Table of Contents
95 relations: Acquired brain injury, Active transport, Adenosine triphosphate, Agonist, Alcohol withdrawal syndrome, Alcoholism, ALS, Alzheimer's disease, AMPA, AMPA receptor, Apoptosis, Aspartic acid, ATP synthase, Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, Biochemical cascade, Blood, Brain, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Calcium in biology, Calpain, Cancer, Caspase, Cell (biology), Cell death, Cell membrane, Cell surface receptor, Central nervous system, Chamorro people, Chemical synapse, Complex adaptive system, Concentration, CREB, Cyanobacteria, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Cytoskeleton, Dementia, Electrochemical gradient, Endogeny (biology), Endonuclease, Extracellular fluid, Extrasynaptic NMDA receptor, Glucose, Glutamate flavoring, Glutamate receptor, Glutamate transporter, Glutamic acid, Hearing loss, Hilmar Bading, Huntington's disease, Hydrolysis, ... Expand index (45 more) »
Acquired brain injury
Acquired brain injury (ABI) is brain damage caused by events after birth, rather than as part of a genetic or congenital disorder such as fetal alcohol syndrome, perinatal illness or perinatal hypoxia.
See Excitotoxicity and Acquired brain injury
Active transport
In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.
See Excitotoxicity and Active transport
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.
See Excitotoxicity and Adenosine triphosphate
Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.
See Excitotoxicity and Agonist
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in alcohol use after a period of excessive use.
See Excitotoxicity and Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Alcoholism
Alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite it causing problems.
See Excitotoxicity and Alcoholism
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease in the United States, is a rare, terminal neurodegenerative disorder that results in the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons that normally control voluntary muscle contraction.
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens, and is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia.
See Excitotoxicity and Alzheimer's disease
AMPA
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, better known as AMPA, is a compound that is a specific agonist for the AMPA receptor, where it mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter glutamate.
AMPA receptor
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate (iGluR) and predominantly Na+ ion channel that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).
See Excitotoxicity and AMPA receptor
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from falling off) is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms such as yeast.
See Excitotoxicity and Apoptosis
Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; the ionic form is known as aspartate), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Excitotoxicity and Aspartic acid
ATP synthase
ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
See Excitotoxicity and ATP synthase
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome (BZD withdrawal) is the cluster of signs and symptoms that may emerge when a person who has been taking benzodiazepines as prescribed develops a physical dependence on them and then reduces the dose or stops taking them without a safe taper schedule.
See Excitotoxicity and Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Biochemical cascade
A biochemical cascade, also known as a signaling cascade or signaling pathway, is a series of chemical reactions that occur within a biological cell when initiated by a stimulus.
See Excitotoxicity and Biochemical cascade
Blood
Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or abrineurin, is a protein found in the and the periphery.
See Excitotoxicity and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Calcium in biology
Calcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms' cells.
See Excitotoxicity and Calcium in biology
Calpain
A calpain is a protein belonging to the family of calcium-dependent, non-lysosomal cysteine proteases (proteolytic enzymes) expressed ubiquitously in mammals and many other organisms.
See Excitotoxicity and Calpain
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Caspase
Caspases (cysteine-aspartic proteases, cysteine aspartases or cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases) are a family of protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death.
See Excitotoxicity and Caspase
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.
See Excitotoxicity and Cell (biology)
Cell death
Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions.
See Excitotoxicity and Cell death
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
See Excitotoxicity and Cell membrane
Cell surface receptor
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells.
See Excitotoxicity and Cell surface receptor
Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord.
See Excitotoxicity and Central nervous system
Chamorro people
The Chamorro people (also CHamoru) are the Indigenous people of the Mariana Islands, politically divided between the United States territory of Guam and the encompassing Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Micronesia, a commonwealth of the US.
See Excitotoxicity and Chamorro people
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.
See Excitotoxicity and Chemical synapse
Complex adaptive system
A complex adaptive system is a system that is complex in that it is a dynamic network of interactions, but the behavior of the ensemble may not be predictable according to the behavior of the components.
See Excitotoxicity and Complex adaptive system
Concentration
In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.
See Excitotoxicity and Concentration
CREB
CREB-TF (CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein) is a cellular transcription factor.
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also called Cyanobacteriota or Cyanophyta, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis.
See Excitotoxicity and Cyanobacteria
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger, or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes.
See Excitotoxicity and Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.
See Excitotoxicity and Cytoskeleton
Dementia
Dementia is a syndrome associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by a general decline in cognitive abilities that affects a person's ability to perform everyday activities.
See Excitotoxicity and Dementia
Electrochemical gradient
An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.
See Excitotoxicity and Electrochemical gradient
Endogeny (biology)
Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within a living system such as an organism, tissue, or cell.
See Excitotoxicity and Endogeny (biology)
Endonuclease
In molecular biology, endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain (namely DNA or RNA).
See Excitotoxicity and Endonuclease
Extracellular fluid
In cell biology, extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism.
See Excitotoxicity and Extracellular fluid
Extrasynaptic NMDA receptor
Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors are glutamate-gated neurotransmitter receptors that are localized to non-synaptic sites on the neuronal cell surface.
See Excitotoxicity and Extrasynaptic NMDA receptor
Glucose
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula.
See Excitotoxicity and Glucose
Glutamate flavoring
Glutamate flavoring is the generic name for flavor-enhancing compounds based on glutamic acid and its salts (glutamates).
See Excitotoxicity and Glutamate flavoring
Glutamate receptor
Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells.
See Excitotoxicity and Glutamate receptor
Glutamate transporter
Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane.
See Excitotoxicity and Glutamate transporter
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Excitotoxicity and Glutamic acid
Hearing loss
Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear.
See Excitotoxicity and Hearing loss
Hilmar Bading
Hilmar Bading (born 1958) is a German physician and neuroscientist.
See Excitotoxicity and Hilmar Bading
Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is mostly inherited.
See Excitotoxicity and Huntington's disease
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
See Excitotoxicity and Hydrolysis
Hyperammonemia
Hyperammonemia is a metabolic disturbance characterised by an excess of ammonia in the blood.
See Excitotoxicity and Hyperammonemia
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia, also called low blood sugar, is a fall in blood sugar to levels below normal, typically below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L).
See Excitotoxicity and Hypoglycemia
Induced coma
An induced comaalso known as a medically induced coma (MIC), barbiturate-induced coma, or drug-induced comais a temporary coma (a deep state of unconsciousness) brought on by a controlled dose of an anesthetic drug, often a barbiturate such as pentobarbital or thiopental.
See Excitotoxicity and Induced coma
Intracranial pressure
Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure exerted by fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the skull and on the brain tissue. Excitotoxicity and Intracranial pressure are Neurotrauma.
See Excitotoxicity and Intracranial pressure
Ischemia
Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to any tissue, muscle group, or organ of the body, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).
See Excitotoxicity and Ischemia
Ischemic cascade
The ischemic (ischaemic) cascade is a series of biochemical reactions that are initiated in the brain and other aerobic tissues after seconds to minutes of ischemia (inadequate blood supply).
See Excitotoxicity and Ischemic cascade
John Olney
John Olney (1932 – April 14, 2015) was a medical doctor and a professor of psychiatry, pathology, and immunology at the Washington University School of Medicine.
See Excitotoxicity and John Olney
Lytico-bodig disease
Lytico-bodig (also Lytigo-bodig) disease, Guam disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia (ALS-PDC) is a neurodegenerative disease of uncertain etiology endemic to the Chamorro people of the island of Guam in Micronesia.
See Excitotoxicity and Lytico-bodig disease
Metabolic pathway
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
See Excitotoxicity and Metabolic pathway
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
See Excitotoxicity and Metabolism
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP or MPTP; also referred to as PTP, mTP or MTP) is a protein that is formed in the inner membrane of the mitochondria under certain pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury and stroke. Excitotoxicity and mitochondrial permeability transition pore are Neurotrauma.
See Excitotoxicity and Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
See Excitotoxicity and Mitochondrion
Molar concentration
Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular, of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution.
See Excitotoxicity and Molar concentration
Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.
See Excitotoxicity and Molecular biology
Monosodium glutamate
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), also known as sodium glutamate, is a sodium salt of glutamic acid.
See Excitotoxicity and Monosodium glutamate
Mouse
A mouse (mice) is a small rodent.
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.
See Excitotoxicity and Multiple sclerosis
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid
N-methyl--aspartic acid or N-methyl--aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor.
See Excitotoxicity and N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid
Neurodegenerative disease
A neurodegenerative disease is caused by the progressive loss of neurons, in the process known as neurodegeneration.
See Excitotoxicity and Neurodegenerative disease
Neuron
A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.
Neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system.
See Excitotoxicity and Neurotoxicity
Neurotoxin
Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity).
See Excitotoxicity and Neurotoxin
Neurotransmitter
A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.
See Excitotoxicity and Neurotransmitter
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and predominantly Ca2+ ion channel found in neurons.
See Excitotoxicity and NMDA receptor
NMDA receptor antagonist
NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the ''N''-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Excitotoxicity and NMDA receptor antagonist are Neurotrauma.
See Excitotoxicity and NMDA receptor antagonist
Noise-induced hearing loss
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a hearing impairment resulting from exposure to loud sound.
See Excitotoxicity and Noise-induced hearing loss
Oligodendrocyte
Oligodendrocytes, also known as oligodendroglia, are a type of neuroglia whose main functions are to provide support and insulation to axons within the central nervous system (CNS) of jawed vertebrates.
See Excitotoxicity and Oligodendrocyte
Ototoxicity
Ototoxicity is the property of being toxic to the ear (oto-), specifically the cochlea or auditory nerve and sometimes the vestibular system, for example, as a side effect of a drug.
See Excitotoxicity and Ototoxicity
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a long-term neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body.
See Excitotoxicity and Parkinson's disease
Parkinsonism
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability.
See Excitotoxicity and Parkinsonism
Phospholipase
A phospholipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances.
See Excitotoxicity and Phospholipase
Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products.
See Excitotoxicity and Protease
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
See Excitotoxicity and Protein
Reactive oxygen species
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen, water, and hydrogen peroxide.
See Excitotoxicity and Reactive oxygen species
Receptor antagonist
A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist.
See Excitotoxicity and Receptor antagonist
Retina
The retina (or retinas) is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.
Rodent
Rodents (from Latin rodere, 'to gnaw') are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.
Seizure
A seizure is a period of symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
See Excitotoxicity and Seizure
Spinal cord injury
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Excitotoxicity and spinal cord injury are Neurotrauma.
See Excitotoxicity and Spinal cord injury
Stroke
Stroke (also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack) is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death.
Subcutaneous administration
Subcutaneous administration is the insertion of medications beneath the skin either by injection or infusion.
See Excitotoxicity and Subcutaneous administration
Traumatic brain injury
A traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as an intracranial injury, is an injury to the brain caused by an external force. Excitotoxicity and traumatic brain injury are Neurotrauma.
See Excitotoxicity and Traumatic brain injury
TRPM4
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4 (hTRPM4), also known as melastatin-4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM4 gene.
1,4-Dihydropyridine
1,4-Dihydropyridine (DHP) is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CH.
See Excitotoxicity and 1,4-Dihydropyridine
References
Also known as Excito-neurotoxicity, Excitotoxic, Excitotoxicity cascade, Excitotoxin, Excitotoxins, Glutamate cytotoxicity, Glutamate excitotoxicity, Glutamate neurotoxicity, Glutamate toxicity, Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, Glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.