January 1463 – 5 May 1525), also known as Frederick the Wise (German: Friedrich der Weise), was Prince-elector of Saxony from 1486 to 1525, who is mostly remembered for the protection given to his subject Martin Luther, the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation.

See Early modern period and Frederick III, Elector of Saxony

Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick III (German: Friedrich III, 21 September 1415 – 19 August 1493) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 until his death in 1493.

See Early modern period and Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick the Great

Frederick II (Friedrich II.; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was the monarch of Prussia from 1740 until 1786.

See Early modern period and Frederick the Great

French art salons and academies

From the seventeenth century to the early part of the twentieth century, artistic production in France was controlled by artistic academies which organized official exhibitions called salons.

See Early modern period and French art salons and academies

French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

See Early modern period and French Revolution

French school of spirituality

The French school of spirituality was the principal devotional influence within the Catholic Church from the mid-17th century through the mid-20th century, not only in France but throughout the Church in most of the world.

See Early modern period and French school of spirituality

Galen

Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 – 216 AD), often anglicized as Galen or Galen of Pergamon, was a Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher.

See Early modern period and Galen

Galileo Galilei

Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei or simply Galileo, was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath.

See Early modern period and Galileo Galilei

Galvanism

Galvanism is a term invented by the late 18th-century physicist and chemist Alessandro Volta to refer to the generation of electric current by chemical action.

See Early modern period and Galvanism

Gao

Gao, or Gawgaw/Kawkaw, is a city in Mali and the capital of the Gao Region.

See Early modern period and Gao

Gaspard Bauhin

Gaspard Bauhin or Caspar Bauhin (Casparus Bauhinus; 17 January 1560 – 5 December 1624), was a Swiss botanist whose Pinax theatri botanici (1623) described thousands of plants and classified them in a manner that draws comparisons to the later binomial nomenclature of Linnaeus.

See Early modern period and Gaspard Bauhin

Götz von Berlichingen

Gottfried "Götz" von Berlichingen (15 November 1480 – 23 July 1562), also known as Götz of the Iron Hand, was a German (Franconian) Imperial Knight (Reichsritter), mercenary and poet.

See Early modern period and Götz von Berlichingen

Geneva

Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.

See Early modern period and Geneva

Genoa

Genoa (Genova,; Zêna) is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria, and the sixth-largest city in Italy.

See Early modern period and Genoa

Geocentric model

In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, often exemplified specifically by the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center.

See Early modern period and Geocentric model

Geology

Geology is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time.

See Early modern period and Geology

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, and cosmologist.

See Early modern period and Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

Germ theory of disease

The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases.

See Early modern period and Germ theory of disease

German philosophy

German philosophy, meaning philosophy in the German language or philosophy by German people, in its diversity, is fundamental for both the analytic and continental traditions.

See Early modern period and German philosophy

Ghazi (warrior)

A ghazi (غازي,, plural ġuzāt) is an individual who participated in ghazw (غزو, ġazw), meaning military expeditions or raiding.

See Early modern period and Ghazi (warrior)

Gibbeting

Gibbeting is the use of a gallows-type structure from which the dead or dying bodies of criminals were hanged on public display to deter other existing or potential criminals.

See Early modern period and Gibbeting

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (between 3 February 1525 and 2 February 1526 – 2 February 1594) was an Italian composer of late Renaissance music.

See Early modern period and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

Glorious Revolution

The Glorious Revolution is the sequence of events that led to the deposition of James II and VII in November 1688.

See Early modern period and Glorious Revolution

Goa

Goa is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region, geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats.

See Early modern period and Goa

Gojong of Korea

Gojong (8 September 1852 – 21 January 1919), personal name Yi Myeongbok, later Yi Hui, also known as the Gwangmu Emperor, was the penultimate Korean monarch.

See Early modern period and Gojong of Korea

Golden Age of Piracy

The Golden Age of Piracy is a common designation for the period between the 1650s and the 1730s, when maritime piracy was a significant factor in the histories of the North Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Early modern period and Golden Age of Piracy are historical eras.

See Early modern period and Golden Age of Piracy

Golden Horde

The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (in Kipchak Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.

See Early modern period and Golden Horde

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (– 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.

See Early modern period and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Government of India Act 1858

The Government of India Act 1857 (21 & 22 Vict. c. 106) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed on 2 August 1858.

See Early modern period and Government of India Act 1858

Governor-General of India

The governor-general of India (1833 to 1950, from 1858 to 1947 the viceroy and governor-general of India, commonly shortened to viceroy of India) was the representative of the monarch of the United Kingdom in their capacity as the Emperor/Empress of India and after Indian independence in 1947, the representative of the Monarch of India.

See Early modern period and Governor-General of India

Gravity

In physics, gravity is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things that have mass.

See Early modern period and Gravity

Great chain of being

The great chain of being is a hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought by medieval Christianity to have been decreed by God.

See Early modern period and Great chain of being

Great Divergence

The Great Divergence or European miracle is the socioeconomic shift in which the Western world (i.e. Western Europe and the parts of the New World where its people became the dominant populations) overcame pre-modern growth constraints and emerged during the 19th century as the most powerful and wealthy world civilizations, eclipsing previously dominant or comparable civilizations from the Middle East and Asia such as Qing China, Mughal India, the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Iran, and Tokugawa Japan, among others.

See Early modern period and Great Divergence

Guangzhou

Guangzhou, previously romanized as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China.

See Early modern period and Guangzhou

Guillaume Budé

Guillaume Budé (Latinized as Guilielmus Budaeus; January 26, 1467 – August 20, 1540) was a French scholar and humanist.

See Early modern period and Guillaume Budé

Guillaume Du Fay

Guillaume Du Fay (also Dufay, Du Fayt; 5 August 1397(?) – 27 November 1474) was a composer and music theorist of early Renaissance music, who is variously described as French or Franco-Flemish.

See Early modern period and Guillaume Du Fay

Gunpowder empires

The gunpowder empires, or Islamic gunpowder empires, is a collective term coined by Marshall G. S. Hodgson and William H. McNeill at the University of Chicago, referring to three early modern Muslim empires: the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire and the Mughal Empire, in the period they flourished from mid-16th to the early 18th century.

See Early modern period and Gunpowder empires

Han Chinese

The Han Chinese or the Han people, or colloquially known as the Chinese are an East Asian ethnic group native to Greater China.

See Early modern period and Han Chinese

Hangul

The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Hangeul in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern writing system for the Korean language.

See Early modern period and Hangul

Hegemony

Hegemony is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states, either regional or global.

See Early modern period and Hegemony

Heinrich Isaac

Heinrich Isaac (ca. 1450 – 26 March 1517) was a Netherlandish composer of south Netherlandish origin during the Renaissance era.

See Early modern period and Heinrich Isaac

Heliocentrism

Heliocentrism (also known as the heliocentric model) is a superseded astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe.

See Early modern period and Heliocentrism

Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne

Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne (11 September 161127 July 1675), commonly known as Turenne, was a French general and one of only six Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France.

See Early modern period and Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne

Henry VII of England

Henry VII (28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509.

See Early modern period and Henry VII of England

Heresy in Christianity

Heresy in Christianity denotes the formal denial or doubt of a core doctrine of the Christian faith as defined by one or more of the Christian churches.

See Early modern period and Heresy in Christianity

Hierarchy

A hierarchy (from Greek:, from, 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another.

See Early modern period and Hierarchy

Hindus

Hindus (also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma.

See Early modern period and Hindus

Hindustan

Hindūstān is a name for India, broadly referring to the entirety or northern half of the Indian subcontinent.

See Early modern period and Hindustan

Historical Association

The Historical Association is a membership organisation of historians and scholars founded in 1906 and based in London.

See Early modern period and Historical Association

Historical linguistics

Historical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time.

See Early modern period and Historical linguistics

History of electromagnetic theory

The history of electromagnetic theory begins with ancient measures to understand atmospheric electricity, in particular lightning.

See Early modern period and History of electromagnetic theory

History of Europe

The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500).

See Early modern period and History of Europe

History of evolutionary thought

Evolutionary thought, the recognition that species change over time and the perceived understanding of how such processes work, has roots in antiquity—in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Church Fathers as well as in medieval Islamic science.

See Early modern period and History of evolutionary thought

History of geology

The history of geology is concerned with the development of the natural science of geology.

See Early modern period and History of geology

History of optics

Optics began with the development of lenses by the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians, followed by theories on light and vision developed by ancient Greek philosophers, and the development of geometrical optics in the Greco-Roman world.

See Early modern period and History of optics

History of science

The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present.

See Early modern period and History of science

History of technology

The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques by humans.

See Early modern period and History of technology

History of the Incas

The Incas were most notable for establishing the Inca Empire which was centered in modern-day South America in Peru and Chile.

See Early modern period and History of the Incas

Holy orders in the Catholic Church

The sacrament of holy orders in the Catholic Church includes three orders: bishops, priests, and deacons, in decreasing order of rank, collectively comprising the clergy.

See Early modern period and Holy orders in the Catholic Church

Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Early modern period and Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

See Early modern period and Holy Roman Empire

Hotak

The Hotak (هوتک) or Hotaki (هوتکي) is a tribe of the Ghilji confederacy of the Pashtun people who live mainly in Afghanistan.

See Early modern period and Hotak

House of Valois

The Capetian house of Valois (also) was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.

See Early modern period and House of Valois

Human history

Human history is the development of humankind from prehistory to the present. Early modern period and human history are world history.

See Early modern period and Human history

Humorism

Humorism, the humoral theory, or humoralism, was a system of medicine detailing a supposed makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by Ancient Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers.

See Early modern period and Humorism

Hussite Wars

The Hussite Wars, also called the Bohemian Wars or the Hussite Revolution, were a series of civil wars fought between the Hussites and the combined Catholic forces of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, the Papacy, and European monarchs loyal to the Catholic Church, as well as various Hussite factions. Early modern period and Hussite Wars are 15th century in Europe.

See Early modern period and Hussite Wars

Hussites

Catholic crusaders in the 15th century The Lands of the Bohemian Crown during the Hussite Wars. The movement began in Prague and quickly spread south and then through the rest of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Eventually, it expanded into the remaining domains of the Bohemian Crown as well. The Hussites (Czech: Husité or Kališníci, "Chalice People"; Latin: Hussitae) were a Czech proto-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of reformer Jan Hus (fl.

See Early modern period and Hussites

Hyacinthe Rigaud

Jacint Rigau-Ros i Serra (18 July 1659 – 29 December 1743), known in French as Hyacinthe Rigaud, was a Catalan-French baroque painter most famous for his portraits of Louis XIV and other members of the French nobility.

See Early modern period and Hyacinthe Rigaud

Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.

See Early modern period and Immanuel Kant

India Office

The India Office was a British government department in London established in 1858 to oversee the administration of the Provinces of India, through the British viceroy and other officials.

See Early modern period and India Office

Indian Rebellion of 1857

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown.

See Early modern period and Indian Rebellion of 1857

Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

See Early modern period and Indian subcontinent

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

See Early modern period and Indo-European languages

Indo-Persian culture

Indo-Persian culture refers to a cultural synthesis present on the Indian subcontinent.

See Early modern period and Indo-Persian culture

Indulgence

In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence (from indulgeo, 'permit') is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for (forgiven) sins".

See Early modern period and Indulgence

Inflation

In economics, inflation is a general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy.

See Early modern period and Inflation

Injo of Joseon

Injo (7 December 1595 – 17 June 1649), personal name Yi Jong, was the 16th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea.

See Early modern period and Injo of Joseon

Inquisition

The Inquisition was a judicial procedure and a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, apostasy, blasphemy, witchcraft, and customs considered deviant.

See Early modern period and Inquisition

Insulator (electricity)

An electrical insulator is a material in which electric current does not flow freely.

See Early modern period and Insulator (electricity)

Intellectual

An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society, and who proposes solutions for its normative problems.

See Early modern period and Intellectual

International law

International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards that states and other actors feel an obligation to obey in their mutual relations and generally do obey.

See Early modern period and International law

Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

See Early modern period and Iran

Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.

See Early modern period and Isaac Newton

Islamic state

An Islamic state has a form of government based on sharia law.

See Early modern period and Islamic state

Isolationism

Isolationism is a term used to refer to a political philosophy advocating a foreign policy that opposes involvement in the political affairs, and especially the wars, of other countries.

See Early modern period and Isolationism

Italian Peninsula

The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana), also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula or Italian Boot, is a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south, which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City.

See Early modern period and Italian Peninsula

Ivan the Terrible

Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Иван IV Васильевич; 25 August 1530 –), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1533 to 1547, and the first Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584.

See Early modern period and Ivan the Terrible

Jabir ibn Hayyan

Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Arabic: أَبو موسى جابِر بِن حَيّان, variously called al-Ṣūfī, al-Azdī, al-Kūfī, or al-Ṭūsī), died 806−816, is the purported author of a large number of works in Arabic, often called the Jabirian corpus.

See Early modern period and Jabir ibn Hayyan

James Hutton

James Hutton (3 June O.S. 1726 – 26 March 1797) was a Scottish geologist, agriculturalist, chemical manufacturer, naturalist and physician.

See Early modern period and James Hutton

James Lockhart (historian)

James Lockhart (born April 8, 1933 - January 17, 2014) was a U.S. historian of colonial Spanish America, especially the Nahua people and Nahuatl language.

See Early modern period and James Lockhart (historian)

Jan Hus

Jan Hus (1370 – 6 July 1415), sometimes anglicized as John Hus or John Huss, and referred to in historical texts as Iohannes Hus or Johannes Huss, was a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a Church reformer and the inspiration of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism, and a seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation.

See Early modern period and Jan Hus

Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

The Japanese invasions of Korea, commonly known as the Imjin War, involved two separate yet linked invasions: an initial invasion in 1592, a brief truce in 1596, and a second invasion in 1597.

See Early modern period and Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Java

Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia.

See Early modern period and Java

Jean de La Fontaine

Jean de La Fontaine (8 July 162113 April 1695) was a French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century.

See Early modern period and Jean de La Fontaine

Jean Racine

Jean-Baptiste Racine (22 December 1639 – 21 April 1699) was a French dramatist, one of the three great playwrights of 17th-century France, along with Molière and Corneille as well as an important literary figure in the Western tradition and world literature.

See Early modern period and Jean Racine

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) was a French statesman who served as First Minister of State from 1661 until his death in 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV.

See Early modern period and Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Jean-Baptiste Lully

Jean-Baptiste Lully (– 22 March 1687) was a French composer, dancer and instrumentalist of Italian birth, who is considered a master of the French Baroque music style.

See Early modern period and Jean-Baptiste Lully

Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

See Early modern period and Jesuits

Jesus

Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.

See Early modern period and Jesus

Johannes Gutenberg

Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (– 3 February 1468) was a German inventor and craftsman who invented the movable-type printing press.

See Early modern period and Johannes Gutenberg

Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music.

See Early modern period and Johannes Kepler

John Hunyadi

John Hunyadi (– 11 August 1456) was a leading Hungarian military and political figure during the 15th century, who served as regent of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1446 to 1453, under the minor Ladislaus V. According to most contemporary sources, he was the member of a noble family of Wallachian ancestry.

See Early modern period and John Hunyadi

John Locke

John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism".

See Early modern period and John Locke

John of Capistrano

John of Capistrano, OFM (San Giovanni da Capestrano, Kapisztrán János, Jan Kapistran, Ivan Kapistran; 24 June 1386 – 23 October 1456) was a Franciscan friar and Catholic priest from the Italian town of Capestrano, Abruzzo.

See Early modern period and John of Capistrano

Johor Sultanate

The Johor Sultanate (Kesultanan Johor or کسلطانن جوهر; also called the Sultanate of Johor, Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga, or the Johor Empire) was founded by Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah's son, Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528.

See Early modern period and Johor Sultanate

Joseon

Joseon, officially Great Joseon State, was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years.

See Early modern period and Joseon

Josquin des Prez

Josquin Lebloitte dit des Prez (– 27 August 1521) was a composer of High Renaissance music, who is variously described as French or Franco-Flemish.

See Early modern period and Josquin des Prez

Judaism

Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.

See Early modern period and Judaism

Jules Hardouin-Mansart

Jules Hardouin-Mansart (16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a French Baroque architect and builder whose major work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Grand Trianon of the Palace of Versailles.

See Early modern period and Jules Hardouin-Mansart

Jurchen people

Jurchen (Manchu: Jušen,; 女真, Nǚzhēn) is a term used to collectively describe a number of East Asian Tungusic-speaking people.

See Early modern period and Jurchen people

Kangly

The Kangly (康曷利; pinyin: Kānghélì; Middle Chinese (ZS): /kʰɑŋ-ɦɑt̚-liɪH/ or 康里 pinyin: Kānglĭ X/;Kaγnï or قنكلى romanised: Kaŋlï, also spelled Qaŋlï, Qanglı, Kanly, Kangly, Qangli, Kangli or Kankali) were a Turkic people of Eurasia who were active from the Tang dynasty up to the Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty.

See Early modern period and Kangly

Kepler's laws of planetary motion

In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, published by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619, describe the orbits of planets around the Sun.

See Early modern period and Kepler's laws of planetary motion

Khan (title)

Khan is a historic Mongolic and Turkic title originating among nomadic tribes in the Central and Eastern Eurasian Steppe to refer to a king.

See Early modern period and Khan (title)

Khanate of Kazan

The Khanate of Kazan (Old Tatar: قزان خانلغی‎; Qazan xanlığı; Kazanskoye khanstvo) was a medieval Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552.

See Early modern period and Khanate of Kazan

Khanate of Sibir

The Khanate of Sibir (Sıbır qannıq, Iskär yort; Sibirskoye tsarstvo, Sibirsky yurt) was a Bashkir Khanate in western Siberia, founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of the Golden Horde.

See Early modern period and Khanate of Sibir

Khongirad

The Khongirad (ᠬᠣᠩᠭᠢᠷᠠᠳ Хонгирад; Qoñyrat) was one of the major divisions of the Mongol tribes.

See Early modern period and Khongirad

Kingdom of Great Britain

The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800.

See Early modern period and Kingdom of Great Britain

Kipchaks

The Kipchaks or Qipchaqs, also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians, were Turkic nomads and then a confederation that existed in the Middle Ages inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe.

See Early modern period and Kipchaks

Kolkata

Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta (its official name until 2001), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of West Bengal.

See Early modern period and Kolkata

Late Middle Ages

The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500. Early modern period and late Middle Ages are 15th century in Europe and 16th century in Europe.

See Early modern period and Late Middle Ages

Latin school

The Latin school was the grammar school of 14th- to 19th-century Europe, though the latter term was much more common in England.

See Early modern period and Latin school

Law of superposition

The law of superposition is an axiom that forms one of the bases of the sciences of geology, archaeology, and other fields pertaining to geological stratigraphy.

See Early modern period and Law of superposition

Lawrence Harrison (academic)

Lawrence E. Harrison (March 11, 1932 - December 9, 2015) was an American scholar known for his work on international development and being former USAID mission director to various Latin American countries.

See Early modern period and Lawrence Harrison (academic)

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.

See Early modern period and Leonardo da Vinci

Leyden jar

A Leyden jar (or Leiden jar, or archaically, Kleistian jar) is an electrical component that stores a high-voltage electric charge (from an external source) between electrical conductors on the inside and outside of a glass jar.

See Early modern period and Leyden jar

Li Zicheng

Li Zicheng (22 September 1606 – 1645), born Li Hongji, also known by his nickname, the Dashing King, was a Chinese peasant rebel leader who helped overthrow the Ming dynasty in April 1644 and ruled over northern China briefly as the Yongchang Emperor of the short-lived Shun dynasty before his death a year later.

See Early modern period and Li Zicheng

Lightning

Lightning is a natural phenomenon formed by electrostatic discharges through the atmosphere between two electrically charged regions, either both in the atmosphere or one in the atmosphere and one on the ground, temporarily neutralizing these in a near-instantaneous release of an average of between 200 megajoules and 7 gigajoules of energy, depending on the type.

See Early modern period and Lightning

Lightning rod

A lightning rod or lightning conductor (British English) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike.

See Early modern period and Lightning rod

Linköping

Linköping is a city in southern Sweden, with around 165,000 inhabitants as of 2021.

See Early modern period and Linköping

List of monarchs of Prussia

The Monarchs of Prussia were members of the House of Hohenzollern who were the hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its founding in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia.

See Early modern period and List of monarchs of Prussia

List of transcontinental countries

This is a list of countries with territory that straddles more than one continent, known as transcontinental states or intercontinental states.

See Early modern period and List of transcontinental countries

Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of regional cooling, particularly pronounced in the North Atlantic region. Early modern period and Little Ice Age are historical eras.

See Early modern period and Little Ice Age

Lodi dynasty

The Lodi dynasty (سلسله لودی) was the ruling dynasty of the Sultanate of Delhi from 1451 to 1526.

See Early modern period and Lodi dynasty

Logic

Logic is the study of correct reasoning.

See Early modern period and Logic

Louis Le Vau

Louis Le Vau (1612 – 11 October 1670) was a French Baroque architect, who worked for Louis XIV of France.

See Early modern period and Louis Le Vau

Louis XIV

LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

See Early modern period and Louis XIV

Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that identifies primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church ended the Middle Ages and, in 1517, launched the Reformation.

See Early modern period and Lutheranism

Lynn Thorndike

Lynn Thorndike (24 July 1882, in Lynn, Massachusetts, US – 28 December 1965, New York City) was an American historian of medieval science and alchemy.

See Early modern period and Lynn Thorndike

Macau

Macau or Macao is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.

See Early modern period and Macau

Magic (supernatural)

Magic is an ancient practice rooted in rituals, spiritual divinations, and/or cultural lineage—with an intention to invoke, manipulate, or otherwise manifest supernatural forces, beings, or entities in the natural world.

See Early modern period and Magic (supernatural)

Magnetism

Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that occur through a magnetic field, which allows objects to attract or repel each other.

See Early modern period and Magnetism

Majapahit

Majapahit (ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀), also known as Wilwatikta (ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ), was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia).

See Early modern period and Majapahit

Malacca Sultanate

The Malacca Sultanate (Kesultanan Melaka; Jawi script: کسلطانن ملاک) was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia.

See Early modern period and Malacca Sultanate

Malay Peninsula

The Malay Peninsula is located in Mainland Southeast Asia.

See Early modern period and Malay Peninsula

Malta

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.

See Early modern period and Malta

Manchu people

The Manchus are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia.

See Early modern period and Manchu people

Manchu Restoration

The Manchu Restoration or Dingsi Restoration, also known as Zhang Xun Restoration, or Xuantong Restoration, was an attempt to restore the Chinese monarchy by General Zhang Xun, whose army seized Beijing and briefly reinstalled the last emperor of the Qing dynasty, Puyi, to the throne.

See Early modern period and Manchu Restoration

Manghud

The Manghud, or Manghit (Мангуд, Mangud; Mangʻit) were a Mongol tribe of the Urud-Manghud federation.

See Early modern period and Manghud

Maratha Confederacy

The Maratha Confederacy, also referred to as the Maratha Empire, was an early modern polity in the Indian subcontinent.

See Early modern period and Maratha Confederacy

Marguerite de Navarre

Marguerite de Navarre (Marguerite d'Angoulême, Marguerite d'Alençon; 11 April 149221 December 1549), also known as Marguerite of Angoulême and Margaret of Navarre, was a princess of France, Duchess of Alençon and Berry, and Queen of Navarre by her second marriage to King Henry II of Navarre.

See Early modern period and Marguerite de Navarre

Maritime republics

The maritime republics (repubbliche marinare), also called merchant republics (repubbliche mercantili), were Italian thalassocratic port cities which, starting from the Middle Ages, enjoyed political autonomy and economic prosperity brought about by their maritime activities.

See Early modern period and Maritime republics

Maritime Southeast Asia

Maritime Southeast Asia comprises the countries of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and East Timor.

See Early modern period and Maritime Southeast Asia

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (10 November 1483– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar.

See Early modern period and Martin Luther

Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg), also referred to as MLU, is a public research university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg.

See Early modern period and Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

Mary of Burgundy

Mary of Burgundy (Marie de Bourgogne; Maria van Bourgondië; 13 February 1457 – 27 March 1482), nicknamed the Rich, was a member of the House of Valois-Burgundy who ruled a collection of states that included the duchies of Limburg, Brabant, Luxembourg, the counties of Namur, Holland, Hainaut and other territories, from 1477 until her death in 1482.

See Early modern period and Mary of Burgundy

Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628–1691), more formally the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English settlement on the east coast of North America around the Massachusetts Bay, one of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

See Early modern period and Massachusetts Bay Colony

Mataram Sultanate

The Sultanate of Mataram was the last major independent Javanese kingdom on the island of Java before it was colonised by the Dutch.

See Early modern period and Mataram Sultanate

Matthias Corvinus

Matthias Corvinus (Hunyadi Mátyás; Matia/Matei Corvin; Matija/Matijaš Korvin; Matej Korvín; Matyáš Korvín) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1458 to 1490, as Matthias I. After conducting several military campaigns, he was elected King of Bohemia in 1469 and adopted the title Duke of Austria in 1487.

See Early modern period and Matthias Corvinus

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519.

See Early modern period and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maya civilization

The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from antiquity to the early modern period.

See Early modern period and Maya civilization

Mechanization

Mechanization (or mechanisation) is the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery.

See Early modern period and Mechanization

Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.

See Early modern period and Medicine

Meiji Restoration

The Meiji Restoration (Meiji Ishin), referred to at the time as the, and also known as the Meiji Renovation, Revolution, Regeneration, Reform, or Renewal, was a political event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.

See Early modern period and Meiji Restoration

Mercantilism

Mercantilism is a nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy.

See Early modern period and Mercantilism

Merchant

A merchant is a person who trades in commodities produced by other people, especially one who trades with foreign countries.

See Early modern period and Merchant

Metaphysics

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality.

See Early modern period and Metaphysics

Miasma theory

The miasma theory (also called the miasmic theory) is an abandoned medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a miasma (Ancient Greek for 'pollution'), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as night air.

See Early modern period and Miasma theory

Michelangelo

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance.

See Early modern period and Michelangelo

Microbiology

Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells).

See Early modern period and Microbiology

Microscope

A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

See Early modern period and Microscope

Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD. Early modern period and Middle Ages are 15th century in Europe, historical eras and history of Europe by period.

See Early modern period and Middle Ages

Milan

Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.

See Early modern period and Milan

Ming dynasty

The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

See Early modern period and Ming dynasty

Miroir de l'âme pécheresse

Miroir de l’âme pécheresse ("Mirror of the Sinful Soul") is a 1531 poem by Marguerite d'Angoulême.

See Early modern period and Miroir de l'âme pécheresse

Modern era

The modern era or the modern period is considered the current historical period of human history. Early modern period and modern era are historical eras and modern history.

See Early modern period and Modern era

Modern philosophy

Modern philosophy is philosophy developed in the modern era and associated with modernity. Early modern period and modern philosophy are modern history.

See Early modern period and Modern philosophy

Modernity

Modernity, a topic in the humanities and social sciences, is both a historical period (the modern era) and the ensemble of particular socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices that arose in the wake of the Renaissancein the Age of Reason of 17th-century thought and the 18th-century Enlightenment. Early modern period and Modernity are historical eras and modern history.

See Early modern period and Modernity

Molière

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Molière, was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the great writers in the French language and world literature.

See Early modern period and Molière

Money

Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts, such as taxes, in a particular country or socio-economic context.

See Early modern period and Money

Montesquieu

Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 168910 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, historian, and political philosopher.

See Early modern period and Montesquieu

Morocco

Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

See Early modern period and Morocco

Movable type

Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual alphanumeric characters or punctuation marks) usually on the medium of paper.

See Early modern period and Movable type

Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi

Al-Urdi (full name: Moayad Al-Din Al-Urdi Al-Amiri Al-Dimashqi) (d. 1266) was a medieval Syrian Arab astronomer and geometer.

See Early modern period and Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi

Mughal architecture

Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent.

See Early modern period and Mughal architecture

Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia.

See Early modern period and Mughal Empire

Mughal painting

Mughal painting is a South Asian style of painting on paper confined to miniatures either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums (muraqqa), originating from the territory of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent.

See Early modern period and Mughal painting

Muhammad Shaybani

Muhammad Shaybani Khan (– 2 December 1510) was an Uzbek leader who consolidated various Uzbek tribes and laid the foundations for their ascendance in Transoxiana and the establishment of the Khanate of Bukhara.

See Early modern period and Muhammad Shaybani

Muisca

The Muisca (also called Chibcha) are an indigenous people and culture of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia, that formed the Muisca Confederation before the Spanish conquest.

See Early modern period and Muisca

Multinational state

A multinational state or a multinational union is a sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states.

See Early modern period and Multinational state

Musket

A musket is a muzzle-loaded long gun that appeared as a smoothbore weapon in the early 16th century, at first as a heavier variant of the arquebus, capable of penetrating plate armour.

See Early modern period and Musket

Muslim world

The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.

See Early modern period and Muslim world

Naimans

The Naiman (eight;; Naiman; Naiman Nayman) were a medieval tribe originating in the territory of modern Western Mongolia (possibly during the time of the Uyghur Khaganate), and are one of the tribes of modern Mongols and in the middle juz of the Kazakh nation.

See Early modern period and Naimans

Nanban trade

or the was a period in the history of Japan from the arrival of Europeans in 1543 to the first Sakoku Seclusion Edicts of isolationism in 1614.

See Early modern period and Nanban trade

Nanjing

Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu province in eastern China. The city has 11 districts, an administrative area of, and a population of 9,423,400. Situated in the Yangtze River Delta region, Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capital of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century to 1949, and has thus long been a major center of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism, being the home to one of the world's largest inland ports.

See Early modern period and Nanjing

Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

See Early modern period and Napoleon

Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.

See Early modern period and Napoleonic Wars

Nation state

A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.

See Early modern period and Nation state

Nawabs of Bengal

The Nawab of Bengal (বাংলার নবাব) was the hereditary ruler of Bengal Subah in Mughal India.

See Early modern period and Nawabs of Bengal

New France

New France (Nouvelle-France) was the territory colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris.

See Early modern period and New France

New Imperialism

In historical contexts, New Imperialism characterizes a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

See Early modern period and New Imperialism

New Netherland

New Netherland (Nieuw Nederland) was a 17th-century colonial province of the Dutch Republic located on the east coast of what is now the United States of America.

See Early modern period and New Netherland

New Spain

New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España; Nahuatl: Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain.

See Early modern period and New Spain

New World

The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.

See Early modern period and New World

New York (state)

New York, also called New York State, is a state in the Northeastern United States.

See Early modern period and New York (state)

Newspaper

A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background.

See Early modern period and Newspaper

Newton's law of universal gravitation

Newton's law of universal gravitation says that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

See Early modern period and Newton's law of universal gravitation

Newton's laws of motion

Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it.

See Early modern period and Newton's laws of motion

Nguyễn lords

The Nguyễn lords (主阮; 1558–1777, 1780–1802), also known as the Nguyễn clan, were a feudal nobility clan that ruled southern part of Đại Việt during the Revival Lê dynasty and ancestors of Nguyễn dynasty's emperors.

See Early modern period and Nguyễn lords

Niccolò Machiavelli

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was a Florentine diplomat, author, philosopher, and historian who lived during the Italian Renaissance.

See Early modern period and Niccolò Machiavelli

Nicene Creed

The Nicene Creed (Sýmvolon tis Nikéas), also called the Creed of Constantinople, is the defining statement of belief of mainstream Christianity and in those Christian denominations that adhere to it.

See Early modern period and Nicene Creed

Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux

Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux (1 November 1636 – 13 March 1711), often known simply as Boileau, was a French poet and critic.

See Early modern period and Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux

Nicolas Steno

Niels Steensen (Niels Steensen; Latinized to Nicolas Steno or Nicolaus Stenonius); 1 January 1638 – 25 November 1686) was a Danish scientist, a pioneer in both anatomy and geology who became a Catholic bishop in his later years. Steensen was trained in the classical texts on science; however, by 1659 he seriously questioned accepted knowledge of the natural world.

See Early modern period and Nicolas Steno

Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.

See Early modern period and Nicolaus Copernicus

Ninety-five Theses

The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany.

See Early modern period and Ninety-five Theses

Oda Nobunaga

was a Japanese daimyō and one of the leading figures of the Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods.

See Early modern period and Oda Nobunaga

OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

See Early modern period and OECD

Old World

The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe after 1493, when Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas.

See Early modern period and Old World

Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (postnominal abbr. OFMCap) is a religious order of Franciscan friars within the Catholic Church, one of three "First Orders" that reformed from the Franciscan Friars Minor Observant (OFMObs, now OFM), the other being the Conventuals (OFMConv).

See Early modern period and Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

Otto the Great

Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (Otto der Große Ottone il Grande), or Otto of Saxony (Otto von Sachsen Ottone di Sassonia), was East Frankish king from 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death in 973.

See Early modern period and Otto the Great

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

See Early modern period and Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Old Regime

The history of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century has classically been described as one of stagnation and reform.

See Early modern period and Ottoman Old Regime

Ottoman Tripolitania

Ottoman Tripolitania, also known as the Regency of Tripoli, was officially ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1912.

See Early modern period and Ottoman Tripolitania

Ottoman Tunisia

Ottoman Tunisia, also known as the Regency of Tunis, refers to the Ottoman presence in Ifriqiya from the 16th to 19th centuries, when Tunis was officially integrated into the Ottoman Empire as the Eyalet of Tunis.

See Early modern period and Ottoman Tunisia

Ottoman–Persian Wars

The Ottoman–Persian Wars or Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries.

See Early modern period and Ottoman–Persian Wars

Outline of physical science

Physical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science.

See Early modern period and Outline of physical science

Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

See Early modern period and Oxford University Press

Paleoanthropology

Paleoanthropology or paleo-anthropology is a branch of paleontology and anthropology which seeks to understand the early development of anatomically modern humans, a process known as hominization, through the reconstruction of evolutionary kinship lines within the family Hominidae, working from biological evidence (such as petrified skeletal remains, bone fragments, footprints) and cultural evidence (such as stone tools, artifacts, and settlement localities).

See Early modern period and Paleoanthropology

Paracelsus

Paracelsus (1493 – 24 September 1541), born Theophrastus von Hohenheim (full name Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim), was a Swiss physician, alchemist, lay theologian, and philosopher of the German Renaissance.

See Early modern period and Paracelsus

Parliamentary system

A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a system of democratic government where the head of government (who may also be the head of state) derives their democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of the legislature, typically a parliament, to which they are accountable.

See Early modern period and Parliamentary system

Pashtuns

Pashtuns (translit), also known as Pakhtuns, or Pathans, are a nomadic, pastoral, Eastern Iranic ethnic group primarily residing in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan. They historically were also referred to as Afghans until the 1970s after the term's meaning had become a demonym for members of all ethnic groups in Afghanistan.

See Early modern period and Pashtuns

Paul Oskar Kristeller

Paul Oskar Kristeller (May 22, 1905 in Berlin – June 7, 1999 in New York, United States) was a scholar of Renaissance humanism.

See Early modern period and Paul Oskar Kristeller

Pax Ottomana

In historiography, the Pax Ottomana (literally "the Ottoman Peace") or Pax Ottomanica is a term used to describe the economic and social stability attained in the conquered provinces of the Ottoman Empire at the height of its power during the 16th and 17th centuries, applied to lands in the Balkans, Anatolia, the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and western Iran.

See Early modern period and Pax Ottomana

Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg (Augsburger Frieden), also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 25 September 1555 in the German city of Augsburg.

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Peace of Passau

The Peace of Passau was an attempt to resolve religious tensions in the Holy Roman Empire.

See Early modern period and Peace of Passau

Peace of Utrecht

The Peace of Utrecht was a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715.

See Early modern period and Peace of Utrecht

Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia (Westfälischer Friede) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster.

See Early modern period and Peace of Westphalia

Peace treaty

A peace treaty is an agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually countries or governments, which formally ends a state of war between the parties.

See Early modern period and Peace treaty

Peasant

A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: non-free slaves, semi-free serfs, and free tenants.

See Early modern period and Peasant

Periodization

In historiography, periodization is the process or study of categorizing the past into discrete, quantified, and named blocks of time for the purpose of study or analysis. Early modern period and periodization are historical eras and history of Europe by period.

See Early modern period and Periodization

Persianate society

A Persianate society is a society that is based on or strongly influenced by the Persian language, culture, literature, art and/or identity.

See Early modern period and Persianate society

Peter L. Berger

Peter Ludwig Berger (17 March 1929 – 27 June 2017) was an Austrian-born American sociologist and Protestant theologian.

See Early modern period and Peter L. Berger

Peter Paul Rubens

Sir Peter Paul Rubens (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat.

See Early modern period and Peter Paul Rubens

Philip IV of Spain

Philip IV (Felipe Domingo Victor de la Cruz de Austria y Austria, Filipe; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: Rey Planeta), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640.

See Early modern period and Philip IV of Spain

Philip V of Spain

Philip V (Felipe; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724 and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746.

See Early modern period and Philip V of Spain

Philippines

The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.

See Early modern period and Philippines

Philology

Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources.

See Early modern period and Philology

Philosophes

The were the intellectuals of the 18th-century European Enlightenment.

See Early modern period and Philosophes

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (English: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) often referred to as simply the Principia, is a book by Isaac Newton that expounds Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation.

See Early modern period and Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

Phlogiston theory

The phlogiston theory, a superseded scientific theory, postulated the existence of a fire-like element dubbed phlogiston contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion.

See Early modern period and Phlogiston theory

Pierre Bayle

Pierre Bayle (18 November 1647 – 28 December 1706) was a French philosopher, author, and lexicographer.

See Early modern period and Pierre Bayle

Pierre de Ronsard

Pierre de Ronsard (11 September 1524 – 27 December 1585) was a French poet or, as his own generation in France called him, a "prince of poets".

See Early modern period and Pierre de Ronsard

Pierre Fauchard

Pierre Fauchard (2 January 1679 – 21 March 1761) was a French physician, credited as being the "father of modern dentistry".

See Early modern period and Pierre Fauchard

Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard

Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard (c. 1476 – 30 April 1524) was a French knight and military leader at the transition between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, generally known as the Chevalier de Bayard.

See Early modern period and Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard

Piracy

Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods.

See Early modern period and Piracy

Pirate Round

The Pirate Round was a sailing route followed by certain, mainly English, pirates, during the late 17th century and early 18th century.

See Early modern period and Pirate Round

Polish Enlightenment

The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe, as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Liberty) were in deep crisis.

See Early modern period and Polish Enlightenment

Political philosophy

Political philosophy or political theory is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them.

See Early modern period and Political philosophy

Political science

Political science is the scientific study of politics.

See Early modern period and Political science

Politics

Politics is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status.

See Early modern period and Politics

Polymath

A polymath (lit; lit) or polyhistor (lit) is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.

See Early modern period and Polymath

Pope Callixtus III

Pope Callixtus III (Callisto III, Calixt III, Calixto III; 31 December 1378 – 6 August 1458), born Alfonso de Borgia (Alfons de Borja), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 April 1455 to his death, in August 1458.

See Early modern period and Pope Callixtus III

Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire (Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas or the Portuguese Colonial Empire, was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and later overseas territories, governed by the Kingdom of Portugal, and later the Republic of Portugal.

See Early modern period and Portuguese Empire

Portuguese Inquisition

The Portuguese Inquisition (Portuguese: Inquisição Portuguesa), officially known as the General Council of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Portugal, was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of King John III.

See Early modern period and Portuguese Inquisition

Portuguese Macau

Macau (officially the Province of Macau from 1897 to 1976 and later the Autonomous Region of Macau from 1976 to 1999) was a Portuguese colony from the establishment of the first official Portuguese settlement of Macau in 1557 to its handover to China in 1999.

See Early modern period and Portuguese Macau

Post-classical history

In world history, post-classical history refers to the period from about 500 CE to 1500 CE, roughly corresponding to the European Middle Ages. Early modern period and post-classical history are historical eras and world history.

See Early modern period and Post-classical history

Pre-Columbian era

In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, spans from the original peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to European colonization, which began with Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1492. Early modern period and pre-Columbian era are historical eras.

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Presbyterianism

Presbyterianism is a Reformed (Calvinist) Protestant tradition named for its form of church government by representative assemblies of elders.

See Early modern period and Presbyterianism

Price revolution

The Price Revolution, sometimes known as the Spanish Price Revolution, was a series of economic events that occurred between the second half of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century, and most specifically linked to the high rate of inflation that occurred during this period across Western Europe.

See Early modern period and Price revolution

Prince-elector

The prince-electors (Kurfürst pl. Kurfürsten, Kurfiřt, Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college that elected the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Early modern period and Prince-elector

Printing

Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template.

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Printing press

A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.

See Early modern period and Printing press

Proto-globalization

Proto-globalization or early modern globalization is a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1500 and 1800, following the period of archaic globalization.

See Early modern period and Proto-globalization

Proto-industrialization

Proto-industrialization is the regional development, alongside commercial agriculture, of rural handicraft production for external markets.

See Early modern period and Proto-industrialization

Purgatory

Purgatory (borrowed into English via Anglo-Norman and Old French) is a passing intermediate state after physical death for purifying or purging a soul.

See Early modern period and Purgatory

Puritans

The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to rid the Church of England of what they considered to be Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become more Protestant.

See Early modern period and Puritans

Pyroelectricity

Pyroelectricity (from Greek: pyr (πυρ), "fire" and electricity) is a property of certain crystals which are naturally electrically polarized and as a result contain large electric fields.

See Early modern period and Pyroelectricity

Qing dynasty

The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history.

See Early modern period and Qing dynasty

Quadrivium

From the time of Plato through the Middle Ages, the quadrivium (plural: quadrivia) was a grouping of four subjects or arts—arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy—that formed a second curricular stage following preparatory work in the trivium, consisting of grammar, logic, and rhetoric.

See Early modern period and Quadrivium

Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns

The Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns (Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes) was a debate about literary and artistic merit, which expanded from the original debaters to the members of the Académie Française and the French literary community in the 17th century.

See Early modern period and Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns

Quebec City

Quebec City (or; Ville de Québec), officially known as Québec, is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec.

See Early modern period and Quebec City

Quentin Skinner

Quentin Robert Duthie Skinner (born 26 November 1940) is a British intellectual historian.

See Early modern period and Quentin Skinner

Raphael

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.

See Early modern period and Raphael

Rationalism

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976.

See Early modern period and Rationalism

Realism (international relations)

Realism, a school of thought in international relations theory, is a theoretical framework that views world politics as an enduring competition among self-interested states vying for power and positioning within an anarchic global system devoid of a centralized authority.

See Early modern period and Realism (international relations)

Reason

Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.

See Early modern period and Reason

Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

See Early modern period and Reformation

Reformed Christianity

Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church.

See Early modern period and Reformed Christianity

Regency of Algiers

The Regency of Algiers (lit, Eyalet-i Cezâyir-i Garp) was a largely independent early modern Ottoman tributary state on the Barbary Coast of North Africa between 1516 and 1830 established by the corsair brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Barbarossa, also known as Oruç and Khayr ad-Din.

See Early modern period and Regency of Algiers

Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries. Early modern period and Renaissance are 15th century in Europe, 16th century in Europe, 17th century in Europe, historical eras and history of Europe by period.

See Early modern period and Renaissance

Renaissance humanism

Renaissance humanism was a worldview centered on the nature and importance of humanity that emerged from the study of Classical antiquity.

See Early modern period and Renaissance humanism

Renaissance magic

Renaissance magic was a resurgence in Hermeticism and Neo-Platonic varieties of the magical arts which arose along with Renaissance humanism in the 15th and 16th centuries CE.

See Early modern period and Renaissance magic

Renaissance philosophy

The designation "Renaissance philosophy" is used by historians of philosophy to refer to the thought of the period running in Europe roughly between 1400 and 1600.

See Early modern period and Renaissance philosophy

René Descartes

René Descartes (or;; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science.

See Early modern period and René Descartes

Rhode Island

Rhode Island (pronounced "road") is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States.

See Early modern period and Rhode Island

Richard III of England

Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England from 26 June 1483 until his death in 1485.

See Early modern period and Richard III of England

Rifle grenade

A rifle grenade is a grenade that uses a rifle-based launcher to permit a longer effective range than would be possible if the grenade were thrown by hand.

See Early modern period and Rifle grenade

Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor.

See Early modern period and Robert Boyle

Roger Williams

Roger Williams (March 1683) was an English-born New England Puritan minister, theologian, and author who founded Providence Plantations, which became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and later the State of Rhode Island.

See Early modern period and Roger Williams

Roman Inquisition

The Roman Inquisition, formally, was a system of partisan tribunals developed by the Holy See of the Catholic Church, during the second half of the 16th century, responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes according to Catholic law and doctrine, relating to Catholic religious life or alternative religious or secular beliefs.

See Early modern period and Roman Inquisition

Romanticism

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.

See Early modern period and Romanticism

Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

See Early modern period and Routledge

Russian conquest of Siberia

The Russian conquest of Siberia took place during 1580–1778, when the Khanate of Sibir became a loose political structure of vassalages that were being undermined by the activities of Russian explorers.

See Early modern period and Russian conquest of Siberia

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

See Early modern period and Russian Empire

Russian Enlightenment

The Russian Age of Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century in which the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences, which had a profound impact on Russian culture.

See Early modern period and Russian Enlightenment

Russian Far East

The Russian Far East (p) is a region in North Asia.

See Early modern period and Russian Far East

Rutgers University

Rutgers University, officially Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, is a public land-grant research university consisting of four campuses in New Jersey.

See Early modern period and Rutgers University

Saadi Sultanate

The Saadi Sultanate (translit), also known as the Sharifian Sultanate, was a state which ruled present-day Morocco and parts of West Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries.

See Early modern period and Saadi Sultanate

Safavid Iran

Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire,, officially known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was one of the largest and long-standing Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty.

See Early modern period and Safavid Iran

Sailing ship

A sailing ship is a sea-going vessel that uses sails mounted on masts to harness the power of wind and propel the vessel.

See Early modern period and Sailing ship

Sakoku

is the most common name for the isolationist foreign policy of the Japanese Tokugawa shogunate under which, during the Edo period (from 1603 to 1868), relations and trade between Japan and other countries were severely limited, and almost all foreign nationals were banned from entering Japan, while common Japanese people were kept from leaving the country.

See Early modern period and Sakoku

Samurai

were soldiers who served as retainers to lords (including ''daimyo'') in Feudal Japan.

See Early modern period and Samurai

Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

See Early modern period and Sasanian Empire

Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban

Sébastien Le Prestre, seigneur de Vauban, later styling himself as the marquis de Vauban (baptised 15 May 163330 March 1707), commonly referred to as Vauban, was a French military engineer and Marshal of France who worked under Louis XIV.

See Early modern period and Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban

Schmalkaldic League

The Schmalkaldic League was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century.

See Early modern period and Schmalkaldic League

Scholasticism

Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.

See Early modern period and Scholasticism

Science

Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world.

See Early modern period and Science

Scientific racism

Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority.

See Early modern period and Scientific racism

Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.

See Early modern period and Scientific Revolution

Scottish Enlightenment

The Scottish Enlightenment (Scots Enlichtenment, Soillseachadh na h-Alba) was the period in 18th- and early-19th-century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments.

See Early modern period and Scottish Enlightenment

Secularity

Secularity, also the secular or secularness (from Latin saeculum, "worldly" or "of a generation"), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to religion.

See Early modern period and Secularity

Secularization

In sociology, secularization (secularisation) is a multilayered concept that generally denotes "a transition from a religious to a more worldly level." There are many types of secularization and most do not lead to atheism, irreligion, nor are they automatically antithetical to religion.

See Early modern period and Secularization

Sejong the Great

Sejong (15 May 1397 – 30 March 1450), personal name Yi Do, commonly known as Sejong the Great, was the fourth monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea.

See Early modern period and Sejong the Great

Selim I

Selim I (سليماول; I.; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute (Yavuz Sultan Selim), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.

See Early modern period and Selim I

Seminary

A seminary, school of theology, theological college, or divinity school is an educational institution for educating students (sometimes called seminarians) in scripture and theology, generally to prepare them for ordination to serve as clergy, in academics, or mostly in Christian ministry.

See Early modern period and Seminary

Sengoku period

The, is the period in Japanese history in which civil wars and social upheavals took place almost continuously in the 15th and 16th centuries.

See Early modern period and Sengoku period

Separation of church and state

The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state.

See Early modern period and Separation of church and state

Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict involving most of the European great powers, fought primarily in Europe and the Americas.

See Early modern period and Seven Years' War

Shogun

Shogun (shōgun), officially, was the title of the military rulers of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868.

See Early modern period and Shogun

Siege of Belgrade (1456)

The siege of Belgrade, or siege of Nándorfehérvár (Nándorfehérvár ostroma or nándorfehérvári diadal, "Triumph of Nándorfehérvár"; Opsada Beograda) was a military blockade of Belgrade that occurred 4–22 July 1456 in the aftermath of the fall of Constantinople in 1453 marking the Ottomans' attempts to expand further into Europe.

See Early modern period and Siege of Belgrade (1456)

Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.

See Early modern period and Silk Road

Singapore

Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia.

See Early modern period and Singapore

Smallpox vaccine

The smallpox vaccine is the first vaccine to have been developed against a contagious disease.

See Early modern period and Smallpox vaccine

Social science

Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.

See Early modern period and Social science

Social stratification

Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power (social and political).

See Early modern period and Social stratification

Songhai Empire

The Songhai Empire was a state located in the western part of the Sahel during the 15th and 16th centuries.

See Early modern period and Songhai Empire

Sorcery (goetia)

Goetia is a type of European sorcery, often referred to as witchcraft, that has been transmitted through grimoires—books containing instructions for performing magical practices.

See Early modern period and Sorcery (goetia)

South Asia

South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms.

See Early modern period and South Asia

Spanish colonization of the Americas

The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from Queen Isabella I of Castile.

See Early modern period and Spanish colonization of the Americas

Spanish Inquisition

The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.

See Early modern period and Spanish Inquisition

Spanish mystics

The Spanish mystics are major figures in the Catholic Reformation of 16th- and 17th-century Spain.

See Early modern period and Spanish mystics

Spice

In the culinary arts, a spice is any seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance in a form primarily used for flavoring or coloring food.

See Early modern period and Spice

Spice trade

The spice trade involved historical civilizations in Asia, Northeast Africa and Europe.

See Early modern period and Spice trade

Spontaneous generation

Spontaneous generation is a superseded scientific theory that held that living creatures could arise from nonliving matter and that such processes were commonplace and regular.

See Early modern period and Spontaneous generation

Stamford Raffles

Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (5July 17815July 1826) was a British colonial official who served as the governor of the Dutch East Indies between 1811 and 1816 and lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen between 1818 and 1824.

See Early modern period and Stamford Raffles

Static electricity

Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material.

See Early modern period and Static electricity

Stuart B. Schwartz

Stuart B. Schwartz is the George Burton Adams Professor of History at Yale University, the Chair of the Council of Latin American and Iberian Studies, and the former Master of Ezra Stiles College.

See Early modern period and Stuart B. Schwartz

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa, Subsahara, or Non-Mediterranean Africa is the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lie south of the Sahara.

See Early modern period and Sub-Saharan Africa

Succession of the Roman Empire

The continuation, succession, and revival of the Roman Empire is a running theme of the history of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin.

See Early modern period and Succession of the Roman Empire

Sudebnik of 1550

The Sudebnik of 1550 (Судебник 1550 года), also known as the Sudebnik of Ivan IV (Судебник Ивана IV), was an expansion and revision of the Sudebnik of 1497 by Ivan IV of Russia, a code of laws originally instituted by Ivan III, his grandfather.

See Early modern period and Sudebnik of 1550

Sugarcane

Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, perennial grass (in the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production.

See Early modern period and Sugarcane

Sumatra

Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia.

See Early modern period and Sumatra

Sundsvall

Sundsvall is a city and the seat of Sundsvall Municipality in Västernorrland County, Sweden.

See Early modern period and Sundsvall

Sur Empire

The Sur Empire was an empire ruled by the Afghan-origin Sur dynasty in northern India for nearly 16 or 18 years, between 1538/1540 and 1556, with Sasaram (in modern-day Bihar) serving as its capital.

See Early modern period and Sur Empire

Taborites

The Taborites (Táborité, singular Táborita), known by their enemies as the Picards, were a faction within the Hussite movement in the medieval Lands of the Bohemian Crown.

See Early modern period and Taborites

Taejo of Joseon

Taejo (4 November 1335 – 27 June 1408), personal name Yi Sŏng-gye, later Yi Tan, was the founder and first monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea.

See Early modern period and Taejo of Joseon

Tanegashima

is one of the Ōsumi Islands belonging to Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

See Early modern period and Tanegashima

Tax

A tax is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed on a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a governmental organization to collectively fund government spending, public expenditures, or as a way to regulate and reduce negative externalities.

See Early modern period and Tax

Taxonomy (biology)

In biology, taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.

See Early modern period and Taxonomy (biology)

Telescope

A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation.

See Early modern period and Telescope

Tempura

is a typical Japanese dish that usually consists of seafood and vegetables that have been coated in a thin batter and deep fried.

See Early modern period and Tempura

Term logic

In logic and formal semantics, term logic, also known as traditional logic, syllogistic logic or Aristotelian logic, is a loose name for an approach to formal logic that began with Aristotle and was developed further in ancient history mostly by his followers, the Peripatetics.

See Early modern period and Term logic

The Cambridge Modern History

The Cambridge Modern History is a comprehensive modern history of the world, beginning with the 15th century Age of Discovery, published by the Cambridge University Press in England and also in the United States.

See Early modern period and The Cambridge Modern History

The Prince

The Prince (Il Principe; De Principatibus) is a 16th-century political treatise written by the Italian diplomat, philosopher, and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli in the form of a realistic instruction guide for new princes.

See Early modern period and The Prince

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus) is a book written by Max Weber, a German sociologist, economist, and politician.

See Early modern period and The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

The Sceptical Chymist

The Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes is the title of a book by Robert Boyle, published in London in 1661.

See Early modern period and The Sceptical Chymist

The Wealth of Nations

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the ''magnum opus'' of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith (1723–1790).

See Early modern period and The Wealth of Nations

Theatines

The Theatines, officially named the Congregation of Clerics Regular (Ordo Clericorum Regularium; abbreviated CR), is a Catholic order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men founded by Archbishop Gian Pietro Carafa on 14 September 1524.

See Early modern period and Theatines

Third Anglo-Maratha War

The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1819) was the final and decisive conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India.

See Early modern period and Third Anglo-Maratha War

Third Battle of Panipat

The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 between the Maratha Confederacy and the invading army of the Durrani Empire.

See Early modern period and Third Battle of Panipat

Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries.

See Early modern period and Thirteen Colonies

Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. Early modern period and Thirty Years' War are 17th century in Europe.

See Early modern period and Thirty Years' War

Timbuktu

Timbuktu (Tombouctou; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; Tin Bukt) is an ancient city in Mali, situated north of the Niger River.

See Early modern period and Timbuktu

Timurid Renaissance

The Timurid Renaissance was a historical period in Asian and Islamic history spanning the late 14th, the 15th, and the early 16th centuries.

See Early modern period and Timurid Renaissance

Titian

Tiziano Vecelli or Vecellio (27 August 1576), Latinized as Titianus, hence known in English as Titian, was an Italian Renaissance painter, the most important artist of Renaissance Venetian painting.

See Early modern period and Titian

Tokugawa clan

The Tokugawa clan (Shinjitai: 徳川氏, Kyūjitai: 德川氏, Tokugawa-shi or Tokugawa-uji) is a Japanese dynasty which produced the Tokugawa shoguns who ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868 during the Edo period.

See Early modern period and Tokugawa clan

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Tokugawa Ieyasu (born Matsudaira Takechiyo; January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which ruled from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

See Early modern period and Tokugawa Ieyasu

Tokugawa shogunate

The Tokugawa shogunate (Tokugawa bakufu), also known as the, was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868.

See Early modern period and Tokugawa shogunate

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

, otherwise known as and, was a Japanese samurai and daimyō (feudal lord) of the late Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods and regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan.

See Early modern period and Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Trade route

A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo.

See Early modern period and Trade route

Trans-Saharan trade

Trans-Saharan trade is trade between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa that requires travel across the Sahara.

See Early modern period and Trans-Saharan trade

Trịnh lords

The Trịnh lords (Chúa Trịnh; Chữ Hán: 主鄭; 1545–1787), formally titled as “Viceroy” of Trịnh from 1599, also known as the House of Trịnh or the Trịnh clan (Trịnh thị; 鄭氏), were a feudal nobility clan that ruled Northern Vietnam (then called Kingdom of Tonkin by Europeans) and then called Kingdom of Annam in bilateral diplomacy with Imperial China, during the Later Lê dynasty.

See Early modern period and Trịnh lords

Treaty of Paris (1815)

The Treaty of Paris of 1815, also known as the Second Treaty of Paris, was signed on 20 November 1815, after the defeat and the second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte.

See Early modern period and Treaty of Paris (1815)

Treaty of Senlis

The Treaty of Senlis concerning the Burgundian succession was signed at Senlis, Oise on 23 May 1493 between Maximilian I of Habsburg and his son Philip "the Handsome", Archduke of Austria, and King Charles VIII of France.

See Early modern period and Treaty of Senlis

Treaty of the Pyrenees

The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed on 7 November 1659 and ended the Franco-Spanish War that had begun in 1635.

See Early modern period and Treaty of the Pyrenees

Tsar

Tsar (also spelled czar, tzar, or csar; tsar; tsar'; car) is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs.

See Early modern period and Tsar

Tudor period

In England and Wales, the Tudor period occurred between 1485 and 1603, including the Elizabethan era during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603). Early modern period and Tudor period are historical eras.

See Early modern period and Tudor period

Turtle ship

A turtle ship was a type of warship that was used by the Korean Joseon Navy from the early 15th century up until the 19th century.

See Early modern period and Turtle ship

Tycho Brahe

Tycho Brahe (born Tyge Ottesen Brahe,; 14 December 154624 October 1601), generally called Tycho for short, was a Danish astronomer of the Renaissance, known for his comprehensive and unprecedentedly accurate astronomical observations.

See Early modern period and Tycho Brahe

University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.

See Early modern period and University of Chicago Press

Ursulines

The Ursulines, also known as the Order of Saint Ursula (post-nominals: OSU), is an enclosed religious order of women that in 1572 branched off from the Angelines, also known as the Company of Saint Ursula.

See Early modern period and Ursulines

Utrecht

Utrecht (Utrecht dialect) is the fourth-largest city of the Netherlands, as well as the capital and the most populous city of the province of Utrecht.

See Early modern period and Utrecht

Uzbeks

The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek, Ўзбек,, Oʻzbeklar, Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area.

See Early modern period and Uzbeks

Västanfors

Västanfors is a district (stadsdel) of Fagersta and is located in Fagersta Municipality, Sweden.

See Early modern period and Västanfors

Venetian painting

Venetian painting was a major force in Italian Renaissance painting and beyond.

See Early modern period and Venetian painting

Venice

Venice (Venezia; Venesia, formerly Venexia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

See Early modern period and Venice

Voltaire

François-Marie Arouet (21 November 169430 May 1778), known by his nom de plume M. de Voltaire (also), was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher (philosophe), satirist, and historian.

See Early modern period and Voltaire

War

War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of states, or between governmental forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain military operations, or between such organized groups.

See Early modern period and War

Warren Hastings

Warren Hastings (6 December 1732 – 22 August 1818) was a British colonial administrator, who served as the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), the head of the Supreme Council of Bengal, and so the first Governor-General of Bengal in 1772–1785.

See Early modern period and Warren Hastings

Warrior

A warrior is a guardian specializing in combat or warfare, especially within the context of a tribal or clan-based warrior culture society that recognizes a separate warrior aristocracy, class, or caste.

See Early modern period and Warrior

West Asia

West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.

See Early modern period and West Asia

Western Europe

Western Europe is the western region of Europe.

See Early modern period and Western Europe

Western philosophy

Western philosophy, the part of philosophical thought and work of the Western world.

See Early modern period and Western philosophy

William Harvey

William Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was an English physician who made influential contributions in anatomy and physiology.

See Early modern period and William Harvey

William Jones (philologist)

Sir William Jones (28 September 1746 – 27 April 1794) was a British philologist, orientalist and a puisne judge on the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal, and a scholar of ancient India.

See Early modern period and William Jones (philologist)

Witch-hunt

A witch-hunt, or a witch purge, is a search for people who have been labeled witches or a search for evidence of witchcraft.

See Early modern period and Witch-hunt

Witchcraft

Witchcraft, as most commonly understood in both historical and present-day communities, is the use of alleged supernatural powers of magic.

See Early modern period and Witchcraft

World Digital Library

The World Digital Library (WDL) is an international digital library operated by UNESCO and the United States Library of Congress.

See Early modern period and World Digital Library

World history (field)

World history or global history as a field of historical study examines history from a global perspective. Early modern period and World history (field) are world history.

See Early modern period and World history (field)

Wu Sangui

Wu Sangui (8 June 1612 – 2 October 1678), courtesy name Changbai (長白) or Changbo (長伯), was a Chinese military leader who played a key role in the fall of the Ming dynasty and the founding of the Qing dynasty.

See Early modern period and Wu Sangui

Yi Sun-sin

Yi Sun-sin (April 28, 1545 – December 16, 1598) was a Korean admiral and military general famed for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Imjin war in the Joseon period.

See Early modern period and Yi Sun-sin

Zemsky Sobor

The Zemsky Sobor (t) was a parliament of the Tsardom of Russia's estates of the realm active during the 16th and 17th centuries.

See Early modern period and Zemsky Sobor

See also

15th century in Europe

• 1400–1500 in European fashion
• 1431 papal conclave
• 1458 papal conclave
• 15th century in Wales
• Battle of Kremmen Levee (1412)
• Battle of Zasław (1491)
• Council of Pisa
• Crusades of the 15th century
• Early modern period
• Great Bullion Famine
• Great Horde
• Hanseatic League
• Hussite Wars
• Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris
• Late Middle Ages
• Middle Ages
• Northern Renaissance
• Pas d'armes
• Poulaine
• Renaissance
• St. Elizabeth's flood (1404)
• Uckermark War (1412–1415)
• Uckermark War (1425–1427)
• Victual Brothers

16th century in Europe

• 1500–1550 in European fashion
• 1550–1600 in European fashion
• 16th century in France
• 16th century in Ireland
• 16th century in Sweden
• 16th century in Wales
• Bishoprics of Chester and Man Act 1541
• Early modern period
• Eighty Years' War
• European wars of religion
• Habsburg monarchy
• Hanseatic League
• Late Middle Ages
• Northern Renaissance
• Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)
• Radical Reformation
• Renaissance
• Safavid conquest of Shirvan
• VD 16
• Visard

17th century in Europe

• 1600–1650 in Western fashion
• 1650–1700 in Western fashion
• 17th century in England
• 17th century in Italy
• 17th century in Wales
• Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)
• Brandenburg-Prussia
• Early modern period
• Eighty Years' War
• Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648
• European wars of religion
• Habsburg monarchy
• Jan Janszoon van Hoorn's expedition of 1633
• Nine Years' War
• Northern Renaissance
• Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)
• Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615)
• Renaissance
• The General Crisis
• Thirty Years' War
• Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century
• VD 17
• Visard

18th century in Europe

• 1700–1750 in Western fashion
• 18th century in Finland
• 18th century in Italy
• 18th century in Russia
• 18th century in Scotland
• 18th century in Sweden
• Age of Revolution
• Della Cruscans
• Early modern period
• Enlightened absolutism
• European wars of religion
• Habsburg monarchy
• The General Crisis
• War of the Austrian Succession
• War of the Polish Succession
• War of the Quadruple Alliance

History of Europe by period

• Age of Enlightenment
• Ancient Europe
• Belle Époque
• Classical antiquity
• Commercial revolution
• Early modern Europe
• Early modern period
• Late antiquity
• Middle Ages
• Periodization
• Prehistoric Europe
• Prehistory of Europe
• Renaissance

Modern history

• Contemporary history
• Early modern period
• Late modern period
• List of megafauna discovered in modern times
• List of modern great powers
• Modern era
• Modern philosophy
• Modern runic writing
• Modernity
• Post-Western era
• Professor of Modern History (Glasgow)
• Timeline of national independence

World history

• A Little History of the World
• Alltagsgeschichte
• Early modern period
• Economic history of the world
• End of history
• Freedom Rising
• Geographical exploration
• Globalization
• Guns, Germs, and Steel
• History of Earth
• History of Eurasia
• History of globalization
• History of international relations
• History of the Americas
• History of the World (book)
• Human history
• International relations (1648–1814)
• Journal of World History
• Late modern period
• Macrohistory
• Modern influence of Ancient Greece
• People's history
• Political history of the world
• Post-classical history
• Prehistory
• Recorded history
• Schøyen Collection
• The Cambridge World History
• The Great Divergence (book)
• The Lessons of History
• The Origins of Political Order
• Timeline of global health
• Timeline of national independence
• World History Association
• World history (field)

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_period

Also known as Colonial Era, Early Modern, Early Modern Age, Early Modern Era, Early Modern Times, Early Modern history, Early modern world, Early modernity, Early-modern, Earlymodern, Modern Ages.

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