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215 relations: Abkhazia, Achaemenid Empire, Adriatic Sea, Age of Enlightenment, Albania, Anne Applebaum, Armenia, Armenian Apostolic Church, Azerbaijan, Balkans, Baltic Sea, Baltic states, Belarus, Belgrade, Berlin, Black Sea, Bloodlands, Bohemia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Boundaries between the continents, Bucharest, Budapest, Bulgaria, Byzantine Empire, Carolingian Empire, Catholic Church, Caucasian Albania, Caucasus, Caucasus Mountains, Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Central Europe, Central Intelligence Agency, Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Church Slavonic, Colchis, Cold War, Comecon, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography, Communism, Communist state, Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations, Council of Europe, Croatia, Culture, Culture of Europe, Cyprus, Cyrillic script, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic, ... Expand index (165 more) »
Abkhazia
Abkhazia, officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
See Eastern Europe and Abkhazia
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
See Eastern Europe and Achaemenid Empire
Adriatic Sea
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula.
See Eastern Europe and Adriatic Sea
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See Eastern Europe and Age of Enlightenment
Albania
Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Albania
Anne Applebaum
Anne Elizabeth Applebaum (born July 25, 1964) is an American journalist and historian.
See Eastern Europe and Anne Applebaum
Armenia
Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia.
See Eastern Europe and Armenia
Armenian Apostolic Church
The Armenian Apostolic Church (translit) is the national church of Armenia.
See Eastern Europe and Armenian Apostolic Church
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.
See Eastern Europe and Azerbaijan
Balkans
The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. Eastern Europe and Balkans are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Balkans
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain.
See Eastern Europe and Baltic Sea
Baltic states
The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Eastern Europe and Baltic states are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Baltic states
Belarus
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Belarus
Belgrade
Belgrade.
See Eastern Europe and Belgrade
Berlin
Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.
See Eastern Europe and Black Sea
Bloodlands
Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin is a 2010 book by Yale historian Timothy Snyder.
See Eastern Europe and Bloodlands
Bohemia
Bohemia (Čechy; Böhmen; Čěska; Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic.
See Eastern Europe and Bohemia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.
See Eastern Europe and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Boundaries between the continents
Determining the boundaries between the continents is generally a matter of geographical convention.
See Eastern Europe and Boundaries between the continents
Bucharest
Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania.
See Eastern Europe and Bucharest
Budapest
Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary.
See Eastern Europe and Budapest
Bulgaria
Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Bulgaria
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
See Eastern Europe and Byzantine Empire
Carolingian Empire
The Carolingian Empire (800–887) was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages.
See Eastern Europe and Carolingian Empire
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See Eastern Europe and Catholic Church
Caucasian Albania
Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus, mostly in what is now Azerbaijan (where both of its capitals were located).
See Eastern Europe and Caucasian Albania
Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. Eastern Europe and Caucasus are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Caucasus
Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Caucasus Mountains
Central and Eastern Europe
Central and Eastern Europe is a geopolitical term encompassing the countries in Northeast Europe (primarily the Baltics), Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe (primarily the Balkans), usually meaning former communist states from the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact in Europe, as well as from former Yugoslavia. Eastern Europe and Central and Eastern Europe are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Central and Eastern Europe
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
See Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Central Europe
Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe. Eastern Europe and Central Europe are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Central Europe
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.
See Eastern Europe and Central Intelligence Agency
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (Nóxçiyn Respublik Içkeri; Chechenskaya Respublika Ichkeriya; abbreviated as "CHRI" or "CRI"), known simply as Ichkeria, and also known as Chechnya, was a de facto state that controlled most of the former Checheno-Ingush ASSR from 1991 to 2000.
See Eastern Europe and Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
Church Slavonic
Church Slavonic is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Belarus, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Serbia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Slovenia and Croatia.
See Eastern Europe and Church Slavonic
Colchis
In classical antiquity and Greco-Roman geography, Colchis was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi (ეგრისი) located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia.
See Eastern Europe and Colchis
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
See Eastern Europe and Cold War
Comecon
The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (English abbreviation COMECON, CMEA, CEMA, or CAME) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of socialist states elsewhere in the world.
See Eastern Europe and Comecon
Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography
The Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography, commonly known as CICRED, is a non-governmental organization accredited with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.
See Eastern Europe and Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography
Communism
Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.
See Eastern Europe and Communism
Communist state
A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state in which the totality of the power belongs to a party adhering to some form of Marxism–Leninism, a branch of the communist ideology.
See Eastern Europe and Communist state
Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
The Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations, also commonly and colloquially known as the Commonwealth of Unrecognized States, rarely as CIS-2, is an international organization in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus of three breakaway states in the territory of the former Soviet Union, all of which have limited to no recognition from the international community.
See Eastern Europe and Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe, CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Council of Europe
Croatia
Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Croatia
Culture
Culture is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.
See Eastern Europe and Culture
Culture of Europe
The culture of Europe is diverse, and rooted in its art, architecture, traditions, cuisines, music, folklore, embroidery, film, literature, economics, philosophy and religious customs.
See Eastern Europe and Culture of Europe
Cyprus
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.
See Eastern Europe and Cyrillic script
Czech Academy of Sciences
The Czech Academy of Sciences (abbr. CAS, Akademie věd České republiky, abbr. AV ČR) was established in 1992 by the Czech National Council as the Czech successor of the former Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and its tradition goes back to the Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences (founded in 1784) and the Emperor Franz Joseph Czech Academy for Sciences, Literature and Arts (founded in 1890).
See Eastern Europe and Czech Academy of Sciences
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Czech Republic
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, known from 1948 to 1960 as the Czechoslovak Republic, Fourth Czechoslovak Republic, or simply Czechoslovakia, was the Czechoslovak state from 1948 until 1989, when the country was under communist rule, and was regarded as a satellite state in the Soviet sphere of interest.
See Eastern Europe and Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary.
See Eastern Europe and Czechoslovakia
Digital object identifier
A digital object identifier (DOI) is a persistent identifier or handle used to uniquely identify various objects, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
See Eastern Europe and Digital object identifier
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
The dissolution of Czechoslovakia (Rozdělení Československa, Rozdelenie Československa), which took effect on December 31, 1992, was the self-determined secession of the federal republic of Czechoslovakia into the independent countries of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
See Eastern Europe and Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.
See Eastern Europe and Early Middle Ages
East Germany
East Germany (Ostdeutschland), officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik,, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990.
See Eastern Europe and East Germany
East Slavs
The East Slavs are the most populous subgroup of the Slavs.
See Eastern Europe and East Slavs
East Thrace
East Thrace or eastern Thrace (Doğu Trakya or simply Trakya; Anatolikí Thráki; Iztochna Trakiya), also known as Turkish Thrace or European Turkey, is the part of Turkey that is geographically a part of Southeast Europe.
See Eastern Europe and East Thrace
East-Central Europe
East-Central Europe is the region between German-, Hungarian-, and West Slavic-speaking Europe and the East Slavic countries of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Eastern Europe and East-Central Europe are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and East-Central Europe
East–West Schism
The East–West Schism, also known as the Great Schism or the Schism of 1054, is the break of communion between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches since 1054.
See Eastern Europe and East–West Schism
Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).
See Eastern Europe and Eastern Bloc
Eastern Catholic Churches
The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches, are 23 Eastern Christian autonomous (sui iuris) particular churches of the Catholic Church, in full communion with the Pope in Rome.
See Eastern Europe and Eastern Catholic Churches
Eastern Christianity
Eastern Christianity comprises Christian traditions and church families that originally developed during classical and late antiquity in the Eastern Mediterranean region or locations further east, south or north.
See Eastern Europe and Eastern Christianity
Eastern European Group
The Group of Eastern European States (EEG) is one of the five United Nations regional groups and is composed of 23 Member States from Eastern, Central and Southern Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Eastern European Group
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.
See Eastern Europe and Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism.
See Eastern Europe and Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Partnership
The Eastern Partnership (EaP) is a joint initiative of the European Union, together with its member states, and six Eastern European countries.
See Eastern Europe and Eastern Partnership
Eastern Protestant Christianity
The term Eastern Protestant Christianity (also called as Eastern Reformed Christianity as well as Oriental Protestant Christianity) encompasses a range of heterogeneous Protestant Christian denominations that developed outside of the Western world, from the latter half of the nineteenth century, and retain certain elements of Eastern Christianity.
See Eastern Europe and Eastern Protestant Christianity
Enlargement of the European Union
The European Union (EU) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union.
See Eastern Europe and Enlargement of the European Union
Estonia
Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Estonia
Eurasian Economic Union
The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU or EEU)EAEU is the acronym used on the.
See Eastern Europe and Eurasian Economic Union
Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
The EuroNest Parliamentary Assembly is the inter-parliamentary forum in which members of the European Parliament and the national parliaments of Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia participate and forge closer political and economic ties with the European Union.
See Eastern Europe and Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions.
See Eastern Europe and European Parliament
European Russia
European Russia is the western and most populated part of the Russian Federation.
See Eastern Europe and European Russia
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
See Eastern Europe and European Union
EuroVoc
EuroVoc is a multilingual thesaurus (controlled vocabulary) maintained by the Publications Office of the European Union and hosted on the portal Europa.
See Eastern Europe and EuroVoc
Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, Germans and fled and were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries, including Czechoslovakia, and from the former German provinces of Lower and Upper Silesia, East Prussia, and the eastern parts of Brandenburg (Neumark) and Pomerania (Hinterpommern), which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union.
See Eastern Europe and Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
Fulton, Missouri
Fulton is the largest city in and the county seat of Callaway County, Missouri, United States.
See Eastern Europe and Fulton, Missouri
Generalplan Ost
The (Master Plan for the East), abbreviated GPO, was Nazi Germany's plan for the genocide, extermination and large-scale ethnic cleansing of Slavs, Eastern European Jews, and other indigenous peoples of Eastern Europe categorized as "Untermenschen" in Nazi ideology.
See Eastern Europe and Generalplan Ost
Geographical midpoint of Europe
The location of the geographical centre of Europe depends on the definition of the borders of Europe, mainly whether remote islands are included to define the extreme points of Europe, and on the method of calculating the final result.
See Eastern Europe and Geographical midpoint of Europe
Geography of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union incorporated an area of over, covering approximately one-sixth of Earth's land surface.
See Eastern Europe and Geography of the Soviet Union
Geopolitics
Geopolitics is the study of the effects of Earth's geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations.
See Eastern Europe and Geopolitics
Georgia (country)
Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.
See Eastern Europe and Georgia (country)
German reunification
German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a single full sovereign state, which took place between 9 November 1989 and 15 March 1991.
See Eastern Europe and German reunification
Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.
Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..
Habsburg monarchy
The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg.
See Eastern Europe and Habsburg monarchy
Hellenistic period
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.
See Eastern Europe and Hellenistic period
History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe
The presence of German-speaking populations in Central and Eastern Europe is rooted in centuries of history, with the settling in northeastern Europe of Germanic peoples predating even the founding of the Roman Empire.
See Eastern Europe and History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.
See Eastern Europe and Holy Roman Empire
Hungarian People's Republic
The Hungarian People's Republic (Magyar Népköztársaság) was a one-party socialist state from 20 August 1949 to 23 October 1989.
See Eastern Europe and Hungarian People's Republic
Hungary
Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Hungary
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia. Eastern Europe and Iberian Peninsula are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Iberian Peninsula
Indiana University Press
Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.
See Eastern Europe and Indiana University Press
Intermarium
Intermarium (Międzymorze) was a post-World War I geopolitical plan conceived by Józef Piłsudski to unite former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lands within a single polity.
See Eastern Europe and Intermarium
Iron Curtain
During the Cold War, the Iron Curtain was a political metaphor used to describe the political and later physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.
See Eastern Europe and Iron Curtain
ISBN
The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier that is intended to be unique.
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
Iván T. Berend
Iván Tibor Berend (commonly known as Iván T. Berend; born 11 December 1930) is a Hungarian historian and teacher who served as President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from 1985 until 1990.
See Eastern Europe and Iván T. Berend
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Kazakhstan
Kingdom of Iberia
In Greco-Roman geography, Iberia (Ancient Greek: Ἰβηρία Iberia; Hiberia; Parthian:; Middle Persian) was an exonym for the Georgian kingdom of Kartli (ႵႠႰႧႪႨ), known after its core province, which during Classical Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages was a significant monarchy in the Caucasus, either as an independent state or as a dependent of larger empires, notably the Sassanid and Roman empires.
See Eastern Europe and Kingdom of Iberia
Koine Greek
Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.
See Eastern Europe and Koine Greek
Kristen Ghodsee
Kristen Rogheh Ghodsee (born April 26, 1970) is an American ethnographer and Professor of Russian and East European Studies at the University of Pennsylvania.
See Eastern Europe and Kristen Ghodsee
Late antiquity
Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.
See Eastern Europe and Late antiquity
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Latvia
Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
League of Nations
The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
See Eastern Europe and League of Nations
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Eastern Europe
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people.
See Eastern Europe and List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Eastern Europe
List of political parties in Eastern Europe
This is a list of political parties in Eastern Europe, linking to the country list of parties and the political system of each country in the region.
See Eastern Europe and List of political parties in Eastern Europe
List of political scientists
The following is a list of notable political scientists.
See Eastern Europe and List of political scientists
List of states with limited recognition
A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such.
See Eastern Europe and List of states with limited recognition
List of transcontinental countries
This is a list of countries with territory that straddles more than one continent, known as transcontinental states or intercontinental states.
See Eastern Europe and List of transcontinental countries
Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Lithuania
Lord and Peasant in Russia
Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century is a political-social-economic history of Russia written by historian Jerome Blum and published by Princeton University Press in 1961.
See Eastern Europe and Lord and Peasant in Russia
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.
See Eastern Europe and Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Magdeburg rights
Magdeburg rights (Magdeburger Recht, Prawo magdeburskie, Magdeburgo teisė; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish Law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by the local ruler.
See Eastern Europe and Magdeburg rights
Malta
Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Marshall Plan
Michael Roskin
Michael G. Roskin (1939 – May 2, 2023) was an American political scientist best known for his multi-edition textbook, Countries and Concepts.
See Eastern Europe and Michael Roskin
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
See Eastern Europe and Middle Ages
Moldova
Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, on the northeastern corner of the Balkans.
See Eastern Europe and Moldova
Molotov Plan
The Molotov Plan was the system created by the Soviet Union in 1947 in order to provide aid to rebuild the countries in Eastern Europe that were politically and economically aligned to the Soviet Union.
See Eastern Europe and Molotov Plan
Mongol invasion of Europe
From the 1220s into the 1240s, the Mongols conquered the Turkic states of Volga Bulgaria, Cumania and Iranian state of Alania, and various principalities in Eastern Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Mongol invasion of Europe
Montenegro
Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.
See Eastern Europe and Montenegro
National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations in the world.
See Eastern Europe and National Geographic Society
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.
New Hanseatic League
The New Hanseatic League, or the Hansa, also called the Hanseatic League 2.0, was established in February 2018 by European Union finance ministers from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Sweden through the signing of a two-page foundational document that set out the "shared views and values in the discussion on the architecture of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU)".
See Eastern Europe and New Hanseatic League
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del), abbreviated as NKVD, was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946.
Non-Aligned Movement
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.
See Eastern Europe and Non-Aligned Movement
Nordic Battlegroup
The Nordic Battlegroup (NBG) is one of eighteen European Union battlegroups.
See Eastern Europe and Nordic Battlegroup
Nordic Investment Bank
The Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) is an international financial institution founded in 1975 by the five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden).
See Eastern Europe and Nordic Investment Bank
Nordic-Baltic Eight
Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB8) is a regional co-operation format that includes Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden.
See Eastern Europe and Nordic-Baltic Eight
North Macedonia
North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe.
See Eastern Europe and North Macedonia
Northern Europe
The northern region of Europe has several definitions. Eastern Europe and northern Europe are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Northern Europe
Northern Future Forum
Northern Future Forum is an annual, informal meeting of prime ministers, policy innovators, entrepreneurs and business leaders from the 9 nations of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
See Eastern Europe and Northern Future Forum
Numeracy
Numeracy is the ability to understand, reason with, and apply simple numerical concepts.
See Eastern Europe and Numeracy
Oder–Neisse line
The Oder–Neisse line (Oder-Neiße-Grenze, granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej) is an unofficial term for the modern border between Germany and Poland.
See Eastern Europe and Oder–Neisse line
Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
The Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) is a regional international organization focusing on multilateral political and economic initiatives aimed at fostering cooperation, peace, stability and prosperity in the Black Sea region.
See Eastern Europe and Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
Ostsiedlung
Ostsiedlung is the term for the Early Medieval and High Medieval migration of ethnic Germans and Germanization of the areas populated by Slavic, Baltic and Finnic peoples, the most settled area was known as Germania Slavica.
See Eastern Europe and Ostsiedlung
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
See Eastern Europe and Ottoman Empire
Paeonia (kingdom)
In antiquity, Paeonia or Paionia (Paionía) was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians or Paionians (Paíones).
See Eastern Europe and Paeonia (kingdom)
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.
See Eastern Europe and Parthian Empire
Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
See Eastern Europe and Partitions of Poland
People's Republic of Bulgaria
The People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB; Народна република България (НРБ), Narodna republika Bŭlgariya, NRB) was the official name of Bulgaria when it was a socialist republic from 1946 to 1990, ruled by the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) together with its coalition partner, the Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union.
See Eastern Europe and People's Republic of Bulgaria
People's Socialist Republic of Albania
The People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë), officially the People's Republic of Albania from 1946 until 1976, and from 1991 to 1992 as the Republic of Albania, was the one-party communist state in Albania from 1946 to 1991.
See Eastern Europe and People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
See Eastern Europe and Persian language
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.
Polish People's Republic
The Polish People's Republic (1952–1989), formerly the Republic of Poland (1947–1952), was a country in Central Europe that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic Republic of Poland.
See Eastern Europe and Polish People's Republic
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
See Eastern Europe and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.
See Eastern Europe and Portugal
Post-Soviet states
The post-Soviet states, also referred to as the former Soviet Union (FSU) or the former Soviet republics, are the independent sovereign states that emerged/re-emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
See Eastern Europe and Post-Soviet states
Potential enlargement of the European Union
There are currently nine states recognized as candidates for membership of the European Union: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine.
See Eastern Europe and Potential enlargement of the European Union
Prague
Prague (Praha) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia.
Prague Spring
The Prague Spring (Pražské jaro, Pražská jar) was a period of political liberalization and mass protest in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
See Eastern Europe and Prague Spring
Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.
See Eastern Europe and Protestantism
Publications Office of the European Union
The Publications Office of the European Union is the official provider of publishing services and data, information and knowledge management services to all EU institutions, bodies and agencies.
See Eastern Europe and Publications Office of the European Union
Regions of Europe
Europe, the westernmost portion of Eurasia, is often divided into regions and subregions based on geographical, cultural or historical factors.
See Eastern Europe and Regions of Europe
Republic of Artsakh
Artsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh or the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, was a breakaway state in the South Caucasus whose territory was internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan.
See Eastern Europe and Republic of Artsakh
Revolutions of 1989
The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, were a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world.
See Eastern Europe and Revolutions of 1989
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
See Eastern Europe and Roman Empire
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.
See Eastern Europe and Roman Republic
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Romania
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.
See Eastern Europe and Sasanian Empire
Satrapy of Armenia
The Satrapy of Armenia (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 or 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎹), a region controlled by the Orontid dynasty (570–201 BC), was one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC that later became an independent kingdom.
See Eastern Europe and Satrapy of Armenia
Second Chechen War
The Second Chechen War is also known as the Second Chechen Campaign (Втора́я чече́нская кампа́ния) or the Second Russian Invasion of Chechnya from the Chechen insurgents' point of view.
See Eastern Europe and Second Chechen War
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939.
See Eastern Europe and Second Polish Republic
Serbia
Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.
Serfdom
Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems.
See Eastern Europe and Serfdom
Sino-Soviet split
The Sino-Soviet split was the gradual worsening of relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the Cold War.
See Eastern Europe and Sino-Soviet split
Slovakia
Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Slovakia
Slovenia
Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene), is a country in southern Central Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Slovenia
Social constructionism
Social constructionism is a term used in sociology, social ontology, and communication theory.
See Eastern Europe and Social constructionism
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (commonly abbreviated as SFRY or SFR Yugoslavia), commonly referred to as Socialist Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Socialist Republic of Romania
The Socialist Republic of Romania (Republica Socialistă România, RSR) was a Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist state that existed officially in Romania from 1947 to 1989 (see Revolutions of 1989).
See Eastern Europe and Socialist Republic of Romania
Socioeconomics
Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes.
See Eastern Europe and Socioeconomics
Sofia
Sofia (Sofiya) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.
South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. Eastern Europe and south Caucasus are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and South Caucasus
South Ossetia
South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus.
See Eastern Europe and South Ossetia
Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical sub-region of Europe, consisting primarily of the region of the Balkans, as well as adjacent regions and archipelagos. Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe
Southern Europe
Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe. Eastern Europe and southern Europe are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Southern Europe
Soviet occupation zone in Germany
The Soviet occupation zone in Germany (or label) was an area of Germany that was occupied by the Soviet Union as a communist area, established as a result of the Potsdam Agreement on 1 August 1945.
See Eastern Europe and Soviet occupation zone in Germany
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
See Eastern Europe and Soviet Union
Spain
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.
Standard of living
Standard of living is the level of income, comforts and services available to an individual, community or society.
See Eastern Europe and Standard of living
State (polity)
A state is a political entity that regulates society and the population within a territory.
See Eastern Europe and State (polity)
Styria (Slovenia)
Styria (Štajerska), also known as Slovenian Styria (Slovenska Štajerska) or Lower Styria (Spodnja Štajerska; Untersteiermark) to differentiate it from Austrian Styria, is a traditional region in northeastern Slovenia, comprising the southern third of the former Duchy of Styria.
See Eastern Europe and Styria (Slovenia)
Sudetenland
The Sudetenland (Czech and Sudety) is the historical German name for the northern, southern, and western areas of former Czechoslovakia which were inhabited primarily by Sudeten Germans. Eastern Europe and Sudetenland are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Sudetenland
Szczecin
Szczecin (Stettin; Stettin; Sedinum or Stetinum) is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland.
See Eastern Europe and Szczecin
Theology
Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.
See Eastern Europe and Theology
Thesaurus
A thesaurus (thesauri or thesauruses), sometimes called a synonym dictionary or dictionary of synonyms, is a reference work which arranges words by their meanings (or in simpler terms, a book where one can find different words with similar meanings to other words), sometimes as a hierarchy of broader and narrower terms, sometimes simply as lists of synonyms and antonyms.
See Eastern Europe and Thesaurus
Thomas W. Simons Jr.
Thomas Winston Simons Jr. (born September 4, 1938) is an American diplomat and academic.
See Eastern Europe and Thomas W. Simons Jr.
Thrace
Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.
Timothy Snyder
Timothy David Snyder (born August 18, 1969) is an American historian specializing in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and the Holocaust.
See Eastern Europe and Timothy Snyder
Transnistria
Transnistria, officially known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), is a breakaway state internationally recognized as part of Moldova.
See Eastern Europe and Transnistria
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919.
See Eastern Europe and Treaty of Versailles
Trieste
Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy.
See Eastern Europe and Trieste
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
Turkish straits
The Turkish Straits (Türk Boğazları) are two internationally significant waterways in northwestern Turkey.
See Eastern Europe and Turkish straits
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Ukraine
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) is a major archiepiscopal sui iuris ("autonomous") Eastern Catholic church that is based in Ukraine.
See Eastern Europe and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
See Eastern Europe and United Nations
University of Basel
The University of Basel (Latin: Universitas Basiliensis, German: Universität Basel) is a public research university in Basel, Switzerland.
See Eastern Europe and University of Basel
Ural (river)
The Ural (Урал), known before 1775 as the Yaik, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan in the continental border between Europe and Asia.
See Eastern Europe and Ural (river)
Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through the Russian Federation, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.
See Eastern Europe and Ural Mountains
Vienna
Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.
Visegrád Group
The Visegrád Group (also known as the Visegrád Four or the V4) is a cultural and political alliance of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia.
See Eastern Europe and Visegrád Group
Warsaw
Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and largest city of Poland.
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War.
See Eastern Europe and Warsaw Pact
Western Christianity
Western Christianity is one of two subdivisions of Christianity (Eastern Christianity being the other).
See Eastern Europe and Western Christianity
Western Europe
Western Europe is the western region of Europe. Eastern Europe and western Europe are regions of Europe.
See Eastern Europe and Western Europe
Western Roman Empire
In modern historiography, the Western Roman Empire was the western provinces of the Roman Empire, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court.
See Eastern Europe and Western Roman Empire
Westminster College (Missouri)
Westminster College is a private college in Fulton, Missouri.
See Eastern Europe and Westminster College (Missouri)
References
Also known as E. Europe, East Europe, East European, East-European, East-europe, Eastern Europe (subregion), Eastern Europea, Eastern European, Eastern European history, Eastern-European, Europe East, Europe, Eastern, European East, History of Eastern Europe, World War II in Eastern Europe.
, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Czechoslovakia, Digital object identifier, Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, Early Middle Ages, East Germany, East Slavs, East Thrace, East-Central Europe, East–West Schism, Eastern Bloc, Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern Christianity, Eastern European Group, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, Eastern Partnership, Eastern Protestant Christianity, Enlargement of the European Union, Estonia, Eurasian Economic Union, Euronest Parliamentary Assembly, Europe, European Parliament, European Russia, European Union, EuroVoc, Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950), Fulton, Missouri, Generalplan Ost, Geographical midpoint of Europe, Geography of the Soviet Union, Geopolitics, Georgia (country), German reunification, Greece, Greeks, Habsburg monarchy, Hellenistic period, History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe, Holy Roman Empire, Hungarian People's Republic, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Indiana University Press, Intermarium, Iron Curtain, ISBN, Italy, Iván T. Berend, Kazakhstan, Kingdom of Iberia, Koine Greek, Kristen Ghodsee, Late antiquity, Latin, Latvia, League of Nations, List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Eastern Europe, List of political parties in Eastern Europe, List of political scientists, List of states with limited recognition, List of transcontinental countries, Lithuania, Lord and Peasant in Russia, Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Magdeburg rights, Malta, Marshall Plan, Michael Roskin, Middle Ages, Moldova, Molotov Plan, Mongol invasion of Europe, Montenegro, National Geographic Society, NATO, New Hanseatic League, NKVD, Non-Aligned Movement, Nordic Battlegroup, Nordic Investment Bank, Nordic-Baltic Eight, North Macedonia, Northern Europe, Northern Future Forum, Numeracy, Oder–Neisse line, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Ostsiedlung, Ottoman Empire, Paeonia (kingdom), Parthian Empire, Partitions of Poland, People's Republic of Bulgaria, People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Persian language, Poland, Polish People's Republic, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Portugal, Post-Soviet states, Potential enlargement of the European Union, Prague, Prague Spring, Protestantism, Publications Office of the European Union, Regions of Europe, Republic of Artsakh, Revolutions of 1989, Roman Empire, Roman Republic, Romania, Russia, Sasanian Empire, Satrapy of Armenia, Second Chechen War, Second Polish Republic, Serbia, Serfdom, Sino-Soviet split, Slovakia, Slovenia, Social constructionism, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Socialist Republic of Romania, Socioeconomics, Sofia, South Caucasus, South Ossetia, Southeast Europe, Southern Europe, Soviet occupation zone in Germany, Soviet Union, Spain, Standard of living, State (polity), Styria (Slovenia), Sudetenland, Szczecin, Theology, Thesaurus, Thomas W. Simons Jr., Thrace, Timothy Snyder, Transnistria, Treaty of Versailles, Trieste, Turkey, Turkish straits, Ukraine, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, UNESCO, United Nations, University of Basel, Ural (river), Ural Mountains, Vienna, Visegrád Group, Warsaw, Warsaw Pact, Western Christianity, Western Europe, Western Roman Empire, Westminster College (Missouri).