Table of Contents
224 relations: A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles, Académie Française, Acute accent, Aeon (magazine), Alfred A. Knopf, Alphabet, Ambiguity, American and British English spelling differences, American Braille, American manual alphabet, American Psychological Association, American Speech, Anglicisation, Apostrophe, Ardclough, Aspirated consonant, British English, British Journal of Psychology, Cambridge University Press, Capitalization, Celtic languages, Classical Milanese orthography, Communicative competence, Consonant, Constructed language, Council for German Orthography, Crème brûlée, Danish orthography, De Gruyter, Diacritic, Diaeresis (diacritic), Dialect, Dictionary, Digraph (orthography), Duke University Press, Dutch orthography, Ellipsis, Emphasis (typography), English alphabet, English Braille, English Journal, English language, English Language and Linguistics, English phonology, English plurals, English Studies (journal), English words of Greek origin, English-language spelling reform, English-language vowel changes before historic /r/, Epenthesis, ... Expand index (174 more) »
- Indo-European Latin-script orthographies
- Linguistic history
A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles
A modern English grammar on historical principles is a seven-volume grammar of English written by Otto Jespersen.
See English orthography and A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles
Académie Française
The Académie Française, also known as the French Academy, is the principal French council for matters pertaining to the French language.
See English orthography and Académie Française
Acute accent
The acute accent,, because of rendering limitation in Android (as of v13), that its default sans font fails to render "dotted circle + diacritic", so visitors just get a meaningless (to most) mark.
See English orthography and Acute accent
Aeon (magazine)
Aeon is a digital magazine of ideas, philosophy and culture.
See English orthography and Aeon (magazine)
Alfred A. Knopf
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. is an American publishing house that was founded by Blanche Knopf and Alfred A. Knopf Sr. in 1915.
See English orthography and Alfred A. Knopf
Alphabet
An alphabet is a standard set of letters written to represent particular sounds in a spoken language.
See English orthography and Alphabet
Ambiguity
Ambiguity is the type of meaning in which a phrase, statement, or resolution is not explicitly defined, making for several interpretations; others describe it as a concept or statement that has no real reference.
See English orthography and Ambiguity
American and British English spelling differences
Despite the various English dialects spoken from country to country and within different regions of the same country, there are only slight regional variations in English orthography, the two most notable variations being British and American spelling.
See English orthography and American and British English spelling differences
American Braille
American Braille was a popular braille alphabet used in the United States before the adoption of standardized English Braille in 1918.
See English orthography and American Braille
American manual alphabet
The American Manual Alphabet (AMA) is a manual alphabet that augments the vocabulary of American Sign Language.
See English orthography and American manual alphabet
American Psychological Association
The American Psychological Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychologists in the United States, and the largest psychological association in the world.
See English orthography and American Psychological Association
American Speech
American Speech is a quarterly academic journal of the American Dialect Society, established in 1925 and currently published by Duke University Press.
See English orthography and American Speech
Anglicisation
Anglicisation is a form of cultural assimilation whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into, influenced by or dominated by the culture of England. English orthography and Anglicisation are English language.
See English orthography and Anglicisation
Apostrophe
The apostrophe is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets.
See English orthography and Apostrophe
Ardclough
Ardclough, officially Ardclogh, is a village and community in the parish of Kill, County Kildare, Ireland.
See English orthography and Ardclough
Aspirated consonant
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.
See English orthography and Aspirated consonant
British English
British English is the set of varieties of the English language native to the island of Great Britain.
See English orthography and British English
British Journal of Psychology
The British Journal of Psychology is a quarterly peer-reviewed psychology journal.
See English orthography and British Journal of Psychology
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See English orthography and Cambridge University Press
Capitalization
Capitalization (American English) or capitalisation (British English) is writing a word with its first letter as a capital letter (uppercase letter) and the remaining letters in lower case, in writing systems with a case distinction.
See English orthography and Capitalization
Celtic languages
The Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, descended from Proto-Celtic.
See English orthography and Celtic languages
Classical Milanese orthography
The classical Milanese orthography is the orthography used for the Western Lombard language, in particular for the Milanese dialect, by the major poets and writers of this literature, such as Carlo Porta, Carlo Maria Maggi, Delio Tessa, etc. English orthography and classical Milanese orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
See English orthography and Classical Milanese orthography
Communicative competence
The concept of communicative competence, as developed in linguistics, originated in response to perceived inadequacy of the notion of linguistic competence.
See English orthography and Communicative competence
Consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract, except for the h, which is pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract.
See English orthography and Consonant
Constructed language
A constructed language (shortened to conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, orthography, and vocabulary, instead of having developed naturally, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may include being devised for a work of fiction.
See English orthography and Constructed language
Council for German Orthography
The Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung ("Council for German Orthography" or "Council for German Spelling"), or RdR, is the main international body regulating Standard High German orthography.
See English orthography and Council for German Orthography
Crème brûlée
Crème brûlée or crème brulée, also known as burnt cream or Trinity cream, and virtually identical to crema catalana, is a dessert consisting of a rich custard base topped with a layer of hardened caramelized sugar.
See English orthography and Crème brûlée
Danish orthography
Danish orthography is the system and norms used for writing the Danish language, including spelling and punctuation. English orthography and Danish orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
See English orthography and Danish orthography
De Gruyter
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter, is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature.
See English orthography and De Gruyter
Diacritic
A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or accent) is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph.
See English orthography and Diacritic
Diaeresis (diacritic)
Diaeresis is a name for the two dots diacritical mark because of rendering limitation in Android (as of v13), that its default sans font fails to render "dotted circle + diacritic", so visitors just get a meaningless (to most) mark.
See English orthography and Diaeresis (diacritic)
Dialect
Dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word, 'discourse', from, 'through' and, 'I speak') refers to two distinctly different types of linguistic relationships.
See English orthography and Dialect
Dictionary
A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by consonantal root for Semitic languages or radical and stroke for logographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc.
See English orthography and Dictionary
Digraph (orthography)
A digraph or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.
See English orthography and Digraph (orthography)
Duke University Press
Duke University Press is an academic publisher and university press affiliated with Duke University.
See English orthography and Duke University Press
Dutch orthography
Dutch orthography uses the Latin alphabet. English orthography and Dutch orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
See English orthography and Dutch orthography
Ellipsis
The ellipsis, rendered, alternatively described as suspension points/dots, or points/periods of ellipsis, or colloquially, dot-dot-dot,.
See English orthography and Ellipsis
Emphasis (typography)
In typography, emphasis is the strengthening of words in a text with a font in a different style from the rest of the text, to highlight them.
See English orthography and Emphasis (typography)
English alphabet
Modern English is written with a Latin-script alphabet consisting of 26 letters, with each having both uppercase and lowercase forms.
See English orthography and English alphabet
English Braille
English Braille, also known as Grade 2 Braille, is the braille alphabet used for English.
See English orthography and English Braille
English Journal
English Journal (previously The English Journal) is the official publication of the Secondary Education section of the American National Council of Teachers of English.
See English orthography and English Journal
English language
English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.
See English orthography and English language
English Language and Linguistics
English Language and Linguistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering linguistics and published three times a year by Cambridge University Press.
See English orthography and English Language and Linguistics
English phonology
English phonology is the system of speech sounds used in spoken English. English orthography and English phonology are English language.
See English orthography and English phonology
English plurals
English plurals include the plural forms of English nouns and English determiners.
See English orthography and English plurals
English Studies (journal)
English Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the language, literature, and culture of the English-speaking world from the Anglo-Saxon to the present day.
See English orthography and English Studies (journal)
English words of Greek origin
The Greek language has contributed to the English lexicon in five main ways.
See English orthography and English words of Greek origin
English-language spelling reform
For centuries, there have been movements to reform the spelling of the English language.
See English orthography and English-language spelling reform
English-language vowel changes before historic /r/
In English, many vowel shifts affect only vowels followed by in rhotic dialects, or vowels that were historically followed by that has been elided in non-rhotic dialects.
See English orthography and English-language vowel changes before historic /r/
Epenthesis
In phonology, epenthesis (Greek) means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially in the beginning syllable (prothesis) or in the ending syllable (paragoge) or in-between two syllabic sounds in a word.
See English orthography and Epenthesis
Esperanto orthography
Esperanto is written in a Latin-script alphabet of twenty-eight letters, with upper and lower case.
See English orthography and Esperanto orthography
Eth
Eth (uppercase: Ð, lowercase: ð; also spelled edh or eð), known as ðæt in Old English, is a letter used in Old English, Middle English, Icelandic, Faroese (in which it is called edd), and Elfdalian.
See English orthography and Eth
False etymology
A false etymology (fake etymology or pseudo-etymology) is a false theory about the origin or derivation of a specific word or phrase.
See English orthography and False etymology
Flemish dialects
Flemish (Vlaams) is a Low Franconian dialect cluster of the Dutch language.
See English orthography and Flemish dialects
Fortis and lenis
In linguistics, fortis and lenis (and; Latin for "strong" and "weak"), sometimes identified with 'tense' and 'lax', are pronunciations of consonants with relatively greater and lesser energy, respectively.
See English orthography and Fortis and lenis
French orthography
French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language. English orthography and French orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
See English orthography and French orthography
Fricative
A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.
See English orthography and Fricative
Gemination
In phonetics and phonology, gemination (from Latin 'doubling', itself from gemini 'twins'), or consonant lengthening, is an articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time than that of a singleton consonant.
See English orthography and Gemination
General American English
General American English, known in linguistics simply as General American (abbreviated GA or GenAm), is the umbrella accent of American English spoken by a majority of Americans, encompassing a continuum rather than a single unified accent.
See English orthography and General American English
Generative grammar
Generative grammar is a research tradition in linguistics that aims to explain the cognitive basis of language by formulating and testing explicit models of humans' subconscious grammatical knowledge.
See English orthography and Generative grammar
George Eliot
Mary Ann Evans (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880; alternatively Mary Anne or Marian), known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist, poet, journalist, translator, and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era.
See English orthography and George Eliot
Gerard Nolst Trenité
Gerard Nolst Trenité (20 July 1870, Utrecht – 9 October 1946, Haarlem) was a Dutch observer of English.
See English orthography and Gerard Nolst Trenité
German orthography
German orthography is the orthography used in writing the German language, which is largely phonemic. English orthography and German orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
See English orthography and German orthography
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.
See English orthography and Germanic languages
Ghoti
Ghoti is a creative respelling of the word fish, used to illustrate irregularities in English spelling and pronunciation.
See English orthography and Ghoti
Glendalough
Glendalough is a glacial valley in County Wicklow, Ireland, renowned for an Early Medieval monastic settlement founded in the 6th century by St Kevin.
See English orthography and Glendalough
Goidelic languages
The Goidelic or Gaelic languages (teangacha Gaelacha; cànanan Goidhealach; çhengaghyn Gaelgagh) form one of the two groups of Insular Celtic languages, the other being the Brittonic languages.
See English orthography and Goidelic languages
Grapheme
In linguistics, a grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system.
See English orthography and Grapheme
Grave accent
The grave accent because of rendering limitation in Android (as of v13), that its default sans font fails to render "dotted circle + diacritic", so visitors just get a meaningless (to most) mark.
See English orthography and Grave accent
Great Vowel Shift
The Great Vowel Shift was a series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 1400 and 1700, beginning in southern England and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English.
See English orthography and Great Vowel Shift
Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
See English orthography and Greek language
Guilford Press
Guilford Press or Guilford Publications, Inc. is a New York City-based independent publisher founded in 1973 that specializes in publishing books and journals in psychology, psychiatry, the behavioral sciences, education, geography, and research methods.
See English orthography and Guilford Press
Harper (publisher)
Harper is an American publishing house, the flagship imprint of global publisher, HarperCollins, based in New York City.
See English orthography and Harper (publisher)
Harvard Educational Review
The Harvard Educational Review is an academic journal of opinion and research dealing with education, associated with the Harvard Graduate School of Education, and published by the Harvard Education Publishing Group.
See English orthography and Harvard Educational Review
Henry V of England
Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), also called Henry of Monmouth, was King of England from 1413 until his death in 1422.
See English orthography and Henry V of England
Hindus
Hindus (also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma.
See English orthography and Hindus
Historical language
Historical languages (also known as historic languages) are languages that were spoken in a historical period, but that are distinct from their modern form; that is, they are forms of languages historically attested to from the past which have evolved into more modern forms.
See English orthography and Historical language
History of English
English is a West Germanic language that originated from Ingvaeonic languages brought to Britain in the mid-5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants from what is now northwest Germany, southern Denmark and the Netherlands.
See English orthography and History of English
Homonym
In linguistics, homonyms are words which are either homographs—words that have the same spelling (regardless of pronunciation)—or homophones—words that have the same pronunciation (regardless of spelling)—or both.
See English orthography and Homonym
Homophone
A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same (to a varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning.
See English orthography and Homophone
Hutchinson Heinemann
Hutchinson Heinemann is a British publishing firm founded in 1887.
See English orthography and Hutchinson Heinemann
Hyperforeignism
A hyperforeignism is a type of qualitative hypercorrection that involves speakers misidentifying the distribution of a pattern found in loanwords and extending it to other environments, including words and phrases not borrowed from the language that the pattern derives from.
See English orthography and Hyperforeignism
Hyphen
The hyphen is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word.
See English orthography and Hyphen
I before E except after C
"I before E, except after C" is a mnemonic rule of thumb for English spelling.
See English orthography and I before E except after C
Icelandic orthography
Icelandic orthography uses a Latin-script alphabet which has 32 letters. English orthography and Icelandic orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
See English orthography and Icelandic orthography
Inflection
In linguistic morphology, inflection (less commonly, inflexion) is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and definiteness.
See English orthography and Inflection
Initial-stress-derived noun
Initial-stress derivation is a phonological process in English that moves stress to the first syllable of verbs when they are used as nouns or adjectives.
See English orthography and Initial-stress-derived noun
International Literacy Association
The International Literacy Association (ILA), formerly the International Reading Association (IRA), is an international global advocacy and member professional organization that was created in 1956 to improve reading instruction, facilitate dialogue about research on reading, and encourage the habit of reading across the globe.
See English orthography and International Literacy Association
International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script.
See English orthography and International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
The International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects complies all the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent pronunciations of the English language.
See English orthography and International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
Interspel
Interspel, or International English Spelling, is a set of principles introduced by Valerie Yule that aims to address the unpredictability and inconsistency of present English spelling, while preserving its heritage of print through minimal changes in appearance.
See English orthography and Interspel
Irish orthography
Irish orthography is the set of conventions used to write Irish. English orthography and Irish orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
See English orthography and Irish orthography
Italian orthography
Italian orthography (the conventions used in writing Italian) uses the Latin alphabet to write the Italian language. English orthography and Italian orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
See English orthography and Italian orthography
Italic type
In typography, italic type is a cursive font based on a stylised form of calligraphic handwriting.
See English orthography and Italic type
John Benjamins Publishing Company
John Benjamins Publishing Company is an independent academic publisher in social sciences and humanities with its head office in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
See English orthography and John Benjamins Publishing Company
Johns Hopkins University Press
Johns Hopkins University Press (also referred to as JHU Press or JHUP) is the publishing division of Johns Hopkins University.
See English orthography and Johns Hopkins University Press
Journal of English and Germanic Philology
The Journal of English and Germanic Philology is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of medieval studies that was established in 1897 and is now published by University of Illinois Press.
See English orthography and Journal of English and Germanic Philology
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
The Journal of Experimental Psychology: General is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association.
See English orthography and Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See English orthography and Latin
Latin phonology and orthography
Latin phonology is the system of sounds used in various kinds of Latin. English orthography and Latin phonology and orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
See English orthography and Latin phonology and orthography
Letter (alphabet)
In a writing system, a letter is a grapheme that generally corresponds to a phoneme—the smallest functional unit of speech—though there is rarely total one-to-one correspondence between the two.
See English orthography and Letter (alphabet)
Lexicon
A lexicon (plural: lexicons, rarely lexica) is the vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge (such as nautical or medical).
See English orthography and Lexicon
Ligature (writing)
In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined to form a single glyph.
See English orthography and Ligature (writing)
List of dialects of English
Dialects are linguistic varieties that may differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling, and other aspects of grammar.
See English orthography and List of dialects of English
List of English homographs
Homographs are words with the same spelling but having more than one meaning.
See English orthography and List of English homographs
Lists of English words
The following articles list English words that share certain features in common.
See English orthography and Lists of English words
Loanword
A loanword (also a loan word, loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing.
See English orthography and Loanword
Loch
Loch is a word meaning "lake" or "sea inlet" in Scottish and Irish Gaelic, subsequently borrowed into English.
See English orthography and Loch
Long s
The long s,, also known as the medial s or initial s, is an archaic form of the lowercase letter, found mostly in works from the late 8th to early 19th centuries.
See English orthography and Long s
Longman
Longman, also known as Pearson Longman, is a publishing company founded in London, England, in 1724 and is owned by Pearson PLC.
See English orthography and Longman
Loughborough
Loughborough is a market town in the Charnwood Borough of Leicestershire, England; it is the administrative centre of Charnwood Borough Council.
See English orthography and Loughborough
Loughmore
Loughmore, officially Loughmoe (or Luachma), is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland.
See English orthography and Loughmore
Loughrea
Loughrea is a town in County Galway, Ireland.
See English orthography and Loughrea
Low Countries
The Low Countries (de Lage Landen; les Pays-Bas), historically also known as the Netherlands (de Nederlanden), is a coastal lowland region in Northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting today of the three modern "Benelux" countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Nederland, which is singular).
See English orthography and Low Countries
Maine
Maine is a state in the New England region of the United States, and the northeasternmost state in the Lower 48.
See English orthography and Maine
Middle English
Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century.
See English orthography and Middle English
Minim (palaeography)
In palaeography, a minim is a short, vertical stroke used in handwriting.
See English orthography and Minim (palaeography)
MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
See English orthography and MIT Press
MIT Technology Review
MIT Technology Review is a bimonthly magazine wholly owned by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and editorially independent of the university.
See English orthography and MIT Technology Review
Modern English
Modern English, sometimes called New English (NE) or present-day English (PDE) as opposed to Middle and Old English, is the form of the English language that has been spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England, which began in the late 14th century and was completed by the 17th century.
See English orthography and Modern English
Modern Scots
Modern Scots comprises the varieties of Scots traditionally spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster, from 1700.
See English orthography and Modern Scots
Morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful constituent of a linguistic expression.
See English orthography and Morpheme
Morphological derivation
Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as For example, unhappy and happiness derive from the root word happy. It is differentiated from inflection, which is the modification of a word to form different grammatical categories without changing its core meaning: determines, determining, and determined are from the root determine.
See English orthography and Morphological derivation
Morphophonology
Morphophonology (also morphophonemics or morphonology) is the branch of linguistics that studies the interaction between morphological and phonological or phonetic processes.
See English orthography and Morphophonology
Movable type
Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual alphanumeric characters or punctuation marks) usually on the medium of paper.
See English orthography and Movable type
Multigraph (orthography)
A multigraph (or pleograph) is a sequence of letters that behaves as a unit and is not the sum of its parts, such as English or French.
See English orthography and Multigraph (orthography)
Nasal vowel
A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the soft palate (or velum) so that the air flow escapes through the nose and the mouth simultaneously, as in the French vowel /ɑ̃/ or Amoy.
See English orthography and Nasal vowel
National Council of Teachers of English
The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) is a United States professional organization dedicated to "improving the teaching and learning of English and the language arts at all levels of education.
See English orthography and National Council of Teachers of English
Neoclassical compound
Neoclassical compounds are compound words composed from combining forms (which act as affixes or stems) derived from classical languages (classical Latin or ancient Greek) roots.
See English orthography and Neoclassical compound
New York Point
New York Point (New York Point) is a braille-like system of tactile writing for the blind invented by William Bell Wait (1839–1916), a teacher in the New York Institute for the Education of the Blind.
See English orthography and New York Point
Noah Webster
Noah Webster Jr. (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and author.
See English orthography and Noah Webster
Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.
See English orthography and Norman Conquest
Old English
Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisc), or Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.
See English orthography and Old English
Old Norse orthography
The orthography of the Old Norse language was diverse, being written in both Runic and Latin alphabets, with many spelling conventions, variant letterforms, and unique letters and signs.
See English orthography and Old Norse orthography
Open Book Publishers
Open Book Publishers (OBP) is an open access academic book publisher based in the United Kingdom.
See English orthography and Open Book Publishers
Orthography
An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word boundaries, emphasis, and punctuation.
See English orthography and Orthography
Ough (orthography)
Ough is a four-letter sequence, a tetragraph, used in English orthography and notorious for its unpredictable pronunciation.
See English orthography and Ough (orthography)
Oughter Ard
Oughterard (Uachtar Árd, “a high place”) is an ecclesiastical hilltop site, graveyard, townland, and formerly a parish, borough and royal manor in County Kildare, nowadays part of the community of Ardclough, close to the Dublin border.
See English orthography and Oughter Ard
Oxford English Dictionary
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house.
See English orthography and Oxford English Dictionary
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See English orthography and Oxford University Press
Past tense
The past tense is a grammatical tense whose function is to place an action or situation in the past.
See English orthography and Past tense
Pedagogy
Pedagogy, most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political, and psychological development of learners.
See English orthography and Pedagogy
Phoneme
In linguistics and specifically phonology, a phoneme is any set of similar phones (speech sounds) that is perceptually regarded by the speakers of a language as a single distinct unit, a single basic sound, which helps distinguish one word from another.
See English orthography and Phoneme
Phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds or, in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign.
See English orthography and Phonetics
Phonological history of English open back vowels
The phonology of the open back vowels of the English language has undergone changes both overall and with regional variations, through Old and Middle English to the present.
See English orthography and Phonological history of English open back vowels
Phonology
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs.
See English orthography and Phonology
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh is a city in and the county seat of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States.
See English orthography and Pittsburgh
Plural
The plural (sometimes abbreviated as pl., pl, or), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number.
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Polish language
Polish (język polski,, polszczyzna or simply polski) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group within the Indo-European language family written in the Latin script.
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Portuguese orthography
Portuguese orthography is based on the Latin alphabet and makes use of the acute accent, the circumflex accent, the grave accent, the tilde, and the cedilla to denote stress, vowel height, nasalization, and other sound changes. English orthography and Portuguese orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
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Prentice Hall
Prentice Hall was a major American educational publisher.
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Pronouncing Orthography
In 1864, Pronouncing Orthography was released as a simplified version of traditional English orthography to help children learn to read more quickly and easily; it became widely adopted by the United States public school system and incorporated into most basal reading schemes of the time.
See English orthography and Pronouncing Orthography
Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩
In English, the digraph th usually represents either the voiced dental fricative phoneme (as in this) or the voiceless dental fricative phoneme (as in thing).
See English orthography and Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩
Proper noun
A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (Africa; Jupiter; Sarah; Walmart) as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities (continent, planet, person, corporation) and may be used when referring to instances of a specific class (a continent, another planet, these persons, our corporation).
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Punctuation
Punctuation marks are marks indicating how a piece of written text should be read (silently or aloud) and, consequently, understood.
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Reading
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of letters, symbols, etc., especially by sight or touch.
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Reading Research Quarterly
Reading Research Quarterly is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell.
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Received Pronunciation
Received Pronunciation (RP) is the accent traditionally regarded as the standard and most prestigious form of spoken British English.
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Regional accents of English
Spoken English shows great variation across regions where it is the predominant language.
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Register (sociolinguistics)
In sociolinguistics, a register is a variety of language used for a particular purpose or particular communicative situation.
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Rhoticity in English
The distinction between rhoticity and non-rhoticity is one of the most prominent ways in which varieties of the English language are classified.
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Robert A. Heinlein
Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was an American science fiction author, aeronautical engineer, and naval officer.
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Rock ptarmigan
The rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) is a medium-sized game bird in the grouse family.
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Romance languages
The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.
See English orthography and Romance languages
Romanization
In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so.
See English orthography and Romanization
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
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Royal Spanish Academy
The Royal Spanish Academy (Real Academia Española, generally abbreviated as RAE) is Spain's official royal institution with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language.
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Satiric misspelling
A satiric misspelling is an intentional misspelling of a word, phrase or name for a rhetorical purpose.
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Scottish English
Scottish English (Beurla Albannach) is the set of varieties of the English language spoken in Scotland. The transregional, standardised variety is called Scottish Standard English or Standard Scottish English (SSE). Scottish Standard English may be defined as "the characteristic speech of the professional class and the accepted norm in schools".
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Scottish Gaelic orthography
Scottish Gaelic orthography has evolved over many centuries and is heavily etymologizing in its modern form. English orthography and Scottish Gaelic orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
See English orthography and Scottish Gaelic orthography
Sensational spelling
Sensational spelling is the deliberate spelling of a word in a non-standard way for special effect.
See English orthography and Sensational spelling
Shavian alphabet
The Shavian alphabet (also known as the Shaw alphabet) is a constructed alphabet conceived as a way to provide simple, phonemic orthography for the English language to replace the inefficiencies and difficulties of conventional spelling using the Latin alphabet.
See English orthography and Shavian alphabet
Silent e
In English orthography, many words feature a silent (single, final, non-syllabic ‘e’), most commonly at the end of a word or morpheme.
See English orthography and Silent e
Silent letter
In an alphabetic writing system, a silent letter is a letter that, in a particular word, does not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation.
See English orthography and Silent letter
Ski
A ski is a narrow strip of semi-rigid material worn underfoot to glide over snow.
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Sound change
A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language.
See English orthography and Sound change
Spanish orthography
Spanish orthography is the orthography used in the Spanish language. English orthography and Spanish orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
See English orthography and Spanish orthography
Spelling
Spelling is a set of conventions for written language regarding how graphemes should correspond to the sounds of spoken language.
See English orthography and Spelling
Spelling bee
A spelling bee is a competition in which contestants are asked to spell a broad selection of words, usually with a varying degree of difficulty.
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Spelling of disc
Disc and disk are both variants of the English word for objects of a generally thin and cylindrical geometry.
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Stress (linguistics)
In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is the relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence.
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Stress and vowel reduction in English
Stress is a prominent feature of the English language, both at the level of the word (lexical stress) and at the level of the phrase or sentence (prosodic stress).
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Stylistics
Stylistics, a branch of applied linguistics, is the study and interpretation of texts of all types, but particularly literary texts, and/or spoken language in regard to their linguistic and tonal style, where style is the particular variety of language used by different individuals and/or in different situations or settings.
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Suffix
In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word.
See English orthography and Suffix
Syllable
A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds, typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants).
See English orthography and Syllable
Tetragraph
A tetragraph (from the τετρα-, tetra-, "four" and γράφω, gráphō, "write") is a sequence of four letters used to represent a single sound (phoneme), or a combination of sounds, that do not necessarily correspond to the individual values of the letters.
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The American Language
The American Language; An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States, first published in 1919, is a book written by H. L. Mencken about the English language as spoken in the United States.
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The Chaos
"The Chaos" is a poem demonstrating the irregularity of English spelling and pronunciation.
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The Door into Summer
The Door into Summer is a science fiction novel by American science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein, originally serialized in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (October, November, December 1956, with covers and interior illustrations by Kelly Freas).
See English orthography and The Door into Summer
The Mill on the Floss
The Mill on the Floss is a novel by English author George Eliot, first published in three volumes on 4 April 1860 by William Blackwood and Sons.
See English orthography and The Mill on the Floss
The New Yorker
The New Yorker is an American magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry.
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The Sound Pattern of English
The Sound Pattern of English (frequently referred to as SPE) is a 1968 work on phonology (a branch of linguistics) by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle.
See English orthography and The Sound Pattern of English
Thorn (letter)
Thorn or þorn (Þ, þ) is a letter in the Old English, Old Norse, Old Swedish and modern Icelandic alphabets, as well as modern transliterations of the Gothic alphabet, Middle Scots, and some dialects of Middle English.
See English orthography and Thorn (letter)
Three-letter rule
In English spelling, the three-letter rule, or short-word rule, is the observation that one- and two-letter words tend to be function words such as I, at, he, if, of, or, etc.
See English orthography and Three-letter rule
Toponymy
Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of toponyms (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage and types.
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Traditional English pronunciation of Latin
The traditional English pronunciation of Latin, and Classical Greek words borrowed through Latin, is the way the Latin language was traditionally pronounced by speakers of English until the early 20th century.
See English orthography and Traditional English pronunciation of Latin
Trap–bath split
The – split is a vowel split that occurs mainly in Southern England English (including Received Pronunciation), Australian English, New Zealand English, Indian English, South African English and to a lesser extent in some Welsh English as well as older Northeastern New England English by which the Early Modern English phoneme was lengthened in certain environments and ultimately merged with the long of PALM.
See English orthography and Trap–bath split
Trigraph (orthography)
A trigraph digraph (from Ancient Greek δίς (dís) 'double', and γράφω (gráphō) 'to write, draw, paint, etc.')) is a group of three characters used to represent a single sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters combined.
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Trisyllabic laxing
Trisyllabic laxing, or trisyllabic shortening, is any of three processes in English in which tense vowels (long vowels or diphthongs) become lax (short monophthongs) if they are followed by two or more syllables, at least the first of which is unstressed, for example, grateful vs gratitude, profound vs profundity.
See English orthography and Trisyllabic laxing
Two-handed manual alphabets
Several manual alphabets in use around the world employ two hands to represent some or all of the letters of an alphabet, usually as a part of a deaf sign language.
See English orthography and Two-handed manual alphabets
Typesetting
Typesetting is the composition of text for publication, display, or distribution by means of arranging physical ''type'' (or sort) in mechanical systems or glyphs in digital systems representing characters (letters and other symbols).
See English orthography and Typesetting
Underlying representation
In some models of phonology as well as morphophonology in the field of linguistics, the underlying representation (UR) or underlying form (UF) of a word or morpheme is the abstract form that a word or morpheme is postulated to have before any phonological rules have been applied to it.
See English orthography and Underlying representation
Underspecification
In theoretical linguistics, underspecification is a phenomenon in which certain features are omitted in underlying representations.
See English orthography and Underspecification
United States Department of Health and Human Services
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is a cabinet-level executive branch department of the U.S. federal government created to protect the health of the U.S. people and providing essential human services.
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University of Illinois Press
The University of Illinois Press (UIP) is an American university press and is part of the University of Illinois system.
See English orthography and University of Illinois Press
University of Santiago de Compostela
The University of Santiago de Compostela - USC (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela - USC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela - USC) is a public university located in the city of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
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Upsilon
Upsilon (uppercase Υ, lowercase υ; ύψιλον ýpsilon) or ypsilon is the twentieth letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Variety (linguistics)
In sociolinguistics, a variety, also known as a lect or an isolect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster.
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Visible Language
Visible Language is an American journal presenting visual communication research.
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Voice (phonetics)
Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).
See English orthography and Voice (phonetics)
Voiced dental fricative
The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages.
See English orthography and Voiced dental fricative
Voiceless alveolar fricative
The voiceless alveolar fricatives are a type of fricative consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth.
See English orthography and Voiceless alveolar fricative
Voiceless dental fricative
The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.
See English orthography and Voiceless dental fricative
Voicelessness
In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating.
See English orthography and Voicelessness
Vowel
A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract.
See English orthography and Vowel
Vowel hiatus
In phonology, hiatus or diaeresis (also spelled dieresis or diæresis) describes the occurrence of two separate vowel sounds in adjacent syllables with no intervening consonant.
See English orthography and Vowel hiatus
Webster's Third New International Dictionary
Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (commonly known as Webster's Third, or W3) is an American English-language dictionary published in September 1961.
See English orthography and Webster's Third New International Dictionary
Welsh orthography
Welsh orthography uses 29 letters (including eight digraphs) of the Latin script to write native Welsh words as well as established loanwords. English orthography and Welsh orthography are indo-European Latin-script orthographies.
See English orthography and Welsh orthography
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
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Word
A word is a basic element of language that carries meaning, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible.
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World language
In linguistics, a world language (sometimes global language, rarely international language) is a language that is geographically widespread and makes it possible for members of different language communities to communicate.
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Writing system
A writing system comprises a particular set of symbols, called a script, as well as the rules by which the script represents a particular language.
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Written language
A written language is the representation of a language by means of writing.
See English orthography and Written language
Yogh
The letter yogh (ȝogh) (Ȝ ȝ; Scots: yoch; Middle English: ȝogh) was used in Middle English and Older Scots, representing y and various velar phonemes.
See English orthography and Yogh
See also
Indo-European Latin-script orthographies
- Catalan orthography
- Classical Milanese orthography
- Czech orthography
- Danish orthography
- Dutch orthography
- English orthography
- Faroese orthography
- French orthography
- German orthography
- Icelandic orthography
- Irish orthography
- Italian orthography
- Latin phonology and orthography
- Latvian orthography
- Limba Sarda Comuna
- Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan
- Lithuanian orthography
- McConnell–Laubach orthography
- Mistralian norm
- Norwegian orthography
- Papiamento orthography
- Polish orthography
- Portuguese orthography
- Scottish Gaelic orthography
- Sicilian orthography
- Silesian orthography
- Slovak orthography
- Spanish orthography
- Sranan Tongo phonology and orthography
- Swedish orthography
- Welsh orthography
Linguistic history
- Angika
- Children of Bill 101
- Corpus linguistics
- Dardistan
- English orthography
- Five Old and Eight Middle-aged
- Linguistic history of India
- Menachem Banitt
- Mumpsimus
- Nahuatl–Spanish contact
References
Also known as English spelling, English writing system, English's orthography, Formal written English, Letter-sound pairs, Letter-sound pairs in English, Standard Written English, Written English.
, Esperanto orthography, Eth, False etymology, Flemish dialects, Fortis and lenis, French orthography, Fricative, Gemination, General American English, Generative grammar, George Eliot, Gerard Nolst Trenité, German orthography, Germanic languages, Ghoti, Glendalough, Goidelic languages, Grapheme, Grave accent, Great Vowel Shift, Greek language, Guilford Press, Harper (publisher), Harvard Educational Review, Henry V of England, Hindus, Historical language, History of English, Homonym, Homophone, Hutchinson Heinemann, Hyperforeignism, Hyphen, I before E except after C, Icelandic orthography, Inflection, Initial-stress-derived noun, International Literacy Association, International Phonetic Alphabet, International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects, Interspel, Irish orthography, Italian orthography, Italic type, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Johns Hopkins University Press, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Latin, Latin phonology and orthography, Letter (alphabet), Lexicon, Ligature (writing), List of dialects of English, List of English homographs, Lists of English words, Loanword, Loch, Long s, Longman, Loughborough, Loughmore, Loughrea, Low Countries, Maine, Middle English, Minim (palaeography), MIT Press, MIT Technology Review, Modern English, Modern Scots, Morpheme, Morphological derivation, Morphophonology, Movable type, Multigraph (orthography), Nasal vowel, National Council of Teachers of English, Neoclassical compound, New York Point, Noah Webster, Norman Conquest, Old English, Old Norse orthography, Open Book Publishers, Orthography, Ough (orthography), Oughter Ard, Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Past tense, Pedagogy, Phoneme, Phonetics, Phonological history of English open back vowels, Phonology, Pittsburgh, Plural, Polish language, Portuguese orthography, Prentice Hall, Pronouncing Orthography, Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩, Proper noun, Punctuation, Reading, Reading Research Quarterly, Received Pronunciation, Regional accents of English, Register (sociolinguistics), Rhoticity in English, Robert A. Heinlein, Rock ptarmigan, Romance languages, Romanization, Routledge, Royal Spanish Academy, Satiric misspelling, Scottish English, Scottish Gaelic orthography, Sensational spelling, Shavian alphabet, Silent e, Silent letter, Ski, Sound change, Spanish orthography, Spelling, Spelling bee, Spelling of disc, Stress (linguistics), Stress and vowel reduction in English, Stylistics, Suffix, Syllable, Tetragraph, The American Language, The Chaos, The Door into Summer, The Mill on the Floss, The New Yorker, The Sound Pattern of English, Thorn (letter), Three-letter rule, Toponymy, Traditional English pronunciation of Latin, Trap–bath split, Trigraph (orthography), Trisyllabic laxing, Two-handed manual alphabets, Typesetting, Underlying representation, Underspecification, United States Department of Health and Human Services, University of Illinois Press, University of Santiago de Compostela, Upsilon, Variety (linguistics), Visible Language, Voice (phonetics), Voiced dental fricative, Voiceless alveolar fricative, Voiceless dental fricative, Voicelessness, Vowel, Vowel hiatus, Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Welsh orthography, Wiley (publisher), Word, World language, Writing system, Written language, Yogh.