Open in Google MapsTable of Contents
870 relations: Abacus, Abolition of feudalism in France, Abortion, Académie des Beaux-Arts, Académie Française, Academic art, Academy of sciences, Adélie Land, Administrative divisions of France, Administrative law, Aerospace manufacturer, Age of Enlightenment, Agence France-Presse, Agriculture, Air-sol moyenne portée, Air-to-surface missile, Aircraft carrier, Albert Camus, Albertville, Albigensian Crusade, Alemanni, Alexandre Alexeieff, Alexandre Dumas, Algerian War, Alice Guy-Blaché, Alps, Alsace, Alsatian dialect, Amedeo Modigliani, American Philosophical Society, American Revolutionary War, Americas, Amiens Cathedral, Anatole Litvak, Andorra, André Derain, Andrzej Żuławski, Angevin Empire, Anglicisation, Antibes, Antisemitism, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Antoine Lavoisier, Antoine Watteau, Appellation d'origine contrôlée, Aquitaine, Arabic numerals, Arc de Triomphe, Ardennes, Armillary sphere, ... Expand index (820 more) »
- 1792 establishments in Europe
- 1792 establishments in France
- G20 members
- Member states of NATO
- Member states of the European Union
- Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean
- OECD members
- States and territories established in 1792
- Western European countries
Abacus
An abacus (abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Arabic numeral system.
Abolition of feudalism in France
One of the central events of the French Revolution was the abolition of feudalism, and the old rules, taxes, and privileges left over from the ancien régime.
See France and Abolition of feudalism in France
Abortion
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus.
Académie des Beaux-Arts
The is a French learned society based in Paris.
See France and Académie des Beaux-Arts
Académie Française
The Académie Française, also known as the French Academy, is the principal French council for matters pertaining to the French language.
See France and Académie Française
Academic art
Academic art, academicism, or academism, is a style of painting and sculpture produced under the influence of European academies of art.
Academy of sciences
An academy of sciences is a type of learned society or academy (as special scientific institution) dedicated to sciences that may or may not be state funded.
See France and Academy of sciences
Adélie Land
Adélie Land (Terre Adélie) or Adélie Coast is a claimed territory of France located on the continent of Antarctica.
Administrative divisions of France
The administrative divisions of France are concerned with the institutional and territorial organization of French territory.
See France and Administrative divisions of France
Administrative law
Administrative law is a division of law governing the activities of executive branch agencies of government.
See France and Administrative law
Aerospace manufacturer
An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, or spacecraft.
See France and Aerospace manufacturer
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See France and Age of Enlightenment
Agence France-Presse
Agence France-Presse (AFP) is a French international news agency headquartered in Paris, France.
See France and Agence France-Presse
Agriculture
Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.
Air-sol moyenne portée
The air-sol moyenne portée (ASMP; "medium-range air to surface missile") is a French nuclear air-launched cruise missile manufactured by MBDA France. In French nuclear doctrine, it is referred to as a "pre-strategic" weapon, the last-resort "warning shot" prior to a full-scale employment of strategic nuclear weapons launched from the ''Triomphant''-class ballistic missile submarines.
See France and Air-sol moyenne portée
Air-to-surface missile
An air-to-surface missile (ASM) or air-to-ground missile (AGM) is a missile designed to be launched from military aircraft at targets on land or sea.
See France and Air-to-surface missile
Aircraft carrier
An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft.
See France and Aircraft carrier
Albert Camus
Albert Camus (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, world federalist, and political activist.
Albertville
Albertville (Arpitan: Arbèrtvile) is a subprefecture of the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France.
Albigensian Crusade
The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209–1229) was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, what is now southern France.
See France and Albigensian Crusade
Alemanni
The Alemanni or Alamanni were a confederation of Germanic tribes.
Alexandre Alexeieff
Alexandre Alexandrovitch Alexeieff (Russian: Александр Александрович Алексеев; 18 April 1901 – 9 August 1982) was a Russian Empire-born artist, filmmaker and illustrator who lived and worked mainly in Paris.
See France and Alexandre Alexeieff
Alexandre Dumas
Alexandre Dumas (born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie, 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas nocat, was a French novelist and playwright.
See France and Alexandre Dumas
Algerian War
The Algerian War (also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence)الثورة الجزائرية al-Thawra al-Jaza'iriyah; Guerre d'Algérie (and sometimes in Algeria as the War of 1 November) was a major armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its independence from France.
Alice Guy-Blaché
Alice Ida Antoinette Guy-Blaché (Guy;; 1 July 1873 – 24 March 1968) was a French pioneer film director.
See France and Alice Guy-Blaché
Alps
The Alps are one of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia.
See France and Alps
Alsace
Alsace (Low Alemannic German/Alsatian: Elsàss ˈɛlsɑs; German: Elsass (German spelling before 1996: Elsaß.) ˈɛlzas ⓘ; Latin: Alsatia) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland.
Alsatian dialect
Alsatian (Elsässisch or Elsässerditsch "Alsatian German"; Lorraine Franconian: Elsässerdeitsch; Alsacien; Elsässisch or Elsässerdeutsch) is the group of Alemannic German dialects spoken in most of Alsace, a formerly disputed region in eastern France that has passed between French and German control five times since 1681.
See France and Alsatian dialect
Amedeo Modigliani
Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (12 July 1884 – 24 January 1920) was an Italian painter and sculptor of the École de Paris who worked mainly in France.
See France and Amedeo Modigliani
American Philosophical Society
The American Philosophical Society (APS) is an American scholarly organization and learned society founded in 1743 in Philadelphia that promotes knowledge in the humanities and natural sciences through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and community outreach.
See France and American Philosophical Society
American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.
See France and American Revolutionary War
Americas
The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.
Amiens Cathedral
The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Amiens (Basilique Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens), or simply Amiens Cathedral, is a Catholic cathedral.
See France and Amiens Cathedral
Anatole Litvak
Anatoly Mikhailovich Litvak (Анатолий Михайлович Литвак; 10 May 1902 – 15 December 1974), better known as Anatole Litvak, was a Ukrainian-born American filmmaker who wrote, directed, and produced films in various countries and languages.
Andorra
Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked country on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. France and Andorra are countries in Europe, member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, member states of the United Nations and western European countries.
André Derain
André Derain (10 June 1880 – 8 September 1954) was a French artist, painter, sculptor and co-founder of Fauvism with Henri Matisse.
Andrzej Żuławski
Andrzej Żuławski (22 November 1940 – 17 February 2016) was a Polish film director and writer best known for his 1981 film Possession.
See France and Andrzej Żuławski
Angevin Empire
The term Angevin Empire (Empire Plantagenêt) describes the possessions held by the House of Plantagenet during the 12th and 13th centuries, when they ruled over an area covering roughly all of present-day England, half of France, and parts of Ireland and Wales, and had further influence over much of the remaining British Isles.
Anglicisation
Anglicisation is a form of cultural assimilation whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into, influenced by or dominated by the culture of England.
Antibes
Antibes (Antíbol) is a seaside city in the Alpes-Maritimes department in Southeastern France.
Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger, Vicomte de Saint-Exupéry, known simply as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry ((29 June 1900;– 31 July 1944), was a French writer, poet, journalist and aviator. He received several prestigious literary awards for his novella The Little Prince (Le Petit Prince) and for his lyrical aviation writings, including Wind, Sand and Stars and Night Flight (Vol de nuit).
See France and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
Antoine Lavoisier
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (26 August 17438 May 1794), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.
See France and Antoine Lavoisier
Antoine Watteau
Jean-Antoine Watteau (baptised October 10, 1684died July 18, 1721) Also via Oxford Art Online (subscription needed).
See France and Antoine Watteau
Appellation d'origine contrôlée
In France, the appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) is a label that identifies an agricultural product whose stages of production and processing are carried out in a defined geographical area – the terroir – and using recognized and traditional know-how.
See France and Appellation d'origine contrôlée
Aquitaine
Aquitaine (Aquitània; Akitania; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Aguiéne), archaic Guyenne or Guienne (Guiana), is a historical region of Southwestern France and a former administrative region.
Arabic numerals
The ten Arabic numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are the most commonly used symbols for writing numbers.
See France and Arabic numerals
Arc de Triomphe
The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile, often called simply the Arc de Triomphe, is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'Étoile—the étoile or "star" of the juncture formed by its twelve radiating avenues.
See France and Arc de Triomphe
Ardennes
The Ardennes (Ardenne; Ardennen; Ardennen; Årdene; Ardennen), also known as the Ardennes Forest or Forest of Ardennes, is a region of extensive forests, rough terrain, rolling hills and ridges primarily in Belgium and Luxembourg, extending into Germany and France.
Armillary sphere
An armillary sphere (variations are known as spherical astrolabe, armilla, or armil) is a model of objects in the sky (on the celestial sphere), consisting of a spherical framework of rings, centered on Earth or the Sun, that represent lines of celestial longitude and latitude and other astronomically important features, such as the ecliptic.
See France and Armillary sphere
Armorica
In ancient times, Armorica or Aremorica (Gaulish: Aremorica; Arvorig; Armorique) was a region of Gaul between the Seine and the Loire that includes the Brittany Peninsula, extending inland to an indeterminate point and down the Atlantic Coast.
Arrondissements of France
An arrondissement is the third level of administrative division in France generally corresponding to the territory overseen by a subprefect.
See France and Arrondissements of France
Association football
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who primarily use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.
See France and Association football
Association of Caribbean States
The Association of Caribbean States (ACS; Asociación de Estados del Caribe; Association des États de la Caraïbe) is an advisory association of nations centered on the Caribbean Basin.
See France and Association of Caribbean States
Athens
Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about.
Atlantic slave trade
The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people to the Americas.
See France and Atlantic slave trade
Atonality
Atonality in its broadest sense is music that lacks a tonal center, or key.
Auguste and Louis Lumière
The Lumière brothers, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière (19 October 1862 – 10 April 1954) and Louis Jean Lumière (5 October 1864 – 6 June 1948), were French manufacturers of photography equipment, best known for their motion picture system and the short films they produced between 1895 and 1905, which places them among the earliest filmmakers.
See France and Auguste and Louis Lumière
Augustin-Jean Fresnel
Augustin-Jean Fresnel (10 May 1788 – 14 July 1827) was a French civil engineer and physicist whose research in optics led to the almost unanimous acceptance of the wave theory of light, excluding any remnant of Newton's corpuscular theory, from the late 1830s until the end of the 19th century.
See France and Augustin-Jean Fresnel
Augustus
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.
Avant-garde
In the arts and in literature, the term avant-garde (from French meaning advance guard and vanguard) identifies an experimental genre, or work of art, and the artist who created it; which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable to the artistic establishment of the time.
Axis powers
The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis and also Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies.
École nationale d'administration
The (generally referred to as ENA, National School of Administration) was a French grande école, created in 1945 by President Charles de Gaulle and principal author of the 1958 Constitution Michel Debré, to democratise access to the senior civil service.
See France and École nationale d'administration
École polytechnique
(also known as Polytechnique or l'X) is a grande école located in Palaiseau, France.
See France and École polytechnique
Édith Piaf
Édith Piaf (born Édith Giovanna Gassion; 19 December 1915 – 10 October 1963) was a French singer best known for performing songs in the cabaret and modern chanson genres.
Édouard Manet
Édouard Manet (23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883) was a French modernist painter.
Électricité de France
Électricité de France SA (literally Electricity of France), commonly known as EDF, is a French multinational electric utility company owned by the government of France.
See France and Électricité de France
Émile Zola
Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (also,; 2 April 184029 September 1902) was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism.
Évian Accords
The Évian Accords were a set of peace treaties signed on 18 March 1962 in Évian-les-Bains, France, by France and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, the government-in-exile of FLN (Front de Libération Nationale), which sought Algeria's independence from France.
Île-de-France
The Île-de-France is the most populous of the eighteen regions of France, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 residents on 1 January 2023.
Baby boom
A baby boom is a period marked by a significant increase of births.
Bank of France
The Bank of France (Banque de France, the name used by the bank to refer to itself in all English communications) is the French member of the Eurosystem.
Barbarian
A barbarian is a person or tribe of people that is perceived to be primitive, savage and warlike.
Baroque
The Baroque is a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s.
Basilica of Saint-Denis
The Basilica of Saint-Denis (Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, now formally known as the Basilique-cathédrale de Saint-Denis) is a large former medieval abbey church and present cathedral in the commune of Saint-Denis, a northern suburb of Paris.
See France and Basilica of Saint-Denis
Basque language
Basque (euskara) is the only surviving Paleo-European language spoken in Europe, predating the arrival of speakers of the Indo-European languages that dominate the continent today. Basque is spoken by the Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France.
See France and Basque language
Battle of Austerlitz
The Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805/11 Frimaire An XIV FRC), also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important military engagements of the Napoleonic Wars.
See France and Battle of Austerlitz
Battle of France
The Battle of France (bataille de France; 10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign (German: Westfeldzug), the French Campaign (Frankreichfeldzug, campagne de France) and the Fall of France, during the Second World War was the German invasion of France, that notably introduced tactics that are still used.
See France and Battle of France
Battle of Hastings
The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman Conquest of England.
See France and Battle of Hastings
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older spelling: Auerstädt) were fought on 14 October 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale in today's Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia.
See France and Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Battle of the Allia
The Battle of the Allia was fought between the Senones – a Gallic tribe led by Brennus, who had invaded Northern Italy – and the Roman Republic.
See France and Battle of the Allia
Battle of Tours
The Battle of Tours, also called the Battle of Poitiers and the Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs (Maʿrakat Balāṭ ash-Shuhadā'), was fought on 10 October 732, and was an important battle during the Umayyad invasion of Gaul.
See France and Battle of Tours
Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo (at that time in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium), marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
See France and Battle of Waterloo
Beauce, France
Beauce is a natural region in north-central France, located between the rivers Seine and Loire.
Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. France and Belgium are countries in Europe, French-speaking countries and territories, member states of NATO, member states of the European Union, member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, member states of the United Nations and OECD members.
Belle Époque
The Belle Époque or La Belle Époque was a period of French and European history that began after the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and continued until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
Bicameralism
Bicameralism is a type of legislature that is divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses, known as a bicameral legislature.
Black Death
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.
Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer.
Blasphemy
Blasphemy refers to an insult that shows contempt, disrespect or lack of reverence concerning a deity, an object considered sacred, or something considered inviolable.
Bloomberg L.P.
Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
Bluebeard
"Bluebeard" (Barbe bleue) is a French folktale, the most famous surviving version of which was written by Charles Perrault and first published by Barbin in Paris in 1697 in Histoires ou contes du temps passé.
Boléro
Boléro is a 1928 work for large orchestra by French composer Maurice Ravel.
Bordeaux
Bordeaux (Gascon Bordèu; Bordele) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, southwestern France.
Bourbon Restoration in France
The Second Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history during which the House of Bourbon returned to power after the fall of the First French Empire in 1815.
See France and Bourbon Restoration in France
Breach of the peace
Breach of the peace or disturbing the peace, is a legal term used in constitutional law in English-speaking countries and in a public order sense in the several jurisdictions of the United Kingdom.
See France and Breach of the peace
Breton language
Breton (brezhoneg or in Morbihan) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language group spoken in Brittany, part of modern-day France.
See France and Breton language
Brie (region)
Brie is a historic region of northern France notable in modern times for Brie cheese.
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
British Isles
The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland), and over six thousand smaller islands.
Brittany
Brittany (Bretagne,; Breizh,; Gallo: Bertaèyn or Bertègn) is a peninsula, historical country and cultural area in the north-west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation.
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.
Burgundians
The Burgundians were an early Germanic tribe or group of tribes.
Burgundy
Burgundy (Bourgogne; Burgundian: bourguignon) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France.
Camargue
The Camargue (also,,; Camarga) is a coastal region in southern France located south of the city of Arles, between the Mediterranean Sea and the two arms of the Rhône river delta.
Camille Pissarro
Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro (10 July 1830 – 13 November 1903) was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas (now in the US Virgin Islands, but then in the Danish West Indies).
See France and Camille Pissarro
Camino de Santiago
The Camino de Santiago (Peregrinatio Compostellana,; O Camiño de Santiago), or in English the Way of St.
See France and Camino de Santiago
Canal du Midi
The Canal du Midi is a long canal in Southern France (le Midi).
Cannes
Cannes (Canas) is a city located on the French Riviera.
Cannes Film Festival
The Cannes Film Festival (Festival de Cannes), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (Festival international du film), is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world.
See France and Cannes Film Festival
Cantons of France
The cantons of France are territorial subdivisions of the French Republic's departments and arrondissements.
See France and Cantons of France
Carbon tax
A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon emissions from producing goods and services.
Carcassonne
Carcassonne is a French fortified city in the department of Aude, region of Occitania.
Cardinal Richelieu
Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French statesman and prelate of the Catholic Church.
See France and Cardinal Richelieu
Carolingian dynasty
The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.
See France and Carolingian dynasty
Carolingian Empire
The Carolingian Empire (800–887) was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages.
See France and Carolingian Empire
Case law
Case law, also used interchangeably with common law, is a law that is based on precedents, that is the judicial decisions from previous cases, rather than law based on constitutions, statutes, or regulations.
Cassoulet
Cassoulet (also) is a rich, slow-cooked stew originating in southern France.
Catalan Countries
The Catalan Countries (Països Catalans) are those territories where the Catalan language is spoken.
See France and Catalan Countries
Catalan language
Catalan (or; autonym: català), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian (autonym: valencià), is a Western Romance language.
See France and Catalan language
Catharism
Catharism (from the katharoí, "the pure ones") was a Christian quasi-dualist or pseudo-Gnostic movement which thrived in Southern Europe, particularly in northern Italy and southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries.
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See France and Catholic Church
Catholic Church in France
The French Catholic Church, or Catholic Church in France is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Pope in Rome.
See France and Catholic Church in France
Causes of the French Revolution
There is significant disagreement among historians of the French Revolution as to its causes.
See France and Causes of the French Revolution
Cave painting
In archaeology, cave paintings are a type of parietal art (which category also includes petroglyphs, or engravings), found on the wall or ceilings of caves.
Côte d'Ivoire
Côte d'Ivoire, also known as Ivory Coast and officially known as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. France and Côte d'Ivoire are French-speaking countries and territories, member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, member states of the United Nations and republics.
Celts
The Celts (see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples.
See France and Celts
Central Europe
Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.
Central European Summer Time
Central European Summer Time (CEST, UTC+02:00), sometimes referred to as Central European Daylight Time (CEDT), is the standard clock time observed during the period of summer daylight-saving in those European countries which observe Central European Time (CET; UTC+01:00) during the other part of the year.
See France and Central European Summer Time
Central European Time
Central European Time (CET) is a standard time of Central, and parts of Western Europe, which is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
See France and Central European Time
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).
Centre Pompidou
The Centre Pompidou, more fully the Centre national d'art et de culture Georges-Pompidou, also known as the Pompidou Centre in English, is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil, and the Marais.
See France and Centre Pompidou
CFP franc
The CFP franc (French:, called the franc in everyday use) is the currency used in the French overseas collectivities (or COM) of French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Wallis and Futuna.
Chad
Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. France and Chad are French-speaking countries and territories, member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, member states of the United Nations and republics.
See France and Chad
Chalcolithic
The Chalcolithic (also called the Copper Age and Eneolithic) was an archaeological period characterized by the increasing use of smelted copper.
Chamonix
Chamonix-Mont-Blanc (Chamôni-Mont-Blanc), more commonly known simply as Chamonix (Chamôni), is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France.
Chanel
Chanel is a luxury fashion house founded in 1910 by Coco Chanel in Paris.
Channel Tunnel
The Channel Tunnel (Tunnel sous la Manche), sometimes referred to informally as the Chunnel, is a undersea railway tunnel, opened in 1994, that connects Folkestone (Kent, England) with Coquelles (Pas-de-Calais, France) beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover.
Chanson
A chanson (chanson française) is generally any lyric-driven French song.
Chanson de geste
The paren, from gesta 'deeds, actions accomplished') is a medieval narrative, a type of epic poem that appears at the dawn of French literature. The earliest known poems of this genre date from the late 11th and early 12th centuries, shortly before the emergence of the lyric poetry of the troubadours and trouvères, and the earliest verse romances.
See France and Chanson de geste
Charlemagne
Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.
Charles Aznavour
Charles Aznavour (born Charles Aznavourian, 22 May 1924 – 1 October 2018) was a French singer of Armenian ancestry, as well as a lyricist, actor and diplomat.
See France and Charles Aznavour
Charles Baudelaire
Charles Pierre Baudelaire (9 April 1821 – 31 August 1867) was a French poet who also worked as an essayist, art critic and translator.
See France and Charles Baudelaire
Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French military officer and statesman who led the Free French Forces against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 to restore democracy in France.
See France and Charles de Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle Airport
Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (Aéroport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle) — also known as Roissy Airport (Aéroport de Roissy) or simply Paris CDG — is the main international airport serving Paris, the capital of France.
See France and Charles de Gaulle Airport
Charles IV of France
Charles IV (18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328), called the Fair (le Bel) in France and the Bald (el Calvo) in Navarre, was last king of the direct line of the House of Capet, King of France and King of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322 to 1328.
See France and Charles IV of France
Charles Martel
Charles Martel (– 22 October 741), Martel being a sobriquet in Old French for "The Hammer", was a Frankish political and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of the Franks from 718 until his death.
Charles Perrault
Charles Perrault (12 January 162816 May 1703) was a French author and member of the Académie Française.
See France and Charles Perrault
Chartres Cathedral
Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres), is a Catholic Cathedral in Chartres, France, about southwest of Paris, and is the seat of the Bishop of Chartres.
See France and Chartres Cathedral
Château
A château (plural: châteaux) is a manor house, or palace, or residence of the lord of the manor, or a fine country house of nobility or gentry, with or without fortifications, originally, and still most frequently, in French-speaking regions.
Château d'Amboise
The Château d'Amboise is a château in Amboise, located in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley in France.
See France and Château d'Amboise
Château d'Angers
The Château d'Angers is a castle in the city of Angers in the Loire Valley, in the département of Maine-et-Loire, in France.
See France and Château d'Angers
Château d'Ussé
Ussé is a castle in the Indre-et-Loire département, in France.
Château de Chambord
The Château de Chambord in Chambord, Centre-Val de Loire, France, is one of the most recognisable châteaux in the world because of its very distinctive French Renaissance architecture, which blends traditional French medieval forms with classical Renaissance structures.
See France and Château de Chambord
Château de Chantilly
The Château de Chantilly is a historic French château located in the town of Chantilly, Oise, about 50 kilometres (30 miles) north of Paris.
See France and Château de Chantilly
Château de Chenonceau
The Château de Chenonceau is a French château spanning the river Cher, near the small village of Chenonceaux, Indre-et-Loire, Centre-Val de Loire.
See France and Château de Chenonceau
Château de Montsoreau
The Château de Montsoreau is a Flamboyant Gothic castle in the Loire Valley, directly built in the Loire riverbed.
See France and Château de Montsoreau
Château de Villandry
The Château de Villandry is a grand country house located in Villandry, in the département of Indre-et-Loire, France.
See France and Château de Villandry
Château de Vincennes
The Château de Vincennes is a former fortress and royal residence next to the town of Vincennes, on the eastern edge of Paris, alongside the Bois de Vincennes.
See France and Château de Vincennes
Châteaux of the Loire Valley
The châteaux of the Loire Valley (châteaux de la Loire) are part of the architectural heritage of the historic towns of Amboise, Angers, Blois, Chinon, Montsoreau, Orléans, Saumur, and Tours along the river Loire in France.
See France and Châteaux of the Loire Valley
Chrétien de Troyes
Chrétien de Troyes (Crestien de Troies; 1160–1191) was a French poet and trouvère known for his writing on Arthurian subjects such as Gawain, Lancelot, Perceval and the Holy Grail.
See France and Chrétien de Troyes
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Christine de Pizan
Christine de Pizan or Pisan (born Cristina da Pizzano; September 1364 –), was an Italian-born French poet and court writer for King Charles VI of France and several French dukes.
See France and Christine de Pizan
Chromaticism
Chromaticism is a compositional technique interspersing the primary diatonic pitches and chords with other pitches of the chromatic scale.
Cinderella
"Cinderella", or "The Little Glass Slipper", is a folk tale with thousands of variants that are told throughout the world.
Cinema of the United States
The cinema of the United States, consisting mainly of major film studios (also known metonymously as Hollywood) along with some independent films, has had a large effect on the global film industry since the early 20th century.
See France and Cinema of the United States
Citizenship
Citizenship is a membership and allegiance to a sovereign state.
Citroën
CitroënThe double-dot diacritic over the 'e' is a diaeresis (tréma) indicating the two vowels are sounded separately, and not as a diphthong.
Civil law (legal system)
Civil law is a legal system originating in Italy and France that has been adopted in large parts of the world.
See France and Civil law (legal system)
Civil solidarity pact
In France, a civil solidarity pact (pacte civil de solidarité), commonly known as a PACS, is a contractual form of civil union between two adults for organising their joint life.
See France and Civil solidarity pact
Claude Debussy
(Achille) Claude Debussy (|group.
Claude Lorrain
Claude Lorrain (born Claude Gellée, called le Lorrain in French; traditionally just Claude in English; c. 1600 – 23 November 1682) was a French painter, draughtsman and etcher of the Baroque era.
Claude Monet
Oscar-Claude Monet (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French painter and founder of impressionism painting who is seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it.
Clipperton Island
Clipperton Island, also known as Clipperton Atoll and previously as Clipperton's Rock, is an uninhabited French coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
See France and Clipperton Island
Clock
A clock or chronometer is a device that measures and displays time.
See France and Clock
Clovis I
Clovis (Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlōdowig; – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Franks under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of petty kings to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.
Coat of arms of France
The coat of arms of France is an unofficial emblem of the French Republic.
See France and Coat of arms of France
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Columbia University
Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.
See France and Columbia University
Combustion
Combustion, or burning, is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.
Committee of Public Safety
The Committee of Public Safety (Comité de salut public) was a committee of the National Convention which formed the provisional government and war cabinet during the Reign of Terror, a violent phase of the French Revolution.
See France and Committee of Public Safety
Common Agricultural Policy
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the agricultural policy of the European Commission.
See France and Common Agricultural Policy
Common Era
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.
Common law
Common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions.
Communes of France
The is a level of administrative division in the French Republic.
See France and Communes of France
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is a multilateral treaty to ban nuclear weapons test explosions and any other nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments.
See France and Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
Computer security
Computer security (also cybersecurity, digital security, or information technology (IT) security) is the protection of computer systems and networks from threats that may result in unauthorized information disclosure, theft of (or damage to) hardware, software, or data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.
See France and Computer security
Concert champêtre
Concert champêtre (Pastoral Concerto), FP 49, is a harpsichord concerto by Francis Poulenc, which also exists in a version for piano solo with very slight changes in the solo part.
See France and Concert champêtre
Conscription
Conscription is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service.
Conseil d'État
In France, the Conseil d'État (Council of State) is a governmental body that acts both as legal adviser to the executive branch and as the supreme court for administrative justice, which is one of the two branches of the French judiciary system.
Constantine the Great
Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.
See France and Constantine the Great
Constitution of France
The current Constitution of France was adopted on 4 October 1958.
See France and Constitution of France
Constitution of the Year XII
The Constitution of the Year XII, also called the Organic Sénatus-consulte of 28 Floréal, year XII (Sénatus-consulte organique du 28 floréal an XII), was a national constitution of the First French Republic adopted during the Year XII of the French Revolutionary Calendar (1804 in the Gregorian calendar).
See France and Constitution of the Year XII
Constitutional law
Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the parliament or legislature, and the judiciary; as well as the basic rights of citizens and, in federal countries such as the United States and Canada, the relationship between the central government and state, provincial, or territorial governments.
See France and Constitutional law
Contemporary art
Contemporary art is a term used to describe the art of today, and it generally refers to art produced from the 1970s onwards.
See France and Contemporary art
Contemporary classical music
Contemporary classical music is Western art music composed close to the present day.
See France and Contemporary classical music
Convocation
A convocation (from the Latin convocare meaning "to call/come together", a translation of the Greek ἐκκλησία ekklēsia) is a group of people formally assembled for a special purpose, mostly ecclesiastical or academic.
Corsican language
Corsican (endonym: corsu; full name: lingua corsa) is a Romance language consisting of the continuum of the Italo-Dalmatian dialects spoken on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, France, and in the northern regions of the island of Sardinia, Italy, located due south.
See France and Corsican language
Coup of 18 Brumaire
The coup of 18 Brumaire brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France.
See France and Coup of 18 Brumaire
Court of Cassation (France)
The Court of Cassation (Cour de cassation) is the supreme court for civil and criminal cases in France.
See France and Court of Cassation (France)
Courtier
A courtier is a person who attends the royal court of a monarch or other royalty.
Credit Suisse
Credit Suisse Group AG is a global investment bank and financial services firm founded and based in Switzerland as a standalone firm but now a subsidiary of UBS.
Crimean War
The Crimean War was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between the Russian Empire and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia-Piedmont.
Critérium du Dauphiné
The Critérium du Dauphiné, before 2010 known as the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, is an annual cycling road race in the Dauphiné region in the southeast of France.
See France and Critérium du Dauphiné
Cromwell (play)
Cromwell is a play by Victor Hugo, written in 1827.
See France and Cromwell (play)
Crusader states
The Crusader states, or Outremer, were four Catholic polities that existed in the Levant from 1098 to 1291.
See France and Crusader states
Cult
A cult is a group requiring unwavering devotion to a set of beliefs and practices which are considered deviant outside the norms of society, which is typically led by a charismatic and self-appointed leader who tightly controls its members.
See France and Cult
Cultural assimilation
Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or assimilates the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group whether fully or partially.
See France and Cultural assimilation
Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive manner that impairs the normal clearance of mucus from the lungs, which facilitates the colonization and infection of the lungs by bacteria, notably Staphylococcus aureus.
See France and Cystic fibrosis
Dante Alighieri
Dante Alighieri (– September 14, 1321), most likely baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri and widely known and often referred to in English mononymously as Dante, was an Italian poet, writer, and philosopher.
See France and Dante Alighieri
Daphnis et Chloé
Daphnis et Chloé is a 1912 symphonie chorégraphique, or choreographic symphony, for orchestra and wordless chorus by Maurice Ravel.
See France and Daphnis et Chloé
Dassault Group
Dassault Group (also GIM Dassault or Groupe Industriel Marcel Dassault SAS) is a French corporate group established in 1929 with the creation of Société des Avions Marcel Bloch (now Dassault Aviation) by Marcel Dassault, later led by his son Serge Dassault, and led since 2018 by co-founder of Dassault Systèmes Charles Edelstenne.
Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D
The Dassault Mirage 2000N is a variant of the Mirage 2000 designed for nuclear strike.
See France and Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D
Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard
The Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard (Étendard is French for "battle flag", cognate to English "standard") is a French carrier-borne strike fighter aircraft designed by Dassault-Breguet for service with the French Navy.
See France and Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard
Deaflympics
The Deaflympics, also known as Deaflympiad (previously called World Games for the Deaf, and International Games for the Deaf) are a periodic series of multi-sport events sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) at which Deaf athletes compete at an elite level.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.
See France and Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Decolonization
independence. Decolonization is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas.
Deloitte
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, commonly referred to as Deloitte, is a multinational professional services network.
Demographics of France
The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques (INED) and the (INSEE).
See France and Demographics of France
Denis Diderot
Denis Diderot (5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
Departments of France
In the administrative divisions of France, the department (département) is one of the three levels of government under the national level ("territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the communes.
See France and Departments of France
Developed country
A developed country, or advanced country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
See France and Developed country
Development aid
Development aid (or development cooperation) is a type of aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social, and political development of developing countries.
See France and Development aid
Dialogues of the Carmelites
Dialogues des Carmélites (Dialogues of the Carmelites), FP 159, is an opera in three acts, divided into twelve scenes with linking orchestral interludes, with music and libretto by Francis Poulenc, completed in 1956.
See France and Dialogues of the Carmelites
Diesel fuel
Diesel fuel, also called diesel oil, heavy oil (historically) or simply diesel, is any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in a diesel engine, a type of internal combustion engine in which fuel ignition takes place without a spark as a result of compression of the inlet air and then injection of fuel.
Dior
Christian Dior SE, commonly known as Dior (stylized DIOR), is a French multinational luxury fashion house controlled and chaired by French businessman Bernard Arnault, who also heads LVMH.
See France and Dior
Diplomatic mission
A diplomatic mission or foreign mission is a group of people from a state or organization present in another state to represent the sending state or organization officially in the receiving or host state.
See France and Diplomatic mission
Directorate-General for External Security
The Directorate-General for External Security (Direction générale de la Sécurité extérieure, DGSE) is France's foreign intelligence agency, equivalent to the British MI6 and the American CIA, established on 2 April 1982.
See France and Directorate-General for External Security
Dirigisme
Dirigisme or dirigism is an economic doctrine in which the state plays a strong directive (policies) role, contrary to a merely regulatory interventionist role, over a market economy.
Disneyland Paris
Disneyland Paris is an entertainment resort in Marne-la-Vallée, France.
See France and Disneyland Paris
Disneyland Park (Paris)
Disneyland Park, originally Euro Disneyland Park, is a theme park found at Disneyland Paris in Marne-la-Vallée, France.
See France and Disneyland Park (Paris)
Dordogne
Dordogne (or;; Dordonha) is a large rural department in south west France, with its prefecture in Périgueux.
Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.
See France and Early Middle Ages
East Francia
East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (Regnum Francorum orientalium) was a successor state of Charlemagne's empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911.
Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.
Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process of change in the species that make up an ecological community over time.
See France and Ecological succession
Economic depression
An economic depression is a period of carried long-term economic downturn that is the result of lowered economic activity in one major or more national economies.
See France and Economic depression
Economic power
Economic power refers to the ability of countries, businesses or individuals to improve living standards.
Economy of France
The economy of France is a highly developed social market economy with notable state participation in strategic sectors.
See France and Economy of France
Ecotourism
Ecotourism is a form of tourism marketed as "responsible" travel (using what proponents say is sustainable transport) to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people.
Edgar Degas
Edgar Degas (born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas,; 19 July 183427 September 1917) was a French Impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings.
Edict of Fontainebleau
The Edict of Fontainebleau (18 October 1685, published 22 October 1685) was an edict issued by French King Louis XIV and is also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
See France and Edict of Fontainebleau
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes was signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV and granted the minority Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights in the nation, which was predominantly Catholic.
See France and Edict of Nantes
Edward III of England
Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England from January 1327 until his death in 1377.
See France and Edward III of England
Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel) is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France.
Empire style
The Empire style (style Empire) is an early-nineteenth-century design movement in architecture, furniture, other decorative arts, and the visual arts, representing the second phase of Neoclassicism.
Encyclopédie
Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts, better known as Encyclopédie, was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations.
Endonym and exonym
An endonym (also known as autonym) is a common, native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their homeland, or their language.
See France and Endonym and exonym
Endurance racing (motorsport)
Endurance racing is a form of motorsport racing which is meant to test the durability of equipment and endurance of participants.
See France and Endurance racing (motorsport)
English Channel
The English Channel, also known as the Channel, is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France.
See France and English Channel
Entente Cordiale
The Entente Cordiale comprised a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom and the French Republic which saw a significant improvement in Anglo-French relations.
See France and Entente Cordiale
Erik Satie
Eric Alfred Leslie Satie (17 May 18661 July 1925), who signed his name Erik Satie after 1884, was a French composer and pianist.
Ernst & Young
Ernst & Young Global Limited, trade name EY, is a multinational professional services partnership.
Essays (Montaigne)
The Essays (Essais) of Michel de Montaigne are contained in three books and 107 chapters of varying length.
See France and Essays (Montaigne)
Estates General (France)
In France under the Ancien Régime, the Estates General (États généraux) or States-General was a legislative and consultative assembly of the different classes (or estates) of French subjects.
See France and Estates General (France)
Estates General of 1789
The Estates General of 1789 (États Généraux de 1789) was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate).
See France and Estates General of 1789
Estates of the realm
The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the Middle Ages to early modern Europe.
See France and Estates of the realm
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (27 January 181417 September 1879) was a French architect and author, famous for his restoration of the most prominent medieval landmarks in France.
See France and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
Euro
The euro (symbol: €; currency code: EUR) is the official currency of 20 of the member states of the European Union.
See France and Euro
Euro sign
The euro sign is the currency sign used for the euro, the official currency of the eurozone and adopted, although not required to, by Kosovo and Montenegro.
Euronext
Euronext N.V. (short for European New Exchange Technology) is a pan-European bourse that provides trading and post-trade services for a range of financial instruments.
European Economic Community
The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union, as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty.
See France and European Economic Community
European single market
The European single market, also known as the European internal market or the European common market, is the single market comprising mainly the member states of the European Union (EU).
See France and European single market
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. France and European Union are G20 members.
Eurostar
Eurostar is an international high-speed rail service in Western Europe, connecting Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
Eurostat
Eurostat ('European Statistical Office'; DG ESTAT) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
Eurozone
The euro area, commonly called the eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 20 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender, and have thus fully implemented EMU policies.
Events preceding World War II in Europe
The events preceding World War II in Europe are closely tied to the bellicosity of Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Francoist Spain, Imperial Japan, and the Soviet Union, as well as the Great Depression.
See France and Events preceding World War II in Europe
Ex post facto law
An ex post facto law is a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences (or status) of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law.
See France and Ex post facto law
Exclusive economic zone
An exclusive economic zone (EEZ), as prescribed by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is an area of the sea in which a sovereign state has exclusive rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.
See France and Exclusive economic zone
Existentialism
Existentialism is a family of views and forms of philosophical inquiry that explores the issue of human existence.
Exocet
The Exocet is a French-built anti-ship missile whose various versions can be launched from surface vessels, submarines, helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft.
Extermination camp
Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (Todeslager), or killing centers (Tötungszentren), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust.
See France and Extermination camp
Face transplant
A face transplant is a medical procedure to replace all or part of a person's face using tissue from a donor.
See France and Face transplant
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.
See France and Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Fasces
Fasces (a plurale tantum, from the Latin word fascis, meaning 'bundle'; fascio littorio) is a bound bundle of wooden rods, often but not always including an axe (occasionally two axes) with its blade emerging.
Fencing
Fencing is a combat sport that features sword fighting.
Feudalism
Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries.
Filmmaking
Filmmaking or film production is the process by which a motion picture is produced.
Financial Times
The Financial Times (FT) is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs.
See France and Financial Times
First Indochina War
The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam, and alternatively internationally as the French-Indochina War) was fought between France and Việt Minh (Democratic Republic of Vietnam), and their respective allies, from 19 December 1946 until 20 July 1954.
See France and First Indochina War
Flag of France
The national flag of France (drapeau français) is a tricolour featuring three vertical bands coloured blue (hoist side), white, and red.
Force de dissuasion
The Force de dissuasion ('Deterrence Force'), known as the Force de frappe ('Strike Force') prior to 1961,Gunston, Bill.
See France and Force de dissuasion
Foreign direct investment
A foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to purchase of an asset in another country, such that it gives direct control to the purchaser over the asset (e.g. purchase of land and building).
See France and Foreign direct investment
Foreign worker
Foreign workers or guest workers are people who work in a country other than one of which they are a citizen.
François Boucher
François Boucher (29 September 1703 – 30 May 1770) was a French painter, draughtsman and etcher, who worked in the Rococo style.
See France and François Boucher
François Couperin
François Couperin (10 November 1668 – 11 September 1733) was a French Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist.
See France and François Couperin
François Rabelais
François Rabelais (born between 1483 and 1494; died 1553) was a French writer who has been called the first great French prose author.
See France and François Rabelais
France and weapons of mass destruction
France is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, but is not known to possess or develop any chemical or biological weapons.
See France and France and weapons of mass destruction
France national football team
The France national football team (Équipe de France de football) represents France in men's international football.
See France and France national football team
France national rugby union team
The France national rugby union team (Équipe de France de rugby à XV) represents the French Rugby Federation (FFR; Fédération française de rugby) in men's international rugby union matches.
See France and France national rugby union team
France–Germany relations
Relations between France and Germany, or Franco-German relations form a part of the wider politics of Europe.
See France and France–Germany relations
Francesco Primaticcio
Francesco Primaticcio (April 30, 1504 – 1570) was an Italian Mannerist painter, architect and sculptor who spent most of his career in France.
See France and Francesco Primaticcio
Francia
The Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), also known as the Frankish Kingdom, the Frankish Empire (Imperium Francorum) or Francia, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.
Francis Poulenc
Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc (7 January 189930 January 1963) was a French composer and pianist.
See France and Francis Poulenc
Francis Veber
Francis Paul Veber (born 28 July 1937) is a French film director, screenwriter and producer, and playwright.
Francisca
The francisca (or francesca) was a throwing axe used as a weapon during the Early Middle Ages by the Franks, among whom it was a characteristic national weapon at the time of the Merovingians (about 500 to 750 AD).
Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.
See France and Franco-Prussian War
Frankish language
Frankish (reconstructed endonym: *italic), also known as Old Franconian or Old Frankish, was the West Germanic language spoken by the Franks from the 5th to 9th century.
See France and Frankish language
Free France
Free France (France libre) was a political entity claiming to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic during World War II.
Freedom of religion
Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance.
See France and Freedom of religion
French Academy of Sciences
The French Academy of Sciences (French: Académie des sciences) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research.
See France and French Academy of Sciences
French Air and Space Force
The French Air and Space Force (Armée de l'air et de l'espace) is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces.
See France and French Air and Space Force
French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle is the flagship of the French Navy.
See France and French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle
French Army
The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (Armée de terre), is the principal land warfare force of France, and the largest component of the French Armed Forces; it is responsible to the Government of France, alongside the French Navy, French Air and Space Force, and the National Gendarmerie.
French colonial empire
The French colonial empire comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.
See France and French colonial empire
French Consulate
The Consulate (Consulat) was the top-level government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799 until the start of the French Empire on 18 May 1804.
See France and French Consulate
French Development Agency
The French Development Agency (Agence française de développement, AFD) is a public financial institution that implements the policy defined by the French Government.
See France and French Development Agency
French Directory
The Directory (also called Directorate) was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 26 October 1795 (4 Brumaire an IV) until October 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate.
See France and French Directory
French Fifth Republic
The Fifth Republic (Cinquième République) is France's current republican system of government.
See France and French Fifth Republic
French First Republic
In the history of France, the First Republic (Première République), sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France, and officially the French Republic (République française), was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. France and French First Republic are 1792 establishments in France and states and territories established in 1792.
See France and French First Republic
French Fourth Republic
The French Fourth Republic (Quatrième république française) was the republican government of France from 27 October 1946 to 4 October 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution of 13 October 1946.
See France and French Fourth Republic
French hip hop
French hip hop or French rap (rap français), is the hip hop music style developed in French-speaking countries.
French India
French India, formally the Établissements français dans l'Inde (French Settlements in India), was a French colony comprising five geographically separated enclaves on the Indian subcontinent that had initially been factories of the French East India Company.
French language
French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
See France and French language
French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools bans wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public (e.g., government-operated) primary and secondary schools.
See France and French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
French National Centre for Scientific Research
The French National Centre for Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique, CNRS) is the French state research organisation and is the largest fundamental science agency in Europe.
See France and French National Centre for Scientific Research
French Navy
The French Navy (lit), informally La Royale, is the maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the four military service branches of France.
French New Wave
The New Wave (Nouvelle Vague), also called the French New Wave, is a French art film movement that emerged in the late 1950s.
See France and French New Wave
French Open
The French Open (Internationaux de France de tennis), also known as Roland-Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France, beginning in late May each year.
French Parliament
The French Parliament (Parlement français) is the bicameral legislature of the French Fifth Republic, consisting of the upper house, the Senate (Sénat), and the lower house, the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale).
See France and French Parliament
French people
The French people (lit) are a nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France.
French Polynesia
French Polynesia (Polynésie française; Pōrīnetia Farāni) is an overseas collectivity of France and its sole overseas country. France and French Polynesia are French-speaking countries and territories.
See France and French Polynesia
French Renaissance
The French Renaissance was the cultural and artistic movement in France between the 15th and early 17th centuries.
See France and French Renaissance
French Resistance
The French Resistance (La Résistance) was a collection of groups that fought the Nazi occupation and the collaborationist Vichy régime in France during the Second World War.
See France and French Resistance
French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
See France and French Revolution
French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars (Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts resulting from the French Revolution that lasted from 1792 until 1802.
See France and French Revolutionary Wars
French Riviera
The French Riviera, known in French as the i (Còsta d'Azur), is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast corner of France.
French Second Republic
The French Second Republic, officially the French Republic, was the second republican government of France.
See France and French Second Republic
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
The French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Terres australes et antarctiques françaises, TAAF) is an overseas territory (Territoire d'outre-mer or TOM) of France.
See France and French Southern and Antarctic Lands
French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.
See France and French Third Republic
French Wars of Religion
The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598.
See France and French Wars of Religion
French West Indies
The French West Indies or French Antilles (Antilles françaises,; Antiy fwansé) are the parts of France located in the Antilles islands of the Caribbean. France and French West Indies are French-speaking countries and territories.
See France and French West Indies
Funk
Funk is a music genre that originated in African-American communities in the mid-1960s when musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of various music genres that were popular among African-Americans in the mid-20th century.
See France and Funk
G7
The Group of Seven (G7) is an intergovernmental political and economic forum consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States; additionally, the European Union (EU) is a "non-enumerated member".
See France and G7
Gabriel Fauré
Gabriel Urbain Fauré (12 May 1845 – 4 November 1924) was a French composer, organist, pianist and teacher.
Gallia Narbonensis
Gallia Narbonensis (Latin for "Gaul of Narbonne", from its chief settlement) was a Roman province located in what is now Occitania and Provence, in Southern France.
See France and Gallia Narbonensis
Garabit viaduct
The Garabit viaduct (viaduc de Garabit) is a railway arch bridge spanning the Truyère, near Ruynes-en-Margeride, Cantal, France, in the mountainous Massif Central region.
See France and Garabit viaduct
Gare d'Orsay
Gare d'Orsay is a former Paris railway station and hotel, built in 1900 to designs by Victor Laloux, Lucien Magne and Émile Bénard; it served as a terminus for the Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans (Paris–Orléans Railway).
Garonne
The Garonne (also,; Occitan, Catalan, Basque, and Garona.,; Garumna. or Garunna) is a river that flows in southwest France and northern Spain.
Gasoline
Gasoline or petrol is a petrochemical product characterized as a transparent, yellowish, and flammable liquid normally used as a fuel for spark-ignited internal combustion engines.
Gaspar Noé
Gaspar Noé (born 27 December 1963) is an Argentine-Italian filmmaker based in Paris.
Gaspard de la nuit
Gaspard de la nuit (subtitled Trois poèmes pour piano d'après Aloysius Bertrand), M. 55 is a suite of piano pieces by Maurice Ravel, written in 1908.
See France and Gaspard de la nuit
Gaul
Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.
See France and Gaul
Gaullism
Gaullism (Gaullisme) is a French political stance based on the thought and action of World War II French Resistance leader Charles de Gaulle, who would become the founding President of the Fifth French Republic.
Georges Braque
Georges Braque (13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor.
Georges Brassens
Georges Charles Brassens (22 October 1921 – 29 October 1981) was a French singer-songwriter and poet.
See France and Georges Brassens
Georges Seurat
Georges Pierre Seurat (2 December 1859 – 29 March 1891) was a French post-Impressionist artist.
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, and cosmologist.
See France and Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.
See France and Germanic peoples
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe. France and Germany are countries in Europe, G20 members, member states of NATO, member states of the European Union, member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, member states of the United Nations, OECD members and western European countries.
Gironde estuary
The Gironde estuary (US usually; estuaire de la Gironde,; estuari de Gironda) is a navigable estuary (though often referred to as a river) in southwest France and is formed from the meeting of the rivers Dordogne and Garonne just downstream of the centre of Bordeaux.
See France and Gironde estuary
Givenchy
Givenchy is a French luxury fashion and perfume house.
Glacier
A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight.
Gojira (band)
Gojira is a French heavy metal band from Ondres.
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas.
See France and Gothic architecture
Grand Slam (tennis)
The Grand Slam in tennis is the achievement of winning all four major championships in one discipline in a calendar year.
See France and Grand Slam (tennis)
Grande école
A grande école is a specialized top-level educational institution in France and some other previous French colonies such as Morocco or Tunisia.
Grasse
Grasse (Provençal Grassa in classical norm or Grasso in Mistralian norm; traditional Grassa) is the only subprefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region on the French Riviera.
Great power
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.
Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..
Grenoble
Grenoble (or Grainóvol; Graçanòbol) is the prefecture and largest city of the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France.
Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.
See France and Gross domestic product
Gross national income
The gross national income (GNI), previously known as gross national product (GNP), is the total domestic and foreign financial output claimed by residents of a country, consisting of gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents.
See France and Gross national income
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe (Gwadloup) is an overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean.
Gustave Eiffel
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (Bonickhausen dit Eiffel; 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.
Guy Canivet
Guy Canivet (born 23 September 1943 in Lons-le-Saunier) is a French judge.
Guy de Maupassant
Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a 19th-century French author, celebrated as a master of the short story, as well as a representative of the naturalist school, depicting human lives, destinies and social forces in disillusioned and often pessimistic terms.
See France and Guy de Maupassant
Habsburg Spain
Habsburg Spain refers to Spain and the Hispanic Monarchy, also known as the Catholic Monarchy, in the period from 1516 to 1700 when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg.
Hand transplantation
Hand transplantation, or simply a hand transplant, is a surgical procedure to transplant a hand from one human to another.
See France and Hand transplantation
Harki
Harki (adjective from the Algerian Arabic "ḥarka", standard Arabic "ḥaraka", "war party" or "movement", i.e., a group of volunteers, especially soldiers) is the generic term for native Muslim Algerians who served as auxiliaries in the French Army during the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962.
See France and Harki
Harpsichord
A harpsichord (clavicembalo, clavecin, Cembalo; clavecín, cravo, клавеси́н (tr. klavesín or klavesin), klavecimbel, klawesyn) is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard.
Hautes-Pyrénées
Hautes-Pyrénées (Gascon/Occitan: Nauts Pirenèus / Hauts Pirenèus; Altos Pirineos; Alts Pirineus) is a department in the region of Occitania, southwestern France.
See France and Hautes-Pyrénées
Head of government
In the executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments.
See France and Head of government
Head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona of a sovereign state.
Health system
A health system, health care system or healthcare system is an organization of people, institutions, and resources that delivers health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.
HEC Paris
HEC Paris (lit) is a business school and grande école located in Jouy-en-Josas, a southwestern outer suburb of Paris, France.
Hector Berlioz
Louis-Hector Berlioz (11 December 1803 – 8 March 1869) was a French Romantic composer and conductor.
Henri Becquerel
Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French engineer, physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover radioactivity.
See France and Henri Becquerel
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Comte Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa (24 November 1864 – 9 September 1901), known as Toulouse-Lautrec, was a French painter, printmaker, draughtsman, caricaturist, and illustrator whose immersion in the colourful and theatrical life of Paris in the late 19th century allowed him to produce a collection of enticing, elegant, and provocative images of the sometimes decadent affairs of those times.
See France and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Henri Matisse
Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French visual artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship.
Henri Poincaré
Jules Henri Poincaré (29 April 185417 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science.
Henry IV of France
Henry IV (Henri IV; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.
See France and Henry IV of France
Heptaméron
The Heptaméron is a collection of 72 short stories written in French by Marguerite de Navarre (1492–1549), published posthumously in 1558.
Hexagon
In geometry, a hexagon (from Greek ἕξ, hex, meaning "six", and γωνία, gonía, meaning "corner, angle") is a six-sided polygon.
High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300.
See France and High Middle Ages
History of France
The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age.
See France and History of France
Holocaust denial
Holocaust denial is an antisemitic conspiracy theory that asserts that the Nazi genocide of Jews, known as the Holocaust, is a fabrication or exaggeration.
See France and Holocaust denial
Holy Land
The Holy Land is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine.
Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
See France and Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.
See France and Holy Roman Empire
Homer
Homer (Ὅμηρος,; born) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature.
See France and Homer
Honoré de Balzac
Honoré de Balzac (more commonly,; born Honoré Balzac;Jean-Louis Dega, La vie prodigieuse de Bernard-François Balssa, père d'Honoré de Balzac: Aux sources historiques de La Comédie humaine, Rodez, Subervie, 1998, 665 p. 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright.
See France and Honoré de Balzac
House of Bonaparte
The House of Bonaparte is a former imperial and royal European dynasty of Italian origin.
See France and House of Bonaparte
House of Habsburg
The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.
See France and House of Habsburg
House of Plantagenet
The House of Plantagenet (/plænˈtædʒənət/ ''plan-TAJ-ə-nət'') was a royal house which originated in the French County of Anjou.
See France and House of Plantagenet
Hugh Capet
Hugh Capet (Hugues Capet; 940 – 24 October 996) was the King of the Franks from 987 to 996.
Huguenots
The Huguenots were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism.
Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
See France and Human
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.
See France and Human Rights Watch
Hundred Days
The Hundred Days (les Cent-Jours), also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition (Guerre de la Septième Coalition), marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days).
Hydropower
Hydropower (from Ancient Greek -, "water"), also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines.
Impressionism
Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, unusual visual angles, and inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience.
Impressionism in music
Impressionism in music was a movement among various composers in Western classical music (mainly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries) whose music focuses on mood and atmosphere, "conveying the moods and emotions aroused by the subject rather than a detailed tone‐picture".
See France and Impressionism in music
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approx.
Indian Ocean Commission
The Indian Ocean Commission (Commission de l'Océan Indien, COI) is an intergovernmental organisation that links African Indian Ocean nations: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion (an overseas region of France), and Seychelles.
See France and Indian Ocean Commission
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution.
See France and Industrial Revolution
Innovation
Innovation is the practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or improvement in offering goods or services.
Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques
The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques), abbreviated INSEE or Insee, is the national statistics bureau of France.
See France and Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques
Insurrection of 10 August 1792
The insurrection of 10 August 1792 was a defining event of the French Revolution, when armed revolutionaries in Paris, increasingly in conflict with the French monarchy, stormed the Tuileries Palace.
See France and Insurrection of 10 August 1792
International Bureau of Weights and Measures
The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau international des poids et mesures, BIPM) is an intergovernmental organisation, through which its 59 member-states act on measurement standards in areas including chemistry, ionising radiation, physical metrology, as well as the International System of Units (SI) and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
See France and International Bureau of Weights and Measures
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.
See France and International Monetary Fund
International Olympic Committee
The International Olympic Committee (IOC; Comité international olympique, CIO) is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland.
See France and International Olympic Committee
International Telecommunication Union
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)French: Union Internationale des Télécommunications is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for many matters related to information and communication technologies.
See France and International Telecommunication Union
Internment
Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges.
Ionia
Ionia was an ancient region on the western coast of Anatolia, to the south of present-day İzmir, Turkey.
See France and Ionia
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
Irreligion
Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.
ISO 4217
ISO 4217 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines alpha codes and numeric codes for the representation of currencies and provides information about the relationships between individual currencies and their minor units.
Italian art
Since ancient times, Greeks, Etruscans and Celts have inhabited the south, centre and north of the Italian peninsula respectively.
Italian Wars
The Italian Wars were a series of conflicts fought between 1494 and 1559, mostly in the Italian Peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and Mediterranean Sea.
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe. France and Italy are countries in Europe, G20 members, member states of NATO, member states of the European Union, member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, member states of the United Nations, OECD members and republics.
See France and Italy
Jacques Tourneur
Jacques Tourneur (November 12, 1904 – December 19, 1977) was a French-American filmmaker, active during the Golden Age of Hollywood.
See France and Jacques Tourneur
Jacques-Louis David
Jacques-Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era.
See France and Jacques-Louis David
Jean Cocteau
Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, designer, film director, visual artist and critic.
Jean Fouquet
Jean (or Jehan) Fouquet (–1481) was a French painter and miniaturist.
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist.
See France and Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Jean-Honoré Fragonard (5 April 1732 (birth/baptism certificate) – 22 August 1806) was a French painter and printmaker whose late Rococo manner was distinguished by remarkable facility, exuberance, and hedonism.
See France and Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher (philosophe), writer, and composer.
See France and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism.
See France and Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Philippe Rameau
Jean-Philippe Rameau (–) was a French composer and music theorist.
See France and Jean-Philippe Rameau
Jeux d'eau (Ravel)
Jeux d'eau is a piece for solo piano by Maurice Ravel, composed in 1901 and given its first public performance the following year.
See France and Jeux d'eau (Ravel)
Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc (translit; Jehanne Darc; – 30 May 1431) is a patron saint of France, honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in the siege of Orléans and her insistence on the coronation of Charles VII of France during the Hundred Years' War.
Journal officiel de la République française
The Official Journal of the French Republic (Journal officiel de la République française), also known as the JORF or JO, is the government gazette of the French Republic.
See France and Journal officiel de la République française
Judaism
Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.
Judo
is an unarmed modern Japanese martial art, combat sport, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of jacket wrestling competed internationally.
See France and Judo
Jules Ferry
Jules François Camille Ferry (5 April 183217 March 1893) was a French statesman and republican philosopher.
Jules Hardouin-Mansart
Jules Hardouin-Mansart (16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a French Baroque architect and builder whose major work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Grand Trianon of the Palace of Versailles.
See France and Jules Hardouin-Mansart
Jules Verne
Jules Gabriel Verne (Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.; 8 February 1828 – 24 March 1905) was a French novelist, poet, and playwright.
Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.
July Monarchy
The July Monarchy (Monarchie de Juillet), officially the Kingdom of France (Royaume de France), was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under italic, starting on 26 July 1830, with the July Revolution of 1830, and ending 23 February 1848, with the Revolution of 1848.
July Revolution
The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (révolution de Juillet), Second French Revolution, or Trois Glorieuses ("Three Glorious "), was a second French Revolution after the first in 1789.
See France and July Revolution
Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 886, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom.
See France and Kingdom of England
Krzysztof Kieślowski
Krzysztof Kieślowski (27 June 1941 – 13 March 1996) was a Polish film director and screenwriter.
See France and Krzysztof Kieślowski
L'Équipe
L'Équipe (French for "the team") is a French nationwide daily newspaper devoted to sport, owned by Éditions Philippe Amaury.
L'Express
(stylized in all caps) is a French weekly news magazine headquartered in Paris.
L'Oréal
L'Oréal S.A. is a French multinational personal care company headquartered in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, with a registered office in Paris.
La Croix (newspaper)
La Croix (English: 'The Cross') is a daily French general-interest Catholic newspaper.
See France and La Croix (newspaper)
La Défense
La Défense is the major business district in France's Paris metropolitan area, west of the city limits.
La Légende des siècles
La Légende des siècles (English: The Legend of the Ages) is a collection of poems by Victor Hugo, conceived as an immense depiction of the history and evolution of humanity.
See France and La Légende des siècles
La Madeleine, Paris
The Church of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine (French: L'église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine), or less formally, La Madeleine, is a Catholic parish church on Place de la Madeleine in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.
See France and La Madeleine, Paris
La Marseillaise
"La Marseillaise" is the national anthem of France.
See France and La Marseillaise
Lancelot-Grail
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle (a modern title invented by Ferdinand Lot), also known as the Vulgate Cycle (from the Latin editio vulgata, "common version", a modern title invented by H. Oskar Sommer) or the Pseudo-Map Cycle (named so after Walter Map, its pseudo-author), is an early 13th-century French Arthurian literary cycle consisting of interconnected prose episodes of chivalric romance originally written in Old French.
Languages of France
Of the languages of France, French is the sole official language according to the second article of the French Constitution.
See France and Languages of France
Languedoc
The Province of Languedoc (Lengadòc) is a former province of France.
Langues d'oïl
The langues d'oïl (The diaeresis over the 'i' indicates the two vowels are sounded separately) are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest autochthonous relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands.
Lascaux
Lascaux (Grotte de Lascaux, "Lascaux Cave") is a network of caves near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne in southwestern France.
Last Glacial Period
The Last Glacial Period (LGP), also known as the Last glacial cycle, occurred from the end of the Last Interglacial to the beginning of the Holocene, years ago, and thus corresponds to most of the timespan of the Late Pleistocene.
See France and Last Glacial Period
Late antiquity
Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.
Late Latin
Late Latin is the scholarly name for the form of Literary Latin of late antiquity.
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See France and Latin
Lausanne
Lausanne (Losena) is the capital and largest city of the Swiss French-speaking canton of Vaud.
Léo Ferré
Léo Ferré (24 August 1916 – 14 July 1993) was a French-born Monégasque poet and composer, and a dynamic and controversial live performer.
Le Canard enchaîné
Le Canard enchaîné (English: "The Chained Duck" or "The Chained Paper", as canard is French slang meaning "newspaper") is a satirical weekly newspaper in France.
See France and Le Canard enchaîné
Le Corbusier
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 188727 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner and writer, who was one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as modern architecture.
Le Figaro
() is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826.
Le Monde
Le Monde (The World) is a French daily afternoon newspaper.
Le Nouvel Obs
Le Nouvel Obs, previously known as L'Obs (2014–2024), Le Nouvel Observateur (1964–2014), France-Observateur (1954–1964), L'Observateur aujourd'hui (1953–1954), and L'Observateur politique, économique et littéraire (1950–1953), is a weekly French news magazine.
Le Tombeau de Couperin
Le Tombeau de Couperin (The Grave of Couperin) is a suite for solo piano by Maurice Ravel, composed between 1914 and 1917.
See France and Le Tombeau de Couperin
Leclerc tank
The Leclerc is a third-generation French main battle tank developed and manufactured by Nexter Systems.
Legitimacy (political)
In political science, legitimacy is the right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a regime.
See France and Legitimacy (political)
Les Invalides
The Hôtel des Invalides ("house of invalids"), commonly called italic, is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and an Old Soldiers' retirement home, the building's original purpose.
Les Misérables
Les Misérables is a French epic historical novel by Victor Hugo, first published in 1862, that is considered one of the greatest novels of the 19th century.
Les Rougon-Macquart
Les Rougon-Macquart is the collective title given to a cycle of twenty novels by French writer Émile Zola.
See France and Les Rougon-Macquart
LeShuttle
LeShuttle (formerly Eurotunnel Le Shuttle and also known as The Shuttle) is a railway shuttle service between Calais in France and Folkestone in United Kingdom.
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
(), French for, is the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti, and is an example of a tripartite motto.
See France and Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Ligures
The Ligures or Ligurians were an ancient people after whom Liguria, a region of present-day north-western Italy, is named.
Lille
Lille (Rijsel; Lile; Rysel) is a city in the northern part of France, within French Flanders.
See France and Lille
Limes (Roman Empire)
Limes (Latin;,: limites) is a term used primarily for the Germanic border defence or delimiting system of Ancient Rome marking the borders of the Roman Empire.
See France and Limes (Roman Empire)
Lindbergh operation
The Lindbergh operation was a complete tele-surgical operation carried out by a team of French surgeons located in New York on a patient in Strasbourg, France (over a distance of several thousand miles) using telecommunications solutions based on high-speed services and sophisticated Zeus surgical robot.
See France and Lindbergh operation
Lingua franca
A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.
List of airports in France
Below is a list of airports in France, grouped by department and sorted by commune.
See France and List of airports in France
List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes
This is a list of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes.
See France and List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes
List of countries and dependencies by population
This is a list of countries and dependencies by population.
See France and List of countries and dependencies by population
List of countries and dependencies by population density
This is a list of countries and dependencies ranked by population density, sorted by inhabitants per square kilometre or square mile.
See France and List of countries and dependencies by population density
List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions
This is a list of sovereign states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions due to certain forms of human activity, based on the created by European Commission and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
See France and List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions
List of countries by GDP (nominal)
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.
See France and List of countries by GDP (nominal)
List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency.
See France and List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
List of countries by GDP (PPP)
GDP (PPP) means gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity.
See France and List of countries by GDP (PPP)
List of French cheeses
This is a list of French cheeses documenting the varieties of cheeses, a milk-based food that is produced in wide-ranging flavors, textures, and forms, which are found in France.
See France and List of French cheeses
List of French monarchs
France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.
See France and List of French monarchs
List of presidents of the National Assembly of France
This article lists Presidents of the French Parliament or, as the case may be, of its lower chamber.
See France and List of presidents of the National Assembly of France
List of presidents of the Senate of France
This article lists the presidents of the Senate of France (Président du Sénat français; official translation: Speaker of the Senate) and assimilated chambers.
See France and List of presidents of the Senate of France
List of states with nuclear weapons
Eight sovereign states have publicly announced successful detonation of nuclear weapons.
See France and List of states with nuclear weapons
List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower
On the Eiffel Tower, 72 names of French men (scientists, engineers, and mathematicians) are engraved in recognition of their contributions.
See France and List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower
List of universities and colleges in France
This list of universities and colleges in France includes universities and other higher education institutes that provide both education curricula and related degrees up to doctoral degree and also contribute to research activities.
See France and List of universities and colleges in France
Literary genre
A literary genre is a category of literature.
Local law in Alsace–Moselle
The territory of the former Alsace–Lorraine, legally known as Alsace–Moselle, is a region in the eastern part of France, bordering with Germany.
See France and Local law in Alsace–Moselle
Loire Valley
The Loire Valley (Vallée de la Loire), spanning, is a valley located in the middle stretch of the Loire river in central France, in both the administrative regions Pays de la Loire and Centre-Val de Loire.
London Stock Exchange
The London Stock Exchange (LSE) is a stock exchange in the City of London, England.
See France and London Stock Exchange
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist, pharmacist, and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after him.
Louis the Pious
Louis the Pious (Ludwig der Fromme; Louis le Pieux; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair and the Debonaire, was King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813.
See France and Louis the Pious
Louis XIII
Louis XIII (sometimes called the Just; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 until his death in 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.
Louis XIV
LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
Louis XV
Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774.
Louis XVI
Louis XVI (Louis Auguste;; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.
Louis-Ferdinand Céline
Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches (27 May 1894 – 1 July 1961), better known by the pen name Louis-Ferdinand Céline, was a French novelist, polemicist, and physician.
See France and Louis-Ferdinand Céline
Lourdes
Lourdes (also,; Lorda) is a market town situated in the Pyrenees.
Louvre
The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world.
Lower house
A lower house is the lower chamber of a bicameral legislature, where second chamber is the upper house.
Luc Besson
Luc Paul Maurice Besson (born 18 March 1959) is a French filmmaker.
Luc Montagnier
Luc Montagnier (18 August 1932 – 8 February 2022) was a French virologist and joint recipient, with italic and italic, of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Lugdunum
Lugdunum (also spelled Lugudunum,; modern Lyon, France) was an important Roman city in Gaul, established on the current site of Lyon.
Luxembourg
Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxemburg; Luxembourg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe. France and Luxembourg are countries in Europe, French-speaking countries and territories, member states of NATO, member states of the European Union, member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, member states of the United Nations, OECD members and western European countries.
LVMH
LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton, commonly known as LVMH, is a French multinational holding company and conglomerate specializing in luxury goods, headquartered in Paris.
See France and LVMH
Maastricht Treaty
The Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the European Union (EU).
See France and Maastricht Treaty
Maghreb
The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.
Maine (province)
Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France.
See France and Maine (province)
Mali
Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. France and Mali are member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, member states of the United Nations and republics.
See France and Mali
Mano Negra (band)
Mano Negra (complete Spanish name: La Mano Negra, sometimes abbreviated to La Mano in France) was a French music group active from 1987 to 1994 and fronted by Manu Chao.
See France and Mano Negra (band)
Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the creation or production of goods with the help of equipment, labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation.
Marc Chagall
Marc Chagall (born Moishe Shagal; – 28 March 1985) was a Belarusian-French artist.
Marc-Antoine Charpentier
Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1643 – 24 February 1704) was a French Baroque composer during the reign of Louis XIV.
See France and Marc-Antoine Charpentier
Marcel Proust
Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922) was a French novelist, literary critic, and essayist who wrote the monumental novel À la recherche du temps perdu (in French – translated in English as Remembrance of Things Past and more recently as In Search of Lost Time) which was published in seven volumes between 1913 and 1927.
Marie Claire
Marie Claire (stylized in all lowercase) is a French international monthly magazine first published in France in 1937, followed by the United Kingdom in 1941.
Marie Curie
Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934), known simply as Marie Curie, was a Polish and naturalised-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.
Marin Marais
Marin Marais (31 May 1656, in Paris – 15 August 1728, in Paris) was a French composer and viol player.
Martial arts
Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practiced for a number of reasons such as self-defence; military and law enforcement applications; competition; physical, mental, and spiritual development; entertainment; and the preservation of a nation's intangible cultural heritage.
Martinique
Martinique (Matinik or Matnik; Kalinago: Madinina or Madiana) is an island in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. France and Martinique are French-speaking countries and territories.
Massif Central
The is a highland region in south-central France, consisting of mountains and plateaus.
Matter of France
The Matter of France, also known as the Carolingian cycle, is a body of literature and legendary material associated with the history of France, in particular involving Charlemagne and his associates.
See France and Matter of France
Maurice de Vlaminck
Maurice de Vlaminck (4 April 1876 - 11 October 1958) was a French painter.
See France and Maurice de Vlaminck
Maurice Ravel
Joseph Maurice Ravel (7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor.
May 68
Beginning in May 1968, a period of civil unrest occurred throughout France, lasting seven weeks and punctuated by demonstrations, general strikes, and the occupation of universities and factories.
Mayor of the palace
Under the Merovingian dynasty, the mayor of the palace or majordomo.
See France and Mayor of the palace
Mayotte
Mayotte (Mayotte,; Maore,; Maori), officially the Department of Mayotte (Département de Mayotte), is an overseas department and region and single territorial collectivity of France. France and Mayotte are French-speaking countries and territories.
Medieval Latin
Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.
See France and Mediterranean Sea
Megalith
A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a prehistoric structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones.
Merovingian dynasty
The Merovingian dynasty was the ruling family of the Franks from around the middle of the 5th century until 751.
See France and Merovingian dynasty
Metric system
The metric system is a decimal-based system of measurement.
Metropolitan France
Metropolitan France (France métropolitaine or la Métropole), also known as European France, is the area of France which is geographically in Europe.
See France and Metropolitan France
Michael Haneke
Michael Haneke (born 23 March 1942) is an Austrian film director and screenwriter.
Michel de Montaigne
Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne (28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592), commonly known as Michel de Montaigne, was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance.
See France and Michel de Montaigne
Michel Foucault
Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 192625 June 1984) was a French historian of ideas and philosopher who also served as an author, literary critic, political activist, and teacher.
See France and Michel Foucault
Michel Richard Delalande
Michel Richard Delalande (15 December 1657 – 18 June 1726) was a French Baroque composer and organist who was in the service of King Louis XIV.
See France and Michel Richard Delalande
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
Migration Period
The Migration Period (circa 300 to 600 AD), also known as the Barbarian Invasions, was a period in European history marked by large-scale migrations that saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent settlement of its former territories by various tribes, and the establishment of the post-Roman kingdoms.
See France and Migration Period
Military
A military, also known collectively as an armed forces, are a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare.
Military police
Military police (MP) are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state.
See France and Military police
Millau Viaduct
The Millau Viaduct (Viaduc de Millau) is a multispan cable-stayed bridge completed in 2004 across the gorge valley of the Tarn near (west of) Millau in the Aveyron department in the Occitanie Region, in Southern France.
Mines Paris – PSL
Mines Paris – PSL, officially École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris (until May 2022 Mines ParisTech, also known as École des mines de Paris, ENSMP, Mines de Paris, les Mines, or Paris School of Mines), is a French grande école and a constituent college of PSL Research University.
See France and Mines Paris – PSL
Minister of the Interior (France)
Minister of the Interior (Ministre de l'Intérieur) is a prominent position in the Government of France.
See France and Minister of the Interior (France)
Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)
The Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE) is the ministry of the Government of France that handles France's foreign relations.
See France and Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)
Minority government
A minority government, minority cabinet, minority administration, or a minority parliament is a government and cabinet formed in a parliamentary system when a political party or coalition of parties does not have a majority of overall seats in the legislature.
See France and Minority government
Miroirs
Ravel in 1907 Miroirs (French for "Mirrors") is a five-movement suite for solo piano written by French composer Maurice Ravel between 1904 and 1905.
Mixed economy
A mixed economy is an economic system that accepts both private businesses and nationalized government services, like public utilities, safety, military, welfare, and education.
Modern philosophy
Modern philosophy is philosophy developed in the modern era and associated with modernity.
See France and Modern philosophy
Modest Mussorgsky
Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (In his day, the name was written Модестъ Петровичъ Мусоргскій.|Modest Petrovich Musorgsky|mɐˈdɛst pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈmusərkskʲɪj|Ru-Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky version.ogg; –) was a Russian composer, one of the group known as "The Five".
See France and Modest Mussorgsky
Monaco
Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe, on the Mediterranean Sea. France and Monaco are countries in Europe, French-speaking countries and territories, member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, member states of the United Nations and western European countries.
Mont Blanc
Mont Blanc (BrE:; AmE:; Mont Blanc; Monte Bianco, both meaning "white mountain") is the highest mountain in the Alps and Western Europe, and the highest mountain in Europe outside the Caucasus mountains, rising above sea level, located on the Franco-Italian border.
Mont-Saint-Michel
Mont-Saint-Michel (Norman: Mont Saint Miché) is a tidal island and mainland commune in Normandy, France.
See France and Mont-Saint-Michel
Montgolfier brothers
The Montgolfier brothers – Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (26 August 1740 – 26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (6 January 1745 – 2 August 1799) – were aviation pioneers, balloonists and paper manufacturers from the commune Annonay in Ardèche, France.
See France and Montgolfier brothers
Montpellier
Montpellier (Montpelhièr) is a city in southern France near the Mediterranean Sea.
Moselle
The Moselle (Mosel; Musel) is a river that rises in the Vosges mountains and flows through north-eastern France and Luxembourg to western Germany.
Municipal arrondissements of France
In France, a municipal arrondissement is a subdivision of the commune, and is used in the country's three largest cities: Paris, Lyon and Marseille.
See France and Municipal arrondissements of France
Musée d'Orsay
The Musée d'Orsay (Orsay Museum) is a museum in Paris, France, on the Left Bank of the Seine.
Musée National d'Art Moderne
The Musée National d'Art Moderne ("National Museum of Modern Art") is the national museum for modern art of France.
See France and Musée National d'Art Moderne
Musée Picasso
The Musée Picasso (Picasso Museum) is an art gallery located in the Hôtel Salé (Salé Hall) in rue de Thorigny, in the Marais district of Paris, France, dedicated to the work of the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso (1881–1973).
Nancy, France
Nancy is the prefecture of the northeastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle.
Nantes
Nantes (Gallo: Naunnt or Nantt) is a city in Loire-Atlantique of France on the Loire, from the Atlantic coast.
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
Napoleon III
Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first president of France from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as the second Emperor of the French from 1852 until he was deposed on 4 September 1870.
Napoleonic Code
The Napoleonic Code, officially the Civil Code of the French (simply referred to as Code civil), is the French civil code established during the French Consulate in 1804 and still in force in France, although heavily and frequently amended since its inception.
See France and Napoleonic Code
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.
See France and Napoleonic Wars
National Assembly (France)
The National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) is the lower house of the bicameral French Parliament under the Fifth Republic, the upper house being the Senate (Sénat).
See France and National Assembly (France)
National Assembly (French Revolution)
During the French Revolution, the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale), which existed from 17 June 1789 to 9 July 1789, was a revolutionary assembly of the Kingdom of France formed by the representatives of the Third Estate (commoners) of the Estates-General and eventually joined by some members of the First and Second Estates.
See France and National Assembly (French Revolution)
National Convention
The National Convention (Convention nationale) was the constituent assembly of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic for its first three years during the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly. France and national Convention are 1792 establishments in France.
See France and National Convention
National Museum of Natural History, France
The French National Museum of Natural History, known in French as the (abbreviation MNHN), is the national natural history museum of France and a grand établissement of higher education part of Sorbonne Universities.
See France and National Museum of Natural History, France
National park
A national park is a nature park designated for conservation purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance.
National Rally
The National Rally (Rassemblement National,, RN), known as the National Front from 1972 to 2018 (Front National,, FN), is a French far-right political party, described as right-wing populist and nationalist.
Nationalization
Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state.
See France and Nationalization
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.
See France and NATO
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.
Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism, also spelled Neo-classicism, emerged as a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity.
Neolithic
The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.
New Caledonia
New Caledonia (Nouvelle-Calédonie) is a ''sui generis'' collectivity of overseas France in the southwest Pacific Ocean, south of Vanuatu, about east of Australia, and from Metropolitan France. France and New Caledonia are French-speaking countries and territories.
New France
New France (Nouvelle-France) was the territory colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris.
New York Stock Exchange
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, nicknamed "The Big Board") is an American stock exchange in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City.
See France and New York Stock Exchange
Nice
Nice (Niçard: Niça, classical norm, or Nissa, Mistralian norm,; Nizza; Nissa; Νίκαια; Nicaea) is a city in and the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France.
See France and Nice
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1 June 1796 – 24 August 1832) was a French military engineer and physicist.
See France and Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
Nicolas Malebranche
Nicolas Malebranche (6 August 1638 – 13 October 1715) was a French Oratorian Catholic priest and rationalist philosopher.
See France and Nicolas Malebranche
Nicolas Poussin
Nicolas Poussin (June 1594 – 19 November 1665) was a French painter who was a leading painter of the classical French Baroque style, although he spent most of his working life in Rome.
See France and Nicolas Poussin
Nicolas Sarkozy
Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as the president of France and co-prince of Andorra from 2007 to 2012.
See France and Nicolas Sarkozy
Noir Désir
Noir Désir ("Black Desire") was a French rock band from Bordeaux.
North Sea
The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.
Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity.
Nuclear power plant
A nuclear power plant (NPP) or atomic power station (APS) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor.
See France and Nuclear power plant
Nuclear weapon
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion.
Obscurantism
In philosophy, the terms obscurantism and obscurationism identify and describe the anti-intellectual practices of deliberately presenting information in an abstruse and imprecise manner that limits further inquiry and understanding of a subject.
Occitan language
Occitan (occitan), also known as (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, sometimes also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania.
See France and Occitan language
Oceania
Oceania is a geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française
The Office de radiodiffusion-télévision française (ORTF;, or French Radio and Television Broadcasting Office) was the national agency charged, between 1964 and 1975, with providing public radio and television in France.
See France and Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française
Old French
Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; ancien français) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th and the mid-14th century.
Olive oil
Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained by pressing whole olives, the fruit of Olea europaea, a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin, and extracting the oil.
Olympic Games
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (Jeux olympiques) are the leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions.
Operation Dragoon
Operation Dragoon (initially Operation Anvil) was the code name for the landing operation of the Allied invasion of Provence (Southern France) on 15August 1944.
See France and Operation Dragoon
Optics
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.
Order of the Solar Temple
The Order of the Solar Temple (OTS), or simply the Solar Temple, was an esoteric new religious movement and secret society, often described as a cult, notorious for the mass deaths of many of its members in several incidents throughout the 1990s.
See France and Order of the Solar Temple
Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts (Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts) is an extensive piece of reform legislation signed into law by Francis I of France on August 10, 1539, in the city of Villers-Cotterêts and the oldest French legislation still used partly by French courts.
See France and Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF; sometimes shortened to the Francophonie, La Francophonie, sometimes also called International Organisation of italic in English) is an international organization representing countries and regions where French is a lingua franca or customary language, where a significant proportion of the population are francophones (French speakers), or where there is a notable affiliation with French culture. France and Organisation internationale de la Francophonie are French-speaking countries and territories.
See France and Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
Orléans
Orléans ((US) and) is a city in north-central France, about 120 kilometres (74 miles) southwest of Paris.
Ouest-France
Ouest-France (French for "West-France") is a daily French newspaper known for its emphasis on both local and national news.
Overseas departments and regions of France
The overseas departments and regions of France (départements et régions d'outre-mer,; DROM) are departments of the French Republic which are outside the continental Europe situated portion of France, known as "metropolitan France".
See France and Overseas departments and regions of France
Overseas territory (France)
The term overseas territory (territoire d'outre-mer or TOM) is an administrative division of France and is currently only applied to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
See France and Overseas territory (France)
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
Pablo Picasso
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France.
Pacific Community
The Pacific Community (PC), formerly the South Pacific Commission (SPC), is an international development organisation governed by 27 members, including 22 Pacific island countries and territories around the Pacific Ocean.
See France and Pacific Community
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions.
Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles (château de Versailles) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France.
See France and Palace of Versailles
Palais Garnier
The italic (Garnier Palace), also known as italic (Garnier Opera), is a historic 1,979-seatBeauvert 1996, p. 102.
Paleozoic
The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era is the first of three geological eras of the Phanerozoic Eon.
Panthéon
The Panthéon (from the Classical Greek word πάνθειον,, ' to all the gods') is a monument in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France.
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city of France.
See France and Paris
Paris Masters
The Paris Masters (formerly known as the Paris Open, and currently called the Rolex Paris Masters for sponsorship reasons) is an annual tennis tournament for male professional players held in Paris, France.
Paris Match
Paris Match is a French-language weekly news magazine.
Parliament
In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.
Paul Andreu
Paul Andreu (10 July 1938 – 11 October 2018) was a French architect, known for his designs of multiple airports such as Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, and multiple prestigious projects in China, including the National Centre for the Performing Arts in Beijing.
Paul Cézanne
Paul Cézanne (19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French Post-Impressionist painter whose work introduced new modes of representation and influenced avant-garde artistic movements of the early 20th century.
Paul Gauguin
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, and writer, whose work has been primarily associated with the Post-Impressionist and Symbolist movements.
Paul Langevin
Paul Langevin (23 January 1872 – 19 December 1946) was a French physicist who developed Langevin dynamics and the Langevin equation.
Paul Verlaine
Paul-Marie Verlaine (30 March 1844 – 8 January 1896) was a French poet associated with the Symbolist movement and the Decadent movement.
Pétanque
Pétanque (petanca; petanca) is a sport that falls into the category of boules sports (along with raffa, bocce, boule lyonnaise, lawn bowls, crown green bowling).
Peugeot
Peugeot is a French brand of automobiles owned by Stellantis.
Philip II of France
Philip II (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), byname Philip Augustus (Philippe Auguste), was King of France from 1180 to 1223.
See France and Philip II of France
Philip VI of France
Philip VI (Philippe; 1293 – 22 August 1350), called the Fortunate (le Fortuné) or the Catholic (le Catholique) and of Valois (de Valois) was the first king of France from the House of Valois, reigning from 1328 until his death in 1350.
See France and Philip VI of France
Phocaea
Phocaea or Phokaia (Ancient Greek: Φώκαια, Phókaia; modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia.
Picaresque novel
The picaresque novel (Spanish: picaresca, from pícaro, for 'rogue' or 'rascal') is a genre of prose fiction.
See France and Picaresque novel
Pictures at an Exhibition
Pictures at an Exhibition is a piano suite in ten movements, plus a recurring and varied Promenade theme, written in 1874 by Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky.
See France and Pictures at an Exhibition
Pieds-noirs
The pieds-noirs (pied-noir) are an ethno-cultural group of people of French and other European descent who were born in Algeria during the period of French rule from 1830 to 1962.
Pierre Boulez
Pierre Louis Joseph Boulez (26 March 19255 January 2016) was a French composer, conductor and writer, and the founder of several musical institutions.
Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity, and radioactivity.
Pierre de Coubertin
Charles Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin (born Pierre de Frédy; 1 January 1863 – 2 September 1937), also known as Pierre de Coubertin and Baron de Coubertin, was a French educator and historian, co-founder of the International Olympic Committee, and its second president.
See France and Pierre de Coubertin
Pierre Schaeffer
Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer (English pronunciation:,; 14 August 1910 – 19 August 1995) was a French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist, acoustician and founder of Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète (GRMC).
See France and Pierre Schaeffer
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Pierre-Auguste Renoir (25 February 1841 – 3 December 1919) was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style.
See France and Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Polish people
Polish people, or Poles, are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Central Europe.
Pont de Normandie
The Pont de Normandie (Normandy Bridge) is a cable-stayed road bridge that spans the river Seine linking Le Havre to Honfleur in Normandy, northern France.
See France and Pont de Normandie
Pont du Gard
The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct bridge built in the first century AD to carry water over to the Roman colony of Nemausus (Nîmes).
Pope Leo III
Pope Leo III (Leo III; died 12 June 816) was bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 26 December 795 to his death.
Pope Sylvester II
Pope Sylvester II (Silvester II; – 12 May 1003), originally known as Gerbert of Aurillac, was a scholar and teacher who served as the bishop of Rome and ruled the Papal States from 999 to his death.
See France and Pope Sylvester II
Popular Front (France)
The Popular Front (Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements in France, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the socialist SFIO and the Radical-Socialist Republican Party, during the interwar period.
See France and Popular Front (France)
Population ageing
Population ageing is an increasing median age in a population because of declining fertility rates and rising life expectancy.
See France and Population ageing
Portuguese people
The Portuguese people (– masculine – or Portuguesas) are a Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation indigenous to Portugal, a country in the west of the Iberian Peninsula in the south-west of Europe, who share a common culture, ancestry and language.
See France and Portuguese people
Post-structuralism
Post-structuralism is a philosophical movement that questions the objectivity or stability of the various interpretive structures that are posited by structuralism and considers them to be constituted by broader systems of power.
See France and Post-structuralism
Power behind the throne
The phrase "power behind the throne" refers to a person or group that is understood to de facto wield the power of a high-ranking official (originally, and hence the name, a monarch), or whose support must be maintained to continue in office.
See France and Power behind the throne
President of France
The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (Président de la République française), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces.
See France and President of France
Primary sector of the economy
The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, fishing, forestry and mining.
See France and Primary sector of the economy
Prime Minister of France
The prime minister of France (Premier ministre français), officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers.
See France and Prime Minister of France
Private law
Private law is that part of a civil law legal system which is part of the that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts and torts (as it is called in the common law), and the law of obligations (as it is called in civil legal systems).
Probability
Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur.
Programme for International Student Assessment
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a worldwide study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in member and non-member nations intended to evaluate educational systems by measuring 15-year-old school pupils' scholastic performance on mathematics, science, and reading.
See France and Programme for International Student Assessment
Prospect (magazine)
Prospect is a monthly British general-interest magazine, specialising in politics, economics and current affairs.
See France and Prospect (magazine)
Protected area
Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural, ecological or cultural values.
Protectionism
Protectionism, sometimes referred to as trade protectionism, is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations.
Proto-Germanic language
Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See France and Proto-Germanic language
Provence
Provence is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the Italian border to the east; it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
Public law
Public law is the part of law that governs relations and affairs between legal persons and a government, between different institutions within a state, between different branches of governments, as well as relationships between persons that are of direct concern to society.
Purchasing power parity
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies.
See France and Purchasing power parity
Puy de Dôme
Puy de Dôme is a lava dome and one of the youngest volcanoes in the i region of Massif Central in central France.
Pyrenees
The Pyrenees are a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain.
Quality of life
Quality of life (QOL) is defined by the World Health Organization as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns".
See France and Quality of life
Quiche
Quiche is a French tart consisting of a pastry crust filled with savoury custard and pieces of cheese, meat, seafood or vegetables.
Radical centrism
Radical centrism, also called the radical center, the radical centre, and the radical middle, is a concept that arose in Western nations in the late 20th century.
See France and Radical centrism
Radical Party (France)
The Radical Party (Parti radical), officially the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (Parti républicain, radical et radical-socialiste), is a liberal and social-liberal political party in France.
See France and Radical Party (France)
Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation.
See France and Radioactive decay
Rail transport in Germany
, Germany had a railway network of, of which were electrified and were double track.
See France and Rail transport in Germany
Rally for the Republic
The Rally for the Republic (Rassemblement pour la République; RPR) was a Gaullist and conservative political party in France.
See France and Rally for the Republic
Rally of the French People
The Rally of the French People (Rassemblement du Peuple Français, RPF) was a French political party, led by Charles de Gaulle.
See France and Rally of the French People
Ransom
Ransom is the practice of holding a prisoner or item to extort money or property to secure their release, or the sum of money involved in such a practice.
Rapsodie espagnole
Rapsodie espagnole is an orchestral rhapsody written by Maurice Ravel.
See France and Rapsodie espagnole
Rationalism
In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976.
Réunion
La Réunion, "La Reunion"; La Réunion; Reunionese Creole; previously known as Île Bourbon. France and Réunion are French-speaking countries and territories.
Received Pronunciation
Received Pronunciation (RP) is the accent traditionally regarded as the standard and most prestigious form of spoken British English.
See France and Received Pronunciation
Refugee
A refugee, conventionally speaking, is a person who has lost the protection of their country of origin and who cannot or is unwilling to return there due to well-founded fear of persecution. Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by a contracting state or by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) if they formally make a claim for asylum.
Regions of France
France is divided into eighteen administrative regions (régions, singular région), of which thirteen are located in metropolitan France (in Europe), while the other five are overseas regions (not to be confused with the overseas collectivities, which have a semi-autonomous status).
See France and Regions of France
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror or the Mountain Republic was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.
See France and Reign of Terror
Reims
Reims (also spelled Rheims in English) is the most populous city in the French department of Marne, and the 12th most populous city in France.
See France and Reims
Religious law
Religious law includes ethical and moral codes taught by religious traditions.
Remote surgery
Remote surgery (also known as cybersurgery or telesurgery) is the ability for a doctor to perform surgery on a patient even though they are not physically in the same location.
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
Renault
Groupe Renault (also known as the Renault Group in English; legally Renault S.A.) is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899.
René Descartes
René Descartes (or;; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science.
Rennes
Rennes (Roazhon; Gallo: Resnn) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the rivers Ille and Vilaine.
Representative democracy
Representative democracy (also called electoral democracy or indirect democracy) is a type of democracy where representatives are elected by the public.
See France and Representative democracy
Republic
A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica ('public affair'), is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives—in contrast to a monarchy.
Republicanism
Republicanism is a Western political ideology that encompasses a range of ideas from civic virtue, political participation, harms of corruption, positives of mixed constitution, rule of law, and others.
Respect
Respect, also called esteem, is a positive feeling or deferential action shown towards someone or something considered important or held in high esteem or regard.
Reynard the Fox
Reynard the Fox is a literary cycle of medieval allegorical Dutch, English, French and German fables.
See France and Reynard the Fox
Rhône
The Rhône is a major river in France and Switzerland, rising in the Alps and flowing west and south through Lake Geneva and Southeastern France before discharging into the Mediterranean Sea.
See France and Rhône
Rhine
--> The Rhine is one of the major European rivers.
See France and Rhine
Rock music in France
French rock is a form of rock music produced in France, primarily with lyrics in the French language.
See France and Rock music in France
Rococo
Rococo, less commonly Roccoco, also known as Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and dramatic style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, and trompe-l'œil frescoes to create surprise and the illusion of motion and drama.
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
Roman Italy
Italia (in both the Latin and Italian languages), also referred to as Roman Italy, was the homeland of the ancient Romans.
Roman Polanski
Raymond Roman Thierry Polański (born 18 August 1933) is a French and Polish film director, producer, screenwriter, actor and convicted sex offender.
Romance languages
The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.
See France and Romance languages
Romanesque architecture
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe that was predominant in the 11th and 12th centuries.
See France and Romanesque architecture
Romani people
The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma (Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle.
Romanticism
Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.
Rugby union
Rugby union football, commonly known simply as rugby union or more often just rugby, is a close-contact team sport that originated at Rugby School in England in the first half of the 19th century.
Rugby World Cup
The Men's Rugby World Cup is a rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams, the winners of which are recognised as the World champions of the sport.
See France and Rugby World Cup
Rural flight
Rural flight (also known as rural-to-urban migration, rural depopulation, or rural exodus) is the migratory pattern of people from rural areas into urban areas.
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. France and Russia are countries in Europe, G20 members and member states of the United Nations.
Safran
Safran S.A. is a French multinational aerospace and defense corporation that designs, develops and manufactures aircraft engines, helicopter engines, spacecraft propulsion systems as well as various other aerospace and military equipment.
Saint Martin (island)
Saint Martin (Saint-Martin; Sint Maarten) is an island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately east of Puerto Rico.
See France and Saint Martin (island)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Pierre and Miquelon, officially the Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (Collectivité d'outre-mer de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon), is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, located near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. France and Saint Pierre and Miquelon are French-speaking countries and territories and member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.
See France and Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Sainte-Chapelle
The Sainte-Chapelle (Holy Chapel) is a royal chapel in the Gothic style, within the medieval Palais de la Cité, the residence of the Kings of France until the 14th century, on the Île de la Cité in the River Seine in Paris, France.
See France and Sainte-Chapelle
Salian Franks
The Salian Franks, also called the Salians (Latin: Salii; Greek: Σάλιοι, Salioi), were a northwestern subgroup of the early Franks who appear in the historical record in the fourth and fifth centuries.
Same-sex adoption
Same-sex adoption is the adoption of children by same-sex couples.
See France and Same-sex adoption
Same-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is the marriage of two people of the same legal sex.
See France and Same-sex marriage
Savate
Savate, also known as French boxing (boxe Française), is a French kickboxing combat sport that uses the hands and feet as weapons combining elements of English boxing with kicking techniques.
Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban
Sébastien Le Prestre, seigneur de Vauban, later styling himself as the marquis de Vauban (baptised 15 May 163330 March 1707), commonly referred to as Vauban, was a French military engineer and Marshal of France who worked under Louis XIV.
See France and Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban
Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a subregion of Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples.
Scholasticism
Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.
School of Fontainebleau
The School of Fontainbleau (École de Fontainebleau) refers to two periods of artistic production in France during the late French Renaissance centered on the royal Palace of Fontainebleau that were crucial in forming Northern Mannerism, and represent the first major production of Italian Mannerist art in France.
See France and School of Fontainebleau
Sciences Po
Sciences Po or Sciences Po Paris, also known as the Paris Institute of Political Studies (Institut d'études politiques de Paris), is a private and public research university located in Paris, France, that holds the status of grande école and the legal status of.
Scientific method
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.
See France and Scientific method
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
See France and Scientific Revolution
Second French Empire
The Second French Empire, officially the French Empire, was an Imperial Bonapartist regime, ruled by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoleon III) from 14 January 1852 to 27 October 1870, between the Second and the Third French Republics.
See France and Second French Empire
Second Italian War of Independence
The Second Italian War of Independence, also called the Sardinian War, the Austro-Sardinian War, the Franco-Austrian War, or the Italian War of 1859 (Italian: Seconda guerra d'indipendenza italiana; German: Sardinischer Krieg; French: Campagne d'Italie), was fought by the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859 and played a crucial part in the process of Italian Unification.
See France and Second Italian War of Independence
Secondary education in France
In France, secondary education is in two stages.
See France and Secondary education in France
Secondary sector of the economy
In macroeconomics, the secondary sector of the economy is an economic sector in the three-sector theory that describes the role of manufacturing.
See France and Secondary sector of the economy
Secular state
A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.
Secularism in France
('secularism') is the constitutional principle of secularism in France.
See France and Secularism in France
Seine
The Seine is a river in northern France.
See France and Seine
Semi-presidential republic
A semi-presidential republic, or dual executive republic, is a republic in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the state.
See France and Semi-presidential republic
Senate (France)
The Senate (Sénat) is the upper house of the French Parliament, with the lower house being the National Assembly, the two houses constituting the legislature of France.
See France and Senate (France)
Separation of church and state
The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state.
See France and Separation of church and state
Serge Gainsbourg
Serge Gainsbourg (born Lucien Ginsburg; 2 April 1928 – 2 March 1991) was a French singer-songwriter, actor, composer, and director.
See France and Serge Gainsbourg
Simone de Beauvoir
Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist.
See France and Simone de Beauvoir
Simone Weil
Simone Adolphine Weil (3 February 1909 – 24 August 1943) was a French philosopher, mystic, and political activist.
Six Nations Championship
The Six Nations Championship (known as the Guinness Six Nations for sponsorship reasons) is an annual international men's rugby union competition between the teams of England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales.
See France and Six Nations Championship
Sleeping Beauty
"Sleeping Beauty" (La Belle au bois dormant, or The Beauty Sleeping in the Wood; Dornröschen, or Little Briar Rose), also titled in English as The Sleeping Beauty in the Woods, is a fairy tale about a princess cursed by an evil fairy to sleep for a hundred years before being awakened by a handsome prince.
See France and Sleeping Beauty
SNCF
The Société nationale des chemins de fer français (abbreviated as SNCF; "National Company of the French Railways") is France's national state-owned railway company.
See France and SNCF
Soissons
Soissons is a commune in the northern French department of Aisne, in the region of Hauts-de-France.
Song of Roland
The Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland) is an 11th-century based on the deeds of the Frankish military leader Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in AD 778, during the reign of the Emperor Charlemagne.
Soprano
A soprano is a type of classical female singing voice and has the highest vocal range of all voice types.
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
Spain
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa. France and Spain are countries in Europe, member states of NATO, member states of the European Union, member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, member states of the United Nations and OECD members.
See France and Spain
Spaniards
Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a people native to Spain.
Special Relationship
The Special Relationship is a term that is often used to describe the political, social, diplomatic, cultural, economic, legal, environmental, religious, military and historic relations between the United Kingdom and the United States or its political leaders.
See France and Special Relationship
Sports car racing
Sports car racing is a form of motorsport road racing which utilises sports cars that have two seats and enclosed wheels.
See France and Sports car racing
Stade de France
Stade de France is the national stadium of France, located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis.
See France and Stade de France
State religion
A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.
Stéphane Mallarmé
Stéphane Mallarmé (18 March 1842 – 9 September 1898), pen name of Étienne Mallarmé, was a French poet and critic.
See France and Stéphane Mallarmé
Stendhal
Marie-Henri Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer.
Storming of the Bastille
The Storming of the Bastille (Prise de la Bastille) occurred in Paris, France, on 14 July 1789, when revolutionary insurgents attempted to storm and seize control of the medieval armoury, fortress and political prison known as the Bastille.
See France and Storming of the Bastille
Strasbourg
Strasbourg (Straßburg) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France, at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace.
Structuralism
Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa, Subsahara, or Non-Mediterranean Africa is the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lie south of the Sahara.
See France and Sub-Saharan Africa
Submarine-launched ballistic missile
A submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is a ballistic missile capable of being launched from submarines.
See France and Submarine-launched ballistic missile
Sui generis
Sui generis is a Latin phrase that means "of its/their own kind" or "in a class by itself", therefore "unique".
Supranational union
A supranational union is a type of international organization and political union that is empowered to directly exercise some of the powers and functions otherwise reserved to states.
See France and Supranational union
Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. France and Switzerland are countries in Europe, French-speaking countries and territories, member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, member states of the United Nations, OECD members and western European countries.
Symbolism (arts)
Symbolism was a late 19th-century art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts seeking to represent absolute truths symbolically through language and metaphorical images, mainly as a reaction against naturalism and realism.
See France and Symbolism (arts)
Tampa Bay Times
The Tampa Bay Times, called the St.
See France and Tampa Bay Times
Tapenade
Tapenade (tapenada) is a Provençal name for a spread, condiment and culinary ingredient consisting of puréed or finely chopped olives, capers, and sometimes anchovies.
Telephone numbers in France
The French telephone numbering plan is used in Metropolitan France, French overseas departments and some overseas collectivities.
See France and Telephone numbers in France
Temperate climate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth.
See France and Temperate climate
Tennis
Tennis is a racket sport that is played either individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles).
Tertiary sector of the economy
The tertiary sector of the economy, generally known as the service sector, is the third of the three economic sectors in the three-sector model (also known as the economic cycle).
See France and Tertiary sector of the economy
Teutons
The Teutons (Teutones, Teutoni, Τεύτονες) were an ancient northern European tribe mentioned by Roman authors.
TGV
The TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse,, "high-speed train"; formerly TurboTrain à Grande Vitesse) is France's intercity high-speed rail service, operated mainly by SNCF.
See France and TGV
Thales Group
Thales Group is a French multinational company that designs, develops and manufactures electrical systems as well as devices and equipment for the aerospace, defence, transportation and security sectors.
Thalys
Thalys (French) was a brand name used for high-speed train services between Paris Gare du Nord via Brussels-South to either Amsterdam Centraal or to German cities in the Rhein-Ruhr, including Aachen, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Essen and Dortmund.
Théophile Gautier
Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier (30 August 1811 – 23 October 1872) was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, and art and literary critic.
See France and Théophile Gautier
The Charterhouse of Parma
The Charterhouse of Parma (La Chartreuse de Parme) is a novel by French writer Stendhal, published in 1839.
See France and The Charterhouse of Parma
The Count of Monte Cristo
The Count of Monte Cristo (Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel written by French author Alexandre Dumas (père) completed in 1844.
See France and The Count of Monte Cristo
The Economist
The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally.
The Family International
The Family International (TFI) is an American new religious movement founded in 1968 by David Brandt Berg.
See France and The Family International
The Fronde
The Fronde were a series of civil wars in the Kingdom of France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635.
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (translation, originally titled Notre-Dame de Paris. 1482) is a French Gothic novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1831.
See France and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
The Independent
The Independent is a British online newspaper.
See France and The Independent
The Little Prince
The Little Prince (Le Petit Prince) is a novella written and illustrated by French writer and military pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.
See France and The Little Prince
The Red and the Black
Le Rouge et le Noir (meaning The Red and the Black) is a historical psychological novel in two volumes by Stendhal, published in 1830.
See France and The Red and the Black
The Three Musketeers
The Three Musketeers (Les Trois Mousquetaires) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas.
See France and The Three Musketeers
The Times
The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London.
The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
See France and The World Factbook
Thermidorian Reaction
In the historiography of the French Revolution, the Thermidorian Reaction (Réaction thermidorienne or Convention thermidorienne, "Thermidorian Convention") is the common term for the period between the ousting of Maximilien Robespierre on 9 Thermidor II, or 27 July 1794, and the inauguration of the French Directory on 2 November 1795.
See France and Thermidorian Reaction
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation.
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.
See France and Thirty Years' War
Total fertility rate
The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were to live from birth until the end of their reproductive life.
See France and Total fertility rate
Toulouse
Toulouse (Tolosa) is the prefecture of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger region of Occitania.
Tour de France
The Tour de France is an annual men's multiple-stage bicycle race held primarily in France.
Touraine
Touraine is one of the traditional provinces of France.
Tourism in France
Tourism in France directly contributed 79.8 billion euros to gross domestic product (GDP) in 2013, 30% of which comes from international visitors and 70% from domestic tourism spending.
See France and Tourism in France
Trap–bath split
The – split is a vowel split that occurs mainly in Southern England English (including Received Pronunciation), Australian English, New Zealand English, Indian English, South African English and to a lesser extent in some Welsh English as well as older Northeastern New England English by which the Early Modern English phoneme was lengthened in certain environments and ultimately merged with the long of PALM.
See France and Trap–bath split
Treaty of Verdun
The Treaty of Verdun, agreed in, divided the Frankish Empire into three kingdoms between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I, the son and successor of Charlemagne.
See France and Treaty of Verdun
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919.
See France and Treaty of Versailles
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty intended to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament.
See France and Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Triple Entente
The Triple Entente (from French entente meaning "friendship, understanding, agreement") describes the informal understanding between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Turntablism
Turntablism is the art of manipulating sounds and creating new music, sound effects, mixes and other creative sounds and beats, typically by using two or more turntables and a cross fader-equipped DJ mixer.
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (Vingt Mille Lieues sous les mers) is a science fiction adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne.
See France and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas
UEFA Euro 1984
The 1984 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in France from 12 to 27 June 1984.
UN Tourism
UN Tourism (UNWTO until 2023) is a specialized agency of the United Nations which promotes responsible, sustainable and universally-accessible tourism.
Unification Church
The Unification Church is a new religious movement derived from Christianity, whose members are called Unificationists or sometimes informally Moonies.
See France and Unification Church
Union for a Popular Movement
The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un mouvement populaire; UMP) was a liberal-conservative political party in France, largely inspired by the Gaullist tradition.
See France and Union for a Popular Movement
Union of Democrats for the Republic
The Union for the Defence of the Republic (Union pour la défense de la République), after 1968 renamed Union of Democrats for the Republic (Union des démocrates pour la République), commonly abbreviated UDR, was a Gaullist political party of France that existed from 1967 to 1976.
See France and Union of Democrats for the Republic
Unitary state
A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland. France and United Kingdom are countries in Europe, G20 members, member states of NATO, member states of the United Nations and OECD members.
United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.
See France and United Nations Development Programme
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency mandated to aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.
See France and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Universal health care
Universal health care (also called universal health coverage, universal coverage, or universal care) is a health care system in which all residents of a particular country or region are assured access to health care.
See France and Universal health care
University of Paris
The University of Paris (Université de Paris), known metonymically as the Sorbonne, was the leading university in Paris, France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the French Revolution.
See France and University of Paris
University of Sunderland
The University of Sunderland is a public research university located in Sunderland in the North East of England.
See France and University of Sunderland
Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house.
Upper Paleolithic
The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.
See France and Upper Paleolithic
Urban area (France)
An aire urbaine (literal and official translation: "urban area") is an INSEE (France's national statistics bureau) statistical concept describing a core of urban development and the extent of its commuter activity.
See France and Urban area (France)
Vaux-le-Vicomte
The Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte is a Baroque French château located in Maincy, near Melun, southeast of Paris in the Seine-et-Marne department of Île-de-France.
See France and Vaux-le-Vicomte
Vercingetorix
Vercingetorix (Οὐερκιγγετόριξ; – 46 BC) was a Gallic king and chieftain of the Arverni tribe who united the Gauls in a failed revolt against Roman forces during the last phase of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars.
Viet Minh
The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Độc lập Đồng minh, 越南獨立同盟; Ligue pour l'indépendance du Viêt Nam) was a national independence coalition formed at Pác Bó by Hồ Chí Minh on 19 May 1941.
Vincent van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh (30 March 185329 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art.
See France and Vincent van Gogh
Visigoths
The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were a Germanic people united under the rule of a king and living within the Roman Empire during late antiquity.
Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (21 November 169430 May 1778), known by his nom de plume M. de Voltaire (also), was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher (philosophe), satirist, and historian.
Vosges
The Vosges (Vogesen; Franconian and Vogese) are a range of medium mountains in Eastern France, near its border with Germany.
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna, officially the Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands, is a French island collectivity in the South Pacific, situated between Tuvalu to the northwest, Fiji to the southwest, Tonga to the southeast, Samoa to the east, and Tokelau to the northeast. France and Wallis and Futuna are French-speaking countries and territories.
See France and Wallis and Futuna
Walt Disney Studios Park
Walt Disney Studios Park (French: Parc Walt Disney Studios) is the second of two theme parks built at Disneyland Paris in Marne-la-Vallée, France.
See France and Walt Disney Studios Park
War of the Sixth Coalition
In the War of the Sixth Coalition (Guerre de la Sixième Coalition) (March 1813 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation (Befreiungskriege), a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, Great Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Sardinia, and a number of German States defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba.
See France and War of the Sixth Coalition
Wassily Kandinsky
Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky (– 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter and art theorist.
See France and Wassily Kandinsky
Western Bloc
The Western Bloc, also known as the Capitalist Bloc, is an informal, collective term for countries that were officially allied with the United States during the Cold War of 1947–1991.
Western Europe
Western Europe is the western region of Europe.
Western Roman Empire
In modern historiography, the Western Roman Empire was the western provinces of the Roman Empire, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court.
See France and Western Roman Empire
William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
William IX (Guilhèm de Peitieus or Guilhem de Poitou, Guillaume de Poitiers; 22 October 1071 – 10 February 1126), called the Troubadour, was the Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony and Count of Poitou (as William VII) between 1086 and his death.
See France and William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
William the Conqueror
William the Conqueror (Bates William the Conqueror p. 33– 9 September 1087), sometimes called William the Bastard, was the first Norman king of England (as William I), reigning from 1066 until his death.
See France and William the Conqueror
Winter Olympic Games
The Winter Olympic Games (Jeux olympiques d'hiver) is a major international multi-sport event held once every four years for sports practiced on snow and ice.
See France and Winter Olympic Games
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
See France and World Health Organization
World Heritage Site
World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.
See France and World Heritage Site
World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade.
See France and World Trade Organization
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.
See France and Yale University
.eu
.eu is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the European Union (EU).
See France and .eu
.fr
.fr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for France.
See France and .fr
.gf
.gf is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for French Guiana.
See France and .gf
.gp
.gp is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Guadeloupe.
See France and .gp
.mq
.mq is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Martinique.
See France and .mq
.nc
.nc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for New Caledonia.
See France and .nc
.pf
.pf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for French Polynesia.
See France and .pf
.pm
.pm is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
See France and .pm
.re
.re is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Réunion (a French island located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar).
See France and .re
.tf
.tf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
See France and .tf
.wf
.wf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Wallis and Futuna Islands.
See France and .wf
.yt
.yt is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mayotte, a part of the registry for France.
See France and .yt
1900 Summer Olympics
The 1900 Summer Olympics (Jeux olympiques d'été de 1900), today officially known as the Games of the II Olympiad (Jeux de la IIe olympiade) and also known as Paris 1900, were an international multi-sport event that took place in Paris, France, from 14 May to 28 October 1900.
See France and 1900 Summer Olympics
1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State
The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State (French) was passed by the Chamber of Deputies on 3 July 1905.
See France and 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State
1924 Summer Olympics
The 1924 Summer Olympics (Jeux olympiques d'été de 1924), officially the Games of the VIII Olympiad (Jeux de la VIIIe olympiade) and officially branded as Paris 1924, were an international multi-sport event held in Paris, France.
See France and 1924 Summer Olympics
1924 Winter Olympics
The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games (Iers Jeux olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known as Chamonix 1924 (Chamôni 1924), were a winter multi-sport event which was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France.
See France and 1924 Winter Olympics
1938 FIFA World Cup
The 1938 FIFA World Cup was the third edition of the World Cup, the quadrennial international football championship for senior men's national teams.
See France and 1938 FIFA World Cup
1960 European Nations' Cup
The 1960 European Nations' Cup was the inaugural tournament of the UEFA European Championship, held every four years and organised by UEFA.
See France and 1960 European Nations' Cup
1968 Winter Olympics
The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games (Les Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver), were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 18 February 1968 in Grenoble, France.
See France and 1968 Winter Olympics
1973 oil crisis
In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against the countries who had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Egypt and Syria launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War.
See France and 1973 oil crisis
1992 Winter Olympics
The 1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games (XVIes Jeux Olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known as Albertville '92 (Arpitan: Arbèrtvile '92), was a winter multi-sport event held from 8 to 23 February 1992 in and around Albertville, France.
See France and 1992 Winter Olympics
1995 France bombings
A series of attacks targeted public transport systems in Paris and Lyon, as well as a school in Villeurbanne, in 1995.
See France and 1995 France bombings
1998 FIFA World Cup
The 1998 FIFA World Cup was the 16th FIFA World Cup, the football world championship for men's national teams.
See France and 1998 FIFA World Cup
2004 Madrid train bombings
The 2004 Madrid train bombings (also known in Spain as 11M) were a series of coordinated, nearly simultaneous bombings against the Cercanías commuter train system of Madrid, Spain, on the morning of 11 March 2004—three days before Spain's general elections.
See France and 2004 Madrid train bombings
2007 Rugby World Cup
The 2007 Rugby World Cup (Coupe du monde de rugby 2007) was the sixth Rugby World Cup, a quadrennial international rugby union competition organised by the International Rugby Board.
See France and 2007 Rugby World Cup
24 Hours of Le Mans
The 24 Hours of Le Mans (24 Heures du Mans) is an endurance-focused sports car race held annually near the town of Le Mans, France.
See France and 24 Hours of Le Mans
41st parallel north
The 41st parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 41 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
See France and 41st parallel north
See also
1792 establishments in Europe
- Belgian Legion
- Evangelical–Augsburg Cemetery, Warsaw
- France
- Hungarian Theatre of Cluj
- La Fenice
- Rauracian Republic
- Tiraspol
1792 establishments in France
- 7th Hussar Regiment (France)
- 9th Hussar Regiment (France)
- Army of the Alps
- Army of the Ardennes
- Army of the Midi
- Army of the Vosges (1792–1793)
- Assemblée communale
- Belgian Legion (1792)
- Bibliothèque nationale de France
- Committee of United Belgians and Liégeois
- Compagnie des arts de Paris
- France
- French Armed Forces
- French First Republic
- French National Convention
- French Republican calendar
- Germanic Legion
- Girondins
- Great Book of the Public Debt
- Legion of Belgians and Liégeois
- Ministers of the French National Convention
- Mont-Blanc (department)
- National Convention
- Place de la Bastille
- Théâtre de la Gaîté (boulevard du Temple)
- Théâtre du Vaudeville
G20 members
- African Union
- Argentina
- Australia
- Brazil
- Canada
- China
- European Union
- France
- Germany
- India
- Indonesia
- Italy
- Japan
- Mexico
- Russia
- Saudi Arabia
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States
Member states of NATO
- Albania
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Canada
- Canada and NATO
- Croatia
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- Finland and NATO
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Member states of NATO
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- North Macedonia
- North Macedonia and NATO
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Romania and NATO
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Sweden and NATO
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States
Member states of the European Union
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Danish Realm
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Italy
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Latvia
- List of European Union member states by political system
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Malta
- Member state of the European Union
- Netherlands
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of Ireland
- Romania
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean
- Albania
- Algeria
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Denmark
- Egypt
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Israel
- Italy
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Malta
- Monaco
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Tunisia
- Turkey
OECD members
- Australia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Canada
- Chile
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Japan
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of Ireland
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
States and territories established in 1792
- Addington County, Ontario
- Durham County, Ontario
- Essex County, Ontario
- France
- French First Republic
- Kent County, Ontario
- Kentucky
- Lennox County, Ontario
- Lincoln County, Ontario
- Malabar District
- Mont-Blanc (department)
- Ontario County, Ontario
- Suffolk County, Ontario
- Volhynian Viceroyalty
Western European countries
References
Also known as Belle France, Bro-C'hall, Environment in France, Environment of France, Environmental issues in France, Etymology of France, Fracne, Francaise Republique, France (country), France Republic, Franciae, Frankreich, Frànkrich, Franse, Franse Republiek, Franzoesische Republik, Französische Republik, French Republic, Frqnce, Gallaoued, ISO 3166-1:FR, La France, Republic France, Republic French, Republic of France, Republica Francesa, Republik Frañs, République française.
, Armorica, Arrondissements of France, Association football, Association of Caribbean States, Athens, Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic slave trade, Atonality, Auguste and Louis Lumière, Augustin-Jean Fresnel, Augustus, Avant-garde, Axis powers, École nationale d'administration, École polytechnique, Édith Piaf, Édouard Manet, Électricité de France, Émile Zola, Évian Accords, Île-de-France, Baby boom, Bank of France, Barbarian, Baroque, Basilica of Saint-Denis, Basque language, Battle of Austerlitz, Battle of France, Battle of Hastings, Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, Battle of the Allia, Battle of Tours, Battle of Waterloo, Beauce, France, Belgium, Belle Époque, Bicameralism, Black Death, Blaise Pascal, Blasphemy, Bloomberg L.P., Bluebeard, Boléro, Bordeaux, Bourbon Restoration in France, Breach of the peace, Breton language, Brie (region), British Empire, British Isles, Brittany, Bronze Age, Burgundians, Burgundy, Camargue, Camille Pissarro, Camino de Santiago, Canal du Midi, Cannes, Cannes Film Festival, Cantons of France, Carbon tax, Carcassonne, Cardinal Richelieu, Carolingian dynasty, Carolingian Empire, Case law, Cassoulet, Catalan Countries, Catalan language, Catharism, Catholic Church, Catholic Church in France, Causes of the French Revolution, Cave painting, Côte d'Ivoire, Celts, Central Europe, Central European Summer Time, Central European Time, Central Powers, Centre Pompidou, CFP franc, Chad, Chalcolithic, Chamonix, Chanel, Channel Tunnel, Chanson, Chanson de geste, Charlemagne, Charles Aznavour, Charles Baudelaire, Charles de Gaulle, Charles de Gaulle Airport, Charles IV of France, Charles Martel, Charles Perrault, Chartres Cathedral, Château, Château d'Amboise, Château d'Angers, Château d'Ussé, Château de Chambord, Château de Chantilly, Château de Chenonceau, Château de Montsoreau, Château de Villandry, Château de Vincennes, Châteaux of the Loire Valley, Chrétien de Troyes, Christianity, Christine de Pizan, Chromaticism, Cinderella, Cinema of the United States, Citizenship, Citroën, Civil law (legal system), Civil solidarity pact, Claude Debussy, Claude Lorrain, Claude Monet, Clipperton Island, Clock, Clovis I, Coat of arms of France, Cold War, Columbia University, Combustion, Committee of Public Safety, Common Agricultural Policy, Common Era, Common law, Communes of France, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, Computer security, Concert champêtre, Conscription, Conseil d'État, Constantine the Great, Constitution of France, Constitution of the Year XII, Constitutional law, Contemporary art, Contemporary classical music, Convocation, Corsican language, Coup of 18 Brumaire, Court of Cassation (France), Courtier, Credit Suisse, Crimean War, Critérium du Dauphiné, Cromwell (play), Crusader states, Cult, Cultural assimilation, Cystic fibrosis, Dante Alighieri, Daphnis et Chloé, Dassault Group, Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D, Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard, Deaflympics, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Decolonization, Deloitte, Demographics of France, Denis Diderot, Departments of France, Developed country, Development aid, Dialogues of the Carmelites, Diesel fuel, Dior, Diplomatic mission, Directorate-General for External Security, Dirigisme, Disneyland Paris, Disneyland Park (Paris), Dordogne, Early Middle Ages, East Francia, Eastern Bloc, Eastern Europe, Ecological succession, Economic depression, Economic power, Economy of France, Ecotourism, Edgar Degas, Edict of Fontainebleau, Edict of Nantes, Edward III of England, Eiffel Tower, Empire style, Encyclopédie, Endonym and exonym, Endurance racing (motorsport), English Channel, Entente Cordiale, Erik Satie, Ernst & Young, Essays (Montaigne), Estates General (France), Estates General of 1789, Estates of the realm, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, Euro, Euro sign, Euronext, European Economic Community, European single market, European Union, Eurostar, Eurostat, Eurozone, Events preceding World War II in Europe, Ex post facto law, Exclusive economic zone, Existentialism, Exocet, Extermination camp, Face transplant, Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Fasces, Fencing, Feudalism, Filmmaking, Financial Times, First Indochina War, Flag of France, Force de dissuasion, Foreign direct investment, Foreign worker, François Boucher, François Couperin, François Rabelais, France and weapons of mass destruction, France national football team, France national rugby union team, France–Germany relations, Francesco Primaticcio, Francia, Francis Poulenc, Francis Veber, Francisca, Franco-Prussian War, Frankish language, Free France, Freedom of religion, French Academy of Sciences, French Air and Space Force, French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, French Army, French colonial empire, French Consulate, French Development Agency, French Directory, French Fifth Republic, French First Republic, French Fourth Republic, French hip hop, French India, French language, French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools, French National Centre for Scientific Research, French Navy, French New Wave, French Open, French Parliament, French people, French Polynesia, French Renaissance, French Resistance, French Revolution, French Revolutionary Wars, French Riviera, French Second Republic, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, French Third Republic, French Wars of Religion, French West Indies, Funk, G7, Gabriel Fauré, Gallia Narbonensis, Garabit viaduct, Gare d'Orsay, Garonne, Gasoline, Gaspar Noé, Gaspard de la nuit, Gaul, Gaullism, Georges Braque, Georges Brassens, Georges Seurat, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Germanic peoples, Germany, Gironde estuary, Givenchy, Glacier, Gojira (band), Gothic architecture, Grand Slam (tennis), Grande école, Grasse, Great power, Greeks, Grenoble, Gross domestic product, Gross national income, Guadeloupe, Gustave Eiffel, Guy Canivet, Guy de Maupassant, Habsburg Spain, Hand transplantation, Harki, Harpsichord, Hautes-Pyrénées, Head of government, Head of state, Health system, HEC Paris, Hector Berlioz, Henri Becquerel, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Matisse, Henri Poincaré, Henry IV of France, Heptaméron, Hexagon, High Middle Ages, History of France, Holocaust denial, Holy Land, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Empire, Homer, Honoré de Balzac, House of Bonaparte, House of Habsburg, House of Plantagenet, Hugh Capet, Huguenots, Human, Human Rights Watch, Hundred Days, Hydropower, Impressionism, Impressionism in music, Indian Ocean, Indian Ocean Commission, Industrial Revolution, Innovation, Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, Insurrection of 10 August 1792, International Bureau of Weights and Measures, International Monetary Fund, International Olympic Committee, International Telecommunication Union, Internment, Ionia, Iron Age, Irreligion, ISO 4217, Italian art, Italian Wars, Italy, Jacques Tourneur, Jacques-Louis David, Jean Cocteau, Jean Fouquet, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jean-Paul Sartre, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Jeux d'eau (Ravel), Joan of Arc, Journal officiel de la République française, Judaism, Judo, Jules Ferry, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Jules Verne, Julius Caesar, July Monarchy, July Revolution, Kingdom of England, Krzysztof Kieślowski, L'Équipe, L'Express, L'Oréal, La Croix (newspaper), La Défense, La Légende des siècles, La Madeleine, Paris, La Marseillaise, Lancelot-Grail, Languages of France, Languedoc, Langues d'oïl, Lascaux, Last Glacial Period, Late antiquity, Late Latin, Latin, Lausanne, Léo Ferré, Le Canard enchaîné, Le Corbusier, Le Figaro, Le Monde, Le Nouvel Obs, Le Tombeau de Couperin, Leclerc tank, Legitimacy (political), Les Invalides, Les Misérables, Les Rougon-Macquart, LeShuttle, Levant, Liberté, égalité, fraternité, Ligures, Lille, Limes (Roman Empire), Lindbergh operation, Lingua franca, List of airports in France, List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes, List of countries and dependencies by population, List of countries and dependencies by population density, List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions, List of countries by GDP (nominal), List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita, List of countries by GDP (PPP), List of French cheeses, List of French monarchs, List of presidents of the National Assembly of France, List of presidents of the Senate of France, List of states with nuclear weapons, List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower, List of universities and colleges in France, Literary genre, Local law in Alsace–Moselle, Loire Valley, London Stock Exchange, Louis Pasteur, Louis the Pious, Louis XIII, Louis XIV, Louis XV, Louis XVI, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Lourdes, Louvre, Lower house, Luc Besson, Luc Montagnier, Lugdunum, Luxembourg, LVMH, Maastricht Treaty, Maghreb, Maine (province), Mali, Mano Negra (band), Manufacturing, Marc Chagall, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Marcel Proust, Marie Claire, Marie Curie, Marin Marais, Martial arts, Martinique, Massif Central, Matter of France, Maurice de Vlaminck, Maurice Ravel, May 68, Mayor of the palace, Mayotte, Medieval Latin, Mediterranean Sea, Megalith, Merovingian dynasty, Metric system, Metropolitan France, Michael Haneke, Michel de Montaigne, Michel Foucault, Michel Richard Delalande, Middle Ages, Migration Period, Military, Military police, Millau Viaduct, Mines Paris – PSL, Minister of the Interior (France), Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France), Minority government, Miroirs, Mixed economy, Modern philosophy, Modest Mussorgsky, Monaco, Mont Blanc, Mont-Saint-Michel, Montgolfier brothers, Montpellier, Moselle, Municipal arrondissements of France, Musée d'Orsay, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Musée Picasso, Nancy, France, Nantes, Napoleon, Napoleon III, Napoleonic Code, Napoleonic Wars, National Assembly (France), National Assembly (French Revolution), National Convention, National Museum of Natural History, France, National park, National Rally, Nationalization, NATO, Nazi Germany, Neoclassicism, Neolithic, New Caledonia, New France, New York Stock Exchange, Nice, Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, Nicolas Malebranche, Nicolas Poussin, Nicolas Sarkozy, Noir Désir, North Sea, Nuclear power, Nuclear power plant, Nuclear weapon, Obscurantism, Occitan language, Oceania, Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française, Old French, Olive oil, Olympic Games, Operation Dragoon, Optics, Order of the Solar Temple, Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Orléans, Ouest-France, Overseas departments and regions of France, Overseas territory (France), Oxygen, Pablo Picasso, Pacific Community, Pacific Ocean, Palace of Versailles, Palais Garnier, Paleozoic, Panthéon, Paris, Paris Masters, Paris Match, Parliament, Paul Andreu, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Paul Langevin, Paul Verlaine, Pétanque, Peugeot, Philip II of France, Philip VI of France, Phocaea, Picaresque novel, Pictures at an Exhibition, Pieds-noirs, Pierre Boulez, Pierre Curie, Pierre de Coubertin, Pierre Schaeffer, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Polish people, Pont de Normandie, Pont du Gard, Pope Leo III, Pope Sylvester II, Popular Front (France), Population ageing, Portuguese people, Post-structuralism, Power behind the throne, President of France, Primary sector of the economy, Prime Minister of France, Private law, Probability, Programme for International Student Assessment, Prospect (magazine), Protected area, Protectionism, Proto-Germanic language, Provence, Public law, Purchasing power parity, Puy de Dôme, Pyrenees, Quality of life, Quiche, Radical centrism, Radical Party (France), Radioactive decay, Rail transport in Germany, Rally for the Republic, Rally of the French People, Ransom, Rapsodie espagnole, Rationalism, Réunion, Received Pronunciation, Refugee, Regions of France, Reign of Terror, Reims, Religious law, Remote surgery, Renaissance, Renault, René Descartes, Rennes, Representative democracy, Republic, Republicanism, Respect, Reynard the Fox, Rhône, Rhine, Rock music in France, Rococo, Roman Empire, Roman Italy, Roman Polanski, Romance languages, Romanesque architecture, Romani people, Romanticism, Rugby union, Rugby World Cup, Rural flight, Russia, Safran, Saint Martin (island), Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Sainte-Chapelle, Salian Franks, Same-sex adoption, Same-sex marriage, Savate, Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban, Scandinavia, Scholasticism, School of Fontainebleau, Sciences Po, Scientific method, Scientific Revolution, Second French Empire, Second Italian War of Independence, Secondary education in France, Secondary sector of the economy, Secular state, Secularism in France, Seine, Semi-presidential republic, Senate (France), Separation of church and state, Serge Gainsbourg, Simone de Beauvoir, Simone Weil, Six Nations Championship, Sleeping Beauty, SNCF, Soissons, Song of Roland, Soprano, South America, Spain, Spaniards, Special Relationship, Sports car racing, Stade de France, State religion, Stéphane Mallarmé, Stendhal, Storming of the Bastille, Strasbourg, Structuralism, Sub-Saharan Africa, Submarine-launched ballistic missile, Sui generis, Supranational union, Switzerland, Symbolism (arts), Tampa Bay Times, Tapenade, Telephone numbers in France, Temperate climate, Tennis, Tertiary sector of the economy, Teutons, TGV, Thales Group, Thalys, Théophile Gautier, The Charterhouse of Parma, The Count of Monte Cristo, The Economist, The Family International, The Fronde, The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, The Independent, The Little Prince, The Red and the Black, The Three Musketeers, The Times, The World Factbook, Thermidorian Reaction, Thermodynamics, Thirty Years' War, Total fertility rate, Toulouse, Tour de France, Touraine, Tourism in France, Trap–bath split, Treaty of Verdun, Treaty of Versailles, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Triple Entente, Turntablism, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas, UEFA Euro 1984, UN Tourism, Unification Church, Union for a Popular Movement, Union of Democrats for the Republic, Unitary state, United Kingdom, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Universal health care, University of Paris, University of Sunderland, Upper house, Upper Paleolithic, Urban area (France), Vaux-le-Vicomte, Vercingetorix, Viet Minh, Vincent van Gogh, Visigoths, Voltaire, Vosges, Wallis and Futuna, Walt Disney Studios Park, War of the Sixth Coalition, Wassily Kandinsky, Western Bloc, Western Europe, Western Roman Empire, William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, William the Conqueror, Winter Olympic Games, World Health Organization, World Heritage Site, World Trade Organization, World War II, Yale University, .eu, .fr, .gf, .gp, .mq, .nc, .pf, .pm, .re, .tf, .wf, .yt, 1900 Summer Olympics, 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, 1924 Summer Olympics, 1924 Winter Olympics, 1938 FIFA World Cup, 1960 European Nations' Cup, 1968 Winter Olympics, 1973 oil crisis, 1992 Winter Olympics, 1995 France bombings, 1998 FIFA World Cup, 2004 Madrid train bombings, 2007 Rugby World Cup, 24 Hours of Le Mans, 41st parallel north.