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130 relations: Adam Tooze, Age of Enlightenment, Altmark, Aristocracy, Autarky, Autonomy, Étienne Mantoux, Bank deutscher Länder, BASF, Bayer, Berlin Wall, Bremen, Bundestag, Carthaginian peace, Central bank, Christian Democratic Union of Germany, Christian Social Union in Bavaria, Coal, Coke (fuel), Coking, Cologne, Conscription, Danish minority of Southern Schleswig, Depression (economics), Deutsche Bundesbank, Deutsche Mark, Diocese, Duchy, Duchy of Schleswig, E.ON, East Germany, Economic development, Economic statistics, Essen, European social model, Federal Cartel Office, Forced labour under German rule during World War II, Free Democratic Party (Germany), Free imperial city, French Revolution, Friedrich List, German Council of Economic Experts, German Empire, German Papiermark, German reunification, German Steel Trust, German tariff of 1879, German town law, Grand coalition (Germany), Great Depression, ..., Guild, Hanseatic League, Harold James (historian), Heavy industry, Helmut Kohl, Helmut Schmidt, History of Baden-Württemberg, History of Cologne, History of Germany, History of Hamburg, Hyperinflation, Industrialisation, Intensive farming, Iron, Ironworks, John Maynard Keynes, Karl Schiller, Keynesian economics, Konrad Adenauer, Korean War, Krupp, Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Laissez-faire, Lausanne Conference of 1932, Lübeck, Ludwig Erhard, Lufthansa, Magna Carta, Marriage of Iron and Rye, Marshall Plan, Monopoly, Nazism, North European Plain, Northern Europe, Nuremberg, Oligopoly, Ordnung, Ordoliberalism, Otto von Bismarck, Primogeniture, Protectionism, Prussia, Prussian Reform Movement (1806–1815), Putting-out system, Reichsmark, Revanchism, Ruhr, Ruhr (river), Salzgitter, Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Second Industrial Revolution, Serfdom, Social Democratic Party of Germany, Social market economy, Stasi, Steel, Stunde Null, Textile, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, The Wages of Destruction, Treaty of Versailles, U.S. Steel, United Kingdom, United States, Urbanization, VEBA, Vereinigte Stahlwerke, Volkswagen, West German federal election, 1957, West German federal election, 1969, West Germany, Willy Brandt, Wirtschaftswunder, Woodrow Wilson, World War I, World War I reparations, World War II, Zollverein, 1973 oil crisis. Expand index (80 more) »
Adam Tooze
Adam Tooze (born 1967) is a British historian who is a professor at Columbia University.
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Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".
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Altmark
The Altmark (English: Old MarchHansard, The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time..., Volume 32. 1 February to 6 March 1816, T.C. Hansard, 1816.. Article XXIII of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna) is a historic region in Germany, comprising the northern third of Saxony-Anhalt.
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Aristocracy
Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from ἄριστος aristos "excellent", and κράτος kratos "power") is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class.
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Autarky
Autarky is the quality of being self-sufficient.
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Autonomy
In development or moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, un-coerced decision.
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Étienne Mantoux
Étienne Mantoux (5 February 1913 – 29 April 1945) was a French economist, born in Paris.
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Bank deutscher Länder
The Bank deutscher Länder (Bank of the German States), abbreviation BdL, was the forerunner of the Deutsche Bundesbank.
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BASF
BASF SE is a German chemical company and the largest chemical producer in the world.
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Bayer
Bayer AG is a German multinational, pharmaceutical and life sciences company.
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Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.
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Bremen
The City Municipality of Bremen (Stadtgemeinde Bremen) is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany, which belongs to the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (also called just "Bremen" for short), a federal state of Germany.
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Bundestag
The Bundestag ("Federal Diet") is the German federal parliament.
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Carthaginian peace
A Carthaginian peace is the imposition of a very brutal "peace" achieved by completely crushing the enemy.
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Central bank
A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates.
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Christian Democratic Union of Germany
The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands, CDU) is a Christian democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany.
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Christian Social Union in Bavaria
The Christian Social Union in Bavaria is a Christian-democratic and conservative political party in Germany.
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Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.
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Coke (fuel)
Coke is a fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities, usually made from coal.
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Coking
Coking is the deposition of carbon-rich solids.
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Cologne
Cologne (Köln,, Kölle) is the largest city in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth most populated city in Germany (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich).
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Conscription
Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.
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Danish minority of Southern Schleswig
The Danish ethnic minority in Southern Schleswig, Germany, has existed by this name since 1920, when the Schleswig Plebiscite split German-ruled Schleswig into two parts: Northern Schleswig, with a Danish majority and a German minority was united with Denmark, while Southern Schleswig remained a part of Germany and had a German majority and Danish and Frisian minority populations.
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Depression (economics)
In economics, a depression is a sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more economies.
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Deutsche Bundesbank
The Deutsche Bundesbank is the central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany and as such part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB).
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Deutsche Mark
The Deutsche Mark ("German mark"), abbreviated "DM" or, was the official currency of West Germany from 1948 until 1990 and later the unified Germany from 1990 until 2002.
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Diocese
The word diocese is derived from the Greek term διοίκησις meaning "administration".
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Duchy
A duchy is a country, territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess.
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Duchy of Schleswig
The Duchy of Schleswig (Hertugdømmet Slesvig; Herzogtum Schleswig; Low German: Sleswig; North Frisian: Slaswik) was a duchy in Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland) covering the area between about 60 km north and 70 km south of the current border between Germany and Denmark.
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E.ON
E.ON SE (marketed with an interpunct as E·ON) is a European holding company based in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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East Germany
East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), existed from 1949 to 1990 and covers the period when the eastern portion of Germany existed as a state that was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period.
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Economic development
economic development wikipedia Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people.
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Economic statistics
Economic statistics is a topic in applied statistics that concerns the collection, processing, compilation, dissemination, and analysis of economic data.
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Essen
Essen (Latin: Assindia) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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European social model
The European social model is a common vision many European states have for a society that combines economic growth with high living standards and good working conditions.
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Federal Cartel Office
The Federal Cartel Office (Germany) (Bundeskartellamt) is Germany's national competition regulator.
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Forced labour under German rule during World War II
The use of forced labour and slavery in Nazi Germany and throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale.
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Free Democratic Party (Germany)
The Free Democratic Party (Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP) is a liberal and classical liberal political party in Germany.
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Free imperial city
In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, urbs imperialis libera), was used from the fifteenth century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
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Friedrich List
Georg Friedrich List (6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was a German economist with dual American citizenship who developed the "National System", also known as the National System of Innovation.
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German Council of Economic Experts
The German Council of Economic Experts or Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung is a group of economists set up in 1963 to evaluate economic policies of the German government.
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German Empire
The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.
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German Papiermark
The name Papiermark ("paper mark", officially just Mark, sign: ℳ) is applied to the German currency from 4 August 1914 when the link between the Goldmark and gold was abandoned, due to the outbreak of World War I. In particular, the name is used for the banknotes issued during the hyperinflation in Germany of 1922 and especially 1923.
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German reunification
The German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR, colloquially East Germany; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik/DDR) became part of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, colloquially West Germany; German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland/BRD) to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz (constitution) Article 23.
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German Steel Trust
The merger of four major firms into the German Steel Trust (Vereinigte Stahlwerke) in 1926 was modeled on the U.S. Steel corporation in the U.S. The goal was to move beyond the limitations of the old cartel system by incorporating advances simultaneously inside a single corporation.
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German tariff of 1879
The German tariff of 1879 was a protectionist law passed by the Reichstag (under the guidance of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck) that imposed tariffs on industrial and agricultural imports into Imperial Germany.
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German town law
The German town law (Deutsches Stadtrecht) or German municipal concerns (Deutsches Städtewesen) was a set of early town privileges based on the Magdeburg rights developed by Otto I. The Magdeburg Law became the inspiration for regional town charters not only in Germany, but also in Central and Eastern Europe who modified it during the Middle Ages.
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Grand coalition (Germany)
In modern Germany with its parliamentary system of government on federal and on state level, grand coalition (Große Koalition) describes a governing coalition of the two biggest parties in one parliament.
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Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.
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Guild
A guild is an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area.
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Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League (Middle Low German: Hanse, Düdesche Hanse, Hansa; Standard German: Deutsche Hanse; Latin: Hansa Teutonica) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe.
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Harold James (historian)
Harold James (born 19 January 1956 in Bedford, United Kingdom) is an economic historian specializing in the history of Germany and European economic history.
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Heavy industry
Heavy industry is industry that involves one or more characteristics such as large and heavy products; large and heavy equipment and facilities (such as heavy equipment, large machine tools, and huge buildings); or complex or numerous processes.
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Helmut Kohl
Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German statesman who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 (of West Germany 1982–1990 and of the reunited Germany 1990–1998) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998.
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Helmut Schmidt
Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (23 December 1918 – 10 November 2015) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), who served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1974 to 1982.
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History of Baden-Württemberg
The history of Baden-Württemberg covers the area included in the historical state of Baden, the former Prussian Hohenzollern, and Württemberg, part of the region of Swabia since the 9th century.
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History of Cologne
The German city of Cologne was founded in the 1st century as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium.
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History of Germany
The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he had conquered.
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History of Hamburg
The history of Hamburg begins with its foundation in the 9th century as a mission settlement to convert the Saxons.
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Hyperinflation
In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation.
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Industrialisation
Industrialisation or industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society, involving the extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.
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Intensive farming
Intensive farming involves various types of agriculture with higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Ironworks
An ironworks or iron works is a building or site where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and steel products are made.
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John Maynard Keynes
John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946), was a British economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments.
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Karl Schiller
Karl August Fritz Schiller (24 April 1911 – 26 December 1994) was a German economist and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).
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Keynesian economics
Keynesian economics (sometimes called Keynesianism) are the various macroeconomic theories about how in the short run – and especially during recessions – economic output is strongly influenced by aggregate demand (total demand in the economy).
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Konrad Adenauer
Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963.
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Korean War
The Korean War (in South Korean, "Korean War"; in North Korean, "Fatherland: Liberation War"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States).
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Krupp
The Krupp family (see pronunciation), a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, became famous for their production of steel, artillery, ammunition, and other armaments.
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Kurt Georg Kiesinger
Kurt Georg Kiesinger (6 April 1904 – 9 March 1988) was a German politician who served as Chancellor of Germany (West Germany) from 1 December 1966 to 21 October 1969.
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Laissez-faire
Laissez-faire (from) is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies.
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Lausanne Conference of 1932
The Lausanne Conference was a 1932 meeting of representatives from Great Britain, Germany, and France that resulted in an agreement to suspend World War I reparations payments imposed on the defeated countries by the Treaty of Versailles.
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Lübeck
Lübeck is a city in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany.
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Ludwig Erhard
Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (4 February 1897 – 5 May 1977) was a German politician affiliated with the CDU and the second Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1963 until 1966.
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Lufthansa
Deutsche Lufthansa AG, commonly known as Lufthansa (sometimes also as Lufthansa German Airlines), is the largest German airline and, when combined with its subsidiaries, also the largest airline in Europe both in terms of fleet size and passengers carried during 2017.
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Magna Carta
Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "the Great Charter of the Liberties"), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; "Great Charter"), is a charter agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215.
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Marriage of Iron and Rye
The Marriage of Iron and Rye is the name given to the coalition of interests between industry and agriculture that supported the adoption of protectionism in Imperial Germany by the Tariff of 1879.
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Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13 billion (nearly $ billion in US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.
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Monopoly
A monopoly (from Greek μόνος mónos and πωλεῖν pōleîn) exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity.
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Nazism
National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.
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North European Plain
The North European Plain (Norddeutsches Tiefland or Norddeutsche Tiefebene, North German Plain; Nizina Środkowoeuropejska, Middle European Plain) is a geomorphological region in Europe, mostly in Poland, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands (Low Countries), and a small part of northern France and Czech republic.
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Northern Europe
Northern Europe is the general term for the geographical region in Europe that is approximately north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea.
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Nuremberg
Nuremberg (Nürnberg) is a city on the river Pegnitz and on the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia, about north of Munich.
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Oligopoly
An oligopoly (from Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (olígos) "few" + πωλεῖν (polein) "to sell") is a market form wherein a market or industry is dominated by a small number of large sellers (oligopolists).
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Ordnung
The Ordnung is a set of rules for Amish, Old Order Mennonite and Conservative Mennonite living.
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Ordoliberalism
Ordoliberalism is the German variant of social liberalism that emphasizes the need for the state to ensure that the free market produces results close to its theoretical potential.
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Otto von Bismarck
Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890 and was the first Chancellor of the German Empire between 1871 and 1890.
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Primogeniture
Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the paternally acknowledged, firstborn son to inherit his parent's entire or main estate, in preference to daughters, elder illegitimate sons, younger sons and collateral relatives; in some cases the estate may instead be the inheritance of the firstborn child or occasionally the firstborn daughter.
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Protectionism
Protectionism is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations.
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Prussia
Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.
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Prussian Reform Movement (1806–1815)
The Prussian Reform Movement was a series of constitutional, administrative, social and economic reforms early in the nineteenth-century Kingdom of Prussia.
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Putting-out system
The putting-out system is a means of subcontracting work.
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Reichsmark
The Reichsmark (sign: ℛℳ) was the currency in Germany from 1924 until 20 June 1948 in West Germany, where it was replaced with the Deutsche Mark, and until 23 June in East Germany when it was replaced by the East German mark.
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Revanchism
Revanchism (from revanche, "revenge") is the political manifestation of the will to reverse territorial losses incurred by a country, often following a war or social movement.
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Ruhr
The Ruhr (Ruhrgebiet), or the Ruhr district, Ruhr region, Ruhr area or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Ruhr (river)
__notoc__ The Ruhr is a river in western Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia), a right tributary (east-side) of the Rhine.
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Salzgitter
Salzgitter is an independent city in southeast Lower Saxony, Germany, located between Hildesheim and Braunschweig.
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Saxony
The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen; Swobodny stat Sakska) is a landlocked federal state of Germany, bordering the federal states of Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, and Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland (Lower Silesian and Lubusz Voivodeships) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Liberec, and Ústí nad Labem Regions).
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Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig.
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Second Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.
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Serfdom
Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism.
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Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) is a social-democratic political party in Germany.
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Social market economy
The social market economy (SOME; soziale Marktwirtschaft), also called Rhine capitalism, is a socioeconomic model combining a free market capitalist economic system alongside social policies which establish both fair competition within the market and a welfare state.
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Stasi
The Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, MfS) or State Security Service (Staatssicherheitsdienst, SSD), commonly known as the Stasi, was the official state security service of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
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Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements.
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Stunde Null
Stunde Null ("Hour Zero") is a term used by Germany referring to May 8, 1945 at midnight (in English the term is mostly used to refer to the end of World War Two).
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Textile
A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres (yarn or thread).
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The Economic Consequences of the Peace
The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) is a book written and published by the British economist John Maynard Keynes.
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The Wages of Destruction
The Wages of Destruction is a non-fiction book detailing the economic history of Nazi Germany.
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Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles (Traité de Versailles) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end.
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U.S. Steel
United States Steel Corporation, more commonly known as U.S. Steel, is an American integrated steel producer headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with production operations in the United States, Canada, and Central Europe.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Urbanization
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change.
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VEBA
VEBA AG (originally from Vereinigte Elektrizitäts und Bergwerks Aktiengesellschaft or "United Electricity and Mining Corporation") was a German state owned energy company.
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Vereinigte Stahlwerke
The Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG (VSt or Vestag, United Steelworks) was a German industrial conglomerate producing coal, iron, and steel in the interbellum and during World War II.
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Volkswagen
Volkswagen, shortened to VW, is a German automaker founded on 28 May 1937 by the German Labour Front under Adolf Hitler and headquartered in Wolfsburg.
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West German federal election, 1957
Federal elections were held in West Germany on 15 September 1957 to elect the third Bundestag.
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West German federal election, 1969
Federal elections were held in West Germany on 28 September 1969 to elect the members of the 6th Bundestag.
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West Germany
West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; Bundesrepublik Deutschland, BRD) in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990.
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Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German statesman who was leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1969 to 1974.
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Wirtschaftswunder
The term Wirtschaftswunder ("economic miracle"), also known as The Miracle on the Rhine, describes the rapid reconstruction and development of the economies of West Germany and Austria after World War II (adopting an Ordoliberalism-based social market economy).
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Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War I reparations
World War I reparations were compensation imposed during the Paris Peace Conference upon the Central Powers following their defeat in the First World War by the Allied and Associate Powers.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Zollverein
The Zollverein or German Customs Union was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories.
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1973 oil crisis
The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo.
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Redirects here:
Economic history of germany, Economy of West Germany, German economic history, History of the German economy, West German economy.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany
