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805 relations: A Sailor's Guide to Earth, A. H. Tammsaare, Accordion, Aesti, Agnosticism, Ahti Heinla, AirBaltic, Airline hub, Alar Karis, Aleksander Eduard Thomson, Aleksander Kunileid, Alempois, Algae, Alphabet book, American mink, Amphibian, Ancient Rome, Andres Kasekamp, Andrus Kivirähk, Apostolic Administration of Estonia, Appellate court, Armenians, Artur Kapp, Artur Lemba, Arvo Pärt, Atheism, Authoritarianism, Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, Autumn Ball, Azerbaijanis, Ämari Air Base, Baltic Air Policing, Baltic Assembly, Baltic Defence College, Baltic Entente, Baltic Finnic peoples, Baltic German nobility, Baltic Germans, Baltic governorates, Baltic Legations (1940–1991), Baltic News Service, Baltic Sea, Baltic states, Baltic Way, Baltische Landeswehr, Balts, Bank of Estonia, Baritone, Barn swallow, Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics, ... Expand index (755 more) »
- Member states of NATO
- Member states of the European Union
- Member states of the Three Seas Initiative
- Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean
- OECD members
A Sailor's Guide to Earth
A Sailor's Guide to Earth is the third studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Sturgill Simpson.
See Estonia and A Sailor's Guide to Earth
A. H. Tammsaare
Anton Hansen (18 (O.S.)/30 January 1878 – 1 March 1940), better known by his pseudonym A. H. Tammsaare and its variants, was an Estonian writer whose pentalogy Truth and Justice (Tõde ja õigus; 1926–1933) is considered one of the major works of Estonian literature and "The Estonian Novel".
See Estonia and A. H. Tammsaare
Accordion
Accordions (from 19th-century German, from —"musical chord, concord of sounds") are a family of box-shaped musical instruments of the bellows-driven free reed aerophone type (producing sound as air flows past a reed in a frame).
Aesti
The Aesti (also Aestii, Astui or Aests) were an ancient people first described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his treatise Germania (circa 98 AD).
Agnosticism
Agnosticism is the view or belief that the existence of God, the divine, or the supernatural is either unknowable in principle or currently unknown in fact.
Ahti Heinla
Ahti Heinla is an Estonian computer programmer and businessman.
AirBaltic
airBaltic, legally incorporated as AS Air Baltic Corporation, is the flag carrier of Latvia, with its head office on the grounds of Riga International Airport in Mārupe municipality near Riga.
Airline hub
An airline hub or hub airport is an airport used by one or more airlines to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations.
Alar Karis
Alar Karis (born 26 March 1958) is an Estonian molecular geneticist, developmental biologist, civil servant and politician who, since 11 October 2021, has served as the sixth president of Estonia.
Aleksander Eduard Thomson
Aleksander Eduard Thomson (31 January 1845, in Pringi – 20 October 1917, in Petrograd) was an Estonian composer.
See Estonia and Aleksander Eduard Thomson
Aleksander Kunileid
Aleksander Kunileid (born Aleksander Saebelmann; 22 November 1845 – 27 July 1875), was an Estonian composer.
See Estonia and Aleksander Kunileid
Alempois
Alempois (Alumbus) was a small independent landlocked county in ancient Estonia, bordered by Harjumaa, Järvamaa, Nurmekund, Sakala, and Läänemaa.
Algae
Algae (alga) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms.
Alphabet book
An alphabet book is a type of children's book giving basic instruction in an alphabet.
American mink
The American mink (Neogale vison) is a semiaquatic species of mustelid native to North America, though human introduction has expanded its range to many parts of Europe, Asia, and South America.
Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia.
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
Andres Kasekamp
Andres Ilmar Kasekamp (born 7 December 1966 in Toronto) is the director of the Estonian Foreign Policy Institute (et) (since 2000) and Professor of Baltic Politics at the University of Tartu, Estonia (since 2004).
See Estonia and Andres Kasekamp
Andrus Kivirähk
Andrus Kivirähk (born 17 August 1970) is an Estonian writer, a playwright, topical satirist, and screenwriter.
See Estonia and Andrus Kivirähk
Apostolic Administration of Estonia
The Apostolic Administration of Estonia is a Latin Church, territorial Catholic circonscription (ecclesiastical jurisdiction) that covers the entire country of Estonia.
See Estonia and Apostolic Administration of Estonia
Appellate court
An appellate court, commonly called a court of appeal(s), appeal court, court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal.
See Estonia and Appellate court
Armenians
Armenians (hayer) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.
Artur Kapp
Artur Kapp (28 February 1878 – 14 January 1952) was an Estonian composer.
Artur Lemba
Artur Lemba (24 September 1885 – 21 November 1963) was an Estonian composer and piano teacher, and one of the most important figures in Estonian classical music.
Arvo Pärt
Arvo Pärt (born 11 September 1935) is an Estonian composer of contemporary classical music.
Atheism
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
See Estonia and Authoritarianism
Autonomous Governorate of Estonia
The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia of the Russian state was established as a result of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and ceased to exist prior to Estonia becoming a fully independent country in 1918.
See Estonia and Autonomous Governorate of Estonia
Autumn Ball
Autumn Ball (Sügisball) is a 2007 Estonian drama film directed by Veiko Õunpuu, adapted from Mati Unt's 1979 novel of the same name.
Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijanis (Azərbaycanlılar, آذربایجانلیلار), Azeris (Azərilər, آذریلر), or Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan Türkləri, آذربایجان تۆرکلری) are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Azerbaijan region of northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Ämari Air Base
Ämari Air Base is a military airbase in Harjumaa, Estonia, located south of Lake Klooga and southwest of Tallinn.
See Estonia and Ämari Air Base
Baltic Air Policing
The Baltic air-policing mission is a NATO air defence Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) in order to guard the airspace above the three Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
See Estonia and Baltic Air Policing
Baltic Assembly
The Baltic Assembly (BA) is a regional organisation that promotes intergovernmental cooperation between Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
See Estonia and Baltic Assembly
Baltic Defence College
The Baltic Defence College (BALTDEFCOL) is a multinational military college, established by the three Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) in 1999.
See Estonia and Baltic Defence College
Baltic Entente
The Baltic Entente was based on Treaty of Good-Understanding and Co-operation signed between Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia on 12 September 1934 in Geneva.
See Estonia and Baltic Entente
Baltic Finnic peoples
The Baltic Finnic peoples, often simply referred to as the Finnic peoples, are the peoples inhabiting the Baltic Sea region in Northern and Eastern Europe who speak Finnic languages.
See Estonia and Baltic Finnic peoples
Baltic German nobility
The Baltic German nobility was a privileged social class in the territories of modern-day Estonia and Latvia.
See Estonia and Baltic German nobility
Baltic Germans
Baltic Germans (Deutsch-Balten or Deutschbalten, later BaltendeutscheАндреева Н. С.2001. Кто такие «остзейцы»? (pp 173-175). Вопросы истории. No 10 173—175-->) are ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia.
See Estonia and Baltic Germans
Baltic governorates
The Baltic governorates, originally the Ostsee governorates, was a collective name for the administrative units of the Russian Empire set up in the territories of Swedish Estonia, Swedish Livonia (1721) and, afterwards, of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1795).
See Estonia and Baltic governorates
Baltic Legations (1940–1991)
The Baltic Legations were the missions of the exiled Baltic diplomatic services from 1940 to 1991.
See Estonia and Baltic Legations (1940–1991)
Baltic News Service
The Baltic News Service (BNS) is the largest news agency operating in the Baltic States.
See Estonia and Baltic News Service
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain.
Baltic states
The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Baltic Way
The Baltic Way (Baltijos kelias; Baltijas ceļš; Balti kett) or Baltic Chain (also "Chain of Freedom") was a peaceful political demonstration that occurred on 23 August 1989.
Baltische Landeswehr
The Baltic Landwehr or Baltische Landeswehr ("Baltic Territorial Army") was the name of the unified armed forces of Couronian and Livonian nobility from 7 December 1918 to 3 July 1919.
See Estonia and Baltische Landeswehr
Balts
The Balts or Baltic peoples (baltai, balti) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea who speak Baltic languages.
Bank of Estonia
The Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank) is the Estonian member of the Eurosystem and has been the monetary authority for Estonia from 1919 to 2010, albeit with a long suspension between 1940 and 1989, issuing the Estonian kroon.
See Estonia and Bank of Estonia
Baritone
A baritone is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the bass and the tenor voice-types.
Barn swallow
The barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) is the most widespread species of swallow in the world, occurring on all continents, with vagrants reported even in Antarctica.
Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics was the first appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event.
See Estonia and Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Battle of Ērģeme
The Battle of Ērģeme (also Battle of Ermes) (Härgmäe lahing; Schlacht bei Ermes; Битва под Эрмесом; Ērģemes kauja) was fought on 2 August 1560 in present-day Latvia (near Valka) as part of the Livonian War between the forces of Ivan IV of Russia and the Livonian Confederation.
See Estonia and Battle of Ērģeme
Battle of Cēsis (1919)
The Battle of Cēsis (Cēsu kaujas; Võnnu lahing, Battle of Võnnu; Schlacht von Wenden, Battle of Wenden), fought near Cēsis (Wenden) in June 1919, was a decisive battle in the Estonian War of Independence and the Latvian War of Independence.
See Estonia and Battle of Cēsis (1919)
Battle of Grunwald
The Battle of Grunwald, Battle of Žalgiris, or First Battle of Tannenberg, was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
See Estonia and Battle of Grunwald
Battle of Krivasoo
Battle of Krivasoo (Krivasoo lahing; 18 November 1919 - 30 December 1919) took place near the Krivasoo, Estonia during the Estonian War of Independence between the Estonian Army and the Red Army.
See Estonia and Battle of Krivasoo
Battle of Lihula
The Battle of Lihula or Battle of Leal was fought between invading Swedes and Estonians for the control of a castle in Lihula, Estonia in 1220.
See Estonia and Battle of Lihula
Battle of Lyndanisse
The Battle of Lyndanisse or Lindanise was fought on 15 June 1219 during the Northern Crusades, between the forces of the invading Kingdom of Denmark and the local non-Christian Estonians.
See Estonia and Battle of Lyndanisse
Battle of Narva (1944)
The Battle of Narva was a World War II military campaign, lasting from 2 February to 10 August 1944, in which the German Army Detachment "Narwa" and the Soviet Leningrad Front fought for possession of the strategically important Narva Isthmus.
See Estonia and Battle of Narva (1944)
Battle of Saule
The Battle of Saule (Saulės mūšis / Šiaulių mūšis; Schlacht von Schaulen; Saules kauja) was fought on 22 September 1236, between the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and pagan troops of Samogitians and Semigallians.
See Estonia and Battle of Saule
Battle of St. Matthew's Day
The Battle of Matthew's Day (Madisepäeva lahing) was fought near Viljandi (probably in Vanamõisa) on 21 September 1217 during the Livonian Crusade.
See Estonia and Battle of St. Matthew's Day
Battle of Wiłkomierz
The Battle of Wiłkomierz (see other names) took place on September 1, 1435, near Ukmergė in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
See Estonia and Battle of Wiłkomierz
BC Kalev
BC Kalev, also known as BC Kalev/Cramo for sponsorship reasons, is a professional basketball club based in Tallinn, Estonia.
Bengt Gottfried Forselius
Bengt Gottfried Forselius (ca 1660, Harju-Madise, Harju County, Swedish Estonia – November 16, 1688, Baltic Sea) was a founder of public education in Estonia, author of the first ABC-book in the Estonian language, and creator of a spelling system which made the teaching and learning of Estonian easier.
See Estonia and Bengt Gottfried Forselius
Berghahn Books
Berghahn Books is a New York and Oxford–based publisher of scholarly books and academic journals in the humanities and social sciences, with a special focus on social and cultural anthropology, European history, politics, and film and media studies.
See Estonia and Berghahn Books
Birch
A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams.
Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek
The Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek (Saare-Lääne piiskopkond; Bistum Ösel–Wiek; Low German: Bisdom Ösel–Wiek; contemporary Ecclesia Osiliensis) was a Roman Catholic diocese and a semi-independent prince-bishopric — part of Terra Mariana (Old Livonia) in the Holy Roman Empire.
See Estonia and Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek
Bishopric of Dorpat
The Bishopric of Dorpat was a medieval prince-bishopric, i.e. both a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church and a temporal principality ruled by the bishop of the diocese.
See Estonia and Bishopric of Dorpat
Black stork
The black stork (Ciconia nigra) is a large bird in the stork family Ciconiidae.
Bog
A bog or bogland is a wetland that accumulates peat as a deposit of dead plant materials often mosses, typically sphagnum moss.
See Estonia and Bog
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
Bolt (company)
Bolt is an Estonian mobility company that offers ride-hailing, micromobility rental, food and grocery delivery (via the Bolt Food app), and carsharing services.
See Estonia and Bolt (company)
Bombing of Tallinn in World War II
During World War II, the Estonian capital Tallinn suffered from many instances of aerial bombing by the Soviet air force and the German Luftwaffe.
See Estonia and Bombing of Tallinn in World War II
Boreal Kingdom
The Boreal Kingdom or Holarctic Kingdom (Holarctis) is a floristic kingdom identified by botanist Ronald Good (and later by Armen Takhtajan), which includes the temperate to Arctic portions of North America and Eurasia.
See Estonia and Boreal Kingdom
Brill Publishers
Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.
See Estonia and Brill Publishers
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.
Brown bear
The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear native to Eurasia and North America.
Bryophyte
Bryophytes are a group of land plants, sometimes treated as a taxonomic division, that contains three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.
Capital city
A capital city or just capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country, state, province, department, or other subnational division, usually as its seat of the government.
Carl Robert Jakobson
Carl Robert Jakobson (–) was an Estonian writer, politician and teacher active in the Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire.
See Estonia and Carl Robert Jakobson
Carl Schmidt (chemist)
Carl Ernst Heinrich Schmidt, also Karl Genrikhovich Schmidt (Карл Ге́нрихович Шмидт; –) was a Baltic German chemist from the Livonia Governorate, Russian Empire.
See Estonia and Carl Schmidt (chemist)
Cathedral school
Cathedral schools began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into medieval universities.
See Estonia and Cathedral school
Centaurea cyanus
Centaurea cyanus, commonly known as cornflower or bachelor's button, is an annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to Europe.
See Estonia and Centaurea cyanus
Central and Eastern Europe
Central and Eastern Europe is a geopolitical term encompassing the countries in Northeast Europe (primarily the Baltics), Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe (primarily the Balkans), usually meaning former communist states from the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact in Europe, as well as from former Yugoslavia.
See Estonia and Central and Eastern Europe
Central bank
A central bank, reserve bank, national bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the currency and monetary policy of a country or monetary union.
Central Europe
Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.
See Estonia and Central Europe
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.
See Estonia and Central Intelligence Agency
Choir
A choir (also known as a chorale or chorus) is a musical ensemble of singers.
Christian denomination
A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity that comprises all church congregations of the same kind, identifiable by traits such as a name, particular history, organization, leadership, theological doctrine, worship style and, sometimes, a founder.
See Estonia and Christian denomination
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Christianization
Christianization (or Christianisation) is a term for the specific type of change that occurs when someone or something has been or is being converted to Christianity.
See Estonia and Christianization
Christopher Nolan
Sir Christopher Edward Nolan (born 30 July 1970) is a British and American filmmaker.
See Estonia and Christopher Nolan
Chuvash people
The Chuvash people (чӑваш; çăvaş), plural: чӑвашсем, çăvaşsem; чува́ши.) are a Turkic ethnic group, a branch of the Ogurs, native to an area stretching from the Idel-Ural (Volga-Ural) region to Siberia. Most of them live in Chuvashia and the surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout the Russian Federation.
See Estonia and Chuvash people
Cinema of Estonia
Cinema of Estonia is the film industry of the Republic of Estonia.
See Estonia and Cinema of Estonia
Circumboreal Region
The Circumboreal Region in phytogeography is a floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom in Eurasia and North America, as delineated by such geobotanists as Josias Braun-Blanquet and Armen Takhtajan.
See Estonia and Circumboreal Region
Civil law (legal system)
Civil law is a legal system originating in Italy and France that has been adopted in large parts of the world.
See Estonia and Civil law (legal system)
Cliffed coast
A cliffed coast, also called an abrasion coast, is a form of coast where the action of marine waves has formed steep cliffs that may or may not be precipitous.
CNBC
CNBC is an American business news channel owned by NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of Comcast's NBCUniversal.
See Estonia and CNBC
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union introduced forced collectivization (Коллективизация) of its agricultural sector between 1928 and 1940 during the ascension of Joseph Stalin.
See Estonia and Collectivization in the Soviet Union
Common raccoon dog
The common raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), also called the Chinese or Asian raccoon dog to distinguish it from the Japanese raccoon dog, is a small, heavy-set, fox-like canid native to East Asia.
See Estonia and Common raccoon dog
Concertina
A concertina is a free-reed musical instrument, like the various accordions and the harmonica.
Congress of Estonia
The Congress of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Kongress) was an innovative grassroots parliament established in Estonia in 1990–1992 as a part of the process of regaining of independence from the Soviet Union.
See Estonia and Congress of Estonia
Conservative People's Party of Estonia
The Conservative People's Party of Estonia (Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond, EKRE) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Estonia led by Martin Helme.
See Estonia and Conservative People's Party of Estonia
Constitution of Estonia
The Constitution of Estonia (Eesti Vabariigi põhiseadus) is the fundamental law of the Republic of Estonia and establishes the state order as that of a democratic republic where the supreme power is vested in its citizens.
See Estonia and Constitution of Estonia
Continuation War
The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet-Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union during World War II.
See Estonia and Continuation War
Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence
NATO CCD COE, officially the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (K5 or NATO küberkaitsekoostöö keskus), is one of NATO Centres of Excellence, located in Tallinn, Estonia.
See Estonia and Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence
Corded Ware culture
The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe between – 2350 BC, thus from the late Neolithic, through the Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age.
See Estonia and Corded Ware culture
Cottage
A cottage, during England's feudal period, was the holding by a cottager (known as a cotter or bordar) of a small house with enough garden to feed a family and in return for the cottage, the cottager had to provide some form of service to the manorial lord.
Council of the Baltic Sea States
The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) is a regional intergovernmental organisation working on three priority areas.
See Estonia and Council of the Baltic Sea States
Counties of Estonia
Counties (maakond, plural maakonnad) are the state administrative subdivisions of Estonia.
See Estonia and Counties of Estonia
Court of cassation
A court of cassation is a high-instance court that exists in some judicial systems.
See Estonia and Court of cassation
Cross-country skiing (sport)
Competitive cross-country skiing encompasses a variety of race formats and course lengths.
See Estonia and Cross-country skiing (sport)
Culture of Estonia
The culture of Estonia combines an indigenous heritage, represented by the country's Finnic national language Estonian, with Nordic and German cultural aspects.
See Estonia and Culture of Estonia
Curonians
The Curonians or Kurs (kurši; kuršiai) were a medieval Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in the 5th–16th centuries, in what are now western parts of Latvia and Lithuania.
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also called Cyanobacteriota or Cyanophyta, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis.
Danish Census Book
The Danish Census Book or the Danish book of land taxation (Liber Census Daniæ, Kong Valdemars Jordebog) dates from the 13th century and consists of a number of separate manuscripts.
See Estonia and Danish Census Book
Danish krone
The krone (plural: kroner; sign: kr.; code: DKK) is the official currency of Denmark, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands, introduced on 1 January 1875.
Dave Benton
Dave Benton (born Efrén Eugene Benita; 31 January 1951) is an Aruban-born Estonian pop musician.
De facto
De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.
De jure
In law and government, de jure describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.
Delfi (web portal)
Delfi (occasionally capitalized as DELFI) is a news website in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania providing daily news, ranging from gardening to politics.
See Estonia and Delfi (web portal)
Demographic Research (journal)
Demographic Research is a peer-reviewed, open access academic journal covering demography.
See Estonia and Demographic Research (journal)
Demographics of atheism
Accurate demographics of atheism are difficult to obtain since conceptions of atheism vary considerably across different cultures and languages, ranging from an active concept to being unimportant or not developed.
See Estonia and Demographics of atheism
Demographics of Estonia
The demographics of Estonia in the 21st century result from historical trends over more than a thousand years, as with most European countries, but have been disproportionately influenced by events in the second half of the 20th century.
See Estonia and Demographics of Estonia
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) is the department of the Australian federal government responsible for foreign policy and relations, international aid (using the branding Australian Aid), consular services and trade and investment (including trade and investment promotion Austrade).
See Estonia and Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Developed country
A developed country, or advanced country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
See Estonia and Developed country
Dialect
Dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word, 'discourse', from, 'through' and, 'I speak') refers to two distinctly different types of linguistic relationships.
Direct election
Direct election is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the persons or political party that they wanted to see elected.
See Estonia and Direct election
Disaster
A disaster is an event that causes serious harm to people, buildings, economies, or the environment, and the affected community cannot handle it alone.
Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)
The Duchy of Estonia (Hertugdømmet Estland Ducatus Estoniae), also known as Danish Estonia, was a direct dominion (dominium directum) of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346 when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordensstaat.
See Estonia and Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)
Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)
The Duchy of Estonia (Hertigdömet Estland, Eestimaa hertsogkond, Herzogtum Estland), also known as Swedish Estonia, (italic) was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1561 until 1721 during the time that most or all of Estonia was under Swedish rule.
See Estonia and Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)
Duchy of Livonia
The Duchy of Livonia, also referred to as Polish Livonia or Livonia, was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that existed from 1561 to 1621.
See Estonia and Duchy of Livonia
E-Estonia
e-Estonia refers to the digital society of Estonia, which facilitates its citizens' and residents' interactions with the state through the use of ICT solutions.
E-government
E-government (short for electronic government) is the use of technological communications devices, such as computers and the Internet, to provide public services to citizens and other persons in a country or region.
E-Residency of Estonia
e-Residency of Estonia (also called virtual residency or E-residency) is a program launched by Estonia on 1 December 2014.
See Estonia and E-Residency of Estonia
E3G
E3G (Third Generation Environmentalism) is a climate change think tank operating to accelerate a global transition to a low-carbon future.
See Estonia and E3G
Ease of doing business index
The ease of doing business index was an index created jointly by Simeon Djankov, Michael Klein, and Caralee McLiesh, three leading economists at the World Bank Group, following the release of World Development Report 2002.
See Estonia and Ease of doing business index
East European Plain
The East European Plain (also called the Russian Plain, "Extending from eastern Poland through the entire European Russia to the Ural Mountaina, the East European Plain encompasses all of the Baltic states and Belarus, nearly all of Ukraine, and much of the European portion of Russia and reaches north into Finland." — Britannica.
See Estonia and East European Plain
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.
See Estonia and Eastern Europe
Eastern European Summer Time
Eastern European Summer Time (EEST) is one of the names of the UTC+03:00 time zone, which is 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time.
See Estonia and Eastern European Summer Time
Eastern European Time
Eastern European Time (EET) is one of the names of UTC+02:00 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time.
See Estonia and Eastern European Time
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.
See Estonia and Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism.
See Estonia and Eastern Orthodoxy
Economy of Estonia
The economy of Estonia is rated advanced by the World Bank, i.e. with high quality of life and advanced infrastructure relative to less industrialized nations.
See Estonia and Economy of Estonia
Ecoregion
An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm.
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (translit,; Patriarchatus Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus; Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi, İstanbul Ekümenik Patrikhanesi, "Roman Orthodox Patriarchate, Ecumenical Patriarchate") is one of the fifteen to seventeen autocephalous churches (or "jurisdictions") that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church.
See Estonia and Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
Eda-Ines Etti
Eda-Ines Etti (born 26 May 1981), also known as simply Ines, is an Estonian singer and songwriter.
Edgar Krahn
Edgar Krahn (– 6 March 1961) was an Estonian mathematician.
Eduard Tubin
Eduard Tubin (– 17 November 1982) was an Estonian composer, conductor, and choreographer.
Education Index
An Education index is a component of the Human Development Index published every year by the United Nations Development Programme.
See Estonia and Education Index
Eesti Energia
Eesti Energia AS is a public limited energy company in Estonia with its headquarters in Tallinn.
Eesti Päevaleht
(Estonia Daily) is a major daily Estonian newspaper, from the same publishers as the weekly Eesti Ekspress.
See Estonia and Eesti Päevaleht
Eesti Raadio
Eesti Raadio (Estonian Radio, ER) was the public service radio broadcaster of Estonia that, at the time of closure, operated five national radio stations.
Eesti Rahvusringhääling
Eesti Rahvusringhääling (ERR) – Estonian Public Broadcasting – is a publicly funded and owned radio and television organisation created in Estonia on 1 June 2007 to take over the functions of the formerly separate Eesti Raadio (ER) (Estonian Radio) and Eesti Televisioon (ETV) (Estonian Television), under the terms of the Estonian National Broadcasting Act.
See Estonia and Eesti Rahvusringhääling
Eesti Raudtee
Eesti Raudtee or EVR is the national railway infrastructure company of Estonia.
Eesti Televisioon
Eesti Televisioon (ETV) (Estonian Television) is an Estonian free-to-air television channel owned and operated by Estonian Public Broadcasting.
See Estonia and Eesti Televisioon
Egalitarianism
Egalitarianism, or equalitarianism, is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds on the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people.
See Estonia and Egalitarianism
Elder (administrative title)
The term Elder, or its equivalent in another language, is used in several countries and organizations to indicate a position of authority.
See Estonia and Elder (administrative title)
Electronic voting in Estonia
Electronic voting in Estonia gained popularity in 2001 with the "e-minded" coalition government.
See Estonia and Electronic voting in Estonia
Elmo Nüganen
Elmo Nüganen (born on date 15 February 1962 in Jõhvi) is an Estonian theatre director, film director, and actor.
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
See Estonia and Encyclopædia Britannica
Endel Tulving
Endel Tulving (May 26, 1927 – September 11, 2023) was an Estonian-born Canadian experimental psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist.
English language
English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.
See Estonia and English language
Epic poetry
An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants.
Era of Silence
The Era of Silence (vaikiv ajastu) was the period between 1934 and 1938 (or 1940) in Estonian history.
See Estonia and Era of Silence
Ernst Öpik
Ernst Julius Öpik (– 10 September 1985) was an Estonian astronomer and astrophysicist who spent the second half of his career (1948–1981) at the Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland.
Estonia 200
Estonia 200 (E200) is a liberal political party in Estonia.
Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009
Estonia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Rändajad" written by Sven Lõhmus.
See Estonia and Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009
Estonia in World War II
Estonia declared neutrality at the outbreak of World War II (1939–1945), but the country was repeatedly contested, invaded and occupied, first by the Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and ultimately reinvaded and reoccupied in 1944 by the Soviet Union.
See Estonia and Estonia in World War II
Estonia men's national basketball team
The Estonia men's national basketball team (Eesti korvpallikoondis) represents Estonia in international basketball matches.
See Estonia and Estonia men's national basketball team
Estonia under Swedish rule
Estonia under Swedish rule (1561–1710) signifies the period of time when large parts of the country, and after 1645, entire present-day Estonia, were under Swedish rule.
See Estonia and Estonia under Swedish rule
Estonia–Russia relations
Estonia–Russia relations are the bilateral foreign relations between Estonia and Russia.
See Estonia and Estonia–Russia relations
Estonian Academy of Arts
The Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is the only public university in Estonia providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation-restoration.
See Estonia and Estonian Academy of Arts
Estonian Academy of Sciences
Founded in 1938, the Estonian Academy of Sciences (Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia, Academia Scientiarum Estoniae) is Estonia's national academy of science in Tallinn.
See Estonia and Estonian Academy of Sciences
Estonian Air Force
The Estonian Air Force (Õhuvägi) is the aviation branch of the Estonian Defence Forces.
See Estonia and Estonian Air Force
Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church
The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church (EAOC; Eesti Apostlik-Õigeusu Kirik) is an Orthodox church in Estonia under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
See Estonia and Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church
Estonian Business School
Estonian Business School (EBS) is a private, higher-education university situated in Tallinn, Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian Business School
Estonian Centre Party
The Estonian Centre Party (Eesti Keskerakond, EK) is a populist political party in Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian Centre Party
Estonian Children's Literature Centre
The Estonian Children's Literature Centre (in Eesti Lastekirjanduse Keskus) is a centre devoted to children's literature from Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian Children's Literature Centre
Estonian Constituent Assembly
The Estonian Constituent Assembly (Asutav Kogu) was elected on 5–7 April 1919, called by the Estonian Provisional Government during the Estonian War of Independence.
See Estonia and Estonian Constituent Assembly
Estonian Declaration of Independence
The Estonian Declaration of Independence, also known as the Manifesto to the Peoples of Estonia (Manifest Eestimaa rahvastele), is the founding act which established the independent democratic Republic of Estonia on 24 February 1918.
See Estonia and Estonian Declaration of Independence
Estonian Defence Forces
The Estonian Defence Forces (Eesti Kaitsevägi) is the unified military force of the Republic of Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian Defence Forces
Estonian Defence League
The Estonian Defence League (Kaitseliit, 'Defence League') is a voluntary national defence organization of the Republic of Estonia, under management of the Ministry of Defence.
See Estonia and Estonian Defence League
Estonian Diplomatic Service (1940–1991)
Estonia was occupied on 17 June 1940, by Red Army troops and was forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union on 6 August 1940.
See Estonia and Estonian Diplomatic Service (1940–1991)
Estonian euro coins
Estonian euro coins feature a single design for all eight coins.
See Estonia and Estonian euro coins
Estonian government-in-exile
The Estonian government-in-exile was the formally declared governmental authority of the Republic of Estonia in exile, existing from 1944 until the reestablishment of Estonian sovereignty over Estonian territory in 1991.
See Estonia and Estonian government-in-exile
Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
The Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity (also known as the History Commission or Max Jakobson Commission) was the commission established by President of Estonia Lennart Meri in October 1998 to investigate crimes against humanity committed in Estonia or against its citizens during the Soviet and German occupation, such as Soviet deportations from Estonia and the Holocaust in Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
Estonian kroon
The kroon (sign: KR; code: EEK) was the official currency of Estonia for two periods in history: 1928–1940 and 1992–2011.
See Estonia and Estonian kroon
Estonian Land Forces
The Estonian Land Forces (Maavägi), unofficially referred to as the Estonian Army, is the name of the unified ground forces among the Estonian Defense Forces where it has an offensive military formation role.
See Estonia and Estonian Land Forces
Estonian Land Reform of 1919
The Estonian Land Reform Act 1919 was a land reform act passed in Estonia on 10 October 1919, shortly after the country had gained independence in the previous year.
See Estonia and Estonian Land Reform of 1919
Estonian language
Estonian (eesti keel) is a Finnic language of the Uralic family.
See Estonia and Estonian language
Estonian Legion
The Estonian Legion (Eesti Leegion, Estnische Legion) was a military unit of the Combat Support Forces of the Waffen-SS during World War II, mainly consisting of Estonian soldiers.
See Estonia and Estonian Legion
Estonian literature
Estonian literature (eesti kirjandus) is literature written in the Estonian language (c. 1,100,000 speakers) Estonia leads the world in book ownership, on average Estonians own 218 books per house, and 35% own 350 books or more (as of 2018).
See Estonia and Estonian literature
Estonian mark
The Estonian mark (Eesti mark) was the currency of Estonia between 1918 and 1928.
Estonian national awakening
The Estonian Age of Awakening (Ärkamisaeg) is a period in history where Estonians came to acknowledge themselves as a nation deserving the right to govern themselves.
See Estonia and Estonian national awakening
Estonian National Independence Party
The Estonian National Independence Party, or ENIP, (Eesti Rahvusliku Sõltumatuse Partei, ERSP), founded on 20 August 1988 in Estonian SSR, was the first non-communist political party established in the former USSR.
See Estonia and Estonian National Independence Party
Estonian national road 1
Tallinn-Narva maantee (Tallinn-Narva highway, alternatively Põhimaantee nr 1, unofficially abbreviated T11) is a 212-kilometre-long west-east national main road in Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian national road 1
Estonian national road 2
Tallinn-Tartu-Võru-Luhamaa maantee (Tallinn-Tartu-Võru-Luhamaa highway, alternatively Põhimaantee nr 2, unofficially abbreviated T2) is a 282-kilometre-long north-southeast national main road in Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian national road 2
Estonian national road 4
Tallinn-Pärnu-Ikla maantee (Tallinn-Pärnu-Ikla highway, alternatively Põhimaantee nr 4, unofficially abbreviated T4) is a 192-kilometre-long north-south national main road in Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian national road 4
Estonian nationalism
Estonian nationalism refers to the ideological movement for attaining and maintaining identity, unity, freedom and independence on behalf of a population deemed by many, or most, of its members to be the Estonian people, having one Estonian homeland – Estonia, sharing the common Estonian culture, as well as ancestral myths and memories, a common economy and common legal rights and duties for all members.
See Estonia and Estonian nationalism
Estonian nationality law
Estonian citizenship law details the conditions by which a person is a citizen of Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian nationality law
Estonian Navy
The Estonian Navy (Merevägi) are the unified naval forces among the Estonian Defence Forces.
Estonian neopaganism
Estonian neopaganism, or the Estonian native faith, spans various contemporary revivals of the indigenous religion of the Estonian people, adapted from their local myths and culture.
See Estonia and Estonian neopaganism
Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate
The Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (EOC MP; Moskva Patriarhaadi Eesti Õigeusu Kirik; Эстонская православная церковь Московского патриархата) is a semi-autonomous church in the canonical jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Moscow whose primate is appointed by the Holy Synod of the latter.
See Estonia and Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate
Estonian partisans
Estonian partisans, also called the Forest Brothers (Metsavennad) were partisans who engaged in guerrilla warfare against Soviet forces in Estonia from 1940 to 1941 and 1944 to 1978.
See Estonia and Estonian partisans
Estonian Provincial Assembly
The Estonian Provincial Assembly or Estonian State Diet, also often called by its Estonian name Maapäev, was elected in May–June 1917 during the Russian Revolution as the provincial parliament (diet) of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian Provincial Assembly
Estonian Provisional Government
The Estonian Provisional Government (Eesti Ajutine Valitsus) was formed on 24 February 1918, by the Salvation Committee appointed by Maapäev, the Estonian Province Assembly.
See Estonia and Estonian Provisional Government
Estonian Reform Party
The Estonian Reform Party (Eesti Reformierakond) is a liberal political party in Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian Reform Party
Estonian Restoration of Independence
Estonian Restoration of Independence, legally defined as the Restoration of the Republic of Estonia, was proclaimed on 20 August 1991.
See Estonia and Estonian Restoration of Independence
Estonian Salvation Committee
The Estonian Salvation Committee (Eestimaa Päästekomitee or Päästekomitee) was the executive body of the Estonian Provincial Assembly that issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence.
See Estonia and Estonian Salvation Committee
Estonian Self-Administration
Estonian Self-Administration (Eesti Omavalitsus, Estnische Selbstverwaltung), also known as the Directorate, was the puppet government set up in Estonia during the occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany.
See Estonia and Estonian Self-Administration
Estonian Song Festival
The Estonian Song Festival (in Estonian: laulupidu) is one of the largest choral events in the world, a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
See Estonia and Estonian Song Festival
Estonian Sovereignty Declaration
The Estonian Sovereignty Declaration (suveräänsusdeklaratsioon), fully: Declaration on the Sovereignty of the Estonian SSR (Deklaratsioon Eesti NSV suveräänsusest), was issued on 16 November 1988 during the Singing Revolution in the Estonian SSR.
See Estonia and Estonian Sovereignty Declaration
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian SSR), Soviet Estonia, or simply Estonia, was a union republic of the Soviet Union (USSR), covering the occupied and annexed territory of Estonia in 1940–1941 and 1944–1991.
See Estonia and Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
Estonian Students' Society
The Estonian Students' Society (Eesti Üliõpilaste Selts; commonly used acronym: EÜS) is the largest and oldest all-male academical student society in Estonia, and is similar to the Baltic German student organizations known as corporations (Corps) (not to be confused with US college fraternities).
See Estonia and Estonian Students' Society
Estonian Swedes
The Estonian Swedes, or Estonia-Swedes (estlandssvenskar, colloquially aibofolke, "island people"; eestirootslased), or "Coastal Swedes" (rannarootslased) are a Swedish-speaking minority traditionally residing in the coastal areas and islands of what is now western and northern Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian Swedes
Estonian University of Life Sciences
The Estonian University of Life Sciences (Estonian: Eesti Maaülikool, EMÜ) is a public university located in Tartu, Estonia.
See Estonia and Estonian University of Life Sciences
Estonian War of Independence
The Estonian War of Independence, also known as the Estonian Liberation War, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the United Kingdom, against the Soviet Russian westward offensive of 1918–1919 and the 1919 aggression of the pro–German Baltische Landeswehr.
See Estonia and Estonian War of Independence
Estonians
Estonians or Estonian people (eestlased) are a Baltic Finnic ethnic group who speak the Estonian language.
Estonica
Estonica is a comprehensive encyclopaedia on topics relating to Estonia, particularly the culture and history of Estonia.
Ethnicity
An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups.
Eu-LISA
The European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (eu-LISA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) that was founded in 2011 to ensure the uninterrupted operation of large-scale IT systems within the area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ), that are instrumental in the implementation of the asylum, border management and migration policies of the EU.
EUobserver
EUobserver is a European online newspaper, launched in 2000 by the Brussels-based organisation EUobserver.com ASBL.
Eurasian beaver
The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) or European beaver is a species of beaver widespread across Eurasia, with a rapidly increasing population of at least 1.5 million in 2020.
See Estonia and Eurasian beaver
Eurasian lynx
The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is one of the four extant species within the medium-sized wild cat genus Lynx.
Eurasian otter
The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), also known as the European otter, Eurasian river otter, European river otter, common otter, and Old World otter, is a semiaquatic mammal native to Eurasia and Maghreb.
See Estonia and Eurasian otter
Eurasian wolf
The Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus), also known as the common wolf,Mech, L. David (1981), The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species, University of Minnesota Press, p. 354, is a subspecies of grey wolf native to Europe and Asia.
Euro
The euro (symbol: €; currency code: EUR) is the official currency of 20 of the member states of the European Union.
See Estonia and Euro
Eurobarometer
Eurobarometer is a series of public opinion surveys conducted regularly on behalf of the European Commission and other EU institutions since 1973.
EuroBasket
EuroBasket, also commonly referred to as the European Basketball Championship, is the main international basketball competition that is contested quadrennially, by the senior men's national teams that are governed by FIBA Europe, which is the European zone within the International Basketball Federation.
EuroBasket 2015
EuroBasket 2015 was the 39th edition of the EuroBasket championship that was organized by FIBA Europe.
See Estonia and EuroBasket 2015
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
European badger
The European badger (Meles meles), also known as the Eurasian badger, is a badger species in the family Mustelidae native to Europe and West Asia and parts of Central Asia.
See Estonia and European badger
European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is the primary executive arm of the European Union (EU).
See Estonia and European Commission
European Environment Agency
The European Environment Agency (EEA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) which provides independent information on the environment.
See Estonia and European Environment Agency
European fallow deer
The European fallow deer (Dama dama), also known as the common fallow deer or simply fallow deer, is a species of deer native to Eurasia.
See Estonia and European fallow deer
European jackal
The European jackal (Canis aureus moreoticus) is a subspecies of the golden jackal present in Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Southeast Europe.
See Estonia and European jackal
European mink
The European mink (Mustela lutreola), also known as the Russian mink and Eurasian mink, is a semiaquatic species of mustelid native to Europe.
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions.
See Estonia and European Parliament
European route E20
European route E20 is a part of the United Nations International E-road network.
See Estonia and European route E20
European route E263
European route E 263 is a Class B road part of the International E-road network.
See Estonia and European route E263
European route E67
European route E 67 is an E-road running from Prague in the Czech Republic to Estonia and by ferry to Finland.
See Estonia and European route E67
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
See Estonia and European Union
European Union Institute for Security Studies
The European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) is a Paris-based agency of the European Union (EU) within the realm of Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP).
See Estonia and European Union Institute for Security Studies
Eurostat
Eurostat ('European Statistical Office'; DG ESTAT) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
Eurovision Song Contest
The Eurovision Song Contest (Concours Eurovision de la chanson), often known simply as Eurovision, is an international song competition organised annually by the European Broadcasting Union.
See Estonia and Eurovision Song Contest
EuroVoc
EuroVoc is a multilingual thesaurus (controlled vocabulary) maintained by the Publications Office of the European Union and hosted on the portal Europa.
Eurozone
The euro area, commonly called the eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 20 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender, and have thus fully implemented EMU policies.
Eurydice
Eurydice (Ancient Greek: Εὐρυδίκη 'wide justice') was a character in Greek mythology and the Auloniad wife of Orpheus, whom Orpheus tried to bring back from the dead with his enchanting music.
Evelin Samuel
Evelin Samuel (born 13 May 1975) is an Estonian singer, songwriter, musical theater performer, author of children's books and participant in the Eurovision Song Contest.
Everybody (Tanel Padar and Dave Benton song)
"Everybody" is a song recorded by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton, along with 2XL, with music composed by Ivar Must and lyrics written by Maian-Anna Kärmas.
See Estonia and Everybody (Tanel Padar and Dave Benton song)
Extermination battalion
Extermination battalions or destruction battalions, colloquially istrebitels (истребители, "exterminators", "destroyers") abbreviated: istrebki (Russian), strybki (Ukrainian), stribai (Lithuanian), were paramilitary units under the control of NKVD in the western Soviet Union, which performed tasks of internal security on the Eastern Front and after it.
See Estonia and Extermination battalion
February Revolution
The February Revolution (Февральская революция), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917.
See Estonia and February Revolution
Fiddle
A fiddle is a bowed string musical instrument, most often a violin.
Finance
Finance refers to monetary resources and to the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets.
Financial centre
A financial centre (financial center in American English) or financial hub is a location with a significant concentration of participants in banking, asset management, insurance, and financial markets, with venues and supporting services for these activities to take place.
See Estonia and Financial centre
Finland
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Estonia and Finland are countries in Europe, member states of NATO, member states of the European Union, member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, member states of the United Nations, OECD members and republics.
Finnic languages
The Finnic or Baltic Finnic languages constitute a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by the Baltic Finnic peoples.
See Estonia and Finnic languages
Finnish Infantry Regiment 200
Infantry Regiment 200 (Jalkaväkirykmentti 200, JR 200, Jalaväerügement 200, JR 200) or soomepoisid (Finnish Boys) was a unit in the Finnish army during World War II made up mostly of Estonian volunteers, who preferred to fight against the Soviet Union in the ranks of the Finnish army instead of the armed forces of Germany.
See Estonia and Finnish Infantry Regiment 200
Finnish language
Finnish (endonym: suomi or suomen kieli) is a Finnic language of the Uralic language family, spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland.
See Estonia and Finnish language
Finnish–Estonian defence cooperation
Finnish–Estonian defence co-operation began in 1930 with a secret military pact between Finland and Estonia against the threat of the Soviet Union.
See Estonia and Finnish–Estonian defence cooperation
Finns
Finns or Finnish people (suomalaiset) are a Baltic Finnic ethnic group native to Finland.
First language
A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.
See Estonia and First language
Flat tax
A flat tax (short for flat-rate tax) is a tax with a single rate on the taxable amount, after accounting for any deductions or exemptions from the tax base.
Folk music
Folk music is a music genre that includes traditional folk music and the contemporary genre that evolved from the former during the 20th-century folk revival.
Foreign direct investment
A foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to purchase of an asset in another country, such that it gives direct control to the purchaser over the asset (e.g. purchase of land and building).
See Estonia and Foreign direct investment
Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy is an American news publication founded in 1970 focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy.
See Estonia and Foreign Policy
Fortumo
Fortumo was an Estonian company which developed a platform for digital service providers for user growth and monetization.
Free education
Free education is education funded through government spending or charitable organizations rather than tuition funding.
See Estonia and Free education
Free tenant
Free tenants, also known as free peasants, were tenant farmer peasants in medieval England who occupied a unique place in the medieval hierarchy.
Freedom in the World
Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.
See Estonia and Freedom in the World
Freedom to roam
The freedom to roam, or "everyman's right", is the general public's right to access certain public or privately owned land, lakes, and rivers for recreation and exercise.
See Estonia and Freedom to roam
Friedrich Ebert Foundation
The Friedrich Ebert Foundation (German: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e.V.; Abbreviation: FES) is a German political party foundation associated with, but independent from, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
See Estonia and Friedrich Ebert Foundation
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (Василий Яковлевич Струве, trans. Vasily Yakovlevich Struve; 15 April 1793 –) was a Baltic German astronomer and geodesist.
See Estonia and Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
Fukushima nuclear accident
The Fukushima nuclear accident was a major nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima, Japan which began on 11 March 2011.
See Estonia and Fukushima nuclear accident
Fungus
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
Gallup, Inc.
Gallup, Inc. is an American multinational analytics and advisory company based in Washington, D.C. Founded by George Gallup in 1935, the company became known for its public opinion polls conducted worldwide.
Georg Ots
Georg Ots (21 March 1920 – 5 September 1975) was an Estonian baritone who besides opera was known as a performer of popular songs.
German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war
During World War II, Soviet prisoners of war (POWs) held by Nazi Germany and primarily in the custody of the German Army were starved and subjected to deadly conditions.
See Estonia and German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war
German Empire
The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.
German occupation of Estonia during World War I
Estonia was under military occupation by the German Empire during the later stages of the First World War.
See Estonia and German occupation of Estonia during World War I
German occupation of Estonia during World War II
In the course of Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany invaded Estonia in July–December 1941, and occupied the country until 1944.
See Estonia and German occupation of Estonia during World War II
German–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact
The German–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact was signed in Berlin on June 7, 1939, by Estonian and German Foreign Ministers Karl Selter and Joachim von Ribbentrop.
See Estonia and German–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.
See Estonia and Germanic languages
Germans
Germans are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language.
Gini coefficient
In economics, the Gini coefficient, also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income inequality, the wealth inequality, or the consumption inequality within a nation or a social group.
See Estonia and Gini coefficient
Giuseppe D'Amato
Giuseppe D'Amato (born 1965) is an Italian historian, specializing in Russia and the former USSR, and a columnist of international politics.
See Estonia and Giuseppe D'Amato
Global Innovation Index
The Global Innovation Index is an annual ranking of countries by their capacity for, and success in, innovation, published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
See Estonia and Global Innovation Index
Golden eagle
The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is a bird of prey living in the Northern Hemisphere.
Goose
A goose (geese) is a bird of any of several waterfowl species in the family Anatidae.
Government debt
A country's gross government debt (also called public debt or sovereign debt) is the financial liabilities of the government sector.
See Estonia and Government debt
Government of Estonia
The Government of the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) is the cabinet of Estonia.
See Estonia and Government of Estonia
Government of the Soviet Union
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was the executive and administrative organ of the highest body of state authority, the All-Union Supreme Soviet.
See Estonia and Government of the Soviet Union
Governorate of Estonia
The Governorate of Estonia, also known as the Esthonia (Estland) Governorate, was a province (guberniya) and one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire.
See Estonia and Governorate of Estonia
Governorate of Livonia
The Governorate of Livonia, also known as the Livonia Governorate, was a province (guberniya) and one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire, Baltic Governorate-General until 1876.
See Estonia and Governorate of Livonia
GrabCAD
GrabCAD, Inc. is a Cambridge, Massachusetts-based startup that created a free cloud-based collaboration environment that helps engineering teams manage, view and share CAD files.
Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards, stylized as GRAMMY, and often referred to as the Grammys, are awards presented by the Recording Academy of the United States to recognize outstanding achievements in the music industry.
Granite
Granite is a coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase.
Great Depression
The Great Depression (19291939) was a severe global economic downturn that affected many countries across the world.
See Estonia and Great Depression
Great Famine of Estonia (1695–1697)
The Great Famine of Estonia (also The great starvation) killed about a fifth of Estonian and Livonian population (70,000–75,000 people) in two years.
See Estonia and Great Famine of Estonia (1695–1697)
Great Northern War
The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
See Estonia and Great Northern War
Grey seal
The grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) is a large seal of the family Phocidae, which are commonly referred to as "true seals" or "earless seals".
Grotesque
Since at least the 18th century (in French and German, as well as English), grotesque has come to be used as a general adjective for the strange, mysterious, magnificent, fantastic, hideous, ugly, incongruous, unpleasant, or disgusting, and thus is often used to describe weird shapes and distorted forms such as Halloween masks.
Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
The guerrilla war in the Baltic states was an insurgency waged by Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian) partisans against the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1956.
See Estonia and Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
Guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians including recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism, raids, petty warfare or hit-and-run tactics in a rebellion, in a violent conflict, in a war or in a civil war to fight against regular military, police or rival insurgent forces.
See Estonia and Guerrilla warfare
Guild
A guild is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory.
Gulag
The Gulag was a system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union.
Gulf of Finland
The Gulf of Finland (Soome laht; Suomenlahti; p; Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea.
See Estonia and Gulf of Finland
Gustaf V
Gustaf V (Oscar Gustaf Adolf; 16 June 1858 – 29 October 1950) was King of Sweden from 8 December 1907 until his death in 1950.
Gustavus Adolphus
Gustavus Adolphus (9 December 15946 November 1632), also known in English as Gustav II Adolf or Gustav II Adolph, was King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, and is credited with the rise of Sweden as a great European power (Stormaktstiden).
See Estonia and Gustavus Adolphus
Gymnasium (school)
Gymnasium (and variations of the word) is a term in various European languages for a secondary school that prepares students for higher education at a university.
See Estonia and Gymnasium (school)
Haanja Upland
Haanja Upland (also Haanja Highland) is a hilly area of higher elevation in southern Estonia.
Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe.
See Estonia and Hanseatic League
Harju County
Harju County (Harju maakond or Harjumaa), is one of the fifteen counties of Estonia.
Harjumaa (ancient county)
Harjumaa (Harria) (1200 hides), was an ancient county in what would now be the Republic of Estonia.
See Estonia and Harjumaa (ancient county)
Heino Eller
Heino Eller (7 March 1887 – 16 June 1970) was an Estonian composer and pedagogue, known as the founder of contemporary Estonian symphonic music.
High German languages
The High German languages (hochdeutsche Mundarten, i.e. High German dialects), or simply High German (Hochdeutsch) – not to be confused with Standard High German which is commonly also called "High German" – comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and eastern Belgium, as well as in neighbouring portions of France (Alsace and northern Lorraine), Italy (South Tyrol), the Czech Republic (Bohemia), and Poland (Upper Silesia).
See Estonia and High German languages
Highways in Estonia
Highways in Estonia are the main transport network in Estonia.
See Estonia and Highways in Estonia
Hiiumaa
Hiiumaa is the second largest island in Estonia and is part of the West Estonian archipelago, in the Baltic Sea.
Hillfort
A hillfort is a type of fortified refuge or defended settlement located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage.
Historical method
Historical method is the collection of techniques and guidelines that historians use to research and write histories of the past.
See Estonia and Historical method
History of Estonia
The history of Estonia forms a part of the history of Europe.
See Estonia and History of Estonia
History of the Jews in Estonia
The history of Jews in Estonia starts with reports of the presence of individual Jews in what is now Estonia from as early as the 14th century.
See Estonia and History of the Jews in Estonia
Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
See Estonia and Human Development Index
Human migration
Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region).
See Estonia and Human migration
Hungarian language
Hungarian is a Uralic language of the proposed Ugric branch spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries.
See Estonia and Hungarian language
Ice age
An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Ida-Viru County
Ida-Viru County ("East Viru county". Ida-Viru maakond or Ida-Virumaa) is one of 15 counties of Estonia.
See Estonia and Ida-Viru County
Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant
The Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Ignalinos atominė elektrinė, IAE) is a decommissioned two-unit RBMK-1500 nuclear power station in Visaginas Municipality, Lithuania.
See Estonia and Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant
Ignitis
Ignitis Group (Ignitis grupė AB; former name: Lietuvos Energija UAB) is a state-owned energy holding company located in Vilnius, Lithuania.
Independence Day (Estonia)
Independence Day, formally the Anniversary of the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariigi aastapäev), is a national holiday in Estonia commemorating the Estonian Declaration of Independence which was published in the capital city Tallinn on 24 February 1918, establishing the Republic of Estonia.
See Estonia and Independence Day (Estonia)
Index of Economic Freedom
The Index of Economic Freedom is an annual index and ranking created in 1995 by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal to measure the degree of economic freedom in the world's nations.
See Estonia and Index of Economic Freedom
Index of Estonia-related articles
The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to the Republic of Estonia.
See Estonia and Index of Estonia-related articles
Indigenous language
An indigenous language, or autochthonous language, is a language that is native to a region and spoken by its indigenous peoples.
See Estonia and Indigenous language
Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.
See Estonia and Indo-European languages
Ingrian Finns
The Ingrians (inkeriläiset, inkerinsuomalaiset; translit), sometimes called Ingrian Finns, are the Finnish population of Ingria (now the central part of Leningrad Oblast in Russia), descending from Lutheran Finnish immigrants introduced into the area in the 17th century, when Finland and Ingria were both parts of the Swedish Empire.
Ingvar
Ingvar or Yngvar (Yngvarr, d. early 7th century) was the son of Östen and reclaimed the Swedish throne for the House of Yngling after the Swedes had rebelled against Sölvi.
Initial public offering
An initial public offering (IPO) or stock launch is a public offering in which shares of a company are sold to institutional investors and usually also to retail (individual) investors.
See Estonia and Initial public offering
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.
See Estonia and International Monetary Fund
International Security Assistance Force
The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was a multinational military mission in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014.
See Estonia and International Security Assistance Force
Interwar period
In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period (or interbellum) lasted from 11November 1918 to 1September 1939 (20years, 9months, 21days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II (WWII).
See Estonia and Interwar period
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
Iron Age Europe
In Europe, the Iron Age is the last stage of the prehistoric period and the first of the protohistoric periods,The Junior Encyclopædia Britannica: A reference library of general knowledge.
See Estonia and Iron Age Europe
Iron Curtain
During the Cold War, the Iron Curtain was a political metaphor used to describe the political and later physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.
Irreligion
Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.
Irreligion in Estonia
Irreligion in Estonia pertains to atheism, agnosticism, and secularism of the people and institutions of Estonia.
See Estonia and Irreligion in Estonia
Isamaa
Isamaa is a Christian-democratic and national-conservative political party in Estonia.
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
Islet
An islet is a very small, often unnamed island.
Ivan the Terrible
Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Иван IV Васильевич; 25 August 1530 –), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1533 to 1547, and the first Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584.
See Estonia and Ivan the Terrible
Jaan Einasto
Jaan Einasto (born 23 February 1929) is an Estonian astrophysicist and one of the discoverers of the large-scale structure of the Universe.
Jaan Kaplinski
Jaan Kaplinski (22 January 1941 – 8 August 2021) was an Estonian poet, philosopher, politician, and culture critic, known for his focus on global issues and support for left-wing/liberal thinking.
See Estonia and Jaan Kaplinski
Jaan Kross
Jaan Kross (19 February 1920 – 27 December 2007) was an Estonian writer.
Jaan Tallinn
Jaan Tallinn (born 14 February 1972) is an Estonian billionaire computer programmer and investor known for his participation in the development of Skype and file-sharing application FastTrack/Kazaa.
Jaan Tätte
Jaan Tätte (born 24 March 1964 in Viljandi) is an Estonian playwright, poet, actor, and singer.
Jaan Tõnisson
Jaan Tõnisson (– 1941?) was an Estonian statesman, serving as the Prime Minister of Estonia twice during 1919 to 1920, as State Elder (head of state and government) from 1927 to 1928 and in 1933, and as Foreign Minister of Estonia from 1931 to 1932.
Jakob Hurt
Jakob Hurt (in Himmaste – in St Petersburg) was a notable Estonian folklorist, theologian, and linguist.
Jakob Johann von Uexküll
Jakob Johann Freiherr von Uexküll (– 25 July 1944) was a Baltic German biologist who worked in the fields of muscular physiology and animal behaviour studies and was an influence on the cybernetics of life.
See Estonia and Jakob Johann von Uexküll
Jägala (river)
The Jägala is a -long river in northern Estonia that flows into the Gulf of Finland in Jõesuu, Harju County.
See Estonia and Jägala (river)
Järva County
Järva County (Järva maakond or Järvamaa; Jerwen; Jervia) is one of 15 counties of Estonia.
Jüri Uluots
Jüri Uluots (13 January 1890 – 9 January 1945) was an Estonian prime minister, journalist, prominent attorney and distinguished Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Tartu.
Jews
The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.
See Estonia and Jews
Jogentagana
Jogentagana (Latin: Jogentagania) was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the eastern part of the territory of Estonia.
Johan Laidoner
Johan Laidoner (– 13 March 1953) was an Estonian general and statesman.
See Estonia and Johan Laidoner
Johann Voldemar Jannsen
Johann Voldemar Jannsen (in Vändra, Kreis Pernau, Livonia, Russian Empire –, in Tartu) was an Estonian journalist and poet active in Livonia.
See Estonia and Johann Voldemar Jannsen
John Benjamins Publishing Company
John Benjamins Publishing Company is an independent academic publisher in social sciences and humanities with its head office in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
See Estonia and John Benjamins Publishing Company
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.
Judaism
Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.
Juhan Aavik
Juhan Aavik (29 January 1884, in Holstre, Kreis Fellin, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire – 26 November 1982, in Stockholm, Sweden) was an Estonian composer.
June deportation
The June deportation of 1941 (juuniküüditamine, jūnija deportācijas, birželio trėmimai) was a mass deportation of tens of thousands of people during World War II from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, present-day western Belarus and western Ukraine, and present-day Moldova – territories which had been occupied by the Soviet Union in 1939–1940 – into the interior of the Soviet Union.
See Estonia and June deportation
Juri Lotman
Juri Lotman (Ю́рий Миха́йлович Ло́тман; 28 February 1922 – 28 October 1993) was a prominent Russian-Estonian literary scholar, semiotician, and historian of Russian culture, who worked at the University of Tartu.
Kaja Kallas
Kaja Kallas (born 18 June 1977) is an Estonian politician and diplomat.
Kaleva (airplane)
Kaleva was a civilian Junkers Ju 52 passenger and transport airplane belonging to the Finnish carrier Aero O/Y.
See Estonia and Kaleva (airplane)
Kalevipoeg
Kalevipoeg (Kalev's Son) is a 19th-century epic poem by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald which has since been considered the Estonian national epic.
Kannel (instrument)
Kannel is an Estonian plucked string instrument (chordophone) belonging to the Baltic box zither family known as the Baltic psaltery along with Finnish kantele, Latvian kokles, Lithuanian kanklės, and Russian gusli.
See Estonia and Kannel (instrument)
Karelians
Karelians (karjalaižet, karjalazet, karjalaiset; karjalaiset; kareler, karelare; karely) are a Baltic Finnic ethnic group who are indigenous to the historical region of Karelia, which is today split between Finland and Russia.
Karl Ernst von Baer
Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer Edler von Huthorn (–) was a Baltic German scientist and explorer.
See Estonia and Karl Ernst von Baer
Kasari (river)
The Kasari is a river in western Estonia that drains into Matsalu Bay, which is part of Väinameri.
See Estonia and Kasari (river)
Kazaa
Kazaa Media Desktop. (once stylized as "KaZaA", but later usually written "Kazaa") was a peer-to-peer file sharing application using the FastTrack protocol licensed by Joltid Ltd.
Kārlis Ulmanis
Kārlis Augusts Vilhelms Ulmanis (4 September 1877 – 20 September 1942) was a Latvian politician and a dictator.
See Estonia and Kārlis Ulmanis
Keila (river)
The Keila is a river in northern Estonia.
Kerli
Kerli Kõiv (born 7 February 1987), better known mononymously as Kerli, is an Estonian singer and songwriter.
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,.
Kiiking
Kiiking is a sport which involves a person making a swing gain increasingly more momentum, to pass over the spindle with the longest shafts possible.
Koit Toome
Koit Toome (born 3 January 1979), is an Estonian singer and musical actor.
Konstantin Päts
Konstantin Päts (– 18 January 1956) was an Estonian statesman and the country's president from 1938 to 1940.
See Estonia and Konstantin Päts
Korvpalli Meistriliiga
The Korvpalli Meistriliiga (KML), known as the PAF Korvpalli Meistriliiga for sponsorship reasons, is the top-tier men's basketball league in Estonia.
See Estonia and Korvpalli Meistriliiga
Kosovo Force
The Kosovo Force (KFOR) is a NATO-led international peacekeeping force in Kosovo.
Kristen Michal
Kristen Michal (born 12 July 1975) is an Estonian politician who has served as Prime Minister of Estonia since 23 July 2024.
See Estonia and Kristen Michal
Kunda culture
The Kunda culture, which originated from the Swiderian culture, comprised Mesolithic hunter-gatherer communities of the Baltic forest zone extending eastwards through Latvia into northern Russia, dating to the period 8500–5000 BC according to calibrated radiocarbon dating.
Kuusankoski
Kuusankoski is a neighbourhood of city of Kouvola, former industrial town and municipality of Finland, located in the region of Kymenlaakso in the province of Southern Finland.
Lake Peipus
Lake Peipus is the largest trans-boundary lake in Europe, lying on the international border between Estonia and Russia.
Land value tax
A land value tax (LVT) is a levy on the value of land without regard to buildings, personal property and other improvements upon it.
See Estonia and Land value tax
Language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.
See Estonia and Language family
Latgalians
Latgalians (Letti, Lethi, modern; variant translations also include Latgallians, Lettigalls or Lettigallians) were an ancient Baltic tribe.
Latitude
In geography, latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body.
Latvia
Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. Estonia and Latvia are countries in Europe, member states of NATO, member states of the European Union, member states of the Three Seas Initiative, member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, member states of the United Nations, members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, republics and states and territories established in 1918.
Latvian language
Latvian (latviešu valoda), also known as Lettish, is an East Baltic language belonging to the Indo-European language family.
See Estonia and Latvian language
Latvians
Latvians (latvieši) are a Baltic ethnic group and nation native to Latvia and the immediate geographical region, the Baltics.
Law of Estonia
According to the Constitution of Estonia (Põhiseadus), the supreme power of the state is vested in the people.
See Estonia and Law of Estonia
Lääne County
Lääne County (Lääne maakond or Läänemaa, literally "Western land"; Wiek; Rotalia) is one of the 15 counties of Estonia.
Lübeck law
The Lübeck law (Lübisches (Stadt)Recht) was the family of codified municipal law developed at Lübeck, which became a free imperial city in 1226 and is located in present-day Schleswig-Holstein.
League of Nations
The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
See Estonia and League of Nations
Lembit Ulfsak
Lembit Ulfsak (4 July 1947 – 22 March 2017) was an Estonian stage and film actor.
Lembitu
Lembitu (Estonian also: Lembit, died 21 September 1217) was an ancient Estonian senior (elder) from Sakala County and military leader in the struggle against German crusaders at the beginning of the 13th century.
Lenna Kuurmaa
Lenna Kuurmaa (born 26 September 1985) is an Estonian singer-songwriter and actress.
Lesser spotted eagle
The lesser spotted eagle (Clanga pomarina) is a large Eastern European bird of prey.
See Estonia and Lesser spotted eagle
LGBT rights in Estonia
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Estonia have advanced significantly over the course of the last few decades, especially since the turn of the 21st century.
See Estonia and LGBT rights in Estonia
Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.
Liberalization
Liberalization or liberalisation (British English) is a broad term that refers to the practice of making laws, systems, or opinions less severe, usually in the sense of eliminating certain government regulations or restrictions.
See Estonia and Liberalization
Lichen
A lichen is a symbiosis of algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species, along with a yeast embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualistic relationship.
Limestone
Limestone (calcium carbonate) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime.
List of cities and towns in Estonia
The following is a list of the 47 cities and towns in Estonia.
See Estonia and List of cities and towns in Estonia
List of countries by Human Development Index
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) compiles the Human Development Index (HDI) of 193 nations in the annual Human Development Report.
See Estonia and List of countries by Human Development Index
List of countries by irreligion
Irreligion, which may include deism, agnosticism, ignosticism, anti-religion, atheism, skepticism, ietsism, spiritual but not religious, freethought, anti-theism, apatheism, non-belief, pandeism, secular humanism, non-religious theism, pantheism, panentheism, and New Age, varies in the countries around the world.
See Estonia and List of countries by irreligion
List of islands of Estonia
This is an incomplete list of islands of Estonia.
See Estonia and List of islands of Estonia
List of lakes of Estonia
This is a list of lakes (including reservoirs) in Estonia.
See Estonia and List of lakes of Estonia
List of national birds
This is a list of national birds, including official birds of overseas territories and other states described as nations.
See Estonia and List of national birds
List of rivers of Estonia
Rivers of Estonia are short and mostly have a small discharge.
See Estonia and List of rivers of Estonia
List of wars between Poland and Sweden
This is a List of wars between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden.
See Estonia and List of wars between Poland and Sweden
Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. Estonia and Lithuania are countries in Europe, member states of NATO, member states of the European Union, member states of the Three Seas Initiative, member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, member states of the United Nations, OECD members, republics and states and territories established in 1918.
Livonia
Livonia or in earlier records Livland, is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.
Livonian Brothers of the Sword
The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae, Schwertbrüderorden) was a Catholic military order established in 1202 during the Livonian Crusade by Albert, the third bishop of Riga (or possibly by Theoderich von Treydend).
See Estonia and Livonian Brothers of the Sword
Livonian Chronicle of Henry
The Livonian Chronicle of Henry (Heinrici Cronicon Lyvoniae) is a Latin narrative of events in Livonia (roughly corresponding to today's Estonia and the northern part of Latvia) and surrounding areas from 1180 to 1227.
See Estonia and Livonian Chronicle of Henry
Livonian Crusade
The Livonian crusade consists of the various military Christianisation campaigns in medieval Livonia – modern Latvia and Estonia – during the Papal-sanctioned Northern Crusades in the 12th–13th century.
See Estonia and Livonian Crusade
Livonian Order
The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, formed in 1237.
See Estonia and Livonian Order
Livonian War
The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia).
Livonians
The Livonians, or Livs, are a Balto-Finnic people indigenous to northern and northwestern Latvia.
Looting
Looting is the act of stealing, or the taking of goods by force, typically in the midst of a military, political, or other social crisis, such as war, natural disasters (where law and civil enforcement are temporarily ineffective), or rioting.
Loparite-(Ce)
Loparite-(Ce) is a granular, brittle oxide mineral of the perovskite class.
LOT Polish Airlines
LOT Polish Airlines, legally incorporated as Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT S.A. (flight), is the flag carrier of Poland.
See Estonia and LOT Polish Airlines
Low German
Low German is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands.
Ludvig Puusepp
Ludvig Puusepp (also Ludwig Martynowicz Pussep or Pousep, rus. Людвиг Мартынович Пуссеп; in Kyiv – 19 October 1942 in Tartu) was an Estonian surgeon and researcher and the world's first professor of neurosurgery.
See Estonia and Ludvig Puusepp
Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that identifies primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church ended the Middle Ages and, in 1517, launched the Reformation.
Luxembourg
Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxemburg; Luxembourg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe. Estonia and Luxembourg are countries in Europe, member states of NATO, member states of the European Union, member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, member states of the United Nations and OECD members.
Maaleht
Maaleht is the biggest weekly newspaper published in Estonia.
Maarja-Liis Ilus
Maarja-Liis Ilus, sometimes better known by her performing name Maarja (born 24 December 1980) is an Estonian pop musician and presenter.
See Estonia and Maarja-Liis Ilus
Maavalla Koda
Maavalla Koda (literally House of the Native Land, short for Taarausuliste ja Maausuliste Maavalla Koda, Estonian House for Taaraist and Native Religion Followers) is a religious organisation uniting adherents of the two kinds of Estonian native religion or Estonian Neopaganism: Taaraism and Maausk.
Mainland
Mainland is defined as "relating to or forming the main part of a country or continent, not including the islands around it." The term is often politically, economically and/or demographically more significant than politically associated remote territories, such as exclaves or oceanic islands situated outside the continental shelf.
Majority
A majority is more than half of a total.
Mammal
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.
Market economy
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.
See Estonia and Market economy
Marshall Cavendish
Marshall Cavendish is a subsidiary company of Times Publishing Group, the printing and publishing subsidiary of Singapore-based conglomerate Fraser and Neave (which in turn currently owned by ThaiBev, a Thai beverage company), and at present is a publisher of books, business directories and magazines.
See Estonia and Marshall Cavendish
Mart Saar
Mart Saar (in Hüpassaare – 28 October 1963) was an Estonian composer, organist and collector of folk songs.
Matsalu National Park
Matsalu National Park (previously Matsalu Nature Reserve, Matsalu rahvuspark, often just Matsalu) is a nature reserve and national park situated in the Lääne and Pärnu counties of Estonia.
See Estonia and Matsalu National Park
Mõhu
Mõhu was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the central part of the territory of Estonia.
See Estonia and Mõhu
Mesolithic
The Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, mesos 'middle' + λίθος, lithos 'stone') or Middle Stone Age is the Old World archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic.
Metre (poetry)
In poetry, metre (Commonwealth spelling) or meter (American spelling; see spelling differences) is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse or lines in verse.
See Estonia and Metre (poetry)
Middle Low German
Middle Low German (Middelsassisk, label, label or label, italics, italics) is a developmental stage of Low German.
See Estonia and Middle Low German
Miina Härma
Miina Härma (born Miina Hermann; February 9, 1864 – November 16, 1941) was an Estonian composer.
Military occupations by the Soviet Union
During World War II, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed several countries effectively handed over by Nazi Germany in the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939.
See Estonia and Military occupations by the Soviet Union
Military service
Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, air forces, and naval forces, whether as a chosen job (volunteer) or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription).
See Estonia and Military service
Milton Friedman
Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist and statistician who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy.
See Estonia and Milton Friedman
Mining
Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth.
Minister of Defence (Estonia)
The Minister of Defence (Kaitseminister) is the senior minister at the Ministry of Defence (Kaitseministeerium) in the Estonian Government.
See Estonia and Minister of Defence (Estonia)
Ministry of Climate
The Ministry of Climate (Kliimaministeerium) is a government ministry of Estonia responsible for the issue of policies regarding climate, transport, energy, mineral resources, environmental awareness, fisheries and hunting in Estonia.
See Estonia and Ministry of Climate
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications
The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications (Majandus- ja Kommunikatsiooniministeerium) is a government ministry of Estonia.
See Estonia and Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications
Ministry of Finance (Estonia)
The Ministry of Finance is the Estonian government department responsible for the implementation of tax, financial and fiscal policies, and setting economic goals.
See Estonia and Ministry of Finance (Estonia)
Minority group
The term "minority group" has different usages, depending on the context.
See Estonia and Minority group
Moldovans
Moldovans, sometimes referred to as Moldavians (moldoveni), are a Romanian-speaking ethnic group and the largest ethnic group of the Republic of Moldova (75.1% of the population as of 2014) and a significant minority in Romania, Italy, Ukraine and Russia.
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol that partitioned between them or managed the sovereignty of the states in Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Romania.
See Estonia and Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was an August 23, 1939, agreement between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany colloquially named after Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop.
See Estonia and Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations
Monasticism
Monasticism, also called monachism or monkhood, is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work.
Moose
The moose ('moose'; used in North America) or elk ('elk' or 'elks'; used in Eurasia) (Alces alces) is the world's tallest, largest and heaviest extant species of deer and the only species in the genus Alces.
Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm
"Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm" ("My Fatherland, My Happiness and Joy") is the national anthem of Estonia.
See Estonia and Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm
Multi-National Force – Iraq
The Multi-National Force – Iraq (MNF–I), often referred to as the Coalition forces, was a military command during the 2003 invasion of Iraq and much of the ensuing Iraq War, led by the United States of America (Operation Iraqi Freedom), United Kingdom (Operation Telic), Australia, Italy (Operation Ancient Babylon), Spain and Poland, responsible for conducting and handling military operations.
See Estonia and Multi-National Force – Iraq
Muskrat
The muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) is a medium-sized semiaquatic rodent native to North America and an introduced species in parts of Europe, Asia and South America.
Muuga Harbour
Muuga Harbour (Muuga sadam) is the largest cargo port in Estonia, located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, northeast of the capital Tallinn, in Maardu.
Names in Marble (film)
Names in Marble (Nimed marmortahvlil) is an Estonian 2002 film directed by Elmo Nüganen.
See Estonia and Names in Marble (film)
Narva
Narva is a municipality and city in Estonia.
Narva culture
The Narva culture or eastern Baltic was a European Neolithic archaeological culture in present-day Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kaliningrad Oblast (former East Prussia), and adjacent portions of Poland, Belarus and Russia.
Nasdaq Nordic
Nasdaq Nordic is the common name for the subsidiaries of Nasdaq, Inc. that provide financial services and operate marketplaces for securities in the Nordic and Baltic regions of Europe.
Nasdaq Tallinn
The Nasdaq Tallinn AS, formerly known as the Tallinn Stock Exchange, is a stock exchange operating in Tallinn, Estonia.
See Estonia and Nasdaq Tallinn
National academy
A national academy is an organizational body, usually operating with state financial support and approval, that co-ordinates scholarly research activities and standards for academic disciplines, and serve as public policy advisors, research institutes, think tanks, and public administration consultants for governments or on issues of public importance, most frequently in the sciences but also in the humanities.
See Estonia and National academy
National church
A national church is a Christian church associated with a specific ethnic group or nation state.
See Estonia and National church
National Committee of the Republic of Estonia
The National Committee of the Republic of Estonia (EVRK) was a deliberative and legislative body, formed by Estonian politicians and members of the last government of Republic of Estonia before the Soviet occupation, to control the Anti-Soviet resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Estonia in March 1944.
See Estonia and National Committee of the Republic of Estonia
National day
A national day is a day on which celebrations mark the statehood or nationhood of a state or its people.
National delimitation in the Soviet Union
National delimitation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was the process of specifying well-defined national territorial units (Soviet socialist republics, autonomous Soviet socialist republics, autonomous oblasts, raions and okrugs) from the ethnic diversity of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its subregions.
See Estonia and National delimitation in the Soviet Union
National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics
National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian Keemilise ja Bioloogilise Füüsika Instituut, or KBFI) is public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research and engages in the development of the novel directions in material sciences, physics, chemistry, gene- and biotechnology, environmental technology, and computer science.
See Estonia and National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.
See Estonia and NATO
NATO Enhanced Forward Presence
Enhanced Forward Presence (EFP) is a NATO-allied forward-deployed defense and deterrence military force in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
See Estonia and NATO Enhanced Forward Presence
NATO Response Force
The NATO Response Force (NRF) is a high-readiness NATO rapid deployment force comprising land, sea, air, and special forces units capable of being deployed quickly within short notice.
See Estonia and NATO Response Force
Naturalization
Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-national of a country acquires the nationality of that country after birth.
See Estonia and Naturalization
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.
Neolithic
The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.
Neutral powers during World War II
The neutral powers were countries that remained neutral during World War II.
See Estonia and Neutral powers during World War II
Nikolay Pirogov
Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (Russian: Николай Иванович Пирогов; —) was a Russian scientist, medical doctor, pedagogue, public figure, and corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1847), one of the most widely recognized Russian physicians.
See Estonia and Nikolay Pirogov
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del), abbreviated as NKVD, was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946.
See Estonia and NKVD
NKVD prisoner massacres
The NKVD prisoner massacres were a series of mass executions of political prisoners carried out by the NKVD, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, across Eastern Europe, primarily in Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states and Bessarabia.
See Estonia and NKVD prisoner massacres
Noarootsi Parish
Noarootsi Parish (Noarootsi vald, Nuckö kommun) was a rural municipality in Lääne County, western Estonia between 1991 and 2017.
See Estonia and Noarootsi Parish
Non parum animus noster
Non parum animus noster was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander III on either 11 September 1171 or 1172 to promote the Northern Crusades against the pagan Estonians and Finns.
See Estonia and Non parum animus noster
Nord Pool
Nord Pool AS is a pan-European power exchange.
Nordic Battlegroup
The Nordic Battlegroup (NBG) is one of eighteen European Union battlegroups.
See Estonia and Nordic Battlegroup
Nordic Council of Ministers
The Nordic Council of Ministers is an intergovernmental forum established after the Helsinki Treaty.
See Estonia and Nordic Council of Ministers
Nordic countries
The Nordic countries (also known as the Nordics or Norden) are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic.
See Estonia and Nordic countries
Nordic Defence Cooperation
The Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO) is a collaboration among the Nordic countries in the area of defence.
See Estonia and Nordic Defence Cooperation
Nordic identity in Estonia
Nordic identity in Estonia refers to the concept that Estonia is, or ought to be considered, one of the Nordic countries.
See Estonia and Nordic identity in Estonia
Nordic Investment Bank
The Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) is an international financial institution founded in 1975 by the five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden).
See Estonia and Nordic Investment Bank
Nordic-Baltic Eight
Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB8) is a regional co-operation format that includes Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden.
See Estonia and Nordic-Baltic Eight
Nordica (airline)
Nordica, part of the Nordic Aviation Group AS, is an Estonian charter airline which was the flag carrier of Estonia from 2016 to 2023, a capacity purchase arrangement provider, headquartered in Tallinn, with its office premises in the vicinity of Tallinn Airport.
See Estonia and Nordica (airline)
Northern Crusades
The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, and also against Orthodox Christian East Slavs.
See Estonia and Northern Crusades
Northern Europe
The northern region of Europe has several definitions.
See Estonia and Northern Europe
Norwegian krone
The krone (abbreviation: kr (also NKr for distinction); code: NOK), plural kroner, is the currency of the Kingdom of Norway (including overseas territories and dependencies).
See Estonia and Norwegian krone
November (2017 film)
November is a 2017 fantasy horror drama film written and directed by Rainer Sarnet, based on Andrus Kivirähk's 2000 novel Rehepapp ehk November ("Old Barny aka November").
See Estonia and November (2017 film)
Novgorod Republic
The Novgorod Republic (Novgorodskaya respublika) was a medieval state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in northern Russia, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the northern Ural Mountains in the east.
See Estonia and Novgorod Republic
Nurmekund
Nurmekund (Low German: Nurmegunde) was a small independent country (ancient Estonian county) on the north coast of Lake Võrtsjärv in Central Estonia, bordered by Sakala, Alempois, Järvamaa, Mõhu, and Ugandi.
Oak
An oak is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family.
See Estonia and Oak
Occupation of the Baltic states
The occupation of the Baltic states was a period of annexation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania begun by the Soviet Union in 1940, continued for three years by Nazi Germany after it invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, and finally resumed by the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991.
See Estonia and Occupation of the Baltic states
Oceanic climate
An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate or maritime climate, is the temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification represented as Cfb, typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool to warm summers and cool to mild winters (for their latitude), with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature.
See Estonia and Oceanic climate
October Revolution
The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup,, britannica.com Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.
See Estonia and October Revolution
OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
See Estonia and OECD
Oeselians
Oeselians or Osilians is a historical name for the people who prior to the Northern Crusades in the 13th century lived in the Estonian island of Saaremaa (Ösel) – the Baltic Sea island was also referred as Oeselia or Osilia in written records dating from around that time.
Official language
An official language is a language having certain rights to be used in defined situations.
See Estonia and Official language
Oil shale
Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons can be produced.
Old Believers
Old Believers or Old Ritualists are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian Orthodox Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow between 1652 and 1666.
Old Norse
Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian is a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages.
Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant
The Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant (Olkiluodon ydinvoimalaitos, Olkiluoto kärnkraftverk) is one of Finland's two nuclear power plants, the other being the two-unit Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant.
See Estonia and Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant
Olympic weightlifting
Weightlifting (often known as Olympic weightlifting) is a sport in which athletes compete in lifting a barbell loaded with weight plates from the ground to overhead, with the aim of successfully lifting the heaviest weights.
See Estonia and Olympic weightlifting
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
See Estonia and Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barkhane
Operation Barkhane (French: Opération Barkhane) was a counterinsurgency operation that started on 1 August 2014 and formally ended on 9 November 2022.
See Estonia and Operation Barkhane
Operation Faustschlag
The Operation Faustschlag ("Operation Fist Punch"), also known as the Eleven Days' War,Mawdsley (2007), p. 35 was a Central Powers offensive in World War I. It was the last major offensive on the Eastern Front.
See Estonia and Operation Faustschlag
Operation Priboi
Operation Priboi (Операция «Прибой» – Operation "Tidal Wave") was the code name for the biggest Stalin-era Soviet mass deportation from the Baltic states on 25–28 March 1949.
See Estonia and Operation Priboi
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization comprising member states in Europe, North America, and Asia.
See Estonia and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
Oskar Luts
Oskar Luts (– 23 March 1953) was an Estonian writer and playwright.
Otto Tief
Otto Tief (– 5 March 1976) was an Estonian politician, military commander, and a lawyer.
Otto Wilhelm Masing
Otto Wilhelm Masing (in Lohusuu, Kreis Dorpat – in Äksi, Kreis Dorpat, then Livland Governorate, now Estonia) was a clergyman, writer, journalist, linguist, notable early Estophile and a major advocate of Estonian commoners' rights, especially regarding education.
See Estonia and Otto Wilhelm Masing
Outline of Estonia
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Estonia: Estonia – state of 1.29 million people in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
See Estonia and Outline of Estonia
Owl
Owls are birds from the order Strigiformes, which includes over 200 species of mostly solitary and nocturnal birds of prey typified by an upright stance, a large, broad head, binocular vision, binaural hearing, sharp talons, and feathers adapted for silent flight.
See Estonia and Owl
Paganism
Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.
Parental leave
Parental leave, or family leave, is an employee benefit available in almost all countries.
See Estonia and Parental leave
Parliamentary republic
A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament).
See Estonia and Parliamentary republic
Pärnu
Pärnu is the fourth-largest city in Estonia and third in terms of the ethnic Estonian population.
Pärnu (river)
The Pärnu (Pärnu jõgi) is a river in Estonia.
Pärnu Postimees
Pärnu Postimees ('The Pärnu Postman', originally Perno Postimees ehk Näddalileht 'The Pärnu Postman or Weekly Newspaper') is an Estonian regional newspaper published in Pärnu County.
See Estonia and Pärnu Postimees
Põltsamaa (river)
The Põltsamaa is the third-longest river in Estonia.
See Estonia and Põltsamaa (river)
Peatland
A peatland is a type of wetland whose soils consist of organic matter from decaying plants, forming layers of peat.
Pedja (river)
The Pedja (Pedja jõgi) is the fourth longest river in Estonia.
Pentalogy
A pentalogy (from Greek πεντα- penta-, "five" and -λογία -logia, "discourse") is a compound literary or narrative work that is explicitly divided into five parts.
Pentecostalism
Pentecostalism or classical Pentecostalism is a Protestant Charismatic Christian movement that emphasizes direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit.
See Estonia and Pentecostalism
Perestroika
Perestroika (a) was a political reform movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during the late 1980s, widely associated with CPSU general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "transparency") policy reform.
Permanent Structured Cooperation
The Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) is the part of the European Union's (EU) security and defence policy (CSDP) in which 26 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural integration (the exception being Malta).
See Estonia and Permanent Structured Cooperation
Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.
Pew Research Center
The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world.
See Estonia and Pew Research Center
Phosphorite
Phosphorite, phosphate rock or rock phosphate is a non-detrital sedimentary rock that contains high amounts of phosphate minerals.
Phosphorite War
The Phosphorite War (Fosforiidisõda) is the name given to a late-1980s environmental campaign in the then-Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, against the opening of large phosphorite mines in the Virumaa region.
See Estonia and Phosphorite War
Phytogeography
Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, phytón.
See Estonia and Phytogeography
Pine
A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae.
See Estonia and Pine
Plurality (voting)
A plurality vote (in North American English) or relative majority (in British English) describes the circumstance when a party, candidate, or proposition polls more votes than any other but does not receive more than half of all votes cast.
See Estonia and Plurality (voting)
Polish people
Polish people, or Poles, are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Central Europe.
Polish–Lithuanian union
The Polish–Lithuanian union was a relationship created by a series of acts and alliances between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lasted for prolonged periods of time from 1385 and led to the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the "Republic of the Two Nations", in 1569 and eventually to the creation of a unitary state in 1791.
See Estonia and Polish–Lithuanian union
Political demonstration
A political demonstration is an action by a mass group or collection of groups of people in favor of a political or other cause or people partaking in a protest against a cause of concern; it often consists of walking in a mass march formation and either beginning with or meeting at a designated endpoint, or rally, in order to hear speakers.
See Estonia and Political demonstration
Political violence
Political violence is violence which is perpetrated in order to achieve political goals.
See Estonia and Political violence
Polka
Polka is a dance style and genre of dance music originating in nineteenth-century Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic.
Pope
The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.
See Estonia and Pope
Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III (Innocentius III; 22 February 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 until his death on 16 July 1216.
See Estonia and Pope Innocent III
Popular Front of Estonia
The Popular Front of Estonia (Eestimaa Rahvarinne; RR), introduced to the public by the Estonian politician Edgar Savisaar under the short-lived name Popular Front for the Support of Perestroika, was a political organisation in Estonia in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
See Estonia and Popular Front of Estonia
Populated places in Estonia
Populated places in Estonia (officially: settlement units), are cities or settlement units of rural municipalities, but only cities have administrative functions.
See Estonia and Populated places in Estonia
Port
A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers.
See Estonia and Port
Port of Tallinn
Port of Tallinn (Tallinna Sadam) is the biggest port authority in Estonia.
See Estonia and Port of Tallinn
Postimees
is an Estonian daily newspaper established on 5 June 1857, by Johann Voldemar Jannsen.
Presidency of the Council of the European Union
The presidency of the Council of the European Union is responsible for the functioning of the Council of the European Union, which is the co-legislator of the EU legislature alongside the European Parliament.
See Estonia and Presidency of the Council of the European Union
President of Estonia
The president of the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariigi President) is the head of state of the Republic of Estonia.
See Estonia and President of Estonia
Priit Kasesalu
Priit Kasesalu (born 10 April 1972) is an Estonian programmer and software developer best known for his participation in the development of Kazaa, Skype and, most recently, Joost.
See Estonia and Priit Kasesalu
Prime Minister of Estonia
The prime minister of Estonia (peaminister) is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia.
See Estonia and Prime Minister of Estonia
Prince-bishop
A prince-bishop is a bishop who is also the civil ruler of some secular principality and sovereignty, as opposed to Prince of the Church itself, a title associated with cardinals.
Principality of Moscow
The Principality of Moscow or Grand Duchy of Moscow (Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye), also known simply as Muscovy (from the Latin Moscovia), was a principality of the Late Middle Ages centered on Moscow.
See Estonia and Principality of Moscow
Printing press
A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.
See Estonia and Printing press
Programme for International Student Assessment
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a worldwide study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in member and non-member nations intended to evaluate educational systems by measuring 15-year-old school pupils' scholastic performance on mathematics, science, and reading.
See Estonia and Programme for International Student Assessment
Proportional representation
Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body.
See Estonia and Proportional representation
Protected areas of Estonia
Protected areas of Estonia are regulated by the Nature Conservation Act, which was passed by the Estonian parliament on April 21, 2004 and entered into force May 10, 2004.
See Estonia and Protected areas of Estonia
Protestant work ethic
The Protestant work ethic, also known as the Calvinist work ethic or the Puritan work ethic, is a work ethic concept in sociology, economics, and history.
See Estonia and Protestant work ethic
Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.
Pskov Land
The Pskov Land (Pskovskaya zemlya) was a historical region in the north-west of medieval Russia centred around the city of Pskov.
Public Broadcasting of Latvia
Public Broadcasting of Latvia (lit – LSM) is a publicly funded radio and television organization operated by both of Latvia's public broadcasters – Latvian Television and Radio Latvia.
See Estonia and Public Broadcasting of Latvia
Pulli settlement
Pulli settlement, located on the right bank of the Pärnu River, is the oldest known human settlement in Estonia.
See Estonia and Pulli settlement
Purchasing power parity
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies.
See Estonia and Purchasing power parity
Quality of life
Quality of life (QOL) is defined by the World Health Organization as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns".
See Estonia and Quality of life
Quaternary sector of the economy
The quaternary sector of the economy is based upon the economic activity that is associated with either the intellectual or knowledge-based economy.
See Estonia and Quaternary sector of the economy
Radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.
See Estonia and Radiocarbon dating
Ragnar Nurkse
Ragnar Wilhelm Nurkse (5 October 1907, Käru, Estonia – 6 May 1959, Le Mont-Pèlerin, Switzerland) was an Estonian-American economist and policy maker mainly in the fields of international finance and economic development.
Rail transport in Estonia
The rail transport system in Estonia consists of about of railway lines, of which are currently in public use.
See Estonia and Rail transport in Estonia
Rare-earth element
The rare-earth elements (REE), also called the rare-earth metals or rare earths or, in context, rare-earth oxides, and sometimes the lanthanides (although scandium and yttrium, which do not belong to this series, are usually included as rare earths), are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable lustrous silvery-white soft heavy metals.
See Estonia and Rare-earth element
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union.
Red deer
The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest deer species.
Red fox
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the largest of the true foxes and one of the most widely distributed members of the order Carnivora, being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere including most of North America, Europe and Asia, plus parts of North Africa.
Reformation
The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.
Reformed Christianity
Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church.
See Estonia and Reformed Christianity
Reichskommissariat Ostland
The Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) was established by Nazi Germany in 1941 during World War II.
See Estonia and Reichskommissariat Ostland
Rein Taagepera
Rein Taagepera (born 28 February 1933) is an Estonian political scientist and former politician.
See Estonia and Rein Taagepera
Religion in Estonia
Estonia, historically a Lutheran Christian nation, is today one of the least religious countries in the world in terms of declared attitudes, with only 14 percent of the population declaring religion to be an important part of their daily life.
See Estonia and Religion in Estonia
Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders (RWB; Reporters sans frontières; RSF) is an international non-profit and non-governmental organization focused on safeguarding the right to freedom of information.
See Estonia and Reporters Without Borders
Reptile
Reptiles, as commonly defined, are a group of tetrapods with usually an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development.
Republics of the Soviet Union
The Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Union Republics (r) were national-based administrative units of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
See Estonia and Republics of the Soviet Union
Research and development
Research and development (R&D or R+D; also known in Europe as research and technological development or RTD) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products and carrier science computer marketplace e-commerce, copy center and service maintenance troubleshooting software, hardware improving existing ones.
See Estonia and Research and development
Reuters
Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.
Revala
Revala (also Rävälä, Revalia, by Henry of Livonia Revele, by Danish Census Book Revælæ) was an Ancient Estonian county.
Riigikogu
The Riigikogu (from Estonian riigi-, "of the state", and kogu, "assembly") is the unicameral parliament of Estonia.
Ringed seal
The ringed seal (Pusa hispida) is an earless seal inhabiting the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.
Riot
A riot or mob violence is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property, or people.
See Estonia and Riot
Risto Näätänen
Risto Kalervo Näätänen (14 June 1939 – 5 October 2023) was a Finnish psychological scientist, pioneer in the field of cognitive neuroscience, and known worldwide as one of the discoverers of the electrophysiological mismatch negativity.
See Estonia and Risto Näätänen
Roe deer
The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), also known as the roe, western roe deer, or European roe, is a species of deer.
Romani people
The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma (Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle.
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
Rudolf Tobias
Rudolf Tobias (– 29 October 1918) was the first Estonian professional composer, as well as a professional organist.
Rule by decree
Rule by decree is a style of governance allowing quick, unchallenged promulgation of law by a single person or group of people, usually without legislative approval.
See Estonia and Rule by decree
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. Estonia and Russia are countries in Europe and member states of the United Nations.
Russia in the European energy sector
Russia supplies a significant volume of fossil fuels to other European countries.
See Estonia and Russia in the European energy sector
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.
See Estonia and Russian Empire
Russian Ground Forces
The Russian Ground Forces, also known as the Russian Army in English, are the land forces of the Russian Armed Forces.
See Estonia and Russian Ground Forces
Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which started in 2014.
See Estonia and Russian invasion of Ukraine
Russian Orthodox Church
The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov', abbreviated as РПЦ), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskovskiy patriarkhat), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian church.
See Estonia and Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government was a provisional government of the Russian Empire and Russian Republic, announced two days before and established immediately after the abdication of Nicholas II, during the February Revolution.
See Estonia and Russian Provisional Government
Russian Republic
The Russian Republic, referred to as the Russian Democratic Federal Republic in the 1918 Constitution, was a short-lived state which controlled, de jure, the territory of the former Russian Empire after its proclamation by the Russian Provisional Government on 1 September (14 September) 1917 in a decree signed by Alexander Kerensky as Minister-Chairman and Alexander Zarudny as Minister of Justice.
See Estonia and Russian Republic
Russian Revolution of 1905
The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, began on 22 January 1905.
See Estonia and Russian Revolution of 1905
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I. was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR..
See Estonia and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Russians
Russians (russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe.
Russians in Estonia
In Estonia, the population of ethnic Russians is estimated at 296,268, most of whom live in the capital city Tallinn and other urban areas of Harju and Ida-Viru counties.
See Estonia and Russians in Estonia
Russification
Russification (rusifikatsiya), or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation in which non-Russians, whether involuntarily or voluntarily, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian culture and the Russian language.
Russo-Ukrainian War
The ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War began in February 2014.
See Estonia and Russo-Ukrainian War
Saare County
Saare County (Saare maakond or Saaremaa; Oesel; Øsel; Ösel; Ösel) is one of 15 counties of Estonia.
Saaremaa
Saaremaa (lit. island land) (also called Ösel) is the largest and most populous island in Estonia.
Sacred grove
Sacred groves or sacred woods are groves of trees that have special religious importance within a particular culture.
Saga
Sagas are prose stories and histories, composed in Iceland and to a lesser extent elsewhere in Scandinavia.
See Estonia and Saga
Sailing
Sailing employs the wind—acting on sails, wingsails or kites—to propel a craft on the surface of the water (sailing ship, sailboat, raft, windsurfer, or kitesurfer), on ice (iceboat) or on land (land yacht) over a chosen course, which is often part of a larger plan of navigation.
Saint George's Night Uprising
Saint George's Night Uprising in 1343–1345 (Jüriöö ülestõus) was an unsuccessful attempt by the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order to rid themselves of Danish and German rulers and landlords who had conquered the country in the 13th century during the Livonian Crusade; and to eradicate the non-indigenous Christian religion.
See Estonia and Saint George's Night Uprising
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow.
See Estonia and Saint Petersburg
Sakala County
Sakala County (Estonian: Sakala, Latin: Saccalia) was an ancient Estonian county that was first mentioned in print by Henry of Latvia in the early 13th century.
Same-sex marriage in Estonia
Same-sex marriage has been legal in Estonia since 1 January 2024.
See Estonia and Same-sex marriage in Estonia
Sarmatic mixed forests
The Sarmatic mixed forests constitute an ecoregion within the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome, according to the World Wide Fund for Nature classification (ecoregion PA0436).
See Estonia and Sarmatic mixed forests
Sauna
A sauna is a room or building designed as a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions, or an establishment with one or more of these facilities.
Saxo Grammaticus
Saxo Grammaticus, also known as Saxo cognomine Longus, was a Danish historian, theologian and author.
See Estonia and Saxo Grammaticus
Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a subregion of Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples.
Schengen Area
The Schengen Area is an area encompassing European countries that have officially abolished border controls at their mutual borders.
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. Estonia and Second Polish Republic are states and territories established in 1918.
See Estonia and Second Polish Republic
Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)
The Second Treaty of Brömsebro (or the Peace of Brömsebro) was signed on 13 August 1645, and ended the Torstenson War, a local conflict that began in 1643 (and was part of the larger Thirty Years' War) between Sweden and Denmark–Norway.
See Estonia and Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)
Self-sustainability
Self-sustainability and self-sufficiency are overlapping states of being in which a person, being, or system needs little or no help from, or interaction with others.
See Estonia and Self-sustainability
Selonians
The Selonians (sēļi; sėliai, from sälli – "highlanders") were a tribe of Baltic peoples.
Semla
A,,, Swedish eclair, / or is a traditional sweet roll made in various forms in Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Estonia, Retrieved 21 February 2023.
Serfdom
Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems.
Seto dialect
Seto (seto kiil´; setu keel) is a dialect of South Estonian spoken by 25,080 people.
Setos
Setos (setokõsõq,, setukesed) are an indigenous Finnic peoples and linguistic minority that have historically lived in the borderlands between modern day Estonia and Russia.
Shale
Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite.
Shale oil
Shale oil is an unconventional oil produced from oil shale rock fragments by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution.
Shepherd
A shepherd or sheepherder is a person who tends, herds, feeds, or guards flocks of sheep.
Siberian flying squirrel
The Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) is an Old World flying squirrel ranging from the Baltic Sea in the west, throughout Northern Asia to the coast of the Pacific Ocean in the east.
See Estonia and Siberian flying squirrel
Sigtuna
Sigtuna is a locality situated in the eponymous Sigtuna Municipality, in Stockholm County, Sweden with 9,689 inhabitants in 2020.
Sika deer
The sika deer (Cervus nippon), also known as the Northern spotted deer or the Japanese deer, is a species of deer native to much of East Asia and introduced to other parts of the world.
Sillamäe
Sillamäe (Estonian for 'Bridge Hill'; also known by the Germanised names of Sillamäggi or Sillamägi) is a town in Ida-Viru County in the northern part of Estonia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland.
Singing Revolution
The Singing Revolution was a series of events from 1987 to 1991 that led to the restoration of independence of the three Soviet-occupied Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania at the end of the Cold War.
See Estonia and Singing Revolution
Sinking of the MS Estonia
sank on Wednesday, 28 September 1994, between about 00:50 and 01:50 (UTC+2) as the ship was crossing the Baltic Sea, en route from Tallinn, Estonia, to Stockholm, Sweden.
See Estonia and Sinking of the MS Estonia
Skype
Skype is a proprietary telecommunications application operated by Skype Technologies, a division of Microsoft, best known for VoIP-based videotelephony, videoconferencing and voice calls.
Social Democratic Party (Estonia)
The Social Democratic Party (Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond, SDE) is a centre-left political party in Estonia.
See Estonia and Social Democratic Party (Estonia)
Society of Estonian Literati
The Society of Estonian Literati (Eesti Kirjameeste Selts – EKmS) was an influential association of Estonian intellectuals based in Tartu between the years 1871 and 1893.
See Estonia and Society of Estonian Literati
Soopoolitse
Soopoolitse was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the eastern part of the territory of Estonia.
South Estonian
South Estonian is either a Finnic language or an Estonian dialect, spoken in south-eastern Estonia, encompassing the Tartu, Mulgi, Võro and Seto varieties.
See Estonia and South Estonian
Sovereign state
A sovereign state is a state that has the highest authority over a territory.
See Estonia and Sovereign state
Soviet Air Forces
The Soviet Air Forces (r, VVS SSSR; literally "Military Air Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics"; initialism VVS, sometimes referred to as the "Red Air Force", were one of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The other was the Soviet Air Defence Forces. The Air Forces were formed from components of the Imperial Russian Air Service in 1917, and faced their greatest test during World War II.
See Estonia and Soviet Air Forces
Soviet deportations from Estonia
Soviet deportations from Estonia were a series of mass deportations in 1941 and 1945–1953 carried out by Joseph Stalin's government of the former USSR from then Soviet-occupied Estonia.
See Estonia and Soviet deportations from Estonia
Soviet evacuation of Tallinn
The Soviet evacuation of Tallinn, also called Juminda mine battle, Tallinn disaster or Russian Dunkirk, was a Soviet operation to evacuate the 190 ships of the Baltic Fleet, units of the Red Army, and pro-Soviet civilians from the fleet's encircled main base of Tallinn in Soviet-occupied Estonia during August 1941.
See Estonia and Soviet evacuation of Tallinn
Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
The Soviet occupation of the Baltic states covers the period from the Soviet–Baltic mutual assistance pacts in 1939, to their invasion and annexation in 1940, to the mass deportations of 1941.
See Estonia and Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
Soviet people
The Soviet people (sovetsky narod) were the citizens and nationals of the Soviet Union.
Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
The Soviet Union (USSR) occupied most of the territory of the Baltic states in its 1944 Baltic Offensive during World War II.
See Estonia and Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty
The Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty (Pakt o vzaimopomoshchi mezhdu SSSR i Estoniyey), also known as the Bases Treaty was a bilateral treaty between the Soviet Union and Estonia, signed in Moscow on 28 September 1939.
See Estonia and Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty
Soviet–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact
The Soviet–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact was a non-aggression pact, signed between the Soviet Union and Estonia on May 4, 1932.
See Estonia and Soviet–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact
Sovietization of the Baltic states
The Sovietization of the Baltic states is the sovietization of all spheres of life in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania when they were under control of the Soviet Union.
See Estonia and Sovietization of the Baltic states
Springer Publishing
Springer Publishing Company is an American publishing company of academic journals and books, focusing on the fields of nursing, gerontology, psychology, social work, counseling, public health, and rehabilitation (neuropsychology).
See Estonia and Springer Publishing
Spruce
A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea, a genus of about 40 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth.
Stalinism
Stalinism is the totalitarian means of governing and Marxist–Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1927 to 1953 by dictator Joseph Stalin.
Standard German
Standard High German (SHG), less precisely Standard German or High German (Standardhochdeutsch, Standarddeutsch, Hochdeutsch or, in Switzerland, Schriftdeutsch), is the umbrella term for the standardized varieties of the German language, which are used in formal contexts and for communication between different dialect areas.
See Estonia and Standard German
Startup company
A startup or start-up is a company or project undertaken by an entrepreneur to seek, develop, and validate a scalable business model.
See Estonia and Startup company
State continuity of the Baltic states
The three Baltic countries, or the Baltic states – Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – are held to have continued as legal entities under international lawZiemele (2005).
See Estonia and State continuity of the Baltic states
State of the Teutonic Order
The State of the Teutonic Order (Civitas Ordinis Theutonici) was a theocratic state located along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea in northern Europe. It was formed by the knights of the Teutonic Order during the early 13th century Northern Crusades in the region of Prussia. In 1237, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword merged with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as its branch — the Livonian Order (while their state, Terra Mariana, covering present-day Estonia and Latvia, became part of the State of the Teutonic Order).
See Estonia and State of the Teutonic Order
State religion
A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.
See Estonia and State religion
Statistics Estonia
Statistics Estonia (Statistikaamet) is the Estonian government agency responsible for producing official statistics regarding Estonia.
See Estonia and Statistics Estonia
Stimson Doctrine
The Stimson Doctrine is the policy of nonrecognition of states created as a result of a war of aggression.
See Estonia and Stimson Doctrine
Sturgill Simpson
John Sturgill Simpson (born June 8, 1978) is an American country music singer-songwriter and actor.
See Estonia and Sturgill Simpson
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (IUPAC-recommended spelling) or sulphur dioxide (traditional Commonwealth English) is the chemical compound with the formula.
See Estonia and Sulfur dioxide
Summer War
The Summer War (Estonian: Suvesõda) was the occupation of Estonia during the Second World War.
Supreme Court of Estonia
The Supreme Court of Estonia (Riigikohus) is the court of last resort in Estonia.
See Estonia and Supreme Court of Estonia
Suur Munamägi
Suur Munamägi (translation "Great Egg Mountain") is the highest peak in Estonia (and the Baltic states), reaching above sea level.
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Estonia and Sweden are countries in Europe, member states of NATO, member states of the European Union, member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, member states of the United Nations and OECD members.
Swedes
Swedes (svenskar) are an ethnic group native to Sweden, who share a common ancestry, culture, history and language. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland where they are an officially recognized minority, with Swedish being one of the official languages of the country, and with a substantial diaspora in other countries, especially the United States.
Swedes (tribe)
The Swedes (svear; Old Norse: svíar; probably from the PIE reflexive pronominal root *s(w)e, "one's own ";Bandle, Oskar. 2002. The Nordic languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages. 2002. P.391 Swēon) were a North Germanic tribe who inhabited Svealand ("land of the Swedes") in central Sweden and one of the progenitor groups of modern Swedes, along with Geats and Gutes.
See Estonia and Swedes (tribe)
Swedish Institute of International Affairs
The Swedish Institute of International Affairs (Utrikespolitiska institutet, UI) is an independent non-profit organization based in Stockholm, Sweden whose mission is to promote interest in and increase knowledge of international relations and security policy issues.
See Estonia and Swedish Institute of International Affairs
Swedish krona
The krona (plural: kronor; sign: kr; code: SEK) is the currency of the Kingdom of Sweden.
Swedish language
Swedish (svenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family, spoken predominantly in Sweden and in parts of Finland.
See Estonia and Swedish language
Swedish Livonia
Swedish Livonia (Svenska Livland) was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1629 until 1721.
See Estonia and Swedish Livonia
Sweet roll
A sweet roll or sweet bun refers to any of a number of sweet, baked, yeast-leavened breakfast or dessert foods.
T.M.C. Asser Instituut
The T.M.C. Asser Instituut (or Asser Institute) is a professional inter-university centre of knowledge and research.
See Estonia and T.M.C. Asser Instituut
Tacitus
Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus (–), was a Roman historian and politician.
Tallinn
Tallinn is the capital and most populous city of Estonia.
Tallinn Airport
Tallinn Airport (Tallinna lennujaam) or Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport (Lennart Meri Tallinna lennujaam) is the largest airport in Estonia, which serves as the secondary hub for AirBaltic and the cargo airline Airest.
See Estonia and Tallinn Airport
Tallinn offensive
The Tallinn offensive (Таллинская наступательная операция) was a strategic offensive by the Red Army's 2nd Shock and 8th armies and the Baltic Fleet against the German Army Detachment ''Narwa'' and Estonian units in mainland Estonia on the Eastern Front of World War II on 17–26 September 1944.
See Estonia and Tallinn offensive
Tallinn Song Festival Grounds
The Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluväljak) are the grounds on which the Estonian Song Festival "Laulupidu" is held every five years.
See Estonia and Tallinn Song Festival Grounds
Tallinn University
Tallinn University (TLU; Tallinna Ülikool, TLÜ) is a public research university in Estonia.
See Estonia and Tallinn University
Tallinn University of Technology
Established in 1918, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech; Tallinna Tehnikaülikool) is the only technical university in Estonia.
See Estonia and Tallinn University of Technology
Tallinn–Narva railway
The Tallinn–Narva railway (Tallinna–Narva raudtee) is a long railway line in Estonia which runs through Northern Estonia between Estonia's capital city Tallinn and the city of Narva on the border with Russia.
See Estonia and Tallinn–Narva railway
Tanel Padar
Tanel Padar (born 27 October 1980) is an Estonian singer and songwriter.
Tapa Army Base
Tapa Army Base (Tapa sõjaväelinnak), which lies to the south of the town Tapa, is the largest military base in Estonia.
See Estonia and Tapa Army Base
Tartu
Tartu is the second largest city in Estonia after Tallinn.
Tartu County
Tartu County (Tartu maakond or Tartumaa) is one of 15 counties of Estonia.
Tõnu Õnnepalu
Tõnu Õnnepalu (born 13 September 1962), also known by the pen names Emil Tode and Anton Nigov, is an Estonian poet, author and translator.
Telephone numbers in Estonia
Telephone numbers in Estonia follow a closed telephone numbering plan.
See Estonia and Telephone numbers in Estonia
Television in Finland
Television was introduced in Finland in 1955.
See Estonia and Television in Finland
Temperate climate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth.
See Estonia and Temperate climate
Tenet (film)
Tenet is a 2020 science fiction action thriller film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, who also produced it with his wife Emma Thomas.
Terra Mariana
Terra Mariana (Medieval Latin for "Land of Mary") was the formal name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia.
Territorial waters
Territorial waters are informally an area of water where a sovereign state has jurisdiction, including internal waters, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and potentially the extended continental shelf (these components are sometimes collectively called the maritime zones).
See Estonia and Territorial waters
Teutonic Order
The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
See Estonia and Teutonic Order
Tharapita
Taara (variations of the name include Tooru, Tharapita and Tarapitha), also known as Uku or Jumal, is a prominent god in Estonian mythology, with a strong resemblance to the Finnish Ukko and the Germanic Thor.
The Baltic Times
The Baltic Times is an independent monthly newspaper that covers the latest political, economic, business, and cultural events in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
See Estonia and The Baltic Times
The Fencer
The Fencer (Miekkailija, date is a 2015 biographical drama film about the life of Endel Nelis, an accomplished Estonian fencer and coach. It was directed by Klaus Härö and written by Anna Heinämaa. Filming began in Estonia in late February 2014. The film was selected as the Finnish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards, making the December shortlist of nine films, but it was not nominated.
The Hague
The Hague is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands.
The Heart of the Bear
The Heart of the Bear (Karu süda) is a 2001 Estonian, Czech, German, Russian co-produced romantic drama film directed by Arvo Iho.
See Estonia and The Heart of the Bear
The Holocaust in Estonia
The Holocaust in Estonia refers to Nazi crimes during the occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany.
See Estonia and The Holocaust in Estonia
The Irish Times
The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper and online digital publication.
See Estonia and The Irish Times
The Shadow in the East
The Shadow in the East: Vladimir Putin and the New Baltic Front is a 2020 book by Aliide Naylor.
See Estonia and The Shadow in the East
The Singing Revolution
The Singing Revolution is a 2006 documentary film created by Americans James Tusty and Maureen Castle Tusty about the nonviolent Singing Revolution in Estonia in which hundreds of thousands of Estonians gathered publicly between 1986 and 1991, in an effort to end decades of Soviet occupation.
See Estonia and The Singing Revolution
The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
See Estonia and The World Factbook
Theatre of Estonia
The theatre of Estonia dates back to 1784, when August von Kotzebue founded an amateur theatre company in Tallinn.
See Estonia and Theatre of Estonia
Thomas Johann Seebeck
Thomas Johann Seebeck (9 April 1770 – 10 December 1831) was a German physicist, who, in 1822, observed a relationship between heat and magnetism.
See Estonia and Thomas Johann Seebeck
Those Old Love Letters
Those Old Love Letters (Need vanad armastuskirjad) is a 1992 Estonian drama film directed by Mati Põldre.
See Estonia and Those Old Love Letters
Tiigrihüpe
Tiigrihüpe (Estonian for Tiger Leap) was a project undertaken by the Republic of Estonia to heavily invest in development and expansion of computer and network infrastructure in Estonia, with a particular emphasis on education.
Toomas Hendrik Ilves
Toomas Hendrik Ilves (born 26 December 1953) is an Estonian politician who served as the fourth president of Estonia from 2006 until 2016.
See Estonia and Toomas Hendrik Ilves
Track and field
Athletics (or track and field in the United States) is a sport that includes athletic contests based on running, jumping, and throwing skills.
See Estonia and Track and field
Treaty of Tartu (Estonia–Russia)
The Treaty of Tartu (lit, Тартуский договор) is a peace treaty that was signed in Tartu on 2 February 1920 between the Republic of Estonia and Soviet Russia, ending the 1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence.
See Estonia and Treaty of Tartu (Estonia–Russia)
Truth and Justice
Truth and Justice (Tõde ja õigus) I-V, written in 1926–1933, is a pentalogy by A. H. Tammsaare, considered to be his most famous work, and one of the foundational works in Estonian literature.
See Estonia and Truth and Justice
Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia, also known as the Tsardom of Muscovy, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721. From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew by an average of per year. The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, wars with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian conquest of Siberia, to the reign of Peter the Great, who took power in 1689 and transformed the tsardom into an empire.
See Estonia and Tsardom of Russia
Ugandi County
Ugandi (Latin: Ungannia or Ugaunia; Ugaunija; Low German: Uggn) was an independent county between the east coast of Lake Võrtsjärv and west coast of Lake Pskov, bordered by Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Sakala, Tālava, and The Principality of Pskov.
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. Estonia and Ukraine are countries in Europe, member states of the United Nations and republics.
Ukrainians
Ukrainians (ukraintsi) are a civic nation and an ethnic group native to Ukraine.
Unicorn (finance)
In business, a unicorn is a startup company valued at over US$1 billion which is privately owned and not listed on a share market.
See Estonia and Unicorn (finance)
Unitary parliamentary republic
A unitary parliamentary republic is a unitary state with a republican form of government in which the political power is vested in and entrusted to the parliament with confidence by its electorate.
See Estonia and Unitary parliamentary republic
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
See Estonia and United Nations
United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.
See Estonia and United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Human Rights Council
The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world.
See Estonia and United Nations Human Rights Council
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (قوة الأممالمتحدة المؤقتة في لبنان, כוח האו"ם הזמני בלבנון), or UNIFIL (يونيفيل, יוניפי״ל), is a UN peacekeeping mission established on 19 March 1978 by United Nations Security Council Resolutions 425 and 426, to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon which Israel had invaded five days prior, in order to ensure that the government of Lebanon would restore its effective authority in the area.
See Estonia and United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter.
See Estonia and United Nations Security Council
United Nations Statistics Division
The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), formerly the United Nations Statistical Office, serves under the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) as the central mechanism within the Secretariat of the United Nations to supply the statistical needs and coordinating activities of the global statistical system.
See Estonia and United Nations Statistics Division
Universal health care
Universal health care (also called universal health coverage, universal coverage, or universal care) is a health care system in which all residents of a particular country or region are assured access to health care.
See Estonia and Universal health care
Universal suffrage
Universal suffrage or universal franchise ensures the right to vote for as many people bound by a government's laws as possible, as supported by the "one person, one vote" principle.
See Estonia and Universal suffrage
University of Tartu
The University of Tartu (UT; Tartu Ülikool; Universitas Tartuensis) is a public research university located in the city of Tartu, Estonia.
See Estonia and University of Tartu
University of Tartu men's basketball team
Tartu Ülikooli korvpallimeeskond (English: University of Tartu men's basketball team), also known as Tartu Ülikool Maks & Moorits for sponsorship reasons, is a professional basketball team based in Tartu, Estonia.
See Estonia and University of Tartu men's basketball team
University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy
University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy (Tartu Ülikooli Viljandi Kultuuriakadeemia) is an Estonian institution of higher education, situated in the provincial town of Viljandi, central Estonia.
See Estonia and University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy
Uralic languages
The Uralic languages, sometimes called the Uralian languages, form a language family of 42 languages spoken predominantly in Europe and North Asia.
See Estonia and Uralic languages
Uraninite
Uraninite, also known as pitchblende, is a radioactive, uranium-rich mineral and ore with a chemical composition that is largely UO2 but because of oxidation typically contains variable proportions of U3O8.
Uranium ore
Uranium ore deposits are economically recoverable concentrations of uranium within Earth's crust.
Urban Symphony
Urban Symphony is an Estonian music group.
See Estonia and Urban Symphony
Vaba Eesti Sõna
Vaba Eesti Sõna (Estonian for Free Estonian Word) is an Estonian expatriate weekly newspaper published in New York City, United States established in 1949.
See Estonia and Vaba Eesti Sõna
Vaiga
Vaiga was a small landlocked ancient Estonian county in the eastern part of the territory of Estonia.
Valdemar II of Denmark
Valdemar II Valdemarsen (28 June 1170 – 28 March 1241), later remembered as Valdemar the Victorious (Valdemar Sejr), was King of Denmark from 1202 until his death in 1241.
See Estonia and Valdemar II of Denmark
Vanilla Ninja
Vanilla Ninja is an Estonian all-female rock band which enjoyed chart success in a number of countries across Europe, especially in Estonia, Germany and Austria.
Vaps Movement
The Vaps Movement (Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Keskliit, later Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Liit, vabadussõjalased, or colloquially vapsid, a single member of this movement was called vaps) was an Estonian political organization.
Võhandu
The Võhandu (Võhandu.) is a river in Estonia.
Võro language
Võro (võro kiilʼ, võru keel) is the language of South Estonia, belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.
Võrtsjärv
Lake Võrtsjärv (Lake Võrts, Wirzsee) is a lake in southern Estonia with an area of 270 km² (104 mi²).
Veljo Tormis
Veljo Tormis (7 August 1930 – 21 January 2017) was an Estonian composer, regarded as one of the great contemporary choral composers and one of the most important composers of the 20th century in Estonia.
Viking runestones
The Viking runestones are runestones that mention Scandinavians who participated in Viking expeditions.
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Vikings
Vikings were seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.
Viljandi
Viljandi (Fellin, Vīlande, Felin, Fellin) is a town and municipality in southern Estonia with a population of 17,407 in 2019.
Virumaa
Virumaa (Vironia; Low German: Wierland; Old Norse: Virland) is a former independent county in Ancient Estonia.
Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant
Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant was a planned nuclear power plant project in Lithuania.
See Estonia and Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant
Wader
A flock of Dunlins and Red knots Waders or shorebirds are birds of the order Charadriiformes commonly found wading along shorelines and mudflats in order to forage for food crawling or burrowing in the mud and sand, usually small arthropods such as aquatic insects or crustaceans.
Warsaw Accord
The Warsaw Accord was an accord signed on 17 March 1922 by Finland, Poland, Estonia, and Latvia.
Watt
The watt (symbol: W) is the unit of power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−3.
See Estonia and Watt
Wehrmacht
The Wehrmacht were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945.
Western capercaillie
The western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), also known as the Eurasian capercaillie, wood grouse, heather cock, cock-of-the-woods, or simply capercaillie, is a heavy member of the grouse family and the largest of all extant grouse species.
See Estonia and Western capercaillie
Western world
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.
White movement
The White movement (p), also known as the Whites (Бѣлые / Белые, Beliye), was a loose confederation of anti-communist forces that fought the communist Bolsheviks, also known as the Reds, in the Russian Civil War and that to a lesser extent continued operating as militarized associations of rebels both outside and within Russian borders in Siberia until roughly World War II (1939–1945).
See Estonia and White movement
White stork
The white stork (Ciconia ciconia) is a large bird in the stork family, Ciconiidae.
White-tailed eagle
The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), sometimes known as the 'sea eagle', is a large bird of prey, widely distributed across temperate Eurasia.
See Estonia and White-tailed eagle
Wild boar
The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine, common wild pig, Eurasian wild pig, or simply wild pig, is a suid native to much of Eurasia and North Africa, and has been introduced to the Americas and Oceania.
Wilhelm Ostwald
Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (4 April 1932) was a Baltic German chemist and philosopher.
See Estonia and Wilhelm Ostwald
Wired (magazine)
Wired (stylized in all caps) is a monthly American magazine, published in print and online editions, that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics.
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Wise (company)
Wise PLC, previously known as TransferWise, is a financial technology company focused on global money transfers.
See Estonia and Wise (company)
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
World Bank Group
The World Bank Group (WBG) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries.
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World Bank high-income economy
A high-income economy is defined by the World Bank as a country with a gross national income per capita of US$14,005 or more in 2023, calculated using the Atlas method.
See Estonia and World Bank high-income economy
World Press Freedom Index
The World Press Freedom Index (WPFI) is an annual ranking of countries compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) since 2002 based upon the organization's own assessment of the countries' press freedom records in the previous year.
See Estonia and World Press Freedom Index
World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade.
See Estonia and World Trade Organization
World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
World Wide Fund for Nature
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is a Swiss-based international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment.
See Estonia and World Wide Fund for Nature
Wrestling
Wrestling is a martial art and combat sport that involves grappling with an opponent and striving to obtain a position of advantage through different throws or techniques, within a given ruleset.
Yaroslav the Wise
Yaroslav I Vladimirovich (978 – 20 February 1054), better known as Yaroslav the Wise, was Grand Prince of Kiev from 1019 until his death in 1054.
See Estonia and Yaroslav the Wise
Yngling
The Ynglings were a dynasty of kings, first in Sweden and later in Norway, primarily attested through the poem Ynglingatal.
Zither
Zithers (from the Greek word cithara) are a class of stringed instruments.
.ee
.ee is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Estonia, operated by the Estonian Internet Foundation.
See Estonia and .ee
100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic
The 100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic (or more commonly used Estonia 100) is an official government program for the celebration of the Republic of Estonia's 100th anniversary.
See Estonia and 100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic
1920 Summer Olympics
The 1920 Summer Olympics (Jeux olympiques d'été de 1920; Olympische Zomerspelen van 1920; Olympische Sommerspiele 1920), officially known as the Games of the VII Olympiad (Jeux de la VIIe olympiade; Spelen van de VIIe Olympiade; Spiele der VII.) and commonly known as Antwerp 1920 (Anvers 1920; Dutch and German: Antwerpen 1920), were an international multi-sport event held in 1920 in Antwerp, Belgium.
See Estonia and 1920 Summer Olympics
1924 Estonian coup attempt
The 1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt was a failed coup attempt in Estonia on 1 December 1924, conducted by the Comintern,Estonia and the Estonians, Hoover Institution Press, p.15 and staged by the Communist Party of Estonia and Bolsheviks who in most part had been infiltrated from the Soviet Union.
See Estonia and 1924 Estonian coup attempt
1936 Summer Olympics medal table
The 1936 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Berlin, Germany, from 1 August to 16 August.
See Estonia and 1936 Summer Olympics medal table
1938 Estonian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia on 24 and 25 February 1938.
See Estonia and 1938 Estonian parliamentary election
1944 (film)
1944 is a 2015 Estonian war drama film directed by Elmo Nüganen.
1980 Summer Olympics
The 1980 Summer Olympics (Letnije Olimpijskije igry 1980), officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad (Igry XXII Olimpiady) and officially branded as Moscow 1980 (Москва 1980), were an international multi-sport event held from 19 July to 3 August 1980 in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia.
See Estonia and 1980 Summer Olympics
1991 Estonian independence referendum
An independence referendum was held in the Estonian SSR on 3 March 1991,Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p574 alongside a similar referendum in the Latvian SSR the same day.
See Estonia and 1991 Estonian independence referendum
1991 Soviet coup attempt
The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup, was a failed attempt by hardliners of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to forcibly seize control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet President and General Secretary of the CPSU at the time.
See Estonia and 1991 Soviet coup attempt
1998 Russian financial crisis
The Russian financial crisis (also called the ruble crisis or the Russian flu) began in Russia on 17 August 1998.
See Estonia and 1998 Russian financial crisis
2003 Estonian European Union membership referendum
A referendum took place on 14 September 2003 to decide whether Estonia should join the European Union (EU).
See Estonia and 2003 Estonian European Union membership referendum
2004 enlargement of the European Union
The largest enlargement of the European Union (EU), in terms of number of states and population, took place on 1 May 2004.
See Estonia and 2004 enlargement of the European Union
2006 Winter Olympics medal table
The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, was a winter multi-sport event held in Turin, Italy, from February 10 to 26, 2006.
See Estonia and 2006 Winter Olympics medal table
2007–2008 financial crisis
The 2007–2008 financial crisis, or the global financial crisis (GFC), was the most severe worldwide economic crisis since the Great Depression.
See Estonia and 2007–2008 financial crisis
2016–17 KML season
The 2016–17 Korvpalli Meistriliiga season (also known as the Alexela Korvpalli Meistriliiga for sponsorship reasons) was the 92nd season of top-tier basketball in Estonia.
See Estonia and 2016–17 KML season
2023 Estonian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia on 5 March 2023 to elect all 101 members of the Riigikogu.
See Estonia and 2023 Estonian parliamentary election
20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)
The 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian) was a foreign infantry division of the Waffen-SS that served alongside but was never formally part of the Wehrmacht during World War II.
See Estonia and 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)
See also
Member states of NATO
- Albania
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Canada
- Canada and NATO
- Croatia
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- Finland and NATO
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Member states of NATO
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- North Macedonia
- North Macedonia and NATO
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Romania and NATO
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Sweden and NATO
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States
Member states of the European Union
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Danish Realm
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Italy
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Latvia
- List of European Union member states by political system
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Malta
- Member state of the European Union
- Netherlands
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of Ireland
- Romania
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
Member states of the Three Seas Initiative
- Austria
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Czech Republic
- Estonia
- Hungary
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Poland
- Romania
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean
- Albania
- Algeria
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Denmark
- Egypt
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Israel
- Italy
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Malta
- Monaco
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Tunisia
- Turkey
OECD members
- Australia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Canada
- Chile
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Japan
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of Ireland
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
References
Also known as Biodiversity of Estonia, Eesti, Eesti Vabariik, Eestimaa, Esthonia, Estija, Estonian Republic, Estonie, Estonija, Estonya, Etymology of Estonia, ISO 3166-1:EE, Igaunija, Palojarv, Prehistoric Estonia, Republic of Estonia, Subdivisions of Estonia, Эстония.
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Estonia, Continuation War, Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, Corded Ware culture, Cottage, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Counties of Estonia, Court of cassation, Cross-country skiing (sport), Culture of Estonia, Curonians, Cyanobacteria, Danish Census Book, Danish krone, Dave Benton, De facto, De jure, Delfi (web portal), Demographic Research (journal), Demographics of atheism, Demographics of Estonia, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Developed country, Dialect, Direct election, Disaster, Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346), Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721), Duchy of Livonia, E-Estonia, E-government, E-Residency of Estonia, E3G, Ease of doing business index, East European Plain, Eastern Europe, Eastern European Summer Time, Eastern European Time, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, Economy of Estonia, Ecoregion, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Eda-Ines Etti, Edgar Krahn, Eduard Tubin, Education Index, Eesti Energia, Eesti Päevaleht, Eesti Raadio, Eesti Rahvusringhääling, Eesti Raudtee, Eesti Televisioon, Egalitarianism, Elder (administrative title), Electronic voting in Estonia, Elmo Nüganen, Encyclopædia Britannica, Endel Tulving, English language, Epic poetry, Era of Silence, Ernst Öpik, Estonia 200, Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, Estonia in World War II, Estonia men's national basketball team, Estonia under Swedish rule, Estonia–Russia relations, Estonian Academy of Arts, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Estonian Air Force, Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, Estonian Business School, Estonian Centre Party, Estonian Children's Literature Centre, Estonian Constituent Assembly, Estonian Declaration of Independence, Estonian Defence Forces, Estonian Defence League, Estonian Diplomatic Service (1940–1991), Estonian euro coins, Estonian government-in-exile, Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, Estonian kroon, Estonian Land Forces, Estonian Land Reform of 1919, Estonian language, Estonian Legion, Estonian literature, Estonian mark, Estonian national awakening, Estonian National Independence Party, Estonian national road 1, Estonian national road 2, Estonian national road 4, Estonian nationalism, Estonian nationality law, Estonian Navy, Estonian neopaganism, Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, Estonian partisans, Estonian Provincial Assembly, Estonian Provisional Government, Estonian Reform Party, Estonian Restoration of Independence, Estonian Salvation Committee, Estonian Self-Administration, Estonian Song Festival, Estonian Sovereignty Declaration, Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Estonian Students' Society, Estonian Swedes, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonian War of Independence, Estonians, Estonica, Ethnicity, Eu-LISA, EUobserver, Eurasian beaver, Eurasian lynx, Eurasian otter, Eurasian wolf, Euro, Eurobarometer, EuroBasket, EuroBasket 2015, Europe, European badger, European Commission, European Environment Agency, European fallow deer, European jackal, European mink, European Parliament, European route E20, European route E263, European route E67, European Union, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Eurostat, Eurovision Song Contest, EuroVoc, Eurozone, Eurydice, Evelin Samuel, Everybody (Tanel Padar and Dave Benton song), Extermination battalion, February Revolution, Fiddle, Finance, Financial centre, Finland, Finnic languages, Finnish Infantry Regiment 200, Finnish language, Finnish–Estonian defence cooperation, Finns, First language, Flat tax, Folk music, Foreign direct investment, Foreign Policy, Fortumo, Free education, Free tenant, Freedom in the World, Freedom to roam, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, Fukushima nuclear accident, Fungus, Gallup, Inc., Georg Ots, German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war, German Empire, German occupation of Estonia during World War I, German occupation of Estonia during World War II, German–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact, Germanic languages, Germans, Gini coefficient, Giuseppe D'Amato, Global Innovation Index, Golden eagle, Goose, Government debt, Government of Estonia, Government of the Soviet Union, Governorate of Estonia, Governorate of Livonia, GrabCAD, Grammy Awards, Granite, Great Depression, Great Famine of Estonia (1695–1697), Great Northern War, Grey seal, Grotesque, Guerrilla war in the Baltic states, Guerrilla warfare, Guild, Gulag, Gulf of Finland, Gustaf V, Gustavus Adolphus, Gymnasium (school), Haanja Upland, Hanseatic League, Harju County, Harjumaa (ancient county), Heino Eller, High German languages, Highways in Estonia, Hiiumaa, Hillfort, Historical method, History of Estonia, History of the Jews in Estonia, Human Development Index, Human migration, Hungarian language, Ice age, Ida-Viru County, Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, Ignitis, Independence Day (Estonia), Index of Economic Freedom, Index of Estonia-related articles, Indigenous language, Indo-European languages, Ingrian Finns, Ingvar, Initial public offering, International Monetary Fund, International Security Assistance Force, Interwar period, Iron Age, Iron Age Europe, Iron Curtain, Irreligion, Irreligion in Estonia, Isamaa, Islam, Islet, Ivan the Terrible, Jaan Einasto, Jaan Kaplinski, Jaan Kross, Jaan Tallinn, Jaan Tätte, Jaan Tõnisson, Jakob Hurt, Jakob Johann von Uexküll, Jägala (river), Järva County, Jüri Uluots, Jews, Jogentagana, Johan Laidoner, Johann Voldemar Jannsen, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Joseph Stalin, Judaism, Juhan Aavik, June deportation, Juri Lotman, Kaja Kallas, Kaleva (airplane), Kalevipoeg, Kannel (instrument), Karelians, Karl Ernst von Baer, Kasari (river), Kazaa, Kārlis Ulmanis, Keila (river), Kerli, Kievan Rus', Kiiking, Koit Toome, Konstantin Päts, Korvpalli Meistriliiga, Kosovo Force, Kristen Michal, Kunda culture, Kuusankoski, Lake Peipus, Land value tax, Language family, Latgalians, Latitude, Latvia, Latvian language, Latvians, Law of Estonia, Lääne County, Lübeck law, League of Nations, Lembit Ulfsak, Lembitu, Lenna Kuurmaa, Lesser spotted eagle, LGBT rights in Estonia, Liberalism, Liberalization, Lichen, Limestone, List of cities and towns in Estonia, List of countries by Human Development Index, List of countries by irreligion, List of islands of Estonia, List of lakes of Estonia, List of national birds, List of rivers of Estonia, List of wars between Poland and Sweden, Lithuania, Livonia, Livonian Brothers of the Sword, Livonian Chronicle of Henry, Livonian Crusade, Livonian Order, Livonian War, Livonians, Looting, Loparite-(Ce), LOT Polish Airlines, Low German, Ludvig Puusepp, Lutheranism, Luxembourg, Maaleht, Maarja-Liis Ilus, Maavalla Koda, Mainland, Majority, Mammal, Market economy, Marshall Cavendish, Mart Saar, Matsalu National Park, Mõhu, Mesolithic, Metre (poetry), Middle Low German, Miina Härma, Military occupations by the Soviet Union, Military service, Milton Friedman, Mining, Minister of Defence (Estonia), Ministry of Climate, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications, Ministry of Finance (Estonia), Minority group, Moldovans, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations, Monasticism, Moose, Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm, Multi-National Force – Iraq, Muskrat, Muuga Harbour, Names in Marble (film), Narva, Narva culture, Nasdaq Nordic, Nasdaq Tallinn, National academy, National church, National Committee of the Republic of Estonia, National day, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, NATO, NATO Enhanced Forward Presence, NATO Response Force, Naturalization, Nazi Germany, Neolithic, Neutral powers during World War II, Nikolay Pirogov, NKVD, NKVD prisoner massacres, Noarootsi Parish, Non parum animus noster, Nord Pool, Nordic Battlegroup, Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic countries, Nordic Defence Cooperation, Nordic identity in Estonia, Nordic Investment Bank, Nordic-Baltic Eight, Nordica (airline), Northern Crusades, Northern Europe, Norwegian krone, November (2017 film), Novgorod Republic, Nurmekund, Oak, Occupation of the Baltic states, Oceanic climate, October Revolution, OECD, Oeselians, Official language, Oil shale, Old Believers, Old Norse, Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant, Olympic weightlifting, Operation Barbarossa, Operation Barkhane, Operation Faustschlag, Operation Priboi, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Oskar Luts, Otto Tief, Otto Wilhelm Masing, Outline of Estonia, Owl, Paganism, Parental leave, Parliamentary republic, Pärnu, Pärnu (river), Pärnu Postimees, Põltsamaa (river), Peatland, Pedja (river), Pentalogy, Pentecostalism, Perestroika, Permanent Structured Cooperation, Petroleum, Pew Research Center, Phosphorite, Phosphorite War, Phytogeography, Pine, Plurality (voting), Polish people, Polish–Lithuanian union, Political demonstration, Political violence, Polka, Pope, Pope Innocent III, Popular Front of Estonia, Populated places in Estonia, Port, Port of Tallinn, Postimees, Presidency of the Council of the European Union, President of Estonia, Priit Kasesalu, Prime Minister of Estonia, Prince-bishop, Principality of Moscow, Printing press, Programme for International Student Assessment, Proportional representation, Protected areas of Estonia, Protestant work ethic, Protestantism, Pskov Land, Public Broadcasting of Latvia, Pulli settlement, Purchasing power parity, Quality of life, Quaternary sector of the economy, Radiocarbon dating, Ragnar Nurkse, Rail transport in Estonia, Rare-earth element, Red Army, Red deer, Red fox, Reformation, Reformed Christianity, Reichskommissariat Ostland, Rein Taagepera, Religion in Estonia, Reporters Without Borders, Reptile, Republics of the Soviet Union, Research and development, Reuters, Revala, Riigikogu, Ringed seal, Riot, Risto Näätänen, Roe deer, Romani people, Routledge, Rudolf Tobias, Rule by decree, Russia, Russia in the European energy sector, Russian Empire, Russian Ground Forces, Russian invasion of 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