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229 relations: Agrarian reform, Agriculture, Agriculture in Venezuela, Air Canada, Air Europa, Al Jazeera, Alí Rodríguez Araque, ALBA, Aluminium, American Airlines, Andrés Bello Catholic University, Animal fat, Antonio Guzmán Blanco, Assembly line, Associated Press, Balance of trade, Bauxite, BBC News, Beef, Black market, Bloomberg L.P., Bloomberg News, Bolivarian diaspora, Bolivarian missions, Bolivarian Revolution, Brookings Institution, Business Insider, Capital flight, Car, Caracas, Caracazo, Carlos Andrés Pérez, Cartel, Cement, Center for Economic and Policy Research, Central bank, Central Bank of Venezuela, Centro Financiero Confinanzas, Chemical substance, China, China Railway, China–Venezuela relations, Citibank, Ciudad Guayana, Clothing, CNNMoney, Coal, Coffee, Commerce, Construction, ..., Consumer, Consumer price index, Copa Airlines, Cotton, Credit rating agency, Crisis in Venezuela (2012–present), Cryptocurrency, Default (finance), Devaluation, Diamond, Drink, Economic liberalism, Ecotourism, El Nacional (Caracas), El Niño, El Universo, Electricity, Electronics, Emerging markets, Empresas Polar, Energy rationing, Euronews, Export, Expropriation, Exxon, Fertilizer, Finance minister, Fish, Fitch Ratings, Food, Food processing, Forbes, Ford Motor Company, Foreign Policy, Free Trade Area of the Americas, Fruit, Gasoline, General Motors, Gold, Gross domestic product, Guri Dam, History of Venezuela (1999–present), HuffPost, Hugo Chávez, Human capital flight, Human Development Index, Hunger, Hydropower, Hyperinflation, Immigration, Inflation, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración, Inter Press Service, International Energy Agency, International Finance Corporation, International Monetary Fund, Internet, Iron ore, ISO 4217, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins University Press, Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo, Juan Vicente Gómez, La Nación, La Patilla, Labour market flexibility, Landline, Law, List of building materials, List of companies of Venezuela, List of countries by GDP (nominal), List of countries by GDP (PPP), List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (nominal), List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (PPP), List of oil exploration and production companies, List of Venezuelan cooperatives, Lists of countries by GDP per capita, Lufthansa, Machine (mechanical), Maize, Malaria, Manufacturing, Maracaibo, Marcos Pérez Jiménez, Market (economics), McDonald's, Mercosur, Merrill Lynch, Mining, Misery index (economics), Mission Robinson, Moody's Investors Service, Motor vehicle, National Assembly (Venezuela), National Center for Foreign Commerce, Nationalization, Neoliberalism, Nickel, Nicolás Maduro, NTN24, OPEC, Paper, PDVSA, Petro (cryptocurrency), Petroleum, Plaza Venezuela, Populism, Pork, President of Venezuela, Price controls, Primary sector of the economy, Product (business), Production quota, PROVEA, Public Radio International, Quota share, Rafael Caldera, Raw material, Rómulo Betancourt, Real estate, Reuters, Rice, Risk assessment, Secondary sector of the economy, Shortages in Venezuela, Social democracy, Sovereign default, Soviet Union, Soybean, Soybean meal, Standard & Poor's, Steel, Steve Hanke, TAME, TAP Air Portugal, Technology, Tertiary sector of the economy, Textile, The Boston Globe, The Christian Science Monitor, The Economist, The Heritage Foundation, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, The World Factbook, Tire, Tourism, Toyota, Transport, Union of South American Nations, United Airlines, United Nations, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United States, Vargas tragedy, Vegetable oil, Venesat-1, Venezuela, Venezuela and the International Monetary Fund, Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994, Venezuelan bolívar, Venezuelan general strike of 2002–03, Venezuelan presidential election, 1998, Verso Books, VRSS-1, Wayback Machine, Wesleyan University, Wheat, Workers' council, World Bank, World Economic Forum, World Trade Organization, Zurich Insurance Group, 1980–89 world oil market chronology, 1980s oil glut, 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, 2010s oil glut. Expand index (179 more) »
Agrarian reform
Agrarian reform can refer either, narrowly, to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of agricultural land (see land reform) or, broadly, to an overall redirection of the agrarian system of the country, which often includes land reform measures.
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Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.
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Agriculture in Venezuela
Agriculture in Venezuela has a much smaller share of the economy than in any other Latin American country.
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Air Canada
Air Canada is the flag carrier and largest airline of Canada by fleet size and passengers carried.
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Air Europa
Air Europa Líneas Aéreas, S.A.U. is an airline in Spain, the third largest after Iberia and Vueling.
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Al Jazeera
Al Jazeera (translit,, literally "The Island", though referring to the Arabian Peninsula in context), also known as JSC (Jazeera Satellite Channel), is a state-funded broadcaster in Doha, Qatar, owned by the Al Jazeera Media Network.
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Alí Rodríguez Araque
Alí Rodríguez Araque (born 9 September 1937, Ejida, Merida) is a Venezuelan politician, lawyer, and diplomat.
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ALBA
ALBA or ALBA-TCP, formally the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América) or the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - Peoples’ Trade Treaty (Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América - Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos), is an intergovernmental organization based on the idea of the social, political and economic integration of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
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American Airlines
American Airlines, Inc. (AA) is a major United States airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, within the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex.
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Andrés Bello Catholic University
Universidad Católica Andrés Bello (UCAB) is a private university in Venezuela.
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Animal fat
Animal fats and oils are lipid materials derived from animals.
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Antonio Guzmán Blanco
Antonio José Ramón de La Trinidad y María Guzmán Blanco (28 February 1829 – 28 July 1899) was a Venezuelan military leader, statesman, diplomat and politician.
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Assembly line
An assembly line is a manufacturing process (often called a progressive assembly) in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced.
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Associated Press
The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.
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Balance of trade
The balance of trade, commercial balance, or net exports (sometimes symbolized as NX), is the difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports over a certain period.
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Bauxite
Bauxite is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content.
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BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.
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Beef
Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle.
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Black market
A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or transaction that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by some form of noncompliant behavior with an institutional set of rules.
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Bloomberg L.P.
Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
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Bloomberg News
Bloomberg News is an international news agency headquartered in New York, United States and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com and Bloomberg's mobile platforms.
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Bolivarian diaspora
The Bolivarian diaspora is the largest recorded refugee crisis in the Americas and refers to the emigration of millions of Venezuelans from their native country during the presidencies of Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro, due to the establishment of their Bolivarian Revolution.
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Bolivarian missions
The Bolivarian missions are a series of social programs implemented under the administration of former Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and continued by Chávez's successor, Nicolás Maduro; with the programs focusing on social justice, social welfare, anti-poverty, educational, and military recruiting.
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Bolivarian Revolution
The Bolivarian Revolution is a political process in Venezuela led by late Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, the founder of the Fifth Republic Movement and later the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV).
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Brookings Institution
The Brookings Institution is a century-old American research group on Think Tank Row in Washington, D.C. It conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and development.
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Business Insider
Business Insider is an American financial and business news website that also operates international editions in the UK, Australia, China, Germany, France, South Africa, India, Italy, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Nordics, Poland, Spanish and Singapore.
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Capital flight
Capital flight, in economics, occurs when assets or money rapidly flow out of a country, due to an event of economic consequence.
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Car
A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation.
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Caracas
Caracas, officially Santiago de León de Caracas, is the capital and centre of the Greater Caracas Area, and the largest city of Venezuela.
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Caracazo
The Caracazo, or sacudón, is the name given to the wave of protests, riots, looting, shootings and massacres. that began on 27 February 1989 in Venezuela's capital, Caracas, and the surrounding towns. The weeklong clashes resulted in the deaths of hundreds of people, thousands by some accounts, mostly at the hands of security forces and the military.Amnesty International, March 1990, Reports of Arbitrary Killings and Torture:, February/March 1989, AI Index: AMR 53/02/90, https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR53/002/1991/en/4e4929fa-ee43-11dd-99b6-630c5239b672/amr530021991en.pdf The riots and the protests began mainly in response to the government's economic reforms and the resulting increase in the price of gasoline and transportation.
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Carlos Andrés Pérez
Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez (1922 –, 2010) also known as CAP and often referred to as El Gocho (due to his Andean origins), was a Venezuelan politician, President of Venezuela from 12 March 1974 to 12 March 1979 and again from 2 February 1989 to 21 May 1993.
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Cartel
A cartel is a group of apparently independent producers whose goal is to increase their collective profits by means of price fixing, limiting supply, or other restrictive practices.
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Cement
A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens and adheres to other materials, binding them together.
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Center for Economic and Policy Research
The Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) is an economic policy think-tank, co-founded by economists Dean Baker and Mark Weisbrot, and is based in Washington, D.C. It has been described as left-leaning.
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Central bank
A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates.
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Central Bank of Venezuela
The Central Bank of Venezuela (Banco Central de Venezuela, BCV) is the central bank of Venezuela.
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Centro Financiero Confinanzas
Centro Financiero Confinanzas, also known as Torre de David (the Tower of David), is an unfinished abandoned skyscraper in Caracas, the capital of Venezuela.
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Chemical substance
A chemical substance, also known as a pure substance, is a form of matter that consists of molecules of the same composition and structure.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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China Railway
China Railway, commonly known as CR, full name China Railway Corporation is a state-owned sole proprietorship enterprise that undertakes railway passenger and cargo transportation services in the People's Republic of China and is a state-owned industrial enterprise established under the "Law of the People's Republic of China on All-Ownership Industrial Enterprises." The Ministry of Finance acts on behalf of the State Council to perform the duties of investors..
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China–Venezuela relations
China–Venezuela relations became increasingly significant during the Presidency of Hugo Chávez of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the tenure of Hu Jintao as the leader of the People's Republic of China.
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Citibank
Citibank is the consumer division of financial services multinational Citigroup.
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Ciudad Guayana
Ciudad Guayana is a city in Bolívar State, Venezuela.
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Clothing
Clothing (also known as clothes and attire) is a collective term for garments, items worn on the body.
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CNNMoney
CNNMoney.com is a financial news and information website, operated by CNN.
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Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.
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Coffee
Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant.
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Commerce
Commerce relates to "the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale.” Commerce includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural and technological systems that operate in any country or internationally.
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Construction
Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.
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Consumer
A consumer is a person or organization that use economic services or commodities.
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Consumer price index
A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes in the price level of of and purchased by households.
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Copa Airlines
Compañía Panameña de Aviación, S.A., (commonly referred to and branded simply as "Copa Airlines") is the flag carrier of Panama.
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Cotton
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae.
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Credit rating agency
A credit rating agency (CRA, also called a ratings service) is a company that assigns credit ratings, which rate a debtor's ability to pay back debt by making timely interest payments and the likelihood of default.
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Crisis in Venezuela (2012–present)
The crisis in Venezuela is the socioeconomic and political crisis that Venezuela has been experiencing since 2012 under the presidency of Hugo Chávez and which has continued into the current presidency of Nicolás Maduro.
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Cryptocurrency
A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses strong cryptography to secure financial transactions, control the creation of additional units, and verify the transfer of assets.
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Default (finance)
In finance, default is failure to meet the legal obligations (or conditions) of a loan, for example when a home buyer fails to make a mortgage payment, or when a corporation or government fails to pay a bond which has reached maturity.
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Devaluation
In modern monetary policy, a devaluation is an official lowering of the value of a country's currency within a fixed exchange rate system, by which the monetary authority formally sets a new fixed rate with respect to a foreign reference currency or currency basket.
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Diamond
Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.
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Drink
A drink or beverage is a liquid intended for human consumption.
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Economic liberalism
Economic liberalism is an economic system organized on individual lines, which means the greatest possible number of economic decisions are made by individuals or households rather than by collective institutions or organizations.
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Ecotourism
Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism.
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El Nacional (Caracas)
El Nacional is a Venezuelan publishing company under the name C.A. Editorial El Nacional, most widely known for its El Nacional newspaper and website.
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El Niño
El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (commonly called ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date Line and 120°W), including off the Pacific coast of South America.
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El Universo
Diario El Universo (Spanish for "The Universe") is one of the largest daily newspapers in Ecuador.
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Electricity
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of electric charge.
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Electronics
Electronics is the discipline dealing with the development and application of devices and systems involving the flow of electrons in a vacuum, in gaseous media, and in semiconductors.
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Emerging markets
An emerging market is a country that has some characteristics of a developed market, but does not meet standards to be a developed market.
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Empresas Polar
Empresas Polar is a Venezuelan corporation, that started as a brewery founded in 1941 by Lorenzo Alejandro Mendoza Fleury, Rafael Lujan and Karl Eggers in Antímano "La Planta de Antimano", Caracas.
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Energy rationing
Energy rationing primarily involves measures that are designed to force energy conservation as an alternative to price mechanisms in energy markets.
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Euronews
Euronews is a multilingual news media service, headquartered in Lyon, France.
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Export
The term export means sending of goods or services produced in one country to another country.
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Expropriation
The process of expropriation "occurs when a public agency (for example, the provincial government and its agencies, regional districts, municipalities, school boards, post-secondary institutions and utilities) takes private property for a purpose deemed to be in the public interest".
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Exxon
Exxon was the brand name of oil and natural resources company Exxon Corporation, prior to 1972 known as Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.
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Fertilizer
A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
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Finance minister
A finance minister is an executive or cabinet position in charge of one or more of government finances, economic policy and financial regulation.
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Fish
Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.
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Fitch Ratings
Fitch Ratings Inc.
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Food
Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism.
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Food processing
Food processing is the transformation of cooked ingredients, by physical or chemical means into food, or of food into other forms.
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Forbes
Forbes is an American business magazine.
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Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company (commonly referred to simply as "Ford") is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit.
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Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy is an American news publication, founded in 1970 and focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy.
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Free Trade Area of the Americas
The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA; Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas, ALCA; Zone de libre-échange des Amériques, ZLÉA; Área de Livre Comércio das Américas, ALCA; Vrijhandelszone van Amerika) was a proposed agreement to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas, excluding Cuba.
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Fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering.
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Gasoline
Gasoline (American English), or petrol (British English), is a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in spark-ignited internal combustion engines.
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General Motors
General Motors Company, commonly referred to as General Motors (GM), is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit that designs, manufactures, markets, and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts, and sells financial services.
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Gold
Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.
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Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time.
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Guri Dam
The Simón Bolívar Hydroelectric Plant also Guri Dam (Central Hidroeléctrica Simón Bolívar or Represa de Guri) is a concrete gravity and embankment dam in Bolívar State, Venezuela on the Caroni River built from 1963 to 1969.
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History of Venezuela (1999–present)
Venezuela since February 2, 1999 saw sweeping and radical shifts in social policy, moving away from the government officially embracing a free market economy and neoliberal reform principles and towards socialist income redistribution and social welfare programs.
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HuffPost
HuffPost (formerly The Huffington Post and sometimes abbreviated HuffPo) is a liberal American news and opinion website and blog that has both localized and international editions.
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Hugo Chávez
Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (28 July 1954 – 5 March 2013) was a Venezuelan politician who was President of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013.
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Human capital flight
Human capital flight refers to the emigration of individuals who have received advanced training at home.
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Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
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Hunger
In politics, humanitarian aid, and social science, hunger is a condition in which a person, for a sustained period, is unable to eat sufficient food to meet basic nutritional needs.
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Hydropower
Hydropower or water power (from ύδωρ, "water") is power derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes.
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Hyperinflation
In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation.
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Immigration
Immigration is the international movement of people into a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle or reside there, especially as permanent residents or naturalized citizens, or to take up employment as a migrant worker or temporarily as a foreign worker.
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Inflation
In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
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Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración
The Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración (Institute of Advanced Studies in Administration, IESA) is a private non-profit Venezuelan business school with campuses in Caracas, Maracaibo and Valencia.
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Inter Press Service
Inter Press Service (IPS) is a global news agency.
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International Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency (IEA) (Agence internationale de l'énergie) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis.
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International Finance Corporation
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an international financial institution that offers investment, advisory, and asset-management services to encourage private-sector development in developing countries.
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International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system.
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Internet
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.
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Iron ore
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted.
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ISO 4217
ISO 4217 is a standard first published by International Organization for Standardization in 1978, which delineates currency designators, country codes (alpha and numeric), and references to minor units in three tables.
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Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University is an American private research university in Baltimore, Maryland.
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Johns Hopkins University Press
The Johns Hopkins University Press (also referred to as JHU Press or JHUP) is the publishing division of Johns Hopkins University.
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Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo
Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo (13 December 1903 – 3 September 1979), was a prominent Venezuelan diplomat, politician and lawyer primarily responsible for the inception and creation of OPEC.
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Juan Vicente Gómez
Juan Vicente Gómez Chacón (24 July 1857 – 17 December 1935) was a military general and de facto ruler of Venezuela from 1908 until his death in 1935.
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La Nación
La Nación (The Nation) is an Argentine daily newspaper.
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La Patilla
La Patilla (The Watermelon) is a news website that was founded by Alberto Federico Ravell, co-founder and former CEO of Globovisión, in 2010.
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Labour market flexibility
The degree of labour market flexibility is the speed with which labour markets adapt to fluctuations and changes in society, the economy or production.
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Landline
A landline telephone (also known as land line, land-line, main line, home phone, landline, fixed-line, and wireline) is a phone that uses a metal wire or optical fiber telephone line for transmission as distinguished from a mobile cellular line, which uses radio waves for transmission.
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Law
Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.
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List of building materials
This is a list of building materials.
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List of companies of Venezuela
Venezuela is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America.
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List of countries by GDP (nominal)
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.
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List of countries by GDP (PPP)
This article includes a list of countries by their forecasted estimated gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity, abbreviated GDP (PPP).
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List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (nominal)
This is a list of Latin American and Caribbean countries by gross domestic product (nominal) in USD according to the International Monetary Fund's estimates in the April 2018 World Economic Outlook database.
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List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (PPP)
This is a list of Latin American and Caribbean countries by gross domestic product at purchasing power parity in international dollars according to the International Monetary Fund's estimates in the October 2017 World Economic Outlook database.
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List of oil exploration and production companies
The following is a list of notable companies in the petroleum industry that are engaged in petroleum exploration and production.
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List of Venezuelan cooperatives
Since Hugo Chávez became president of Venezuela in 1999, much of the country's oil revenue has been directed to government funding of local privately operated cooperatives and microbusinesses, leading to a proliferation of such enterprises in Venezuela.
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Lists of countries by GDP per capita
There are two articles listing countries according to their per capita GDP.
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Lufthansa
Deutsche Lufthansa AG, commonly known as Lufthansa (sometimes also as Lufthansa German Airlines), is the largest German airline and, when combined with its subsidiaries, also the largest airline in Europe both in terms of fleet size and passengers carried during 2017.
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Machine (mechanical)
Machines employ power to achieve desired forces and movement (motion).
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Maize
Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.
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Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.
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Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.
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Maracaibo
Maracaibo is a city and municipality in northwestern Venezuela, on the western shore of the strait that connects Lake Maracaibo to the Gulf of Venezuela.
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Marcos Pérez Jiménez
Marcos Evangelista Pérez Jiménez (25 April 1914 – 20 September 2001) was a Venezuelan military and general officer of the Army of Venezuela and the leader of Venezuela from 1950 to 1958, ruling as unelected military strongman from 1948 to 1950 and as President from 1952 to 1958.
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Market (economics)
A market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange.
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McDonald's
McDonald's is an American fast food company, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States.
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Mercosur
Mercosur (also known as Mercosul or Ñemby Ñemuha) is a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994.
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Merrill Lynch
Merrill Lynch Wealth Management is a wealth management division of Bank of America.
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Mining
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.
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Misery index (economics)
The misery index is an economic indicator, created by economist Arthur Okun.
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Mission Robinson
Mission Robinson is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs) implemented by Hugo Chávez in 2003.
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Moody's Investors Service
Moody's Investors Service, often referred to as Moody's, is the bond credit rating business of Moody's Corporation, representing the company's traditional line of business and its historical name.
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Motor vehicle
A motor vehicle is a self-propelled vehicle, commonly wheeled, that does not operate on rails, such as trains or trams and used for the transportation of passengers, or passengers and property.
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National Assembly (Venezuela)
The National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional) is a de jure legislature for Venezuela that was first elected in 2000.
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National Center for Foreign Commerce
The National Center for Foreign Commerce, (Centro Nacional de Comercio Exterior, CENCOEX), formerly the Commission for the Administration of Currency Exchange (Comisión de Administración de Divisas CADIVI), is the Venezuelan government body which administers legal currency exchange in Venezuela.
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Nationalization
Nationalization (or nationalisation) is the process of transforming private assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state.
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Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism or neo-liberalism refers primarily to the 20th-century resurgence of 19th-century ideas associated with laissez-faire economic liberalism.
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Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
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Nicolás Maduro
Nicolás Maduro Moros (born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician who has served as the 63rd President of Venezuela since 2013 and previously served under President Hugo Chávez as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2006 to 2013 and as Vice President of Venezuela from 2012 to 2013.
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NTN24
NTN24 (shorter for Nuestra Tele Noticias 24) is a Colombian free-to-air television news channel, owned by Grupo RCN and operated by RCN Televisión.
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OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC,, or OPEP in several other languages) is an intergovernmental organization of nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria.
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Paper
Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.
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PDVSA
Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) (Petroleum of Venezuela) is the Venezuelan state-owned oil and natural gas company.
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Petro (cryptocurrency)
The petro, or petromoneda, launched in February 2018, is a cryptocurrency developed by the government of Venezuela.
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Petroleum
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface.
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Plaza Venezuela
Plaza Venezuela (Venezuela Square in Spanish) is a public square located in Los Caobos neighborhood, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Populism
In politics, populism refers to a range of approaches which emphasise the role of "the people" and often juxtapose this group against "the elite".
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Pork
Pork is the culinary name for meat from a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus).
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President of Venezuela
The President of Venezuela (Presidente de Venezuela), officially known as the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is the head of state and head of government in Venezuela's presidential system.
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Price controls
Price controls are governmental restrictions on the prices that can be charged for goods and services in a market.
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Primary sector of the economy
An industry involved in the extraction and collection of natural resources, such as copper and timber, as well as by activities such as farming and fishing.
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Product (business)
In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need.
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Production quota
A production quota is a goal for the production of a good.
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PROVEA
The Venezuelan Education-Action Program on Human Rights or PROVEA (Programa Venezolano de Educación-Acción en Derechos Humanos), is one of the most prominent Venezuelan human rights organizations.
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Public Radio International
Public Radio International (PRI) is an American public radio organization.
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Quota share
A quota share is a specified number or percentage of the allotment as a whole (quota), that is prescribed to each individual entity.
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Rafael Caldera
Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez (24 January 1916 – 24 December 2009) was a Venezuelan politician who served as the 56th and 63rd President of Venezuela from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999.
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Raw material
A raw material, also known as a feedstock or most correctly unprocessed material, is a basic material that is used to produce goods, finished products, energy, or intermediate materials which are feedstock for future finished products.
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Rómulo Betancourt
Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (22 February 1908 – 28 September 1981), known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy", was the 47th and 54th President of Venezuela, serving from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964, as well as leader of Acción Democrática, Venezuela's dominant political party in the 20th century.
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Real estate
Real estate is "property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as crops, minerals or water; immovable property of this nature; an interest vested in this (also) an item of real property, (more generally) buildings or housing in general.
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Reuters
Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.
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Rice
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice).
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Risk assessment
Risk assessment is the determination of quantitative or qualitative estimate of risk related to a well-defined situation and a recognized threat (also called hazard).
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Secondary sector of the economy
The secondary sector of the economy includes industries that produce a finished, usable product or are involved in construction.
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Shortages in Venezuela
Shortages in Venezuela have been prevalent following the enactment of price controls and other policies during the economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government.
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Social democracy
Social democracy is a political, social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and capitalist economy.
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Sovereign default
A sovereign default is the failure or refusal of the government of a sovereign state to pay back its debt in full.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Soybean
The soybean (Glycine max), or soya bean, is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.
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Soybean meal
Soybean meal is used in food and animal feeds, principally as a protein supplement, but also as a source of metabolizable energy.
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Standard & Poor's
Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC (S&P) is an American financial services company.
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Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements.
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Steve Hanke
Steve H. Hanke is an American applied economist at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.
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TAME
TAME or TAME EP Linea Aerea del Ecuador is an airline founded in 1962.
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TAP Air Portugal
TAP Air Portugal is the flag carrier airline of Portugal, headquartered at Lisbon Airport which also serves as its hub.
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Technology
Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia) is first robustly defined by Jacob Bigelow in 1829 as: "...principles, processes, and nomenclatures of the more conspicuous arts, particularly those which involve applications of science, and which may be considered useful, by promoting the benefit of society, together with the emolument of those who pursue them".
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Tertiary sector of the economy
The tertiary sector or service sector is the third of the three economic sectors of the three-sector theory.
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Textile
A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres (yarn or thread).
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The Boston Globe
The Boston Globe (sometimes abbreviated as The Globe) is an American daily newspaper founded and based in Boston, Massachusetts, since its creation by Charles H. Taylor in 1872.
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The Christian Science Monitor
The Christian Science Monitor (CSM) is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles in electronic format as well as a weekly print edition.
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The Economist
The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London.
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The Heritage Foundation
The Heritage Foundation (abbreviated to Heritage) is an American conservative public policy think tank based in Washington, D.C. The foundation took a leading role in the conservative movement during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, whose policies were taken from Heritage's policy study Mandate for Leadership.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The Wall Street Journal
The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City.
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The Washington Post
The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.
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The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
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Tire
A tire (American English) or tyre (British English; see spelling differences) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the surface traveled over.
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Tourism
Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours.
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Toyota
, usually shortened to Toyota, is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan.
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Transport
Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another.
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Union of South American Nations
The Union of South American Nations (USAN; Unión de Naciones Suramericanas, UNASUR; União de Nações Sul-Americanas, UNASUL; Unie van Zuid-Amerikaanse Naties, UZAN; and sometimes referred to as the South American Union) is an intergovernmental regional organization comprising twelve South American countries.
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United Airlines
United Airlines, Inc., commonly referred to as United, is a major United States airline headquartered in Chicago, Illinois.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.
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United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development network.
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United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, known as ECLAC, UNECLAC or in Spanish and Portuguese CEPAL, is a United Nations regional commission to encourage economic cooperation.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Vargas tragedy
The 1999 Vargas tragedy was a disaster that struck the Vargas State of Venezuela on 15 December 1999, when the torrential rains and the flash floods and debris flows that followed on December 14–16 which killed tens of thousands of people, destroyed thousands of homes, and led to the complete collapse of the state's infrastructure.
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Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are fats extracted from seeds, or less often, from other parts of fruits.
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Venesat-1
Venesat-1, also known as Simón Bolívar, is the first Venezuelan satellite.
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Venezuela
Venezuela, officially denominated Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (República Bolivariana de Venezuela),Previously, the official name was Estado de Venezuela (1830–1856), República de Venezuela (1856–1864), Estados Unidos de Venezuela (1864–1953), and again República de Venezuela (1953–1999).
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Venezuela and the International Monetary Fund
The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was a founding member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1946.
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Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
The 1994 banking crisis occurred in Venezuela when a number of the banks of Venezuela were taken over by the government.
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Venezuelan bolívar
The bolívar fuerte (sign: Bs.F. or Bs.; plural: bolívares fuertes; ISO 4217 code: VEF) has been the currency of Venezuela since 1 January 2008.
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Venezuelan general strike of 2002–03
The Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003, also known as the oil strike or oil lockout, was an attempt by the Venezuelan opposition to President Hugo Chávez to force a new presidential election.
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Venezuelan presidential election, 1998
The Venezuelan presidential election of 1998, was held on 6 December 1998, to elect the new president of the country.
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Verso Books
Verso Books (formerly New Left Books) is a publishing house based in London and New York City, founded in 1970 by the staff of New Left Review.
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VRSS-1
VRSS-1 (Venezuelan Remote Sensing Satellite) is the first Venezuelan remote sensing satellite, and the second Venezuelan satellite after VENESAT-1.
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Wayback Machine
The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet.
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Wesleyan University
Wesleyan University is a private liberal arts college in Middletown, Connecticut, founded in 1831.
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Wheat
Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food.
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Workers' council
A workers' council is a form of political and economic organization in which a single local administrative division, such as a municipality or a county, is governed by a council made up of temporary and instantly revocable delegates elected in the region's workplaces.
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World Bank
The World Bank (Banque mondiale) is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects.
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World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum (WEF) is a Swiss nonprofit foundation, based in Cologny, Geneva, Switzerland.
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World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.
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Zurich Insurance Group
Zurich Insurance Group Ltd. is a Swiss insurance company, commonly known as Zurich, headquartered in Zürich, Switzerland.
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1980–89 world oil market chronology
No description.
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1980s oil glut
The 1980s oil glut was a serious surplus of crude oil caused by falling demand following the 1970s energy crisis.
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2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt
The Venezuelan coup d'état attempt of 2002 was a failed coup d'état on 11 April 2002 that saw President Hugo Chávez ousted from office for 47 hours before being restored to power.
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2010s oil glut
The 2010s oil glut is a considerable surplus of crude oil that started in 2014–2015 and accelerated in 2016, with multiple causes.
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Redirects here:
Economy of Venezuela 8, Economy of venezuela, Poverty in Venezuela, Venezuela economy, Venezuela/Economy.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela
