Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II (German: Friedrich; Italian: Federico; Latin: Fridericus; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. ^[1]

Aachen

Aachen (French: Aix-la-Chapelle; Oche; Aquae Granni or Aquisgranum) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 261,000 inhabitants.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Aachen

Absolute monarchy

Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions, legislatures or other checks on their authority.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Absolute monarchy

Acre, Israel

Acre, known locally as Akko (עַכּוֹ) and Akka (عكّا), is a city in the coastal plain region of the Northern District of Israel.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Acre, Israel

Adamic language

The Adamic language, according to Jewish tradition (as recorded in the midrashim) and some Christians, is the language spoken by Adam (and possibly Eve) in the Garden of Eden.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Adamic language

Adelaide del Vasto

Adelaide del Vasto (Adelasia, Azalaïs) (– 16 April 1118) was countess of Sicily as the third spouse of Roger I of Sicily, and Queen consort of Jerusalem by marriage to Baldwin I of Jerusalem.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Adelaide del Vasto

Agatha of Lorraine

Agatha of Lorraine (c. 1120 – April 1147) was the wife of her relative Reginald III, Count of Burgundy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Agatha of Lorraine

Al-Aqsa Mosque

The Aqsa Mosque (congregational mosque of Al-Aqsa), also known as the Qibli Mosque or Qibli Chapel (المصلى القبلي), and also is the main congregational mosque or prayer hall in the Al-Aqsa mosque compound in the Old City of Jerusalem.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Al-Aqsa Mosque

Al-Kamil

Al-Kamil (الكامل; full name: al-Malik al-Kamil Naser ad-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammad; – 6 March 1238) was a Kurdish Muslim ruler and the fourth Ayyubid sultan of Egypt.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Al-Kamil

Albert II, Margrave of Meissen

Albert II, the Degenerate (de: Albrecht II der Entartete) (1240 – 20 November 1314) was a Margrave of Meissen, Landgrave of Thuringia and Count Palatine of Saxony. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Albert II, Margrave of Meissen are Christians of the Prussian Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Albert II, Margrave of Meissen

Albert of Stade

Albert of Stade (c. 1187 – c. 1260) was a German monk, historian and poet.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Albert of Stade

Aldoin (bishop of Cefalù)

Aldoin, also spelled Arduin or Harduin (died 1248), was the bishop of Cefalù from 1217 until his death.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Aldoin (bishop of Cefalù)

Altavilla Silentina

Altavilla Silentina is a town and comune located in the province of Salerno, Campania, some 100 km south of Naples, Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Altavilla Silentina

Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy

Amadeus IV (119711 June 1253) was Count of Savoy from 1233 to 1253.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy

Anagni

Anagni is an ancient town and comune in the province of Frosinone, Latium, in the hills east-southeast of Rome.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Anagni

Ancona

Ancona (also) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region of Central Italy, with a population of around 101,997.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ancona

Andrea Dandolo

Andrea Dandolo (13067 September 1354) was elected the 54th doge of Venice in 1343, replacing Bartolomeo Gradenigo who died in late 1342.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Andrea Dandolo

Andria

Andria (Barese: Iàndrie) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Apulia region of Southern Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Andria

Anna of Hohenstaufen

Anna of Hohenstaufen (1230 – April 1307), born Constance, was an Empress of Nicaea. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Hohenstaufen are Hohenstaufen.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Hohenstaufen

Anti-king

An anti-king, anti king or antiking (Gegenkönig; antiroi; protikrál) is a would-be king who, due to succession disputes or simple political opposition, declares himself king in opposition to a reigning monarch. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and anti-king are anti-kings.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Anti-king

Antichrist

In Christian eschatology, Antichrist refers to a kind of person prophesied by the Bible to oppose Jesus Christ and falsely substitute themselves as a savior in Christ's place before the Second Coming.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Antichrist

Apulia

Apulia, also known by its Italian name Puglia, is a region of Italy, located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Strait of Otranto and Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Gulf of Taranto to the south.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Apulia

Aquileia

Aquileia is an ancient Roman city in Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Aquileia

Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Arabic

Archbishop of Cologne

The archbishop of Cologne governs the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne in western North Rhine-Westphalia.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Archbishop of Cologne

Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Aristotle

Assisi

Assisi (also,; from Asisium; Central Italian: Ascesi) is a town and comune of Italy in the Province of Perugia in the Umbria region, on the western flank of Monte Subasio.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Assisi

Assisi Cathedral

Assisi Cathedral (Cattedrale di Assisi or Cattedrale di San Rufino di Assisi), dedicated to San Rufino (Rufinus of Assisi), is a major church in Assisi, Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Assisi Cathedral

Assizes of Ariano

The Assizes of Ariano were a series of laws for the Kingdom of Sicily promulgated in the summer of 1140 at Ariano, near Benevento, by Roger II of Sicily.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Assizes of Ariano

Assizes of Capua

The Assizes of Capua were the first of three great legislative acts of the kingdom of Sicily of Frederick II of Sicily, Holy Roman Emperor.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Assizes of Capua

Augustalis

An augustalis or augustale, also agostaro, was a gold coin minted in the Kingdom of Sicily beginning in 1231.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Augustalis

Augustus

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Augustus

Ayyubid dynasty

The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ayyubid dynasty

Battle of Bouvines

The Battle of Bouvines was fought on 27 July 1214 near the town of Bouvines in the County of Flanders.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Battle of Bouvines

Battle of Cingoli

The Battle of Cingoli was fought in 1250 between the forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the armies of the Guelphs and the Papal States, the area being so notable due to its nickname as "The Balcony of Marche".

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Battle of Cingoli

Battle of Cortenuova

The Battle of Cortenuova (sometimes spelled Cortenova) was fought on 27 November 1237 in the course of the Guelphs and Ghibellines Wars: in it, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II defeated the Second Lombard League.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Battle of Cortenuova

Battle of Fossalta

The Battle of Fossalta was a battle of the War of the Guelphs and Ghibellines in Northern Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Battle of Fossalta

Battle of Giglio

The naval Battle of Giglio was a military clash between a fleet of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and a fleet of the Republic of Genoa in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Battle of Giglio

Battle of Parma

The Battle of Parma was fought on 18 February 1248 between the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and the Lombard League.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Battle of Parma

Batu Khan

Batu Khan (–1255) was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a constituent of the Mongol Empire.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Batu Khan

Béla IV of Hungary

Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Béla IV of Hungary

Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy

Beatrice I (1143 – 15 November 1184) was countess of Burgundy from 1148 until her death, and was also Holy Roman Empress by marriage to Frederick Barbarossa.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy

Beatrice of Rethel

Beatrice of Rethel (1130/35 – 30 March 1185) was a French noblewoman and Queen of Sicily as the third wife of Roger II.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Beatrice of Rethel

Benevento

Benevento (Beneviento) is a city and comune (municipality) of Campania, Italy, capital of the province of Benevento, northeast of Naples.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Benevento

Bentivoglio family

The Bentivoglio family (Latin: Bentivoius) was an Italian noble family that became the de facto rulers of Bologna and responsible for giving the city its political autonomy during the Renaissance, although their rule did not survive a century.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Bentivoglio family

Bethlehem

Bethlehem (بيت لحم,,; בֵּית לֶחֶם) is a city in the Israeli-occupied West Bank of the State of Palestine, located about south of Jerusalem.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Bethlehem

Bianca Lancia

Bianca Lancia d'Agliano (also called Beatrice, –), was an Italian noblewoman. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Bianca Lancia are Hohenstaufen.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Bianca Lancia

Black Europeans

Black Europeans of African ancestry, or Afro-Europeans, refers to people in Europe who trace full or partial ancestry to Sub-Saharan Africa.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Black Europeans

Bologna

Bologna (Bulåggna; Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region, in northern Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Bologna

Brescia

Brescia (locally; Brèsa,; Brixia; Bressa) is a city and comune (municipality) in the region of Lombardy, in northern Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Brescia

Brindisi

Brindisi is a city in the region of Apulia in southern Italy, the former capital of the province of Brindisi, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Brindisi

British Museum

The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and British Museum

Brunswick–Lüneburg

The Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg (Herzogtum Braunschweig und Lüneburg), commonly known as the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg or Brunswick-Lüneburg, was an imperial principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the territory of present day Lower Saxony.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Brunswick–Lüneburg

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Byzantine Empire

Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)

The archiepiscopal see of Caesarea in Palaestina, also known as Caesarea Maritima, is now a metropolitan see of the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and also a titular see of the Catholic Church.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)

Calabria

Calabria is a region in southern Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Calabria

Campania

Campania is an administrative region of Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the island of Capri.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Campania

Capua

Capua is a city and comune in the province of Caserta, in the region of Campania, southern Italy, situated north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Capua

Carroccio

A carroccio was a large four-wheeled wagon bearing the city signs around which the militia of the medieval communes gathered and fought.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Carroccio

Caserta

Caserta is the capital of the province of Caserta in the Campania region of Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Caserta

Castel del Monte, Apulia

Castel del Monte (Italian for "Castle of the Mountain"; Barese: Castìdde du Monte) is a 13th-century citadel and castle situated on a hill in Andria in the Apulia region of southeast Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Castel del Monte, Apulia

Caupo of Turaida

Caupo of Turaida, Kaupo or Kaupo Lieven, sometimes Kubbe (died 21 September 1217) was a leader of the Finnic-speaking Livonian people in the beginning of the 13th century, in what are now parts of Latvia and Estonia by the Gulf of Riga. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Caupo of Turaida are Christians of the Livonian Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Caupo of Turaida

Ceprano

Ceprano (Central-Northern Latian dialect: Ceprane) is a comune in the province of Frosinone, in the Valle Latina, part of the Lazio region of Central Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ceprano

Champagne (province)

Champagne was a province in the northeast of the Kingdom of France, now best known as the Champagne wine region for the sparkling white wine that bears its name in modern-day France.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Champagne (province)

Charles Homer Haskins

Charles Homer Haskins (December 21, 1870 – May 14, 1937) was an American medievalist at Harvard University.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Charles Homer Haskins

Charles I of Anjou

Charles I (early 1226/12277 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou or Charles d'Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and the founder of the second House of Anjou. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Charles I of Anjou are 13th-century kings of Sicily and sons of kings.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Charles I of Anjou

Cheetah

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is a large cat and the fastest land animal.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Cheetah

Chieti

Chieti (Chjïétë, Chjìtë; Theátē; Theate, Teate) is a city and comune (municipality) in Southern Italy, east of Rome.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Chieti

Cistercians

The Cistercians, officially the Order of Cistercians ((Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint Benedict, as well as the contributions of the highly-influential Bernard of Clairvaux, known as the Latin Rule.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Cistercians

Città Sant'Angelo

Città Sant'Angelo is a city and comune in the province of Pescara, Abruzzo, Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Città Sant'Angelo

Cividale del Friuli

Cividale del Friuli (Cividât, locally Zividât; Östrich; Čedad) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine, part of the North-Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Cividale del Friuli

Como

Como (Comasco, Cómm or Cùmm; Novum Comum) is a city and comune (municipality) in Lombardy, Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Como

Conrad I, Duke of Spoleto

Conrad of Urslingen (died 1202) was the Duke of Spoleto on two occasions: first from 1183 to 1190 and then from 1195 to 1198.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad I, Duke of Spoleto

Conrad IV of Germany

Conrad (25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was the only son of Emperor Frederick II from his second marriage with Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany are 13th-century kings of Sicily, 13th-century monarchs of Jerusalem, dukes of Swabia, Hohenstaufen, medieval child monarchs, people excommunicated by the Catholic Church, sons of emperors, sons of kings and sons of queens regnant.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany

Constance of Aragon

Constance of Aragon (1179 – 23 June 1222) was an Aragonese infanta who was by marriage firstly Queen of Hungary, and secondly Queen of Germany and Sicily and Holy Roman Empress. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Constance of Aragon are Burials at Palermo Cathedral.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Constance of Aragon

Constance, Queen of Sicily

Constance I (Costanza; 2 November 1154 – 27 November 1198) was reigning Queen of Sicily from 1194–98, jointly with her spouse from 1194 to 1197, and with her infant son Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1198. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Constance, Queen of Sicily are 12th-century kings of Sicily and Burials at Palermo Cathedral.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Constance, Queen of Sicily

Constantine the Great

Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Constantine the Great

Constitutions of Melfi

The Constitutions of Melfi, or Liber Augustalis, were a new legal code for the Kingdom of Sicily promulgated on 1 September 1231 by Emperor Frederick II.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Constitutions of Melfi

Continuum International Publishing Group

Continuum International Publishing Group was an academic publisher of books with editorial offices in London and New York City.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Continuum International Publishing Group

Cosmopolitanism

Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all human beings are members of a single community.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Cosmopolitanism

Cremona

Cremona (also;; Cremùna; Carmona) is a city and comune in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po river in the middle of the Pianura Padana (Po Valley).

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Cremona

Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Crusades

Cultural depictions of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, also called Stupor mundi (Wonder of the World), was a notable European ruler who left a controversial political and cultural legacy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Cultural depictions of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Damals

Damals is a German monthly popular scientific history magazine.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Damals

Damietta

Damietta (دمياط; Tamiati) is a port city and the capital of the Damietta Governorate in Egypt.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Damietta

Dante Alighieri

Dante Alighieri (– September 14, 1321), most likely baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri and widely known and often referred to in English mononymously as Dante, was an Italian poet, writer, and philosopher. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Dante Alighieri are characters in the Divine Comedy and Sonneteers.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Dante Alighieri

David Attenborough

Sir David Frederick Attenborough (born 8 May 1926) is a British broadcaster, biologist, natural historian, and writer.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and David Attenborough

De arte venandi cum avibus

De Arte Venandi cum Avibus is a Latin treatise on ornithology and falconry written in the 1240s by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and De arte venandi cum avibus

Diets of Nuremberg

The Diets of Nuremberg, also called the Imperial Diets of Nuremberg, took place at different times between the Middle Ages and the 17th century.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Diets of Nuremberg

Dirham

The dirham, dirhem or drahm (درهم) is a unit of currency and of mass.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Dirham

Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani

The Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (Biographical Dictionary of the Italians) is a biographical dictionary published in 100 volumes by the Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, started in 1960 and completed in 2020.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani

Dome of the Rock

The Dome of the Rock (Qubbat aṣ-Ṣaḵra) is an Islamic shrine at the center of the Al-Aqsa mosque compound on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Dome of the Rock

Dominican Order

The Order of Preachers (Ordo Prædicatorum; abbreviated OP), commonly known as the Dominican Order, is a Catholic mendicant order of pontifical right that was founded in France by a Castilian-French priest named Dominic de Guzmán.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Dominican Order

Duchy of Austria

The Duchy of Austria (Herzogtum Österreich) was a medieval principality of the Holy Roman Empire, established in 1156 by the Privilegium Minus, when the Margraviate of Austria (Ostarrîchi) was detached from Bavaria and elevated to a duchy in its own right.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Duchy of Austria

Duchy of Bavaria

The Duchy of Bavaria was a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom from the sixth through the eighth century.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Duchy of Bavaria

Duchy of Lorraine

The Duchy of Lorraine (Lorraine; Lothringen), originally Upper Lorraine, was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Duchy of Lorraine

Duchy of Saxony

The Duchy of Saxony (Hartogdom Sassen, Herzogtum Sachsen) was originally the area settled by the Saxons in the late Early Middle Ages, when they were subdued by Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars from 772 and incorporated into the Carolingian Empire (Francia) by 804.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Duchy of Saxony

Duchy of Spoleto

The Duchy of Spoleto was a Lombard territory founded about 570 in central Italy by the Lombard dux Faroald.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Duchy of Spoleto

Duke of Swabia

The Dukes of Swabia were the rulers of the Duchy of Swabia during the Middle Ages. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Duke of Swabia are dukes of Swabia.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Duke of Swabia

Dysentery

Dysentery, historically known as the bloody flux, is a type of gastroenteritis that results in bloody diarrhea.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Dysentery

East Prussia

East Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and East Prussia

Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Egypt

Elector of Mainz

The Elector of Mainz was one of the seven Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Elector of Mainz

Elephant

Elephants are the largest living land animals.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Elephant

Embezzlement

Embezzlement (from Anglo-Norman, from Old French besillier ("to torment, etc."), of unknown origin) is a term commonly used for a type of financial crime, usually involving theft of money from a business or employer.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Embezzlement

Engadin

The Engadin or Engadine (help;This is the name in the two Romansh idioms that are spoken in the Engadin, Vallader and Puter, as well as in Sursilvan and Rumantsch Grischun. In Surmiran, the name is Nagiadegna, and in Sutsilvan, it is Gidegna. help; Engadina; Engadine) is a long high Alpine valley region in the eastern Swiss Alps in the canton of Graubünden in southeasternmost Switzerland with about 25,000 inhabitants.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Engadin

Enzo of Sardinia

Enzo (or Enzio; 14 March 1272) was an illegitimate son of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II, who appointed him 'King of Sardinia' in 1238. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Enzo of Sardinia are Hohenstaufen, sons of emperors and sons of kings.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Enzo of Sardinia

Epicureanism

Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BCE based upon the teachings of Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Epicureanism

Erard of Brienne-Ramerupt

Érard de Brienne (c. 1170 † 1246) was a French nobleman.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Erard of Brienne-Ramerupt

Ernst Kantorowicz

Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (May 3, 1895 – September 9, 1963) was a German historian of medieval political and intellectual history and art, known for his 1927 book Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite on Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, and The King's Two Bodies (1957) on medieval and early modern ideologies of monarchy and the state.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ernst Kantorowicz

Erythraean Sibyl

The Erythraean Sibyl was the prophetess of classical antiquity presiding over the Apollonian oracle at Erythrae, a town in Ionia opposite Chios, which was built by Neleus, the son of Codrus.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Erythraean Sibyl

Eunuch

A eunuch is a male who has been castrated.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Eunuch

Excommunication

Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular those of being in communion with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the sacraments.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Excommunication

Ezzelino III da Romano

Ezzelino III da Romano (25 April 1194, Tombolo7 October 1259) was an Italian feudal lord, a member of the Ezzelini family, in the March of Treviso (in modern Veneto). Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ezzelino III da Romano are 1194 births, characters in the Divine Comedy and people excommunicated by the Catholic Church.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ezzelino III da Romano

Faenza

Faenza (Fènza or Fẽza; Faventia) is an Italian city and comune of 59,063 inhabitants in the province of Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, situated southeast of Bologna.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Faenza

Falconry

Falconry is the hunting of wild animals in their natural state and habitat by means of a trained bird of prey.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Falconry

Family tree of German monarchs

The following image is a family tree of every prince, king, queen, monarch, confederation president and emperor of Germany, from Charlemagne in 800 over Louis the German in 843 through to Wilhelm II in 1918.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Family tree of German monarchs

Feoffment

In the Middle Ages, especially under the European feudal system, feoffment or enfeoffment was the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Feoffment

Feral child

A feral child (also called wild child) is a young individual who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age, with little or no experience of human care, social behavior, or language.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Feral child

Ferrara

Ferrara (Fràra) is a city and comune (municipality) in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, capital of the province of Ferrara.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferrara

Fifth Crusade

The Fifth Crusade (September 1217 - August 29, 1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al-Adil, brother of Saladin.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Fifth Crusade

First Council of Lyon

The First Council of Lyon (Lyon I) was the thirteenth ecumenical council, as numbered by the Catholic Church, taking place in 1245.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and First Council of Lyon

First Crusade

The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and First Crusade

Foligno

Foligno (Southern Umbrian: Fuligno) is an ancient town of Italy in the province of Perugia in east central Umbria, on the Topino river where it leaves the Apennines and enters the wide plain of the Clitunno river system.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Foligno

Forlì

Forlì (Furlè; Forum Livii) is a comune (municipality) and city in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, and is, together with Cesena, the capital of the Province of Forlì-Cesena.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Forlì

Franciscans

The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders of the Catholic Church.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Franciscans

Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main ("Frank ford on the Main") is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Frankfurt

Fraticelli

The Fraticelli (Italian for "Little Brethren") or Spiritual Franciscans opposed changes to the rule of Saint Francis of Assisi, especially with regard to poverty, and regarded the wealth of the Church as scandalous, and that of individual churchmen as invalidating their status.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Fraticelli

Frederick Barbarossa

Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (Friedrich I; Federico I), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later in 1190. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Frederick Barbarossa are dukes of Swabia, Hohenstaufen and people excommunicated by the Catholic Church.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Frederick Barbarossa

Frederick II, Duke of Austria

Frederick II (Friedrich II.; 25 April 1211 – 15 June 1246), known as Frederick the Quarrelsome (Friedrich der Streitbare), was Duke of Austria and Styria from 1230 until his death.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Frederick II, Duke of Austria

Frederick II, Duke of Swabia

Frederick II (Friedrich II, 1090 – 6 April 1147), called the One-Eyed (der Einäugige), was Duke of Swabia from 1105 until his death, the second from the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Frederick II, Duke of Swabia are dukes of Swabia and Hohenstaufen.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Frederick II, Duke of Swabia

Frederick of Antioch

Frederick of Antioch (c. 1223 – 1255/6) was an Italian nobleman who served as the imperial vicar of Tuscany from 1246 to 1250. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Frederick of Antioch are Burials at Palermo Cathedral, Hohenstaufen and sons of emperors.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Frederick of Antioch

Frederick of Pettorano

Frederick of Pettorano (c. 1212/3 – after 1240) was the eldest illegitimate son of Frederick II, king of Sicily and Germany. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Frederick of Pettorano are Hohenstaufen and sons of emperors.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Frederick of Pettorano

Frederick the Second

Frederick the Second is a biography of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, by the German-Jewish historian Ernst Kantorowicz.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Frederick the Second

Gaeta

Gaeta (Cāiēta; Southern Laziale: Gaieta) is a city in the province of Latina, in Lazio, Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Gaeta

German language

German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and German language

German throne dispute

The German throne dispute or German throne controversy (Deutscher Thronstreit) was a political conflict in the Holy Roman Empire from 1198 to 1215.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and German throne dispute

Gerold of Lausanne

Gerold of Lausanne (Gerald, Gerard, Giraud; died 1238 or 1239), was abbot of Molesme, abbot of Cluny, bishop of Valence, and Latin patriarch of Jerusalem in the 13th century. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Gerold of Lausanne are Christians of the Sixth Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Gerold of Lausanne

Giovanni Colonna (died 1245)

Giovanni Colonna (died 28 January 1245) was a cardinal of the Catholic Church.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Giovanni Colonna (died 1245)

Giovanni Villani

Giovanni Villani (1276 or 1280 – 1348)Bartlett (1992), 35.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Giovanni Villani

Giraffe

The giraffe is a large African hoofed mammal belonging to the genus Giraffa.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Giraffe

Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Greek language

Greenland

Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is a North American island autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Greenland

Guelphs and Ghibellines

The Guelphs and Ghibellines (guelfi e ghibellini) were factions supporting respectively the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor in the Italian city-states of Central Italy and Northern Italy during the Middle Ages.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Guelphs and Ghibellines

Guido Bonatti

Guido Bonatti (died between 1296 and 1300) was an Italian mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, who was the most celebrated astrologer of the 13th century.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Guido Bonatti

Guitier, Count of Rethel

Guitier (Ithier) of Rethel (died 1171), son of Odo of Vitry and Matilda, Countess of Rethel, nephew of Baldwin II of Jerusalem, was Count of Rethel, succeeding his mother.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Guitier, Count of Rethel

Gyrfalcon

The gyrfalcon, the largest of the falcon genus, is a bird of prey. The abbreviation gyr is also used. It breeds on Arctic coasts and tundra, and the islands of northern North America and the Eurosiberian region. It is mainly a resident there also, but some gyrfalcons disperse more widely after the breeding season, or in winter.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Gyrfalcon

Hauteville family

The House of Hauteville (Altavilla, Autavilla) was a Norman family originally of seigneurial rank from the Cotentin.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Hauteville family

Hebrew language

Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Hebrew language

Henry (VII) of Germany

Henry (VII) (1211 – 12 February 1242), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Sicily from 1212 until 1217 and King of Germany (formally Rex Romanorum) from 1220 until 1235, as son and co-ruler of Emperor Frederick II. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Henry (VII) of Germany are 13th-century kings of Sicily, dukes of Swabia, Hohenstaufen, medieval child monarchs and sons of emperors.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Henry (VII) of Germany

Henry III of England

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death in 1272. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Henry III of England are medieval child monarchs.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Henry III of England

Henry Raspe

Henry Raspe (– 16 February 1247) was the Landgrave of Thuringia from 1231 until 1239 and again from 1241 until his death. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Henry Raspe are anti-kings.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Henry Raspe

Henry the Lion

Henry the Lion (Heinrich der Löwe; 1129/1131 – 6 August 1195), also known as Henry III, Duke of Saxony (ruled 1142-1180) and Henry XII, Duke of Bavaria (ruled 1156-1180), was a member of the Welf dynasty. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Henry the Lion are medieval child monarchs.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Henry the Lion

Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry VI (German: Heinrich VI.; November 1165 – 28 September 1197), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1169 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor are 12th-century kings of Sicily, Burials at Palermo Cathedral, Hohenstaufen and jure uxoris kings.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry VII (German: Heinrich; Vulgar Latin: Arrigo; c. 1273 – 24 August 1313),Kleinhenz, pg.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor

Hermann von Salza

Hermann von Salza (or Herman of Salza; – 20 March 1239) was the fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1210 to 1239. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Hermann von Salza are Christians of the Fifth Crusade, Christians of the Prussian Crusade and Christians of the Sixth Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Hermann von Salza

History of the Jews in Sicily

The history of the Jews in Sicily potentially begins as far back as two millennia, with a substantial Jewish presence on the southern Italian island before their expulsion in the fifteenth century.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and History of the Jews in Sicily

Hohenstaufen

The Hohenstaufen dynasty, also known as the Staufer, was a noble family of unclear origin that rose to rule the Duchy of Swabia from 1079, and to royal rule in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages from 1138 until 1254.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Hohenstaufen

Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Holy Roman Emperor

Inferno (Dante)

Inferno (Italian for 'Hell') is the first part of Italian writer Dante Alighieri's 14th-century narrative poem The Divine Comedy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Inferno (Dante)

Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)

In the Holy Roman Empire, the Great Interregnum (so-called to distinguish it from the longer period between 924 and 962) was a period of time, from 1246 until 1273, following the throne dispute of Frederick II where the succession of the Holy Roman Empire was contested and fought over between pro- and anti-Hohenstaufen factions.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)

Isabella II of Jerusalem

Isabella II (12124 May 1228), sometimes erroneously called Yolanda, was a princess of French origin, the daughter of Maria, the queen-regnant of Jerusalem, and her husband, John of Brienne. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Isabella II of Jerusalem are 13th-century monarchs of Jerusalem and medieval child monarchs.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Isabella II of Jerusalem

Isabella of England

Isabella of England (1214 – 1 December 1241) was an English princess of the House of Plantagenet.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Isabella of England

Italian language

Italian (italiano,, or lingua italiana) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Italian language

Italo-Dalmatian languages

The Italo-Dalmatian languages, or Central Romance languages, are a group of Romance languages spoken in Italy, Corsica (France), and formerly in Dalmatia (Croatia).

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Italo-Dalmatian languages

James of Pecorara

James of Pecorara or Giacomo da Pecorara (1170s – June 1244) was an Italian monk, cardinal and diplomat.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and James of Pecorara

Jerusalem

Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Jerusalem

Jesi

Jesi is a comune (municipality) in the province of Ancona, in the Italian region of Marche.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Jesi

Joachim of Fiore

Joachim of Fiore, also known as Joachim of Flora (Gioacchino da Fiore; Ioachim Florensis; 1135 – 30 March 1202), was an Italian Christian theologian, Catholic abbot, and the founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Joachim of Fiore

Joachimites

The Joachimites, also known as Joachites, a millenarian group, arose from the Franciscans in the thirteenth century.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Joachimites

Johannes Morus

Johannes Morus (Giovanni Moro; - 1254, buried in November) was a servant of Frederick II of Swabia, Holy Roman Emperor.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Johannes Morus

John III Doukas Vatatzes

John III Doukas Vatatzes, Latinized as Ducas Vatatzes (Ἱωάννης Δούκας Βατάτζης, Iōannēs Doukas Vatatzēs, c. 1192 – 3 November 1254), was Emperor of Nicaea from 1221 to 1254.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and John III Doukas Vatatzes

John of Brienne

John of Brienne (1170 – 19–23 March 1237), also known as John I, was King of Jerusalem from 1210 to 1225 and Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1229 to 1237. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and John of Brienne are 13th-century monarchs of Jerusalem, Christians of the Fifth Crusade and jure uxoris kings.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and John of Brienne

John, Old Lord of Beirut

John of Ibelin (c. 1179 – 1236), called the Old Lord of Beirut, was a powerful crusader noble in the 13th century, one of the best known representatives of the influential Ibelin family. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and John, Old Lord of Beirut are Christians of the Sixth Crusade and people excommunicated by the Catholic Church.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and John, Old Lord of Beirut

Jordan River

The Jordan River or River Jordan (نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, Nahr al-ʾUrdunn; נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, Nəhar hayYardēn), also known as Nahr Al-Sharieat (نهر الشريعة.), is a river in the Levant that flows roughly north to south through the freshwater Sea of Galilee and on to the salt water Dead Sea.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Jordan River

Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia

Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia (19 May 1100 – 27 August 1130) was a duchess of Swabia by marriage to Frederick II, Duke of Swabia.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia

King asleep in mountain

The king asleep in mountain (D 1960.2 in Stith Thompson's motif index system) is a prominent folklore trope found in many folktales and legends.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and King asleep in mountain

King of Italy

King of Italy (Re d'Italia; Rex Italiae) was the title given to the ruler of the Kingdom of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy

King of Jerusalem

The king or queen of Jerusalem was the supreme ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, a Crusader state founded in Jerusalem by the Latin Catholic leaders of the First Crusade, when the city was conquered in 1099.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Jerusalem

King of the Romans

King of the Romans (Rex Romanorum; König der Römer) was the title used by the king of East Francia following his election by the princes from the reign of Henry II (1002–1024) onward.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Romans

Kingdom of Arles

The Kingdom of Burgundy, known from the 12th century as the Kingdom of Arles, also referred to in various context as Arelat, the Kingdom of Arles and Vienne, or Kingdom of Burgundy-Provence, was a realm established in 933 by the merger of the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Burgundy under King Rudolf II.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Kingdom of Arles

Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

The Kingdom of Italy (Regnum Italiae or Regnum Italicum; Regno d'Italia; Königreich Italien), also called Imperial Italy (Italia Imperiale, Reichsitalien), was one of the constituent kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire, along with the kingdoms of Germany, Bohemia, and Burgundy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Kingdom of Jerusalem, also known as the Latin Kingdom, was a Crusader state that was established in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Kingdom of Jerusalem

Kingdom of Sicily

The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae; Regno di Sicilia; Regnu di Sicilia) was a state that existed in Sicily and the south of the Italian Peninsula plus, for a time, in Northern Africa from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Kingdom of Sicily

Konstanz

Konstanz (also), also known as Constance in English, is a university city with approximately 83,000 inhabitants located at the western end of Lake Constance in the south of Germany.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Konstanz

Koskull family

The Koskull family (Koskuli, Коскуль), also written as Koschkull, is a wealthy aristocratic family of Livonian and German origin, famous for their extensive lands and manors.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Koskull family

Kunsthistorisches Museum

The Kunsthistorisches Museum ("Museum of Art History", often referred to as the "Museum of Fine Arts") is an art museum in Vienna, Austria.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Kunsthistorisches Museum

Kyffhäuser

The Kyffhäuser (sometimes also referred to as Kyffhäusergebirge) is a hill range in Central Germany, shared by Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt, southeast of the Harz mountains.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Kyffhäuser

Language deprivation experiments

Language deprivation experiments have been claimed to have been attempted at least four times through history, isolating infants from the normal use of spoken or signed language in an attempt to discover the fundamental character of human nature or the origin of language.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Language deprivation experiments

Late Middle Ages

The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Late Middle Ages

Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Latin

Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem

The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem (Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus) is the Latin Catholic ecclesiastical patriarchate in Jerusalem, officially seated in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem

Lübeck

Lübeck (Low German: Lübęk or Lübeek ˈlyːbeːk; Latin: Lubeca), officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (Hansestadt Lübeck), is a city in Northern Germany.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Lübeck

Leopard

The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five extant species in the genus Panthera.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Leopard

Liguria

Liguria (Ligûria) is a region of north-western Italy; its capital is Genoa.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Liguria

List of Byzantine emperors

The foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, which fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and List of Byzantine emperors

List of German monarchs

This is a list of monarchs who ruled over East Francia, and the Kingdom of Germany (Regnum Teutonicum), from the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 and the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 until the collapse of the German Empire in 1918.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and List of German monarchs

List of kings of Burgundy

The following is a list of the kings of the two kingdoms of Burgundy, and a number of related political entities devolving from Carolingian machinations over family relations.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and List of kings of Burgundy

List of rulers of Thuringia

Thuringia is a historical and political region of Central Germany.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and List of rulers of Thuringia

List of Sicilian monarchs

The monarchs of Sicily ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130 until the "perfect fusion" in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and List of Sicilian monarchs

Lombard League

The Lombard League (Liga Lombarda in Lombard, Lega Lombarda in Italian) was a medieval alliance formed in 1167, supported by the popes, to counter the attempts by the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman emperors to assert influence over the Kingdom of Italy as a part of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Lombard League

Lombardy

Lombardy (Lombardia; Lombardia) is an administrative region of Italy that covers; it is located in northern Italy and has a population of about 10 million people, constituting more than one-sixth of Italy's population.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Lombardy

Louis I, Duke of Bavaria

Louis I (Ludwig; 23 December 1173 – 15 September 1231), called the Kelheimer or of Kelheim, since he was born and died at Kelheim, was the Duke of Bavaria from 1183 and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1214. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Louis I, Duke of Bavaria are Christians of the Fifth Crusade and medieval child monarchs.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Louis I, Duke of Bavaria

Louis IX of France

Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly revered as Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death in 1270. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Louis IX of France are deaths from dysentery and medieval child monarchs.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Louis IX of France

Louis VIII of France

Louis VIII (5 September 1187 8 November 1226), nicknamed The Lion (Le Lion), was King of France from 1223 to 1226. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Louis VIII of France are deaths from dysentery.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Louis VIII of France

Ludwig I of Bavaria

Ludwig I or Louis I (Ludwig I.; 25 August 1786 – 29 February 1868) was King of Bavaria from 1825 until the 1848 revolutions in the German states.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ludwig I of Bavaria

Lynx

A lynx (lynx or lynxes) is any of the four extant species (the Canada lynx, Iberian lynx, Eurasian lynx and the bobcat) within the medium-sized wild cat genus Lynx.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Lynx

Lyon

Lyon (Franco-Provençal: Liyon), formerly spelled in English as Lyons, is the second largest city of France by urban area It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the French Alps, southeast of Paris, north of Marseille, southwest of Geneva, northeast of Saint-Étienne.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Lyon

Mainz

Mainz (see below) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and with around 223,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 35th-largest city.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Mainz

Manfred, King of Sicily

Manfred (Manfredi di Sicilia; 123226 February 1266) was the last King of Sicily from the Hohenstaufen dynasty, reigning from 1258 until his death. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Manfred, King of Sicily are 13th-century kings of Sicily, characters in the Divine Comedy, Hohenstaufen, people excommunicated by the Catholic Church, sicilian School and sons of emperors.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Manfred, King of Sicily

March of Ancona

The March of Ancona (or Anconetana) was a frontier march centred on the city of Ancona and later Fermo then Macerata in the Middle Ages.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and March of Ancona

March of Styria

The March of Styria (Steiermark), originally known as Carantanian march (Karantanische Mark, marchia Carantana after the former Slavic principality of Carantania), was a southeastern frontier march of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and March of Styria

Margaret of Sicily

Margaret of Sicily (also called Margaret of Hohenstaufen or Margaret of Germany) (1 December 1241, in Foggia – 8 August 1270, in Frankfurt-am-Main) was a Princess of Sicily and Germany, and a member of the House of Hohenstaufen. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Margaret of Sicily are Hohenstaufen.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Margaret of Sicily

Markward von Annweiler

Markward von Annweiler (died 1202) was Imperial Seneschal and Regent of the Kingdom of Sicily. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Markward von Annweiler are people excommunicated by the Catholic Church.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Markward von Annweiler

Marquisate of Finale

The Marquisate of Finale was an Italian state of the Holy Roman Empire in what is now Liguria, part of the former medieval Aleramici March.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Marquisate of Finale

Marvin Harris

Marvin Harris (August 18, 1927 – October 25, 2001) was an American anthropologist.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Marvin Harris

Matthew Paris

Matthew Paris, also known as Matthew of Paris (lit; 1200 – 1259), was an English Benedictine monk, chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts, and cartographer who was based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire. He authored a number of historical works, many of which he scribed and illuminated himself, typically in drawings partly coloured with watercolour washes, sometimes called "tinted drawings".

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Matthew Paris

Medieval commune

Medieval communes in the European Middle Ages had sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms) among the citizens of a town or city.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Medieval commune

Menagerie

A menagerie is a collection of captive animals, frequently exotic, kept for display; or the place where such a collection is kept, a precursor to the modern zoo or zoological garden.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Menagerie

Merlin

Merlin (Myrddin, Merdhyn, Merzhin) is a mythical figure prominently featured in the legend of King Arthur and best known as a magician, with several other main roles.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Merlin

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Mesopotamia

Messina

Messina (Missina) is a harbour city and the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Messina

Michael Scot

Michael Scot (Latin: Michael Scotus; 1175 –) was a Scottish mathematician and scholar in the Middle Ages.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Michael Scot

Middle High German

Middle High German (MHG; Mittelhochdeutsch (Mhdt., Mhd.)) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Middle High German

Milan

Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Milan

Modena

Modena (Mòdna; Mutna; Mutina) is a city and comune (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Modena

Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Mongol Empire

Monte Cassino

Monte Cassino (today usually spelled Montecassino) is a rocky hill about southeast of Rome, in the Latin Valley, Italy, west of Cassino and at an elevation of.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Monte Cassino

Montferrat

Montferrat (Monferrato,; Monfrà,,; Mons Ferratus) is a historical region of Piedmont, in northern Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Montferrat

Muslim settlement of Lucera

The Muslim settlement of Lucera was the result of the decision of the King of Sicily Frederick II of the Hohenstaufen dynasty (1194–1250) to move 20,000 Sicilian Muslims to Lucera, a settlement in Apulia in southern Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Muslim settlement of Lucera

Muwashshah

Muwashshah (مُوَشَّح literally means "girdled" in Classical Arabic; plural موشحات or تواشيح) is the name for both an Arabic poetic form and a musical genre.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Muwashshah

Nancy, France

Nancy is the prefecture of the northeastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Nancy, France

Natural language

In neuropsychology, linguistics, and philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that occurs naturally in a human community by a process of use, repetition, and change without conscious planning or premeditation.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Natural language

Nazareth

Nazareth (النَّاصِرَة|an-Nāṣira; נָצְרַת|Nāṣəraṯ; Naṣrath) is the largest city in the Northern District of Israel.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Nazareth

Normans

The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; Normands; Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and locals of West Francia.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Normans

Northern Crusades

The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, and also against Orthodox Christian East Slavs.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Northern Crusades

Odo III, Duke of Burgundy

Eudes III (1166 – 1218), commonly known in English as Odo III, was duke of Burgundy between 1192 and 1218. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Odo III, Duke of Burgundy are Christians of the Fifth Crusade.

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Old French

Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; ancien français) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th and the mid-14th century.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Old French

Ottaviano degli Ubaldini

Ottaviano or Attaviano degli Ubaldini (1214 – 1273) was an Italian cardinal, often known in his own time as simply Il Cardinale (The Cardinal). Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ottaviano degli Ubaldini are characters in the Divine Comedy.

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Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Otto I of Brunswick-Lüneburg (about 1204 – 9 June 1252), a member of the House of Welf, was the first duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1235 until his death. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg are Christians of the Prussian Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto IV (1175 – 19 May 1218) was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 until his death in 1218. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor are 13th-century Holy Roman Emperors and people excommunicated by the Catholic Church.

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Otto of Tonengo

Otto of Tonengo (c. 1190 – 1250/1251) was an Italian papal diplomat and cardinal, first as deacon of San Nicola in Carcere from 1227 and then as bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina from 1244. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Otto of Tonengo are Christians of the Sixth Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Otto of Tonengo

Padua

Padua (Padova; Pàdova, Pàdoa or Pàoa) is a city and comune (municipality) in Veneto, northern Italy, and the capital of the province of Padua.

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Palermo

Palermo (Palermu, locally also Paliemmu or Palèimmu) is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province.

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Palermo Cathedral

Palermo Cathedral is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Palermo, located in Palermo, Sicily, southern Italy.

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Papal legate

A woodcut showing Henry II of England greeting the Pope's legate. A papal legate or apostolic legate (from the ancient Roman title legatus) is a personal representative of the Pope to foreign nations, to some other part of the Catholic Church, or representatives of the state or monarchy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Papal legate

Papal States

The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Papal States

Paper

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses, or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through a fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying.

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Pelagio Galvani

Pelagio Galvani (c. 1165 – 30 January 1230, Portuguese: Latin: Pelagius) was a Leonese cardinal, and canon lawyer. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Pelagio Galvani are Christians of the Fifth Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Pelagio Galvani

Philip II of France

Philip II (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), byname Philip Augustus (Philippe Auguste), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Philip II of France are Christians of the Fifth Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Philip II of France

Philip of Novara

Philip of Novara (c. 1200 – c. 1270) was a medieval historian, warrior, musician, diplomat, poet, and lawyer born at Novara, Italy, into a noble house, who spent his entire adult life in the Middle East. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Philip of Novara are Christians of the Fifth Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Philip of Novara

Philip of Swabia

Philip of Swabia (February/March 1177 – 21 June 1208), styled Philip II in his charters, was a member of the House of Hohenstaufen and King of Germany from 1198 until his assassination. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Philip of Swabia are dukes of Swabia, Hohenstaufen and sons of emperors.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Philip of Swabia

Piacenza

Piacenza (Piaṡëinsa) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy, and the capital of the eponymous province.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Piacenza

Pietro della Vigna

Pietro della Vigna (also Pier delle Vigne, Petrus de Vineas or de Vineis; Capua, ca. 1190 – Pisa, 1249) was an Italian jurist and diplomat, who acted as chancellor and secretary (logothete) to Emperor Frederick II. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Pietro della Vigna are characters in the Divine Comedy and Sonneteers.

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Poetry

Poetry (from the Greek word poiesis, "making") is a form of literary art that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, literal or surface-level meanings.

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Polymath

A polymath (lit; lit) or polyhistor (lit) is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.

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Pope

The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Pope Gregory IX

Pope Gregory IX (Gregorius IX; born Ugolino di Conti; 1145 – 22 August 1241) was head of the Catholic Church and the ruler of the Papal States from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory IX are Christians of the Prussian Crusade and Christians of the Sixth Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory IX

Pope Honorius III

Pope Honorius III (c. 1150 – 18 March 1227), born Cencio Savelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 18 July 1216 to his death. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Honorius III are Christians of the Fifth Crusade, Christians of the Livonian Crusade and Christians of the Prussian Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Honorius III

Pope Innocent III

Pope Innocent III (Innocentius III; 22 February 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 until his death on 16 July 1216. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Innocent III are Christians of the Fifth Crusade and Christians of the Livonian Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Innocent III

Pope Innocent IV

Pope Innocent IV (Innocentius IV; – 7 December 1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Innocent IV are Christians of the Prussian Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Innocent IV

Porphyry (geology)

Porphyry is any of various granites or igneous rocks with coarse-grained crystals such as feldspar or quartz dispersed in a fine-grained silicate-rich, generally aphanitic matrix or groundmass.

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Rainald of Urslingen

Rainald of Urslingen was the son of Conrad of Urslingen and Duke of Spoleto from 1223 to 1230.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Rainald of Urslingen

Raniero Capocci

Raniero Capocci, also known as Ranieri, Rainier, or Rainerio da Viterbo (1180-1190 – 27 May 1250) was an Italian cardinal and military leader, a fierce adversary of emperor Frederick II. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Raniero Capocci are 1250 deaths.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Raniero Capocci

Ravenna

Ravenna (also; Ravèna, Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Ravenna

Refraction

In physics, refraction is the redirection of a wave as it passes from one medium to another.

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Regent

In a monarchy, a regent is a person appointed to govern a state for the time being because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been determined.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Regent

Reginald III, Count of Burgundy

Reginald III (Renaud; c. 1087 – 1148), son of Stephen I and Beatrice of Lorraine, was the count of Burgundy between 1127 and 1148.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Reginald III, Count of Burgundy

Republic of Genoa

The Republic of Genoa (Repúbrica de Zêna; Repubblica di Genova; Res Publica Ianuensis) was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Republic of Genoa

Republic of Venice

The Republic of Venice, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic with its capital in Venice.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Republic of Venice

Restitution and unjust enrichment

Restitution and unjust enrichment is the field of law relating to gains-based recovery.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Restitution and unjust enrichment

Roger I of Sicily

Roger I (Ruggero; Rujār; Ruġġieru; Norse: Rogierr; – 22 June 1101), nicknamed “Roger Bosso” and “Grand Count Roger”, was a Norman nobleman who became the first Grand Count of Sicily from 1071 to 1101.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Roger I of Sicily

Roger II of Sicily

Roger II or Roger the Great (Ruggero II, Ruggeru II, Greek: Ρογέριος; 22 December 1095 – 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily and Africa, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Roger II of Sicily are 12th-century kings of Sicily, Burials at Palermo Cathedral, medieval child monarchs and sons of kings.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Roger II of Sicily

Roger of Howden

Roger of Howden or Hoveden (died 1202) was a 12th-century English chronicler, diplomat and head of the minster of Howden in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Roger of Howden

Roger of Wendover

Roger of Wendover (died 6 May 1236), probably a native of Wendover in Buckinghamshire, was an English chronicler of the 13th century.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Roger of Wendover

Romagna

Romagna (Rumâgna) is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Romagna

Roman emperor

The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchical head of state of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Roman emperor

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Rome

Salimbene di Adam

Salimbene di Adam, O.F.M., (or Salimbene of Parma) (9 October 1221 – 1290) was an Italian Franciscan friar, theologian, and chronicler.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Salimbene di Adam

Sarcophagus

A sarcophagus (sarcophagi or sarcophaguses) is a coffin, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Sarcophagus

Scholasticism

Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Scholasticism

Second Coming

The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is the Christian belief that Jesus Christ will return to Earth after his ascension to Heaven (which is said to have occurred about two thousand years ago).

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Second Coming

Sibt ibn al-Jawzi

Shams al-Din Abu al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn Kizoghlu (c. 581AH/1185–654AH/1256), popularly known as Sibṭ ibn al-Jawzī (سبط ابن الجوزي) was a writer, preacher and historian.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Sibt ibn al-Jawzi

Sicilian language

Sicilian (sicilianu,; siciliano) is a Romance language that is spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Sicilian language

Sicilian School

The Sicilian School was a small community of Sicilian and mainland Italian poets gathered around Frederick II, most of them belonging to his imperial court in Palermo.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Sicilian School

Sicilians

The Sicilians (Siciliani), or Sicilian people, are a Romance-speaking European ethnic group who are indigenous to the island of Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the largest and most populous of the autonomous regions of Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Sicilians

Siege of Avignon (1226)

The siege of Avignon was the principal military action of the Albigensian Crusade of 1226.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Siege of Avignon (1226)

Siege of Brescia

The siege of Brescia occurred in 1238.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Siege of Brescia

Siege of Faenza

The siege of Faenza occurred from August 1240 to April 14, 1241, during the course of the wars of the Guelphs and the Ghibellines.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Siege of Faenza

Siege of Jerusalem (1244)

The Siege of Jerusalem of 1244 took place after the Sixth Crusade, when a Khwarazmian army conquered the city on July 15, 1244.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Siege of Jerusalem (1244)

Siege of Viterbo

The siege of Viterbo was fought in 1243 between the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and the rebellious city of Viterbo, 50 km north of Rome.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Siege of Viterbo

Sixth Crusade

The Sixth Crusade (1228–1229), also known as the Crusade of Frederick II, was a military expedition to recapture Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Sixth Crusade

Spello

Spello (in Antiquity: Hispellum) is an ancient town and comune (township) of Italy, in the province of Perugia in eastern-central Umbria, on the lower southern flank of Monte Subasio.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Spello

Stanford University Press

Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Stanford University Press

Statutum in favorem principum

The Statutum in favorem principum ("Statute in favour of the princes") of 1231, reaffirmed in 1232, counts as one of the most important sources of law of the Holy Roman Empire on German territory.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Statutum in favorem principum

Swabia

Swabia; Schwaben, colloquially Schwabenland or Ländle; archaic English also Suabia or Svebia is a cultural, historic and linguistic region in southwestern Germany.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Swabia

Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Syria

Tancred, King of Sicily

Tancred (Tancredi; 113820 February 1194) was King of Sicily from 1189 to 1194. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Tancred, King of Sicily are 12th-century kings of Sicily.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Tancred, King of Sicily

Taranto

Taranto (Tarde) is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Taranto

Terni

Terni (Interamna (Nahars)) is a city in the southern portion of the region of Umbria, in Central Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Terni

Teutonic Order

The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Teutonic Order

The Journal of Religion

The Journal of Religion is an academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press founded in 1897 as The American Journal of Theology.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and The Journal of Religion

Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine

Theobald I (or Thiébaut) (c. 1191 – 17 February 1220) was the duke of Lorraine from 1213 to his death.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine

Thomas of Capua

Thomas of Capua (Tommaso da Capua, Thomas Capuanus), also called Tommaso di Eboli (before 1185 – August 1239), was an Italian prelate and diplomat.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Thomas of Capua

Thomas Tuscus

Thomas Tuscus or Thomas of Pavia (c. 1212 – c. 1282)Pierre Péano, "Thomas de Pavie", Dictionnaire de spiritualité ascetique e mystique XV (Paris: Beauchenes, 1991), col.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Thomas Tuscus

Thuluth

Thuluth (ثُلُث, or خَطُّ الثُّلُثِ,; ثلث, Sols; Turkish: Sülüs, from "one-third") is an Arabic script variety of Islamic calligraphy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Thuluth

Torremaggiore

Torremaggiore is a town, comune (municipality) and former seat of a bishopric, in the province of Foggia in the Apulia (in Italian: Puglia), region of southeast Italy.

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Trani

Trani is a seaport of Apulia, Southern Italy, on the Adriatic Sea, by railway west-northwest of Bari.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Trani

Treaty of Jaffa (1229)

The Treaty of Jaffa, sometimes the Treaty of Jaffa and Tall al-ʿAjūl, was an agreement signed on 18 February 1229 between Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor and king of Sicily, and al-Kāmil, Ayyubid sultan of Egypt.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Treaty of Jaffa (1229)

Treaty of San Germano

The Treaty of San Germano was signed on 23 July 1230 at San Germano, present-day Cassino, ending the War of the Keys that had begun in 1228.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Treaty of San Germano

Trial by ordeal

Trial by ordeal was an ancient judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused (called a "proband") was determined by subjecting them to a painful, or at least an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Trial by ordeal

Turin

Turin (Torino) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Turin

Tuscany

Italian: toscano | citizenship_it.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Tuscany

Umbria

Umbria is a region of central Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Umbria

University of Naples Federico II

The University of Naples Federico II (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II) is a public research university in Naples, Campania, Italy.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and University of Naples Federico II

Verona

Verona (Verona or Veròna) is a city on the River Adige in Veneto, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Verona

Viceroy

A viceroy is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Viceroy

Vienna

Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Vienna

Viterbo

Viterbo (Viterbese: Veterbe; Viterbium) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Lazio region of Italy, the capital of the province of Viterbo.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Viterbo

Walhalla (memorial)

The Walhalla is a hall of fame that honours laudable and distinguished people in German history – "politicians, sovereigns, scientists and artists of the German tongue";Official Guide booklet, 2002, p. 3 thus the celebrities honoured are drawn from Greater Germany, a wider area than today's Germany, and even as far away as Britain in the case of several Anglo-Saxon figures.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Walhalla (memorial)

Walter of Palearia

Walter of Palear (or Palearia, also Gualtiero da Pagliaria; died 1229 or 1231) was the chancellor of the Kingdom of Sicily under Queen Constance and the Emperor Henry VI. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Walter of Palearia are Christians of the Fifth Crusade.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Walter of Palearia

War of the Lombards

The War of the Lombards (1228–1243) was a civil war in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Cyprus between the "Lombards" (also called the imperialists), the representatives of the Emperor Frederick II, largely from Lombardy, and the Eastern aristocracy led first by the Ibelins and then by the Montforts.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and War of the Lombards

War of the Succession of Champagne

The War of the Succession of Champagne was a war from 1216 to 1222 between the nobles of the Champagne region of France, occurring within that region and also spilling over into neighboring duchies.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and War of the Succession of Champagne

Wenceslaus I of Bohemia

Wenceslaus I (Václav I.; c. 1205 – 23 September 1253), called One-Eyed, was King of Bohemia from 1230 to 1253.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Wenceslaus I of Bohemia

William II of Holland

William II (February 1227 – 28 January 1256) was the Count of Holland and Zeeland from 1234 until his death. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and William II of Holland are anti-kings and medieval child monarchs.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and William II of Holland

William of Capparone

William of Capparone was a German captain of Palermo who came to power as the regent of Sicily and guardian of future emperor Frederick II in 1202 after the death of Markward von Anweiler.

See Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and William of Capparone

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor

Also known as 1196 Imperial election, Emperor Frederic II, Emperor Frederick II, Frederick I of Sicily, Frederick II (HRR), Frederick II Hohenstaufen, Frederick II of Germany, Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick II, Holy Roman Empire, Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick Roger of Sicily, Fredrick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Friedrich II, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor and German king Frederick II, Stupor Mundi.

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Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

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