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251 relations: Absolute monarchy in France, Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Aeterni regis, Affair of the Placards, Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Bourbon, Aimé Simon-Girard, Alexandre Dumas, Alonso Pita da Veiga, Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, Andrea del Sarto, Anne Boleyn, Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, Anne of Brittany, Anne of Cyprus, Arabic, Aramaic language, Artois, Álvaro Cervantes, Éditions Larousse, Étienne Dolet, Baldassare Castiglione, Basilica of St Denis, Battle of Marignano, Battle of Pavia, Benvenuto Cellini, Bertrand d'Ornesan, Bois de Boulogne, Capetian dynasty, Carlos, rey emperador, Carry On Henry, Castell del Patriarca, Catherine de' Medici, Catholic Church, Cesare Hercolani, Charente, Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans, Charles the Bold, Charles V of France, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VIII of France, Charles, Count of Angoulême, Charlotte of Bourbon, Queen of Cyprus, Charlotte of France, Château d'Amboise, Château de Blois, Château de Chambord, Château de Madrid, Château de Rambouillet, Châteaubriant, ..., Christianity, Christophe de Longueil, Cinderella, Claude de Bectoz, Claude of France, Claude Titre, Coercion, Cognac, France, Collège de France, Counts and Dukes of Angoulême, Counts and dukes of Valois, Crescent, Crown of Castile, Departments of France, Der Handschuh, Dieppe, Dieppe maps, Diu, India, Dougray Scott, Duchy of Aquitaine, Duchy of Brabant, Duchy of Brittany, Edict of Fontainebleau (1540), Eleanor of Austria, Emmanuel Leconte, Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, Ever After, Fanny Kemble, Fez, Morocco, Field of the Cloth of Gold, Flanders, Fleur-de-lis, Françoise de Foix, France–Morocco relations, Francesco II Sforza, Francesco Primaticcio, Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Franco-Ottoman alliance, French colonial empire, French Renaissance, French Revolution, Friedrich Schiller, Gérard Oury, Georges Méliès, Gerald J. Toomer, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Giovanni da Verrazzano, Giulio Romano, Giuseppe Verdi, Grand Almoner of France, Greek language, Guillaume Budé, Guillaume Postel, Habsburg Monarchy, Harfleur, Hôtel de Ville, Paris, Hebrew language, Heir presumptive, Henry II of France, Henry VIII of England, Heptaméron, Hilary Mantel, Holy Roman Emperor, Honfleur, House of Habsburg, House of Valois, Humanism, Imperial election, 1519, Intellectual, Isabella, Countess of Vertus, Italian Renaissance, Italian Renaissance painting, Italian War of 1521–26, Italian War of 1536–38, Italian War of 1542–46, Italian Wars, Jacques Cartier, James V of Scotland, Janus of Cyprus, Jean Ango, Jean Clouet, Jean Marais, Jean Parmentier (explorer), Jean Rotz, Jean-François Roberval, Joan of Navarre, Queen of England, Joanna of Bourbon, João de Barros, John Calvin, John I, Duke of Bourbon, John IV, Duke of Brittany, John the Fearless, John, Count of Angoulême, Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Juan de Urbieta, Latin, Laurence Sterne, Le Havre, Le roi s'amuse, Leonardo da Vinci, List of French consorts, List of French monarchs, List of monarchs of Naples, List of Navarrese monarchs, List of rulers of Brittany, List of rulers of Milan, Louis I, Duke of Orléans, Louis XI of France, Louis XII of France, Louis, Duke of Savoy, Louise of Savoy, Louvre castle, Louvre Palace, Lyon, Madeleine of Valois, Madrid, Margaret of Bavaria, Margaret of Bourbon (1438–1483), Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry, Margaret of Valois, Marguerite de Navarre, Marie, Duchess of Auvergne, Martin Luther, Mary Boleyn, Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Savoy, Mass in the Catholic Church, Massacre of Mérindol, Maubert – Mutualité (Paris Métro), Maximilian Sforza, Milan, Mona Lisa, Monarchy of Spain, Morocco, Natalie Dormer, New Angoulême, New World, New York City, Newfoundland (island), Normandy, Old Swiss Confederacy, Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, Ordonnance de Montpellier, Ottoman Empire, Palace of Fontainebleau, Papal bull, Patrick Godfrey, Patronage, Pedro Armendáriz, Pernambuco, Peter Gilmore, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, Philip II, Duke of Savoy, Pierre de Piton, Pierre Goubert, Pope Sixtus IV, Portugal, Printing, Protestant Reformers, Protestantism, Quebec, Real tennis, Reformation, Reign of Terror, Reims Cathedral, Renaissance, Rigoletto, Rosso Fiorentino, Rouen, Sacha Guitry, Saint Lawrence River, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saintonge, Salamanders in folklore, Salic law, Samuel Shellabarger, Schmalkaldic League, Sebastiano Serlio, Siege of Nice, Style of the French sovereign, Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan, Sumatra, Tarascon, Televisión Española, The Book of the Courtier, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, The Other Boleyn Girl, The Tudors, Thomas Cromwell, Timothy West, Treaty of Tordesillas, Triboulet, Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg, Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans, Victor Hugo, Villers-Cotterêts, Waldensians, War of the League of Cambrai, War of the League of Cognac, Wattasid dynasty, Zuppa pavese. Expand index (201 more) »
Absolute monarchy in France
Absolute monarchy in France slowly emerged in the 16th century and became firmly established during the 17th century.
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Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad, also Sultan Ahmad, or Ahmed el Outassi, was a Sultan of the Moroccan Wattasid dynasty.
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Aeterni regis
The papal bull Aeterni regis was issued on 21 June 1481 by Pope Sixtus IV.
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Affair of the Placards
The Affair of the Placards (Affaire des Placards) was an incident in which anti-Catholic posters appeared in public places in Paris and in four major provincial cities: Blois, Rouen, Tours and Orléans, overnight during 17 October 1534.
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Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Bourbon
Agnes of Burgundy (1407 – 1 December 1476), duchess of Bourbon (Bourbonnais) and Auvergne, countess of Clermont, was the daughter of John the Fearless (1371–1419) and Margaret of Bavaria.
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Aimé Simon-Girard
Aimé Simon-Girard (March 20, 1889 – July 15, 1950), in Paris, France was a French film actor.
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Alexandre Dumas
Alexandre Dumas (born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie; 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas, père ("father"), was a French writer.
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Alonso Pita da Veiga
Alonso Pita da Veiga, born in Ferrol in 15th century Galicia, Spain, was one of the most remarkable officers of the Spanish Tercios fighting under the orders of Count Fernando de Andrade in the Battle of Pavia (Italy), and in other battles of the Italian Wars between the years 1513-1525.
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Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
Amadeus VIII (4 September 1383 – 7 January 1451) was a Savoyard nobleman, the son of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry.
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Andrea del Sarto
Andrea del Sarto (1486–1530) was an Italian painter from Florence, whose career flourished during the High Renaissance and early Mannerism.
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Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn (1501 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII.
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Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly
Anna Jeanne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, Duchess of Étampes (15081580), was a chief mistress of Francis I of France.
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Anne of Brittany
Anne of Brittany (25/26 January 1477 – 9 January 1514) was Duchess of Brittany from 1488 until her death, and queen consort of France from 1491 to 1498 and from 1499 to her death.
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Anne of Cyprus
Anne of Cyprus (or Anne de Lusignan) (24 September 1418 – 11 November 1462) was a Duchess of Savoy by marriage to Louis, Duke of Savoy.
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Arabic
Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.
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Aramaic language
Aramaic (אַרָמָיָא Arāmāyā, ܐܪܡܝܐ, آرامية) is a language or group of languages belonging to the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic language family.
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Artois
Artois (adjective Artesian; Artesië) is a region of northern France.
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Álvaro Cervantes
Álvaro Cervantes (born 12 September 1989) is a Spanish actor.
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Éditions Larousse
Éditions Larousse is a French publishing house specialising in reference works such as dictionaries.
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Étienne Dolet
Étienne Dolet (3 August 1509 – 3 August 1546) was a French scholar, translator and printer.
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Baldassare Castiglione
Baldassare Castiglione (December 6, 1478 – February 2, 1529),Dates of birth and death, and cause of the latter, from, Italica, Rai International online.
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Basilica of St Denis
The Basilica of Saint Denis (Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is a large medieval abbey church in the city of Saint-Denis, now a northern suburb of Paris.
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Battle of Marignano
The Battle of Marignano was fought during the phase of the Italian Wars (1494–1559) called the War of the League of Cambrai, between France and the Old Swiss Confederacy.
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Battle of Pavia
The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521–26.
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Benvenuto Cellini
Benvenuto Cellini (3 November 150013 February 1571) was an Italian goldsmith, sculptor, draftsman, soldier, musician, and artist who also wrote a famous autobiography and poetry.
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Bertrand d'Ornesan
Bertrand d'Ornesan, also Bertrand d'Ornezan, Baron de Saint-Blancard (d. 1540), was a French admiral in the service of King Francis I of France.
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Bois de Boulogne
The Bois de Boulogne is a large public park located along the western edge of the 16th arrondissement of Paris, near the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt and Neuilly-sur-Seine.
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Capetian dynasty
The Capetian dynasty, also known as the House of France, is a dynasty of Frankish origin, founded by Hugh Capet.
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Carlos, rey emperador
Carlos, rey emperador (Charles, King Emperor) is a Spanish historical fiction television series, directed by Oriol Ferrer and produced by Diagonal TV for Televisión Española.
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Carry On Henry
Carry On Henry is the 21st in the series of Carry On films to be made and was released in 1971.
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Castell del Patriarca
The Castell del Patriarca (English for: Patriarch's castle) was a castle that was in the city of Tarragona (Spain).
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Catherine de' Medici
Catherine de Medici (Italian: Caterina de Medici,; French: Catherine de Médicis,; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589), daughter of Lorenzo II de' Medici and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne, was an Italian noblewoman who was queen of France from 1547 until 1559, by marriage to King Henry II.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Cesare Hercolani
Cesare Hercolani (1499–1534) was an Italian condottiero, or mercenary leader.
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Charente
Charente (Saintongeais: Chérente, Occitan: Charanta) is a department in southwestern France, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, named after the Charente River, the most important river in the department, and also the river beside which the department's two largest towns, Angoulême and Cognac, are sited.
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Charles I, Duke of Bourbon
Charles de Bourbon (1401 – 4 December 1456, Château de Moulins) was the oldest son of John I, Duke of Bourbon and Marie, Duchess of Auvergne.
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Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans
Charles II of Orléans (22 January 1522 – 9 September 1545) was the third son of Francis I and Claude of France.
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Charles the Bold
Charles the Bold (also translated as Charles the Reckless).
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Charles V of France
Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called "the Wise" (le Sage; Sapiens), was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1364 to his death.
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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (Carlos; Karl; Carlo; Karel; Carolus; 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and the Spanish Empire (as Charles I of Spain) from 1516, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506.
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Charles VIII of France
Charles VIII, called the Affable, l'Affable (30 June 1470 – 7 April 1498), was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498.
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Charles, Count of Angoulême
Charles d'Orléans (1459 – 1 January 1496) was the Count of Angoulême from 1467 until his death.
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Charlotte of Bourbon, Queen of Cyprus
Charlotte de Bourbon (1388 – 15 January 1422) was the Queen consort of Cyprus and titular Queen consort of Armenia and Jerusalem through her marriage to King Janus of Cyprus.
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Charlotte of France
Charlotte of France (23 October 1516 – 18 September 1524) was the second child and second daughter of King Francis I and his wife Claude.
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Château d'Amboise
The royal Château at Amboise is a château located in Amboise, in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley in France.
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Château de Blois
The Royal Château de Blois (French: "Château Royal de Blois") is located in the Loir-et-Cher département in the Loire Valley, in France, in the center of the city of Blois.
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Château de Chambord
The Château de Chambord at Chambord, Loir-et-Cher, France, is one of the most recognisable châteaux in the world because of its very distinctive French Renaissance architecture which blends traditional French medieval forms with classical Renaissance structures.
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Château de Madrid
The Château de Madrid was a Renaissance building in France.
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Château de Rambouillet
The Château de Rambouillet, also known in English as the Castle of Rambouillet, is a château in the town of Rambouillet, Yvelines department, in the Île-de-France region in northern France, southwest of Paris.
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Châteaubriant
Châteaubriant (Kastell-Briant; Gallo: Châtiaoberiant) is a town in western France, about southwest of Paris, and one of the three sous-préfectures of the Loire-Atlantique department.
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Christianity
ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.
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Christophe de Longueil
Christophe de Longueil (1490 – September 11, 1522) was a humanist from the Duchy of Brabant.
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Cinderella
Cinderella (Cenerentola, Cendrillon, Aschenputtel), or The Little Glass Slipper, is a folk tale embodying a myth-element of unjust oppression and triumphant reward.
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Claude de Bectoz
Claude de Bectoz (1490–1547) was a French writer and philosopher of the Renaissance.
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Claude of France
Claude of France (13 October 1499 – 20 July 1524) was a queen consort of France by marriage to Francis I. She was also ruling Duchess of Brittany from 1514.
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Claude Titre
Claude Titre (30 December 1930, Rabat - 29 January 1985, Paris) was a French actor.
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Coercion
Coercion is the practice of forcing another party to act in an involuntary manner by use of threats or force.
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Cognac, France
Cognac is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.
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Collège de France
The Collège de France, founded in 1530, is a higher education and research establishment (grand établissement) in France and an affiliate college of PSL University.
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Counts and Dukes of Angoulême
Angoulême (L'Angoumois) in western France was part of the Carolingian Empire as the kingdom of Aquitaine.
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Counts and dukes of Valois
The Valois, originally pagus valensis, was a region in the valley of the Oise river in Picardy in the north of France.
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Crescent
A crescent shape (British English also) is a symbol or emblem used to represent the lunar phase in the first quarter (the "sickle moon"), or by extension a symbol representing the Moon itself.
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Crown of Castile
The Crown of Castile was a medieval state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne. It continued to exist as a separate entity after the personal union in 1469 of the crowns of Castile and Aragon with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs up to the promulgation of the Nueva Planta decrees by Philip V in 1715. The Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea were also a part of the Crown of Castile when transformed from lordships to kingdoms of the heirs of Castile in 1506, with the Treaty of Villafáfila, and upon the death of Ferdinand the Catholic. The title of "King of Castile" remained in use by the Habsburg rulers during the 16th and 17th centuries. Charles I was King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, and Sicily, and Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne, as well as King of Castile and León, 1516–1556. In the early 18th century, Philip of Bourbon won the War of the Spanish Succession and imposed unification policies over the Crown of Aragon, supporters of their enemies. This unified the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile into the kingdom of Spain. Even though the Nueva Planta decrees did not formally abolish the Crown of Castile, the country of (Castile and Aragon) was called "Spain" by both contemporaries and historians. "King of Castile" also remains part of the full title of Felipe VI of Spain, the current King of Spain according to the Spanish constitution of 1978, in the sense of titles, not of states.
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Departments of France
In the administrative divisions of France, the department (département) is one of the three levels of government below the national level ("territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the commune.
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Der Handschuh
"Der Handschuh" ("The Glove") is a ballad by Friedrich Schiller, written in 1797, the year of his friendly ballad competition ("", "Year of the Ballads") with Goethe.
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Dieppe
Dieppe is a coastal community in the Arrondissement of Dieppe in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France.
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Dieppe maps
The Dieppe maps are a series of world maps produced in Dieppe, France, in the 1540s, 1550s and 1560s.
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Diu, India
Diu is a town in Diu district in the union territory of Daman and Diu, India.
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Dougray Scott
Stephen Dougray Scott (born 26 November 1965) is a Scottish actor.
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Duchy of Aquitaine
The Duchy of Aquitaine (Ducat d'Aquitània,, Duché d'Aquitaine) was a historical fiefdom in western, central and southern areas of present-day France to the south of the Loire River, although its extent, as well as its name, fluctuated greatly over the centuries, at times comprising much of what is now southwestern France (Gascony) and central France.
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Duchy of Brabant
The Duchy of Brabant was a State of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1183.
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Duchy of Brittany
The Duchy of Brittany (Breton: Dugelezh Breizh, French: Duché de Bretagne) was a medieval feudal state that existed between approximately 939 and 1547.
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Edict of Fontainebleau (1540)
The Edict of Fontainebleau was issued June 1, 1540 by the French King Francis I while at his Palace of Fontainebleau.
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Eleanor of Austria
Eleanor of Austria (15 November 1498 – 25 February 1558), also called Eleanor of Castile, was born an Archduchess of Austria and Infanta of Castile from the House of Habsburg, and subsequently became Queen consort of Portugal (1518–1521) and of France (1530–1547).
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Emmanuel Leconte
Emmanuel Leconte (born 11 October 1982; Paris, France) is a French actor best known for his role as King Francis I in the television hit series The Tudors.
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Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
Emmanuel Philibert (in Emanuele Filiberto; also known as Testa di ferro, Testa 'd fer, "Ironhead", because of his military career; 8 July 1528 – 30 August 1580) was Duke of Savoy from 1553 to 1580, KG.
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Ever After
Ever After (known in promotional material as Ever After: A Cinderella Story) is a 1998 American romantic drama film inspired by the fairy tale Cinderella.
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Fanny Kemble
Frances Anne "Fanny" Kemble (27 November 180915 January 1893) was a notable British actress from a theatre family in the early and mid-19th century.
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Fez, Morocco
Fez (فاس, Berber: Fas, ⴼⴰⵙ, Fès) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fas-Meknas administrative region.
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Field of the Cloth of Gold
The Field of the Cloth of Gold (Camp du Drap d'Or) was a site in Balinghem between Ardres in France and Guînes in the then-English Pale of Calais that hosted a summit from 7 to 24 June 1520, between King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France.
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Flanders
Flanders (Vlaanderen, Flandre, Flandern) is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium, although there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to culture, language, politics and history.
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Fleur-de-lis
The fleur-de-lis/fleur-de-lys (plural: fleurs-de-lis/fleurs-de-lys) or flower-de-luce is a stylized lily (in French, fleur means "flower", and lis means "lily") that is used as a decorative design or motif, and many of the Catholic saints of France, particularly St. Joseph, are depicted with a lily.
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Françoise de Foix
Françoise de Foix, Comtesse de Châteaubriant (c. 1495 – 16 October 1537) was a chief mistress of Francis I of France.
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France–Morocco relations
France–Morocco relations are bilateral relations between Morocco and France.
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Francesco II Sforza
Francesco II Sforza (February 4, 1495 – October 24, 1535) was Duke of Milan from 1521 until his death.
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Francesco Primaticcio
Francesco Primaticcio (April 30, 1504 – 1570) was an Italian Mannerist painter, architect and sculptor who spent most of his career in France.
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Francis III, Duke of Brittany
Francis III of Brittany (Frañsez; François; 28 February 1518, in Amboise – 10 August 1536) was Duke of Brittany and Dauphin of Viennois as the first son and heir of King Francis I of France and Duchess Claude of Brittany.
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Franco-Ottoman alliance
The Franco-Ottoman alliance, also Franco-Turkish alliance, was an alliance established in 1536 between the king of France Francis I and the Turkish sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent.
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French colonial empire
The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.
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French Renaissance
The French Renaissance was the cultural and artistic movement in France between the 15th and early 17th centuries.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
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Friedrich Schiller
Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German poet, philosopher, physician, historian, and playwright.
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Gérard Oury
Gérard Oury (29 April 1919 – 20 July 2006) was a French film director, actor and writer.
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Georges Méliès
Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès, known as Georges Méliès (8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938), was a French illusionist and film director who led many technical and narrative developments in the earliest days of cinema.
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Gerald J. Toomer
Gerald James Toomer (born 23 November 1934) is a historian of astronomy and mathematics who has written numerous books and papers on ancient Greek and medieval Islamic astronomy.
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Gian Galeazzo Visconti
Gian Galeazzo Visconti (16 October 1351 – 3 September 1402), son of Galeazzo II Visconti and Bianca of Savoy, was the first Duke of Milan (1395) and ruled the late-medieval city just before the dawn of the Renaissance.
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Giovanni da Verrazzano
Giovanni da Verrazzano (sometimes also incorrectly spelled Verrazano) (1485–1528) was an Italian explorer of North America, in the service of King Francis I of France.
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Giulio Romano
Giulio Romano, also known as Giulio Pippi, (c. 1499 – 1 November 1546) was an Italian painter and architect.
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Giuseppe Verdi
Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (9 or 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian opera composer.
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Grand Almoner of France
The Grand Almoner of France (Grand aumônier de France) was an officer of the French monarchy and a member of the Maison du Roi ("King's Household") during the Ancien Régime.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Guillaume Budé
Guillaume Budé (Guilielmus Budaeus; 26 January 146723 August 1540) was a French scholar.
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Guillaume Postel
Guillaume Postel (25 March 1510 – 6 September 1581) was a French linguist, astronomer, Cabbalist, diplomat, professor, and religious universalist.
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Habsburg Monarchy
The Habsburg Monarchy (Habsburgermonarchie) or Empire is an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1521 and 1780 and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918.
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Harfleur
Harfleur is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France.
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Hôtel de Ville, Paris
The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) in Paris, France, is the building housing the city's local administration.
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Hebrew language
No description.
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Heir presumptive
An heir presumptive or heiress presumptive is the person entitled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honour, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of an heir apparent, male or female, or of a new heir presumptive with a better claim to the position in question.
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Henry II of France
Henry II (Henri II; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559.
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Henry VIII of England
Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 1509 until his death.
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Heptaméron
The Heptaméron is a collection of 72 short stories written in French by Marguerite of Navarre (1492–1549), published posthumously in 1558.
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Hilary Mantel
Dame Hilary Mary Mantel, (née Thompson; born 6 July 1952) is an English writer whose work includes personal memoirs, short stories, and historical fiction.
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Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans") was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 AD, from Charlemagne to Francis II).
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Honfleur
Honfleur is a commune in the Calvados department in northwestern France.
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House of Habsburg
The House of Habsburg (traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called House of Austria was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.
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House of Valois
The House of Valois was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.
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Humanism
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition.
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Imperial election, 1519
The imperial election of 1519 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Intellectual
An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about society and proposes solutions for its normative problems.
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Isabella, Countess of Vertus
Isabella of France (1 October 1348 – 11 September 1373) was a French princess and member of the House of Valois, as well as the wife of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, who after her death became Duke of Milan.
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Italian Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance (Rinascimento) was the earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century (Trecento) and lasted until the 17th century (Seicento), marking the transition between Medieval and Modern Europe.
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Italian Renaissance painting
Italian Renaissance painting is the painting of the period beginning in the late 13th century and flourishing from the early 15th to late 16th centuries, occurring in the Italian peninsula, which was at that time divided into many political areas.
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Italian War of 1521–26
The Italian War of 1521–26, sometimes known as the Four Years' War, was a part of the Italian Wars.
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Italian War of 1536–38
The Italian war of 1536-1538 was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor.
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Italian War of 1542–46
The Italian War of 1542–46 was a conflict late in the Italian Wars, pitting Francis I of France and Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII of England.
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Italian Wars
The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy and sometimes as the Habsburg–Valois Wars or the Renaissance Wars, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, the Republic of Venice, most of the major states of Western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Scotland) as well as the Ottoman Empire.
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Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier (Jakez Karter; December 31, 1491September 1, 1557) was a Breton explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France.
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James V of Scotland
James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was King of Scotland from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss.
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Janus of Cyprus
Janus of Cyprus (1375 – 29 June 1432) was a King of Cyprus and titular King of Armenian Cilicia and Jerusalem from 1398 to 1432.
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Jean Ango
Jean Ango (italianized version for Jehan Angot) (1480–1551) was a Norman ship-owner who provided ships to king of France Francis I for exploration of the globe.
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Jean Clouet
Jean (or Janet) Clouet (1480–1541) was a miniaturist and painter who worked in France during the High Renaissance.
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Jean Marais
Jean-Alfred Villain-Marais, also known as Jean Marais (11 December 1913 – 8 November 1998), was a French actor, writer, director and sculptor.
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Jean Parmentier (explorer)
Jean Parmentier (1494–1529), born in Dieppe, France, was a navigator, cartographer, and poet.
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Jean Rotz
Jean Rotz, also called Johne Rotz, was a 16th-century French artist-cartographer.
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Jean-François Roberval
Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval (c. 1500 – 1560) was a French nobleman and adventurer who, through his friendship with King Francis, became the first Lieutenant General of New France.
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Joan of Navarre, Queen of England
Joan of Navarre, also known as Joanna (– 10 June 1437) was Duchess of Brittany by marriage to Duke John IV, and later Queen of England by marriage to King Henry IV.
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Joanna of Bourbon
Joanna of Bourbon (3 February 1338 – 6 February 1378) was Queen of France by marriage to King Charles V. She acted as his political adviser and was appointed potential regent in case of a minor regency.
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João de Barros
João de Barros (1496 – 20 October 1570), called the Portuguese Livy, is one of the first great Portuguese historians, most famous for his Décadas da Ásia ("Decades of Asia"), a history of the Portuguese in India, Asia, and southeast Africa.
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John Calvin
John Calvin (Jean Calvin; born Jehan Cauvin; 10 July 150927 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.
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John I, Duke of Bourbon
Jean de Bourbon (1381–1434) was Duke of Bourbon, from 1410 to his death and Duke of Auvergne since 1416.
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John IV, Duke of Brittany
John IV the Conqueror KG (in Breton Yann IV, in French Jean IV, and traditionally in English sources both John of Montfort and John V) (1339 – 1 November 1399) was Duke of Brittany and Count of Montfort from 1345 until his death and 7th Earl of Richmond from 1372 until his death.
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John the Fearless
John (28 May 1371 – 10 September 1419), called John "the Fearless" (Jean sans Peur; Jan zonder Vrees), was Duke of Burgundy as John I from 1404 until his death, succeeding his father Philip.
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John, Count of Angoulême
John of Orléans, Count of Angoulême and of Périgord (26 June 1399 – 30 April 1467), was a younger son of Louis I, Duke of Orléans, and Valentina Visconti, and a grandson of Charles V of France.
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Jonathan Rhys Meyers
Jonathan Rhys Meyers (born Jonathan Michael Francis O'Keeffe; 27 July 1977) is an Irish actor.
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Juan de Urbieta
Juan de Urbieta Berástegui y Lezo (Hernani, ? - died, 22 August 1553) was a Basque infantryman who became famous when he captured king Francis I of France near the end of the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Laurence Sterne
Laurence Sterne (24 November 1713 – 18 March 1768) was an Irish novelist and an Anglican clergyman.
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Le Havre
Le Havre, historically called Newhaven in English, is an urban French commune and city in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northwestern France.
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Le roi s'amuse
Le roi s'amuse (literally, The King Amuses Himself or The King Has Fun) is a French play in five acts written by Victor Hugo.
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Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance, whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography.
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List of French consorts
This is a list of the women who have been queens consort or empresses consort of the French monarchy.
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List of French monarchs
The monarchs of the Kingdom of France and its predecessors (and successor monarchies) ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of the Franks in 486 until the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.
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List of monarchs of Naples
In 1382, the Kingdom of Naples was heired by Charles III, King of Hungary, Great grandson of King Charles II of Naples After this, the House of Anjou of Naples was renamed House of Anjou-Durazzo, like Charles III married his first cousin Margaret of Durazzo, member of a prominent Neapolitan noble family.
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List of Navarrese monarchs
This is a list of the kings and queens of Pamplona, later Navarre.
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List of rulers of Brittany
This is a list of rulers of the Duchy of Brittany.
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List of rulers of Milan
The following is a list of rulers of Milan from the 13th century to 1814, after which it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia by the Congress of Vienna.
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Louis I, Duke of Orléans
Louis I of Orléans (13 March 1372 – 23 November 1407) was Duke of Orléans from 1392 to his death.
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Louis XI of France
Louis XI (3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483), called "Louis the Prudent" (le Prudent), was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1461 to 1483.
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Louis XII of France
Louis XII (27 June 1462 – 1 January 1515) was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1498 to 1515 and King of Naples from 1501 to 1504.
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Louis, Duke of Savoy
Louis I (Ludovico I or Lodovico I in Italian; 24 February 1413 – 29 January 1465) was Duke of Savoy from 1440 until his death in 1465.
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Louise of Savoy
Louise of Savoy (11 September 1476 – 22 September 1531) was a French noble and regent, Duchess suo jure of Auvergne and Bourbon, Duchess of Nemours, and the mother of King Francis I. She was politically active and served as the Regent of France in 1515, in 1525–1526 and in 1529.
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Louvre castle
The Louvre Castle was a castle built by King Philip II of France to reinforce the walls he had built around Paris and further protect the city.
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Louvre Palace
The Louvre Palace (Palais du Louvre) is a former royal palace located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris, between the Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois.
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Lyon
Lyon (Liyon), is the third-largest city and second-largest urban area of France.
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Madeleine of Valois
Madeleine of Valois (10 August 1520 – 7 July 1537) was a French princess who became Queen of Scots as the first spouse of King James V.
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Madrid
Madrid is the capital of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole.
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Margaret of Bavaria
Margaret of Bavaria, (1363 – January 1423, Dijon), was Duchess consort of Burgundy by marriage to John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy.
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Margaret of Bourbon (1438–1483)
Margaret of Bourbon (5 February 1438 – 24 April 1483) was the daughter of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (1401–1456) and Agnes of Burgundy (1407–1476).
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Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry
Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry (French: Marguerite de Valois) (5 June 1523 – 15 September 1574) was the daughter of King Francis I of France and Claude, Duchess of Brittany.
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Margaret of Valois
Margaret of Valois (Marguerite, 14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615), commonly Margot, was a French princess of the Valois dynasty who became queen consort of Navarre and later also of France.
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Marguerite de Navarre
Marguerite de Navarre (Marguerite d'Angoulême, Marguerite d'Alençon; 11 April 149221 December 1549), also known as Marguerite of Angoulême and Margaret of Navarre, was the princess of France, Queen of Navarre, and Duchess of Alençon and Berry.
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Marie, Duchess of Auvergne
Marie of Berry (c. 1375 – June 1434) was suo jure Sovereign Duchess of Auvergne and Countess of Montpensier in 1416-1434.
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Martin Luther
Martin Luther, (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.
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Mary Boleyn
Mary Boleyn, also known as Lady Mary (c. 1499/1500 – 19 July 1543), was the sister of English queen Anne Boleyn, whose family enjoyed considerable influence during the reign of King Henry VIII.
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Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Savoy
Mary of Burgundy (French: Marie de Bourgogne; 1386–1428) was eighth of the nine children of Philip the Bold and his wife Margaret III, Countess of Flanders.
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Mass in the Catholic Church
The Mass or Eucharistic Celebration is the central liturgical ritual in the Catholic Church where the Eucharist (Communion) is consecrated.
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Massacre of Mérindol
The Massacre of Mérindol took place in 1545, when Francis I of France ordered the Waldensians of the city of Mérindol to be punished for dissident religious activities.
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Maubert – Mutualité (Paris Métro)
Maubert–Mutualité is a station on line 10 of the Paris Metro in the 5th arrondissement.
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Maximilian Sforza
Maximilian (Massimiliano) Sforza (25 January 1493 – 4 June 1530) was a Duke of Milan from the Sforza family, the son of Ludovico Sforza.
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Milan
Milan (Milano; Milan) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome, with the city proper having a population of 1,380,873 while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,235,000.
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Mona Lisa
The Mona Lisa (Monna Lisa or La Gioconda, La Joconde) is a half-length portrait painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci that has been described as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world".
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Monarchy of Spain
The monarchy of Spain (Monarquía de España), constitutionally referred to as the Crown (La Corona), is a constitutional institution and historic office of Spain.
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Morocco
Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.
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Natalie Dormer
Natalie Dormer (born 11 February 1982) is an English actress.
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New Angoulême
New Angoulême was the name given in April 1524 by the Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano (or Jean de Varrazane; 1481-1528) to the site he discovered on board of his sailing vessel La Dauphine.
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New World
The New World is one of the names used for the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas (including nearby islands such as those of the Caribbean and Bermuda).
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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Newfoundland (island)
Newfoundland (Terre-Neuve) is a large Canadian island off the east coast of the North American mainland, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
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Normandy
Normandy (Normandie,, Norman: Normaundie, from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant, originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is one of the 18 regions of France, roughly referring to the historical Duchy of Normandy.
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Old Swiss Confederacy
The Old Swiss Confederacy (Modern German: Alte Eidgenossenschaft; historically Eidgenossenschaft, after the Reformation also République des Suisses, Res publica Helvetiorum "Republic of the Swiss") was a loose confederation of independent small states (cantons, German or) within the Holy Roman Empire.
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Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts (Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts) is an extensive piece of reform legislation signed into law by Francis I of France on August 10, 1539 in the city of Villers-Cotterêts and the oldest French legislation still used partly by French courts.
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Ordonnance de Montpellier
The Ordonnance de Montpellier, signed on 28 December 1537 by Francis I of France, established the first legal deposit system.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Palace of Fontainebleau
The Palace of Fontainebleau or Château de Fontainebleau, located southeast of the center of Paris, in the commune of Fontainebleau, is one of the largest French royal châteaux.
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Papal bull
A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Patrick Godfrey
Patrick Lindesay Archibald Godfrey (born 13 February 1933) is an English actor of film, television and stage.
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Patronage
Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another.
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Pedro Armendáriz
Pedro Armendáriz, born Pedro Gregorio Armendáriz Hastings (May 9, 1912 – June 18, 1963), was a Mexican film actor who made films in both Mexico and the United States.
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Pernambuco
Pernambuco is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country.
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Peter Gilmore
John Peter Gilmore (25 August 1931 – 3 February 2013), known as Peter Gilmore, was an English actor, known for his portrayal of Captain James Onedin in 91 episodes of the BBC television period drama The Onedin Line (1971–80), created by Cyril Abraham.
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Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (13 November 1504 – 31 March 1567), nicknamed der Großmütige ("the magnanimous"), was a leading champion of the Protestant Reformation and one of the most important of the early Protestant rulers in Germany.
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Philip II, Duke of Savoy
Philip II (5 February 1438 – 7 November 1497), surnamed the Landless, was the Duke of Savoy for a brief reign from 1496 to 1497.
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Pierre de Piton
Pierre de Piton was a French colonel of the 16th century, and an ambassador to the kingdom of Morocco.
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Pierre Goubert
Pierre Goubert (25 January 1915 – 16 January 2012) was a French historian.
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Pope Sixtus IV
Pope Sixtus IV (21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was Pope from 9 August 1471 to his death in 1484.
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Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.
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Printing
Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template.
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Protestant Reformers
Protestant Reformers were those theologians whose careers, works and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.
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Quebec
Quebec (Québec)According to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in English; the name is.
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Real tennis
Real tennis – one of several games sometimes called "the sport of kings" – is the original racquet sport from which the modern game of tennis (originally called "lawn tennis") is derived.
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Reformation
The Reformation (or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation; also, the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.
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Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror, or The Terror (la Terreur), is the label given by some historians to a period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established.
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Reims Cathedral
Reims Cathedral (Our Lady of Reims, Notre-Dame de Reims) is a Roman Catholic church in Reims, France, built in the High Gothic style.
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Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.
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Rigoletto
Rigoletto is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi.
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Rosso Fiorentino
Giovanni Battista di Jacopo (8 March 1495 in Gregorian style, or 1494 according to the calculation of times in Florence where the year began on 25 March – 14 November 1540), known as Rosso Fiorentino (meaning "red Florentine" in Italian), or Il Rosso, was an Italian Mannerist painter, in oil and fresco, belonging to the Florentine school.
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Rouen
Rouen (Frankish: Rodomo; Rotomagus, Rothomagus) is a city on the River Seine in the north of France.
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Sacha Guitry
Alexandre-Pierre Georges "Sacha" Guitry (21 February 188524 July 1957) was a French stage actor, film actor, director, screenwriter, and playwright of the Boulevard theatre.
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Saint Lawrence River
The Saint Lawrence River (Fleuve Saint-Laurent; Tuscarora: Kahnawáʼkye; Mohawk: Kaniatarowanenneh, meaning "big waterway") is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America.
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Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France.
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Saintonge
Saintonge, historically spelled Xaintonge and Xainctonge, is a former province of France located on the west central Atlantic coast.
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Salamanders in folklore
The salamander is an amphibian of the order Urodela which, as with many real creatures, often has been ascribed fantastic and sometimes occult qualities by pre-modern authors (as in the allegorical descriptions of animals in medieval bestiaries) not possessed by the real organism.
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Salic law
The Salic law (or; Lex salica), or the was the ancient Salian Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis.
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Samuel Shellabarger
Samuel Shellabarger (1888–1954) was an American educator and author of both scholarly works and best-selling historical novels.
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Schmalkaldic League
The Schmalkaldic League; was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century.
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Sebastiano Serlio
Sebastiano Serlio (6 September 1475 – c. 1554) was an Italian Mannerist architect, who was part of the Italian team building the Palace of Fontainebleau.
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Siege of Nice
The Siege of Nice occurred in 1543 and was part of the Italian War of 1542–46 in which Francis I and Suleiman the Magnificent collaborated in a Franco-Ottoman alliance against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and Henry VIII of England.
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Style of the French sovereign
The precise style of French Sovereigns varied over the years.
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Suleiman the Magnificent
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Sultan
Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.
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Sumatra
Sumatra is an Indonesian island in Southeast Asia that is part of the Sunda Islands.
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Tarascon
Tarascon, sometimes referred to as Tarascon-sur-Rhône, is a commune situated at the extreme west of the Bouches-du-Rhône department of France in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
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Televisión Española
Televisión Española (acronym TVE, on lowercase letters: tve, in English "Spanish Television") is the national state-owned public-service television broadcaster in Spain.
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The Book of the Courtier
The Book of the Courtier (Il Cortegiano) is a courtesy book.
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The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman (or Tristram Shandy) is a novel by Laurence Sterne.
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The Other Boleyn Girl
The Other Boleyn Girl (2001) is a historical novel written by British author Philippa Gregory, loosely based on the life of 16th-century aristocrat Mary Boleyn (the sister of Anne Boleyn) of whom little is known.
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The Tudors
The Tudors is a historical fiction television series set primarily in the 16th-century Kingdom of England, created and entirely written by Michael Hirst and produced for the American premium cable television channel Showtime.
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Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex (1485 – 28 July 1540) was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from 1532 to 1540.
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Timothy West
Timothy Lancaster West, CBE (born 20 October 1934) is an English film, stage and television actor, with more than fifty years of varied work in the business.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas (Tratado de Tordesilhas, Tratado de Tordesillas), signed at Tordesillas on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.
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Triboulet
Triboulet (1479–1536) was a jester of kings Louis XII and Francis I of France.
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Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg
Duke Ulrich of Württemberg (8 February 14876 November 1550) succeeded his kinsman Eberhard II as Duke of Württemberg in 1498.
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Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans
Valentina Visconti (1371 – 4 December 1408), was a Sovereign Countess of Vertus, and Duchess consort of Orléans as the wife of Louis de Valois, Duke of Orléans, the younger brother of King Charles VI of France.
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Victor Hugo
Victor Marie Hugo (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement.
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Villers-Cotterêts
Villers-Cotterêts is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
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Waldensians
The Waldensians (also known variously as Waldenses, Vallenses, Valdesi or Vaudois) are a pre-Protestant Christian movement founded by Peter Waldo in Lyon around 1173.
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War of the League of Cambrai
The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars.
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War of the League of Cognac
The War of the League of Cognac (1526–30) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan and Republic of Florence.
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Wattasid dynasty
The Wattasid dynasty (ⵉⵡⴻⵟⵟⴰⵙⴻⵏ, Iweṭṭasen; الوطاسيون, al-waṭṭāsīyūn) was a ruling dynasty of Morocco.
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Zuppa pavese
Zuppa pavese ('Pavia soup') or zuppa alla Pavese ('Pavia-style soup') is an Italian soup consisting of broth into which fried slices of bread and poached eggs are placed.
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Redirects here:
D'Angouleme, D'Angoulême, Francis 1 of France, Francis I of france, Francis I, King of France, Francis i of france, Francois 1er, Francois I, Francois I of France, Francois Ier, Francois Premier, Francois d'Angouleme, François 1er, François I, François I of France, François Ier, François Premier, François d'Angoulême, King Francis I of France, King Francois I, King François I, King of France Francois I, King of France François I.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France
