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234 relations: Adriatic Sea, Albania, Albanian Armed Forces, Albanian Kingdom (1939–43), Albanian lek, Albanian mafia, Albanian National Lyceum, Albanian parliamentary election, 1945, Albanian Subversion, American imperialism, Anastas Mikoyan, Anti-communism, Anti-fascism, Anti-revisionism, Antonín Novotný, Architect, Atlantic Charter, Autarky, Bahri Omari, Balkans, Balli Kombëtar, Banda Mustafaj, Behar Shtylla, Beijing, Bektashi Order, Berat, Bey, Brain ischemia, Brezhnev Doctrine, Brussels, Bucharest, Bunkers in Albania, Capital punishment, Catholic Church, Central Committee, Central Intelligence Agency, Chameria, Chemical weapon, China, China and the United Nations, Chromium, Cold War, Comecon, Commissar, Communism, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Conflict resolution, Consumerism, Cult of personality, Cultural Revolution, ..., Customs union, DDT, Degeneration theory, Democratic Front of Albania, Democratic Government of Albania, Demographics of Albania, Dervish, Diabetes mellitus, Dictatorship of the proletariat, Dolores Ibárruri, East Germany, Eastern Europe, Eastern Orthodox Church, Economic stagnation, Enemy of the people, Eqrem Libohova, Ethnic conflict, Ethnogenesis, Extrajudicial killing, Fall of communism in Albania, Famine, Fascism, Feud, Forced labour camps in Communist Albania, Franciscans, Free University of Brussels, Full stop, Gjakmarrja, Gjirokastër, Greater Albania, Hardline, Haxhi Lleshi, History of Albania, Holy See, House of Zogu, Hoxhaism, Hua Guofeng, Human rights, Hysen Hoxha, Hysni Kapo, I.B. Tauris, Ibrahim Biçakçiu, Ilir Hoxha, Illyrian languages, Illyrians, Imam, Indigenism, Intelligence agency, International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle), Islam, Italian invasion of Albania, Janina Vilayet, Joseph Stalin, Josip Broz Tito, Kanun (Albania), KGB, Khawaja, Kim Il-sung, Kim Philby, Koçi Xoxe, Korçë, League of Prizren, Lent, Liberation Day (Albania), Liri Belishova, List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia, List of Prime Ministers of Albania, Lonely Planet, Maktab, Malaria, Mao Zedong, Maoism, Marxism, Marxism–Leninism, Mass media, Mehmet Shehu, Middle Ages, Military rank, Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs (Albania), Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union), Mukje Conference, Muslim, Muzafer Korkuti, Myslim Peza, Nako Spiru, National Liberation Movement (Albania), National Martyrs Cemetery of Albania, Natural science, Nazi Germany, Nexhmije Hoxha, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, NKVD, North Korean cult of personality, Northern Epirus, Omer Nishani, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Origin of the Albanians, Orikum, Ostracism, Ottoman Empire, Palmiro Togliatti, Partisan (military), Party of Labour of Albania, Pashko Vasa, Patriarchy, Peaceful coexistence, People's Republic of Bulgaria, People's Socialist Republic of Albania, People's war, Pezë, Political repression, Pope John Paul II, Popular culture, Prime Minister of Albania, Proletarian internationalism, Proto-Indo-Europeans, Pyongyang, Pyramid, Pyramid of Tirana, Ramadan, Ramiz Alia, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Red Army, Revisionism (Marxism), Richard Nixon, Romanian Communist Party, Sali Berisha, Sazan Island, Secret Intelligence Service, Secret police, Sejfulla Malëshova, Serbs, Shefqet Vërlaci, Show trial, Sigurimi, Sino-Albanian split, Sino-Soviet split, Social liberalism, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Socialist realism, Society of Jesus, Sofoklis Venizelos, Solitary confinement, Soviet Union, Soviet–Albanian split, Spiro Moisiu, Stalin's cult of personality, Stasi, State atheism, State religion, Syphilis, Taiwan, Teme Sejko, The Washington Post, The World Factbook, Theory, Three Worlds Theory, Tirana, Torture, Tosks, Treason, Tyrant, United Nations Security Council, United States Government Publishing Office, United States Sixth Fleet, University of Montpellier, University of Tirana, Ventricular fibrillation, Vladimir Lenin, Vlorë, Warsaw Pact, Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Western culture, Wheelchair, World War II, World War II in Albania, Yugoslav dinar, Yugoslav Partisans, Yugoslavia, Zall Teqe, Zhou Enlai, Zog I of Albania, 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Expand index (184 more) »
Adriatic Sea
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula.
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Albania
Albania (Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Shqipni/Shqipnia or Shqypni/Shqypnia), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe.
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Albanian Armed Forces
The Albanian Armed Forces (Forcat e Armatosura të Republikës së Shqipërisë (FARSH)) are the military of Albania and were formed after the declaration of independence in 1912.
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Albanian Kingdom (1939–43)
The Albanian Kingdom (Gheg Albanian: Mbretnija Shqiptare, Standard Albanian: Mbretëria Shqiptare, Regno albanese), also known as Greater Albania, existed as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy.
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Albanian lek
The lek (plural lekë) (sign: L; code: ALL) is the official currency of Albania.
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Albanian mafia
The Albanian mafia or Albanian organized crime (Mafia Shqiptare) are the general terms used for criminal organizations based in Albania or composed of ethnic Albanians.
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Albanian National Lyceum
The Albanian National Lyceum (Liceu Kombëtar i Korçës or Liceu Francez) was a high school in the city of Korçë, Albania, fully financed by the Albanian government, but that emphasized the French culture and the European values.
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Albanian parliamentary election, 1945
Parliamentary elections for a Constituent Assembly were held in Albania on 2 December 1945.
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Albanian Subversion
The Albanian Subversion is one of the earliest and most notable failures of the Western covert paramilitary operations in the Eastern Bloc.
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American imperialism
American imperialism is a policy aimed at extending the political, economic, and cultural control of the United States government over areas beyond its boundaries.
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Anastas Mikoyan
Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan (25 November 1895 – 21 October 1978) was a Soviet Armenian revolutionary, Old Bolshevik and statesman during the mandates of Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev and Brezhnev.
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Anti-communism
Anti-communism is opposition to communism.
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Anti-fascism
Anti-fascism is opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals.
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Anti-revisionism
Anti-revisionism is a position within Marxism–Leninism which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev.
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Antonín Novotný
Antonín Josef Novotný (10 December 1904 – 28 January 1975) was General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from 1953 to 1968, and also held the post of President of Czechoslovakia from 1957 to 1968.
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Architect
An architect is a person who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings.
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Atlantic Charter
The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement issued during World War II on 14 August 1941, which defined the Allied goals for the post war world.
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Autarky
Autarky is the quality of being self-sufficient.
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Bahri Omari
Bahri Omari (1888–1945) was an Albanian politician, publisher, and writer.
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Balkans
The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.
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Balli Kombëtar
The Balli Kombëtar (literally National Front), known as Balli, was an Albanian anti-communist resistance movement and a political organization established in November 1942.
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Banda Mustafaj
Banda Mustafaj was a group of four Albanian exiles who wanted to kill Enver Hoxha in 1982.
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Behar Shtylla
Behar Shtylla (11 September 1918 in Korçë – 1994 in Tirana) was an Albanian diplomat, member of the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1953 to 1966.
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Beijing
Beijing, formerly romanized as Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China, the world's second most populous city proper, and most populous capital city.
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Bektashi Order
Bektashi Order or Shī‘ah Imāmī Alevī-Bektāshī Ṭarīqah (Tarikati Bektashi; Bektaşi Tarîkatı) is a dervish order (tariqat) named after the 13th century Alevi Wali (saint) Haji Bektash Veli from Khorasan, but founded by Balım Sultan.
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Berat
Berat (Berati), historically known as Poulcheriopólis and Antipatreia, is the ninth most populous city of the Republic of Albania.
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Bey
“Bey” (بك “Beik”, bej, beg, بيه “Beyeh”, بیگ “Beyg” or بگ “Beg”) is a Turkish title for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders or rulers of various sized areas in the Ottoman Empire.
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Brain ischemia
Brain ischemia (a.k.a. cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular ischemia) is a condition in which there is insufficient blood flow to the brain to meet metabolic demand.
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Brezhnev Doctrine
The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet foreign policy, first and most clearly outlined by Sergei Kovalev in a September 26, 1968 Pravda article entitled Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries.
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Brussels
Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.
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Bucharest
Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre.
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Bunkers in Albania
The concrete bunkers of Albania are a ubiquitous sight in the country, with an average of 5.7 bunkers for every square kilometre.
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Capital punishment
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Central Committee
Central Committee was the common designation of a standing administrative body of communist parties, analogous to a board of directors, whether ruling or non-ruling in the 20th century and of the surviving communist states in the 21st century.
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Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).
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Chameria
Chameria (Çamëria; Τσαμουριά Tsamouriá; Çamlık) is a term used today mostly by Albanians for parts of the coastal region of Epirus in southern Albania and the historical Greek region of Epirus, traditionally associated with an Albanian speaking population called Chams.
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Chemical weapon
A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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China and the United Nations
China was one of the charter members of the United Nations and is one of five permanent members of its Security Council.
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Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24.
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Cold War
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).
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Comecon
The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (English abbreviation COMECON, CMEA, or CAME) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of communist states elsewhere in the world.
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Commissar
Commissar (or sometimes Kommissar) is an English transliteration of the Russian комиссáр, which means commissary.
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Communism
In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.
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Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union.
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Conflict resolution
Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution.
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Consumerism
Consumerism is a social and economic order and ideology that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts.
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Cult of personality
A cult of personality arises when a country's regime – or, more rarely, an individual politician – uses the techniques of mass media, propaganda, the big lie, spectacle, the arts, patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies to create an idealized, heroic, and worshipful image of a leader, often through unquestioning flattery and praise.
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Cultural Revolution
The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976.
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Customs union
A customs union was defined by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade as a type of trade bloc which is composed of a free trade area with a common external tariff.
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DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochlorine, originally developed as an insecticide, and ultimately becoming infamous for its environmental impacts.
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Degeneration theory
Social degeneration was a widely influential concept at the interface of the social and biological sciences in the 19th century.
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Democratic Front of Albania
The Democratic Front of Albania (Fronti Demokratik i Shqipërisë) was the largest mass organization of the Party of Labour of Albania (known from 1941–48 as the Communist Party of Albania) which united all other mass organizations of the Party within it, was responsible for carrying out the Party's cultural and social programs to the masses, and was in charge of nominating candidates in elections.
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Democratic Government of Albania
The Democratic Government of Albania (Albanian: Qeveria Demokratike e Shqipërisë) was established on 20 October 1944 by the National Liberation Movement, as the Albanian partisan resistance of 1940–1944 came to a close.
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Demographics of Albania
This article is about the demographic features of the population of Albania, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
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Dervish
A dervish or darvesh (from درویش, Darvīsh) is someone guiding a Sufi Muslim ascetic down a path or "tariqah", known for their extreme poverty and austerity.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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Dictatorship of the proletariat
In Marxist sociopolitical thought, the dictatorship of the proletariat refers to a state in which the proletariat, or the working class, has control of political power.
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Dolores Ibárruri
Isidora Dolores Ibárruri Gómez (9 December 189512 November 1989) – known as "La Pasionaria" (English: "the Passionflower") – was a Spanish Republican heroine of the Spanish Civil War and communist politician of Basque origin, known for her famous slogan ¡No Pasarán! ("They shall not pass") during the Battle for Madrid in November 1936.
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East Germany
East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), existed from 1949 to 1990 and covers the period when the eastern portion of Germany existed as a state that was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period.
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Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent.
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Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.
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Economic stagnation
Economic stagnation is a prolonged period of slow economic growth (traditionally measured in terms of the GDP growth), usually accompanied by high unemployment.
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Enemy of the people
The term enemy of the people is a designation for the political or class opponents of the subgroup in power within a larger group.
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Eqrem Libohova
Eqrem Libohova (24 February 1882, Gjirokastër – 1948, Rome) was an Albanian politician and Axis collaborator.
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Ethnic conflict
An ethnic conflict is a conflict between two or more contending ethnic groups.
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Ethnogenesis
Ethnogenesis (from Greek ethnos ἔθνος, "group of people, nation", and genesis γένεσις, "beginning, coming into being"; plural ethnogeneses) is "the formation and development of an ethnic group." This can originate through a process of self-identification as well as come about as the result of outside identification.
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Extrajudicial killing
An extrajudicial killing (also known as extrajudicial execution) is the killing of a person by governmental authorities without the sanction of any judicial proceeding or legal process.
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Fall of communism in Albania
The fall of Communism in Albania, the last such event in Europe outside the USSR, started in earnest on December 1990 with student demonstrations in the capital, Tirana, although protests had begun earlier that year in other cities.
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Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including war, inflation, crop failure, population imbalance, or government policies.
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Fascism
Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.
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Feud
A feud, referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud, vendetta, faida, beef, clan war, gang war, or private war, is a long-running argument or fight, often between social groups of people, especially families or clans.
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Forced labour camps in Communist Albania
Communist Albania maintained labour camps (meaning work camps) throughout the territories it controlled.
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Franciscans
The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders within the Catholic Church, founded in 1209 by Saint Francis of Assisi.
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Free University of Brussels
The Free University of Brussels (Université Libre de Bruxelles) was a university in Brussels, Belgium established in 1834.
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Full stop
The full point or full stop (British and broader Commonwealth English) or period (North American English) is a punctuation mark.
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Gjakmarrja
Gjakmarrja (literally "blood-taking", i.e. "blood feud") or Hakmarrja ("revenge") refers to the social obligation to commit murder in order to salvage honour questioned by an earlier murder or moral humiliation.
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Gjirokastër
Gjirokastër is a city in southern Albania, on a valley between the Gjerë mountains and the Drino, at 300 metres above sea level.
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Greater Albania
Greater Albania is an irredentist concept of lands that are considered to form the national homeland by many Albanians, based on claims on the present-day or historical presence of Albanian populations in those areas.
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Hardline
In politics, hardline refers to the doctrine, policy, and posturing of a government or political body as being absolutist and sometimes authoritarian.
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Haxhi Lleshi
Haxhi Lleshi (May 1, 1913 – January 1, 1998) was an Albanian military leader and communist politician.
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History of Albania
The history of Albania forms a part of the history of Europe.
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Holy See
The Holy See (Santa Sede; Sancta Sedes), also called the See of Rome, is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, the episcopal see of the Pope, and an independent sovereign entity.
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House of Zogu
The House of Zogu is an Albanian dynasty founded in the early 20th century.
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Hoxhaism
Hoxhaism is a variant of anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the Maoist movement, appearing after the ideological dispute between the Communist Party of China and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978.
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Hua Guofeng
Hua Guofeng (born Su Zhu; 16 February 1921 – 20 August 2008) was a Chinese politician who served as Chairman of the Communist Party of China and Premier of the People's Republic of China.
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Human rights
Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.
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Hysen Hoxha
Hysen Efendi Hoxha (1861–1934) was an Albanian politician, mayor of Gjirokastër, and the uncle of Enver Hoxha.
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Hysni Kapo
Hysni Kapo (1915–1979) was an Albanian military commander and leading member of the Party of Labour of Albania.
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I.B. Tauris
I.B. Tauris (usually typeset as I.B.Tauris) was an independent publishing house with offices in London and New York City.
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Ibrahim Biçakçiu
Ibrahim Aqif Biçakçiu (also known as Ibrahim Biçaku) was an Albanian landowner and Axis collaborator, Prime Minister of Albania during the Nazi occupation, from September 25 to October 24, 1943 and from August 29 to November 28, 1944.
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Ilir Hoxha
Ilir Hoxha (born March 31, 1949 in Tirana, Albania) is one of the sons of former Albanian leader Enver Hoxha.
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Illyrian languages
The Illyrian languages are a group of Indo-European languages that were spoken in the western part of the Balkans in former times by groups identified as Illyrians: Ardiaei, Delmatae, Pannonii, Autariates, Taulantii (see list of ancient tribes in Illyria).
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Illyrians
The Illyrians (Ἰλλυριοί, Illyrioi; Illyrii or Illyri) were a group of Indo-European tribes in antiquity, who inhabited part of the western Balkans.
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Imam
Imam (إمام; plural: أئمة) is an Islamic leadership position.
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Indigenism
Indigenism can refer to several different ideologies associated with indigenous peoples, is used differently by a various scholars and activists, and can be used purely descriptively or carry political connotations.
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Intelligence agency
An intelligence agency is a government agency responsible for the collection, analysis, and exploitation of information in support of law enforcement, national security, military, and foreign policy objectives.
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International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)
The International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (ICMLPO) is an international network of Hoxhaist, Marxist-Leninist communist parties that uphold the line of Albanian leader Enver Hoxha and the Party of Labour of Albania.
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Islam
IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).
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Italian invasion of Albania
The Italian invasion of Albania (April 7–12, 1939) was a brief military campaign by the Kingdom of Italy against the Albanian Kingdom.
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Janina Vilayet
The Vilayet of Janina, Yanya or Ioannina (ولايت يانیه, Vilâyet-i Yanya) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, established in 1867.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.
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Josip Broz Tito
Josip Broz (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз,; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (Cyrillic: Тито), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and political leader, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980.
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Kanun (Albania)
The Kanun is a set of traditional Albanian laws.
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KGB
The KGB, an initialism for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (p), translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991.
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Khawaja
Khawaja or khwaja (خواجه) is an honorific title used across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Central Asia, particularly towards Sufi teachers.
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Kim Il-sung
Kim Il-sung (or Kim Il Sung) (born Kim Sŏng-ju; 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the first leader of North Korea, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994.
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Kim Philby
Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988) was a high-ranking member of British intelligence who worked as a double agent before defecting to the Soviet Union in 1963.
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Koçi Xoxe
Koçi Xoxe (pronounced; May 1, 1911 – June 11, 1949) was an Albanian politician who served as Minister of Defence and Minister of the Interior of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.
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Korçë
Korçë ((Korça), other names see below) is a city and municipality in southeastern Albania, and the seat of Korçë County.
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League of Prizren
The League of Prizren (Besëlidhja e Prizrenit), officially the League for the Defense of the Rights of the Albanian Nation (Lidhja për mbrojtjen e të drejtave te kombit Shqiptar), was an Albanian political organization officially founded on June 10, 1878 in the old town of Prizren, in the Kosova Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire.
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Lent
Lent (Latin: Quadragesima: Fortieth) is a solemn religious observance in the Christian liturgical calendar that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends approximately six weeks later, before Easter Sunday.
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Liberation Day (Albania)
The Liberation Day (Dita e Çlirimit) is commemorated as the day, November 29, 1944, in which Albania was liberated from Nazi Germany forces after the Albanian resistance during World War II.
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Liri Belishova
Liri Belishova (14 October 1926 – 23 April 2018) was a member of the Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania and an important political figure in Albania between 1944 and 1960.
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List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia
The President of Czechoslovakia was the head of state of Czechoslovakia, from the creation of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 until the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic in 1992.
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List of Prime Ministers of Albania
This is a list of Prime Ministers of Albania who have served since the Declaration of Independence of 1912.
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Lonely Planet
Lonely Planet is the largest travel guide book publisher in the world.
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Maktab
Maktab (مكتب) or Maktabeh (مكتبة) or Maktabkhaneh (مکتبخانه) (other transliterations include makteb, mekteb, mektep, meqteb, maqtab), also called a Kuttab (الكتَّاب) “school” is an Arabic word meaning elementary schools.
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Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.
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Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893September 9, 1976), commonly known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.
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Maoism
Maoism, known in China as Mao Zedong Thought, is a political theory derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader Mao Zedong, whose followers are known as Maoists.
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Marxism
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.
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Marxism–Leninism
In political science, Marxism–Leninism is the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, of the Communist International and of Stalinist political parties.
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Mass media
The mass media is a diversified collection of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication.
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Mehmet Shehu
Mehmet Ismail Shehu (January 10, 1913 – December 18, 1981) was an Albanian communist politician who served as the 23rd Prime Minister of Albania from 1954 to 1981.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
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Military rank
Military ranks are a system of hierarchical relationships in armed forces, police, intelligence agencies or other institutions organized along military lines.
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Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs (Albania)
The Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania, officially styled the Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Albania (Ministri i Evropës dhe Punëve të Jashtme të Republikes të Shqipërisë), is the Foreign Minister of Albania, responsible for the foreign relations of the country, as well as the integration to the European Union.
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Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)
The MGB ('МГБ'), an initialism for Ministerstvo gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti SSSR (p, translated in English as Ministry for State Security), was the name of the Soviet state security apparatus dealing with internal and external security issues: secret police duties, foreign and domestic intelligence and counterintelligence, etc from 1946 to 1953.
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Mukje Conference
The Mukje Conference was held on 1-3 August 1943 in Mukje (near Krujë in Central Albania).
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Muslim
A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.
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Muzafer Korkuti
Muzafer Korkuti (born 1936) is an Albanian archaeologist and prehistorian.
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Myslim Peza
Myslim Peza (1 May 1897 in Pezë – 1984 in Tirana) was a distinguished World War 2 veteran who led the anti-fascist movement "Çeta e Pezës" the members of which founded the Communist Party of Albania.
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Nako Spiru
Nako Spiru (4 January 1918 in Durrës – 20 November 1947 in Tirana) was an Albanian politician and high-ranking official of the Communist Party of Albania (PKSh).
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National Liberation Movement (Albania)
The National Liberation Movement (Lëvizja Nacional-Çlirimtare or Lëvizja Antifashiste Nacional-Çlirimtare (LANÇ)), also translated as National Liberation Front, was an Albanian resistance organization that fought in World War II.
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National Martyrs Cemetery of Albania
The National Martyrs Cemetery of Albania (Varrezat e Dëshmorëve të Kombit) is the largest cemetery in Albania, located on a hill overlooking Tirana.
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Natural science
Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Nexhmije Hoxha
Nexhmije Hoxha (born February 8, 1921) is the widow of Albanian communist leader Enver Hoxha.
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Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (15 April 1894 – 11 September 1971) was a Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964.
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Nikolai Bulganin
Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin (– 24 February 1975) was a Soviet politician who served as Minister of Defense (1953–1955) and Premier of the Soviet Union (1955–1958) under Nikita Khrushchev, following service in the Red Army and as defense minister under Joseph Stalin.
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NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del), abbreviated NKVD (НКВД), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union.
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North Korean cult of personality
The North Korean cult of personality surrounding its ruling family, the Kim family, has existed in North Korea for decades and can be found in many examples of North Korean culture.
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Northern Epirus
Northern Epirus (Βόρειος Ήπειρος, Vorios Ipiros, Epiri i Veriut) is a term used to refer to those parts of the historical region of Epirus, in the western Balkans, which today are part of Albania.
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Omer Nishani
Doctor Omer Nishani (5 February 1887 – 26 May 1954) was an Albanian political figure involved first in the struggle against Ahmet Zogu (known after 1928 as King Zog) in the 1920s and 1930s, and then in the struggle against the fascist occupation of Albania during the 1942–4 period, becoming the Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of the People's Republic of Albania (thereby becoming the country's head of state) in 1946 and serving in this position until 1953.
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On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
"On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences" («О культе личности и его последствиях», «O kul'te lichnosti i yego posledstviyakh») was a report by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev made to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 25 February 1956.
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Origin of the Albanians
The origin of the Albanians has long been a matter of dispute among historians.
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Orikum
Orikum is a town and a former municipality in the Vlorë County, southwestern Albania.
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Ostracism
Ostracism (ὀστρακισμός, ostrakismos) was a procedure under the Athenian democracy in which any citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Palmiro Togliatti
Palmiro Togliatti (26 March 1893 – 21 August 1964) was an Italian politician and leader of the Italian Communist Party from 1927 until his death.
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Partisan (military)
A partisan is a member of an irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation by some kind of insurgent activity.
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Party of Labour of Albania
The Party of Labour of Albania (Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë, PPSH, sometimes referred to as the Albanian Workers' Party) was the vanguard party of Albania during the communist period (1945–1991) as well as the only legal political party.
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Pashko Vasa
Pashko Vasa (1825, Shkodër, Albania, Ottoman Empire – June 29, 1892, Beirut, Lebanon, Ottoman Empire) also known as Vaso Pasha, Wasa Pasha or Vaso Pashë Shkodrani, was an Albanian writer, poet and publicist of the Albanian National Awakening, and Governor of Lebanon from 1882 until his death.
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Patriarchy
Patriarchy is a social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property.
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Peaceful coexistence
Peaceful coexistence (translit) was a theory developed and applied by the Soviet Union at various points during the Cold War in the context of primarily Marxist–Leninist foreign policy and was adopted by Soviet-allied socialist states that they could peacefully coexist with the capitalist bloc (i.e., U.S.-allied states).
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People's Republic of Bulgaria
The People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB; Народна република България (НРБ) Narodna republika Bǎlgariya (NRB)) was the official name of Bulgaria when it was a socialist republic.
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People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Albania (Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Shqipni/Shqipnia, Shqypni/Shqypnia), officially the People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë), was a Marxist-Leninist government that ruled Albania from 1946 to 1992.
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People's war
People's war, also called protracted people's war, is a military-political strategy first developed by the Chinese Communist revolutionary and political leader Mao Zedong (1893–1976).
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Pezë
Pezë (Peza is a former municipality in the Tirana County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Tirana. The population at the 2011 census was 6,272. Peza was the headquarters of the National Liberation Movement of Albania.
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Political repression
Political repression is the persecution of an individual or group within society for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part in the political life of a society thereby reducing their standing among their fellow citizens.
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Pope John Paul II
Pope John Paul II (Ioannes Paulus II; Giovanni Paolo II; Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła;; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) served as Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 to 2005.
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Popular culture
Popular culture (also called pop culture) is generally recognized as a set of the practices, beliefs, and objects that are dominant or ubiquitous in a society at a given point in time.
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Prime Minister of Albania
The Prime Minister of Albania (Kryeministri i Shqipërisë), officially styled the Prime Minister of the Republic of Albania (Kryeministri i Republikës së Shqipërisë), is the head of government of the Republic of Albania and as well the most powerful and influential person in Albanian politics.
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Proletarian internationalism
Proletarian internationalism, sometimes referred to as international socialism, is the perception of all communist revolutions as being part of a single global class struggle rather than separate localized events.
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Proto-Indo-Europeans
The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the prehistoric people of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the ancestor of the Indo-European languages according to linguistic reconstruction.
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Pyongyang
Pyongyang, or P'yŏngyang, is the capital and largest city of North Korea.
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Pyramid
A pyramid (from πυραμίς) is a structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a single point at the top, making the shape roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense.
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Pyramid of Tirana
The Pyramid of Tirana is a structure and former museum located in Tirana, Albania, Europe.
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Ramadan
Ramadan (رمضان,;In Arabic phonology, it can be, depending on the region. also known as Ramazan, romanized as Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (Sawm) to commemorate the first revelation of the Quran to Muhammad according to Islamic belief.
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Ramiz Alia
Ramiz Tafë Alia (18 October 1924 – 7 October 2011) was the second and last Communist leader of Albania from 1985 to 1991 and the country's head of state from 1982 to 1992.
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Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary is a large American dictionary, first published in 1966 as The Random House Dictionary of the English Language: The Unabridged Edition.
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Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА), Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA), frequently shortened in Russian to Красная aрмия (КА), Krasnaya armiya (KA), in English: Red Army, also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch – Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
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Revisionism (Marxism)
Within the Marxist movement, the word revisionism is used to refer to various ideas, principles and theories that are based on a significant revision of fundamental Marxist premises.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 until 1974, when he resigned from office, the only U.S. president to do so.
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Romanian Communist Party
The Romanian Communist Party (Romanian: Partidul Comunist Român, PCR) was a communist party in Romania.
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Sali Berisha
, (born 15 October 1944) is an Albanian cardiologist and politician who served as the second President of Albania from 1992 to 1997 and Prime Minister from 2005 to 2013.
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Sazan Island
Sazan (Sazani; Saseno; Saso; Σάσων) is an island inside the Mediterranean Sea in southern Albania.
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Secret Intelligence Service
The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6, is the foreign intelligence service of the government of the United Kingdom, tasked mainly with the covert overseas collection and analysis of human intelligence (HUMINT) in support of the UK's national security.
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Secret police
The term secret police (or political police)Ilan Berman & J. Michael Waller, "Introduction: The Centrality of the Secret Police" in Dismantling Tyranny: Transitioning Beyond Totalitarian Regimes (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. xv.
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Sejfulla Malëshova
Sejfulla Malëshova (March 2, 1900, Këlcyrë – June 9, 1971, Fier) was an Albanian politician and writer.
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Serbs
The Serbs (Срби / Srbi) are a South Slavic ethnic group that formed in the Balkans.
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Shefqet Vërlaci
Shefqet bej Vërlaci (15 December 1877, Elbasan, Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire – 21 July 1946, Zürich, Switzerland) was an Albanian politician.
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Show trial
A show trial is a public trial in which the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the defendant.
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Sigurimi
The Directorate of State Security, commonly called the Sigurimi, was the state security, intelligence and secret police service of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.
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Sino-Albanian split
The Sino-Albanian split refers to the gradual worsening of relations between Albania and the People's Republic of China in the period 1972–78.
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Sino-Soviet split
The Sino-Soviet split (1956–1966) was the breaking of political relations between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), caused by doctrinal divergences arising from each of the two powers' different interpretation of Marxism–Leninism as influenced by the national interests of each country during the Cold War.
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Social liberalism
Social liberalism (also known as modern liberalism or egalitarian liberalism) is a political ideology and a variety of liberalism that endorses a market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights while also believing that the legitimate role of the government includes addressing economic and social issues such as poverty, health care and education.
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia or SFRY) was a socialist state led by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars.
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Socialist realism
Socialist realism is a style of idealized realistic art that was developed in the Soviet Union and was imposed as the official style in that country between 1932 and 1988, as well as in other socialist countries after World War II.
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Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.
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Sofoklis Venizelos
Sofoklis Venizelos (also transliterated as Sophocles Venizelos) (3 November 1894 – 7 February 1964) was a Greek politician, who three times served as Prime Minister of Greece – in 1944 (in exile), 1950 and 1950–1951.
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Solitary confinement
Solitary confinement is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated from any human contact, often with the exception of members of prison staff, for 22–24 hours a day, with a sentence ranging from days to decades.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Soviet–Albanian split
The Soviet-Albanian split refers to the worsening of relations between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, which occurred in the 1955–1961 period as a result of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's rapprochement with Yugoslavia along with his "Secret Speech" and subsequent de-Stalinization policies, including efforts to extend these policies into Albania as was occurring in other Eastern Bloc states at the time.
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Spiro Moisiu
Spiro Theodori Moisiu (5 May 1900–12 April 1981) was the Major General of the Albanian National Liberation Army during World War II.
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Stalin's cult of personality
Joseph Stalin's cult of personality became a prominent part of Soviet culture in December 1929, after a lavish celebration for Stalin's 50th birthday.
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Stasi
The Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, MfS) or State Security Service (Staatssicherheitsdienst, SSD), commonly known as the Stasi, was the official state security service of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
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State atheism
State atheism, according to Oxford University Press's A Dictionary of Atheism, "is the name given to the incorporation of positive atheism or non-theism into political regimes, particularly associated with Soviet systems." In contrast, a secular state purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.
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State religion
A state religion (also called an established religion or official religion) is a religious body or creed officially endorsed by the state.
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Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a state in East Asia.
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Teme Sejko
Teme Sejko (August 25, 1922 – May 31, 1961) was an Albanian rear-admiral and commander of the Albanian navy and the naval base of Durrës.
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The Washington Post
The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.
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The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
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Theory
A theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking.
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Three Worlds Theory
The Three Worlds Theory, by Mao Zedong, is a theory of international relations, which proposes three politico-economic worlds: the first world consisting of superpowers, the second world of developing powers, and the third world of exploited nations.
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Tirana
Tirana (—; Tiranë; Tirona) is the capital and most populous city of Albania.
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Torture
Torture (from the Latin tortus, "twisted") is the act of deliberately inflicting physical or psychological pain in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or compel some action from the victim.
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Tosks
The Tosks are one of two major ethnic subgroups of Albanians (the other being the Ghegs) differentiated by their cultural, linguistic, social and religious characteristics.
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Treason
In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more extreme acts against one's nation or sovereign.
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Tyrant
A tyrant (Greek τύραννος, tyrannos), in the modern English usage of the word, is an absolute ruler unrestrained by law or person, or one who has usurped legitimate sovereignty.
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United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter.
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United States Government Publishing Office
The United States Government Publishing Office (GPO) (formerly the Government Printing Office) is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government.
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United States Sixth Fleet
The Sixth Fleet is the United States Navy's operational fleet and staff of United States Naval Forces Europe.
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University of Montpellier
The University of Montpellier (Université de Montpellier) is a French public research university in Montpellier in south-east of France.
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University of Tirana
The University of Tirana (Universiteti i Tiranës) is a public and the largest university in Albania.
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Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib or VF) is when the heart quivers instead of pumping due to disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles.
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Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
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Vlorë
Vlorë is the third most populous city of the Republic of Albania.
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Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War.
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Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, officially known as Operation Danube, was a joint invasion of Czechoslovakia by five Warsaw Pact nations – the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland – on the night of 20–21 August 1968.
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Western culture
Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, European civilization,is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe.
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Wheelchair
A wheelchair, often abbreviated to just "chair", is a chair with wheels, used when walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury, or disability.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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World War II in Albania
In Albania, World War II began with the Italian invasion in 1939.
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Yugoslav dinar
The dinar (Cyrillic script: динар) was the currency of the three Yugoslav states: the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (formerly the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes), the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1918 and 2003.
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Yugoslav Partisans
The Yugoslav Partisans,Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani, Партизани or the National Liberation Army,Narodnooslobodilačka vojska (NOV), Народноослободилачка војска (НОВ); Народноослободителна војска (НОВ); Narodnoosvobodilna vojska (NOV) officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia,Narodnooslobodilačka vojska i partizanski odredi Jugoslavije (NOV i POJ), Народноослободилачка војска и партизански одреди Југославије (НОВ и ПОЈ); Народноослободителна војска и партизански одреди на Југославија (НОВ и ПОЈ); Narodnoosvobodilna vojska in partizanski odredi Jugoslavije (NOV in POJ) was the Communist-led resistance to the Axis powers (chiefly Germany) in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II.
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Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija/Југославија; Jugoslavija; Југославија; Pannonian Rusyn: Югославия, transcr. Juhoslavija)Jugosllavia; Jugoszlávia; Juhoslávia; Iugoslavia; Jugoslávie; Iugoslavia; Yugoslavya; Югославия, transcr. Jugoslavija.
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Zall Teqe
The Zall Teqe (Teqeja e Zallit) is a Bektashi teqe in Gjirokastër, Albania.
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Zhou Enlai
Zhou Enlai (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976.
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Zog I of Albania
Zog I, King of the Albanians (Nalt Madhnija e Tij Zogu I, Mbreti i Shqiptareve,; 8 October 18959 April 1961), born Ahmet Muhtar Zogolli, taking the surname Zogu in 1922, was the leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939.
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20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held during the period 14–25 February 1956.
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Redirects here:
E. Hoxha, Enva Hoxha, Envar Hoxa, Enver Halil Hoxha, Enver Hodga, Enver Hodja, Enver Hohxa, Enver Hoja, Enver Hoxa, Enver Hoxfa, Enver Hoxja, Enver Hoxxa, Enver Hozha, Hoaxhaism, Pranvera Hoxha, Pranvera Kolaneci, Sokol Hoxha.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha
