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Table of Contents

1. 720 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, ABC News (United States), Abies nordmanniana, Abkhaz language, Abkhazia, Abkhazian Armed Forces, Abkhazians, Achaemenid Empire, AD 1000, AD 888, Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty, Adarnase IV of Iberia, Adjara, Adlersky City District, Administrative divisions of Georgia (country), Agricultural expansion, Ailama, Akaki Tsereteli, Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, Alazani, Alexander I of Russia, Alexander III of Imereti, Alexander the Great, Alexis of Russia, Ambrolauri, Ananuri, Anatolia, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Andrew the Apostle, April 9 tragedy, Aq Qoyunlu, Archaic humans, Architectural style, Architecture of Georgia, Argonauts, Armenia, Armenian Apostolic Church, Armenian language, Armenians in Georgia, Armeno-Georgian War, Arms industry, Ashot I of Iberia, Aspen, Association football, Association Trio, Assyrian people, Authoritarianism, Autocephaly, ... Expand index (670 more) » « Shrink index

2. 1991 establishments in Asia
3. 1991 establishments in Europe
4. 1991 establishments in Georgia (country)
5. Caucasus
6. Modern history of Georgia (country)
7. South Caucasus
8. West Asian countries

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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ABC News (United States)

ABC News is the news division of the American television network ABC.

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Abies nordmanniana

Abies nordmanniana, the Nordmann fir or Caucasian fir, is a fir indigenous to the mountains south and east of the Black Sea, in Turkey, Georgia and the Russian Caucasus.

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Abkhaz language

Abkhaz, also known as Abkhazian, is a Northwest Caucasian language most closely related to Abaza.

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Abkhazia

Abkhazia, officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Georgia (country) and Abkhazia are Caucasus, south Caucasus and west Asian countries.

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Abkhazian Armed Forces

The Abkhazian Armed Forces are the military forces of Abkhazia.

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Abkhazians

The Abkhazians or Abkhazes are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, a disputed region on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea.

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Achaemenid Empire

The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.

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AD 1000

In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was a non-leap century year starting on Wednesday (like 1800).

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AD 888

Year 888 (DCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty

The Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty is a post–Cold War adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), signed on November 19, 1999, during the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe's (OSCE) 1999 Istanbul summit.

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Adarnase IV of Iberia

Adarnase IV (tr) (died 923) was a member of the Georgian Bagratid dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti and prince of Iberia, responsible for the restoration of the Iberian kingship, which had been in abeyance since it had been abolished by Sasanian Empire in the 6th century, in 888.

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Adjara

Adjara (აჭარა Ach’ara) or Achara, officially known as the Autonomous Republic of Adjara (აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა Ach’aris Avt’onomiuri Resp’ublik’a), is a political-administrative region of Georgia.

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Adlersky City District

Adlersky City District (Адлерский район) is the southernmost of four city districts of the city of Sochi in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, lying along the Black Sea coast near the southern Russian border with Georgia.

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Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)

The subdivisions of Georgia are autonomous republics (ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა, avt’onomiuri resp’ublik’a), regions (მხარე, mkhare), and municipalities (მუნიციპალიტეტი, munitsip’alit’et’i).

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Agricultural expansion

Agricultural expansion describes the growth of agricultural land (arable land, pastures, etc.) especially in the 20th and 21st centuries.

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Ailama

Ailama or Ahlama (აილამა, აჰლამა) is a peak in the central part of the Svaneti section of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range, located on the border between Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region of Georgia, and Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia at the source of the river Koruldashi.

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Akaki Tsereteli

Count Akaki Tsereteli (აკაკი წერეთელი) (1840–1915), often mononymously known as Akaki, was a prominent Georgian poet and national liberation movement figure.

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Akhalkalaki

Akhalkalaki (tr; translit) is a town in Georgia's southern region of Samtskhe–Javakheti and the administrative centre of the Akhalkalaki Municipality.

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Akhaltsikhe

Akhaltsikhe (ახალციხე), formerly known as Lomsia (ლომსია), is a small city in Georgia's southwestern region of Samtskhe–Javakheti.

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Alazani

The Alazani (ალაზანი, Qanıxçay) is a river that flows through the Caucasus. Georgia (country) and Alazani are Caucasus.

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Alexander I of Russia

Alexander I (–), nicknamed "the Blessed", was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first king of Congress Poland from 1815, and the grand duke of Finland from 1809 to his death in 1825.

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Alexander III of Imereti

Alexander III (ალექსანდრე III; 1609 – 1 March 1660), was a Georgian king (mepe) of the Bagrationi dynasty, who reigned as king of Imereti in Western Georgia from 1639 to 1660.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

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Alexis of Russia

Alexei Mikhailovich (Алексей Михайлович,; –), also known as Alexis, was Tsar of all Russia from 1645 until his death in 1676.

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Ambrolauri

Ambrolauri (ამბროლაური) is a city in Georgia, located in the northwestern part of the country, on both banks of the Rioni river, at an elevation of 550 m above sea level.

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Ananuri

Ananuri is a castle complex on the Aragvi River in Dusheti Municipality Georgia, about from Tbilisi.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.

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Ancient Rome

In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.

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Andrew the Apostle

Andrew the Apostle (Andréas; Andreas; אַנדּרֵאוָס; ʾAnd'raʾwās), also called Saint Andrew, was an apostle of Jesus.

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April 9 tragedy

The April 9 tragedy (also known as The massacre of Tbilisi or Tbilisi tragedy) refers to the events in Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, on April 9, 1989, when an anti-Soviet, pro-independence demonstration was crushed by the Soviet Army, resulting in 21 deaths and hundreds of injuries.

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Aq Qoyunlu

The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Ağqoyunlular) was a culturally Persianate,Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38; "Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep).

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Archaic humans

Archaic humans is a broad category denoting all species of the genus Homo that are not Homo sapiens (which are known as modern humans).

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Architectural style

An architectural style is a classification of buildings (and nonbuilding structures) based on a set of characteristics and features, including overall appearance, arrangement of the components, method of construction, building materials used, form, size, structural design, and regional character.

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Architecture of Georgia

The architecture of Georgia refers to the styles of architecture found in Georgia.

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Argonauts

The Argonauts were a band of heroes in Greek mythology, who in the years before the Trojan War (around 1300 BC) accompanied Jason to Colchis in his quest to find the Golden Fleece.

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Armenia

Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. Georgia (country) and Armenia are Caucasus, Christian states, countries in Asia, countries in Europe, member states of the United Nations, republics, south Caucasus and west Asian countries.

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Armenian Apostolic Church

The Armenian Apostolic Church (translit) is the national church of Armenia.

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Armenian language

Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.

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Armenians in Georgia

Armenians in Georgia or Georgian Armenians (tr; Virahayer) are Armenian people living within the country of Georgia.

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Armeno-Georgian War

The Armeno-Georgian War was a short border dispute that was fought in December 1918 between the newly independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia, largely over the control of former districts of the Tiflis Governorate, in Borchaly (Lori) and Akhalkalaki.

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Arms industry

The arms industry, also known as the defence (or defense) industry, military industry, or the arms trade, is a global industry which manufactures and sells weapons and military technology.

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Ashot I of Iberia

Ashot I the Great (აშოტ I დიდი) (died 826/830) was a presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia), first of the Bagratid family to have attained to this office c. 813.

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Aspen

Aspen is a common name for certain tree species; some, but not all, are classified by botanists in the section ''Populus'', of the Populus genus.

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Association football

Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who primarily use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.

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Association Trio

The Association Trio (asotsirebuli trio; Trio Asociat; Асоційоване тріо, asotsiiovane trio), also known as the Associated Trio, is a tripartite format for the enhanced cooperation, coordination, and dialogue between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine with the European Union on issues of common interest related to European integration, enhancing cooperation within the framework of the Eastern Partnership, and committing to the prospect of joining the European Union.

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Assyrian people

Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia.

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Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.

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Autocephaly

Autocephaly (from αὐτοκεφαλία, meaning "property of being self-headed") is the status of a hierarchical Christian church whose head bishop does not report to any higher-ranking bishop.

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Autonomy

In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision.

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Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia. Georgia (country) and Azerbaijan are 1991 establishments in Asia, 1991 establishments in Europe, Caucasus, countries in Asia, countries in Europe, member states of the United Nations, republics, south Caucasus and west Asian countries.

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Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe

The Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe is a deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregion in western Asia.

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Azerbaijani language

Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch.

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Azerbaijanis in Georgia

Azerbaijanis in Georgia or Georgian Azerbaijanis (Gürcüstan azərbaycanlıları, ქართველი აზერბაიჯანელები) are Georgian citizens of an ethnic Azerbaijani background.

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Bachkovo Monastery

The Bachkovo Monastery of the Dormition of the Theotokos (Бачковски манастир "Успение Богородично", Bachkovski manastir, პეტრიწონის მონასტერი, Petritsonis Monasteri), archaically the Petritsoni Monastery or Monastery of the Mother of God Petritzonitissa is a major Eastern Orthodox monastery in Southern Bulgaria.

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Bagrati Cathedral

The Cathedral of the Dormition, or the Kutaisi Cathedral, more commonly known as Bagrati Cathedral (ბაგრატი; ბაგრატის ტაძარი, or Bagratis tadzari), is an 11th-century cathedral in the city of Kutaisi, in the Imereti region of Georgia.

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Bagrationi dynasty

The Bagrationi dynasty is a royal dynasty which reigned in Georgia from the Middle Ages until the early 19th century, being among the oldest extant Christian ruling dynasties in the world.

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Baku

Baku (Bakı) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and in the Caucasus region.

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Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline

The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline is a long crude oil pipeline from the Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Georgia (country) and Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline are Caucasus.

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Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway

The Baku–Tbilisi–Kars (BTK), or Baku–Tbilisi–Akhalkalaki–Kars railway (BTAK), is a railway connecting Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey, which became operational on 30 October 2017 following several years of delays.

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Balanced budget

A balanced budget (particularly that of a government) is a budget in which revenues are equal to expenditures.

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Baltic states

The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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Basil Mkalavishvili

Basili Mkalavishvili (ბასილ მკალავიშვილი) – also known as Vasili Mkalavishvili (ვასილ მკალავიშვილი) – is an excommunicated Georgian Orthodox priest primarily known for having led a series of violent vigilante raids on people and buildings of other religious groups in Tbilisi and other towns in Georgia.

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Basilica

In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica was a large public building with multiple functions that was typically built alongside the town's forum.

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Bastard sturgeon

The bastard sturgeon, also known as the fringebarbel sturgeon, ship sturgeon, spiny sturgeon, or thorn sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris), is a species of fish in the family Acipenseridae.

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Battle of Didgori

The Battle of Didgori (tr) was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljuk Empire at the narrow place of Didgori, 40 km west of Tbilisi, on August 12, 1121.

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Battle of Krtsanisi

The Battle of Krtsanisi (tr, نبرد کرتسانیسی) was fought between the army of Qajar Iran (Persia) and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's war in response to King Heraclius II of Georgia’s alliance with the Russian Empire.

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Battle of Manzikert

The Battle of Manzikert or Malazgirt was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire on 26 August 1071 near Manzikert, theme of Iberia (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey).

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Battle of the Kodori Valley

The Battle of the Kodori Valley was a military operation during the Russo-Georgian War in the Upper Kodori Valley of Abkhazia, a breakaway region of Georgia.

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Batumi

Batumi (ბათუმი), historically Batum or Batoum, is the second-largest city of Georgia and the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, located on the coast of the Black Sea in Georgia's southwest, 20 kilometers north of the border with Turkey.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

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BC Dinamo Tbilisi

BC Dinamo Tbilisi (საკალათბურთო კლუბი "დინამო") is a professional basketball club that is based in Tbilisi, that plays in the Georgian Superliga.

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Beech

Beech (Fagus) is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Eurasia and North America.

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Bidzina Ivanishvili

Bidzina Ivanishvili (ბიძინა ივანიშვილი, also known as Boris Grigoryevich Ivanishvili; born 18 February 1956) is a Georgian politician and billionaire businessman, who served as Prime Minister of Georgia from October 2012 to November 2013.

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Birch

A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.

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Borjomi Gorge

Borjomi Gorge (ბორჯომის ხეობა) is a picturesque canyon of the Kura River in central Georgia.

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Brown bear

The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear native to Eurasia and North America.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.

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Buxus

Buxus is a genus of about seventy species in the family Buxaceae.

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Byzantine Anatolia

Byzantine Anatolia refers to the peninsula of Anatolia (located in present-day Turkey) during the rule of the Byzantine Empire.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Georgia (country) and Byzantine Empire are Christian states.

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Byzeres

The Byzeres (Βύζηρες) were a people of the Southern Caucasus mentioned in Urartean sources as Uiterukhi or Uitirukhi.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Cannabis (drug)

Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed, among other names, is a non-chemically uniform drug from the cannabis plant.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Cappadocia

Cappadocia (Kapadokya, Greek: Καππαδοκία) is a historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey.

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Carnivore

A carnivore, or meat-eater (Latin, caro, genitive carnis, meaning meat or "flesh" and vorare meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements are met by the consumption of animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other soft tissues) whether through hunting or scavenging.

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Case Blue

Case Blue (German: Fall Blau) was the Wehrmacht plan for the 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia between 28 June and 24 November 1942, during World War II.

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Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea.

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Cassius Dio

Lucius Cassius Dio, also known as Dio Cassius (Δίων Κάσσιος), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin.

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Castanea sativa

Castanea sativa, the sweet chestnut, Spanish chestnut or just chestnut, is a species of tree in the family Fagaceae, native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor, and widely cultivated throughout the temperate world.

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Castle

A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders.

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Catholic Church in Georgia

The Catholic Church in Georgia, since the 11th-century East–West Schism, has been composed mainly of Latin Church Catholics; a very large community of the Armenian Catholic Church has existed in Georgia since the 18th century.

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Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.

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Caucasus mixed forests

The Caucasus mixed forests is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion in the Caucasus Mountains, as well as the adjacent Lesser Caucasus range and the eastern end of the Pontic Mountains. Georgia (country) and Caucasus mixed forests are Caucasus.

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Caucasus Mountains

The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe. Georgia (country) and Caucasus Mountains are Caucasus.

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Caucasus University

Caucasus University is a private university in Tbilisi, Georgia.

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Ceasefire

A ceasefire (also known as a truce or armistice), also spelled cease fire (the antonym of 'open fire'), is a stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions, often due to mediation by a third party.

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Ceyhan

Ceyhan is a municipality and district of Adana Province, Turkey.

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Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia

The chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia (tr) is the presiding officer (speaker) of the Parliament of Georgia.

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Chakrulo

Chakrulo (ჩაკრულო, transliterated: chak'rulo) is a Georgian polyphonic choral folk song.

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Christianity in Georgia (country)

In 2020, 85.84% of the population in Georgia adhered to Christianity (mainly Georgian Orthodox), 11% were Muslim, 0.1% were Jewish, 0.04% were Baha'i and 3% had no religious beliefs.

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Christianization of Iberia

The Christianization of Iberia (tr) refers to the spread of Christianity in the early 4th century as a result of the preaching of Saint Nino in the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli, known as Iberia in classical antiquity.

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Church architecture

Church architecture refers to the architecture of Christian buildings, such as churches, chapels, convents, seminaries, etc.

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Circumfix

A circumfix (abbr) (also confix or ambifix) is an affix which has two parts, one placed at the start of a word, and the other at the end.

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Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.

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Classical Greece

Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (the 5th and 4th centuries BC) in Ancient Greece,The "Classical Age" is "the modern designation of the period from about 500 B.C. to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C." (Thomas R. Martin, Ancient Greece, Yale University Press, 1996, p.

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Classics

Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity.

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Clientelism

Clientelism or client politics is the exchange of goods and services for political support, often involving an implicit or explicit quid-pro-quo.

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Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

Throughout the War in Afghanistan, there had been 3,606 coalition deaths in Afghanistan as part of the coalition operations (Operation Enduring Freedom and ISAF) since the invasion in 2001.

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Cohabitation (government)

Cohabitation is a system of divided government that occurs in semi-presidential systems, such as France, whenever the president is from a different political party than the majority of the members of parliament.

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Colchian culture

Colchian culture (კოლხური კულტურა; 2700 BCE to 700 BCE) is Neolithic, early Bronze Age and Iron Age culture of the western Caucasus, mostly in western Georgia.

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Colchis

In classical antiquity and Greco-Roman geography, Colchis was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi (ეგრისი) located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia.

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Collapse of the Georgian realm

The collapse of the Georgian realm (tr) was a political and territorial fragmentation process that resulted in the dynastic triumvirate military conflict of the Bagrationi monarchs and war of succession in the united Kingdom of Georgia culminating during the second half of the 15th century.

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Common pheasant

The common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) is a bird in the pheasant family (Phasianidae).

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Concordat of 2002

The Constitutional Agreement between the Georgian state and the Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia (კონსტიტუციური შეთანხმება საქართველოს სახელმწიფოსა და საქართველოს სამოციქულო ავტოკეფალურ მართლმადიდებელ ეკლესიას შორის), informally referred to as the Concordat, is an agreement between the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) and the state that defines relations between the two entities.

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Conscription in Georgia

Conscription in Georgia applies to male citizens aged 18 to 27, who need to serve the Georgia Defence Forces for a period of 12 months.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

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Constitution of Georgia (country)

The Constitution of Georgia (საქართველოს კონსტიტუცია, sakartvelos k'onst'it'utsia) is the supreme law of Georgia.

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Constitutional Court of Georgia

The Constitutional Court of Georgia (tr) is the constitutional court of Georgia, the country's judicial body of constitutional review, having the greatest significance with the view of securing constitutional provisions and separation of powers, and protecting human rights and freedoms.

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Council of Europe

The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe, CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe.

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Counterfeit

To counterfeit means to imitate something authentic, with the intent to steal, destroy, or replace the original, for use in illegal transactions, or otherwise to deceive individuals into believing that the fake is of equal or greater value than the real product.

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COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.

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Darial Gorge

The Darial Gorge is a river gorge on the border between Russia and Georgia.

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David III of Tao

David III Kuropalates (Davit’ III Kurapalati) or David III the Great (დავით III დიდი, Davit’ III Didi), also known as David II, (c. 930s – 1000/1001) was a Georgian prince of the Bagratid family of Tao, a historic region in the Georgian–Armenian marchlands, from 966 until his murder in 1000 or 1001.

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David IV

David IV, also known as David IV the Builder (tr) (1073–1125), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the 5th king (mepe) of the Kingdom of Georgia from 1089 until his death in 1125.

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David Marshall Lang

David Marshall Lang (6 May 1924 – 20 March 1991), was a Professor of Caucasian Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

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De-Stalinization

De-Stalinization (translit) comprised a series of political reforms in the Soviet Union after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953, and the thaw brought about by ascension of Nikita Khrushchev to power, and his 1956 secret speech "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", which denounced Stalin's cult of personality and the Stalinist political system.

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Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin, second leader of the Soviet Union, died on 5 March 1953 at his Kuntsevo Dacha after suffering a stroke, at age 74.

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Deficit spending

Within the budgetary process, deficit spending is the amount by which spending exceeds revenue over a particular period of time, also called simply deficit, or budget deficit, the opposite of budget surplus.

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Deforestation

Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use.

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Defrocking

Defrocking, unfrocking, degradation, or laicization of clergy is the removal of their rights to exercise the functions of the ordained ministry.

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Democracy

Democracy (from dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.

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Democratic Republic of Georgia

The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG; tr) was the first modern establishment of a republic of Georgia, which existed from May 1918 to February 1921. Georgia (country) and Democratic Republic of Georgia are modern history of Georgia (country).

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Democratic transition

A democratic transition describes a phase in a country's political system as a result of an ongoing change from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one.

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Demographics of Georgia (country)

The demographic features of the population of Georgia include population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

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Developing country

A developing country is a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.

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Dieter Nohlen

Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist.

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Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

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Dmanisi hominins

The Dmanisi hominins, Dmanisi people, or Dmanisi man were a population of Early Pleistocene hominins whose fossils have been recovered at Dmanisi, Georgia.

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Dome

A dome is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere.

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Dzala ertobashia

Dzala ertobashia (ძალა ერთობაშია,, "Strength is in Unity") is the official motto of Georgia.

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Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.

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Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.

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Ease of doing business index

The ease of doing business index was an index created jointly by Simeon Djankov, Michael Klein, and Caralee McLiesh, three leading economists at the World Bank Group, following the release of World Development Report 2002.

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Eastern Anatolia Region

The Eastern Anatolia Region (Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi) is a geographical region of Turkey.

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Eastern Anatolian montane steppe

The Eastern Anatolian montane steppe is a temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion.

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Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.

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Eastern Georgia (country)

Eastern Georgia (აღმოსავლეთ საქართველო, aghmosavlet' sak'art'velo) is a geographic area encompassing the territory of the Caucasian nation of Georgia to the east and south of the Likhi and Meskheti Ranges, but excluding the Black Sea region of Adjara.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.

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Economic Freedom of the World

Economic Freedom of the World is an annual survey published by the Fraser Institute, a Canadian think tank.

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Economic growth

Economic growth can be defined as the increase or improvement in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy in a financial year.

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Economist Intelligence Unit

The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) is the research and analysis division of the Economist Group, providing forecasting and advisory services through research and analysis, such as monthly country reports, five-year country economic forecasts, country risk service reports, and industry reports.

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Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (translit,; Patriarchatus Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus; Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi, İstanbul Ekümenik Patrikhanesi, "Roman Orthodox Patriarchate, Ecumenical Patriarchate") is one of the fifteen to seventeen autocephalous churches (or "jurisdictions") that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church.

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Eduard Kokoity

Eduard Dzhabeyevich Kokoyty (Kokojty Ĝabejy fyrt Edward; born 31 October 1964) is an Ossetian politician who served as the second president of South Ossetia of the partially recognized state of South Ossetia from 2001 to 2011.

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Eduard Shevardnadze

Eduard Ambrosis dze Shevardnadze (ედუარდ ამბროსის ძე შევარდნაძე, romanized:; 25 January 1928 – 7 July 2014) was a Soviet and Georgian politician and diplomat who governed Georgia for several non-consecutive periods from 1972 until his resignation in 2003 and also served as the final Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1985 to 1990.

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Education in Georgia (country)

Education in Georgia is free of charge and compulsory from the age of 6 until 17–18 years.

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Education Index

An Education index is a component of the Human Development Index published every year by the United Nations Development Programme.

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Ehsan Yarshater

Ehsan Yarshater (احسان يارشاطر, April 3, 1920 – September 1, 2018) was an Iranian historian and linguist who specialized in Iranology.

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Elene Akhvlediani

Elene Akhvlediani (April 5, 1898 in Telavi – December 30, 1975 in Tbilisi) was a 20th-century Georgian painter, graphic artist, and theater decorator.

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Elm

Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus Ulmus in the family Ulmaceae.

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Emergency telephone number

An emergency telephone number is a number that allows a caller to contact local emergency services for assistance.

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Emerging market

An emerging market (or an emerging country or an emerging economy) is a market that has some characteristics of a developed market, but does not fully meet its standards.

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Emirate of Tbilisi

The Emirate of Tbilisi (ⴇⴁⴈⴊⴈⴑⴈⴑ ⴑⴀⴀⴋⴈⴐⴍ, إمارة تفليسي) was a Muslim emirate in Transcaucasia.

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Empire of Trebizond

The Empire of Trebizond or the Trapezuntine Empire was a successor state of the Byzantine Empire that existed during the 13th through to the 15th century. Georgia (country) and Empire of Trebizond are Christian states.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Endemism

Endemism is the state of a species only being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.

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Energy Community

The Energy Community, commonly referred to as the Energy Community for South East Europe (ECSEE), is an international organization consisting of the European Union (EU) and a number of non-EU countries.

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Enlargement of NATO

NATO is a military alliance of thirty-two European and North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense.

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Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in South Ossetia

Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in South Ossetia was a mass expulsion of ethnic Georgians conducted in South Ossetia and other territories occupied by Russian and South Ossetian forces, which happened during and after the 2008 Russia–Georgia war.

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Ethnic groups in the Caucasus

The peoples of the Caucasus, or Caucasians, are a diverse group comprising more than 50 ethnic groups throughout the Caucasus.

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Ethnonym

An ethnonym is a name applied to a given ethnic group.

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Eurasia

Eurasia is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.

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EuroBasket

EuroBasket, also commonly referred to as the European Basketball Championship, is the main international basketball competition that is contested quadrennially, by the senior men's national teams that are governed by FIBA Europe, which is the European zone within the International Basketball Federation.

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Eurocontrol

The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, commonly known as Eurocontrol (stylised EUROCONTROL), is an international organisation working to achieve safe and seamless air traffic management across Europe.

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EuroLeague

The EuroLeague, officially the Turkish Airlines EuroLeague, is a European men's professional basketball club competition.

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European Council

The European Council (informally EUCO) is a collegiate body (directorial system) that defines the overall political direction and priorities of the European Union.

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European Neighbourhood Policy

The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is a foreign relations instrument of the European Union (EU) which seeks to tie those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the Union.

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European Parliament

The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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European Union Association Agreement

A European Union Association Agreement or simply Association Agreement (AA) is a treaty between the European Union (EU), its Member States and a non-EU country that creates a framework for co-operation between them.

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European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia

The European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia (EUMM Georgia) is an unarmed peacekeeping mission operated by the European Union in Georgia.

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Euxine–Colchic broadleaf forests

The Euxine–Colchic broadleaf forests is an ecoregion of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests along the southern shore of the Black Sea.

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Fagus orientalis

Fagus orientalis, commonly known as the Oriental beech, is a deciduous tree in the beech family Fagaceae.

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Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; International Automobile Federation) is an association established on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users.

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Fertile Crescent

The Fertile Crescent (الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran.

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Filipp Makharadze

Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze (ფილიპე მახარაძე, Филипп Махарадзе; 9 March 1868 – 10 December 1941) was a Georgian Bolshevik revolutionary and government official.

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Financial Times

The Financial Times (FT) is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs.

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First five-year plan

The first five-year plan (I пятилетний план, первая пятилетка) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, implemented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, based on his policy of socialism in one country.

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Flat tax

A flat tax (short for flat-rate tax) is a tax with a single rate on the taxable amount, after accounting for any deductions or exemptions from the tax base.

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Folklore

Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, culture or subculture.

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Forbes

Forbes is an American business magazine founded by B. C. Forbes in 1917 and owned by Hong Kong-based investment group Integrated Whale Media Investments since 2014.

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Forest Landscape Integrity Index

The Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) is an annual global index of forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification.

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Fortification

A fortification (also called a fort, fortress, fastness, or stronghold) is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime.

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Fourth Crusade

The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III.

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Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM) is a multilateral treaty of the Council of Europe aimed at protecting the rights of minorities.

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Fraxinus

Fraxinus, commonly called ash, is a genus of plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae, and comprises 45–65 species of usually medium-to-large trees, most of which are deciduous trees, although some subtropical species are evergreen trees.

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Free market

In economics, a free market is an economic system in which the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand expressed by sellers and buyers.

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Free University of Tbilisi

Free University (თავისუფალი უნივერსიტეტი) is a private research university in Tbilisi, Georgia, founded by Kakha Bendukidze, Georgian statesman, businessman and philanthropist often regarded as the Man Who Remade Georgia.

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Freedom House

Freedom House is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C. It is best known for political advocacy surrounding issues of democracy, political freedom, and human rights.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction.

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Fungus

A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Galaktion Tabidze

Galaktion Tabidze (გალაკტიონ ტაბიძე), simply referred to as Galaktioni (გალაკტიონი),(November 17, 1892 – March 17, 1959), was a Georgian poet of the twentieth century whose writings profoundly influenced all subsequent generations of Georgian poets.

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Game (hunting)

Game or quarry is any wild animal hunted for animal products (primarily meat), for recreation ("sporting"), or for trophies.

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Gelati Monastery

Gelati (გელათის მონასტერი) is a medieval monastic complex near Kutaisi in the Imereti region of western Georgia.

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Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire.

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George Balanchine

George Balanchine (Various sources.

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George V of Georgia

George V the Brilliant (tr; also translated as the Illustrious, or Magnificent; 1286/1289–1346) was King (mepe) of Georgia from 1299 to 1302 and again from 1314 until his death in 1346.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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George XII of Georgia

George XII (tr), sometimes known as George XIII (November 10, 1746 – December 28, 1800), of the House of Bagrationi, was the second and last king (mepe) of the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 1798 until his death in 1800.

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Georgetown University Press

Georgetown University Press is a university press affiliated with Georgetown University that publishes about forty new books a year.

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Georgia men's national basketball team

The Georgia men's national basketball team (საქართველოს ეროვნული საკალათბურთო ნაკრები) represents the country of Georgia in international basketball matches, and is controlled by the Georgian Basketball Federation.

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Georgia Time

Georgia Time (GET) is a time zone used in Georgia (except Russian-occupied territories of Georgia) and it is uniform throughout the country.

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Georgia Train and Equip Program

The Georgia Train and Equip Program (GTEP) was an American-sponsored 18-month, $64-million program aimed at increasing the capabilities of the Georgian armed forces by training and equipping four 600-man battalions with light weapons, vehicles and communications.

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Georgia within the Russian Empire

The country of Georgia became part of the Russian Empire in the 19th century.

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Georgia–Russia relations

Russia and Georgia have had relations for centuries.

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Georgian Air Force

The Aviation and Air Defence Command of the Defence Forces (tr), (formerly Georgian Air Force (sak’art’velos sahaero dzalebi)) is the air force of the Defense Forces of Georgia. Georgia (country) and Georgian Air Force are 1991 establishments in Georgia (country).

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Georgian Airways

Georgian Airways (tr), formerly Airzena, is the privately owned flag carrier of Georgia, with its headquarters in Tbilisi.

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Georgian Civil War

The Georgian Civil War lasted from 1991 to 1993 in the South Caucasian country of Georgia.

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Georgian cuisine

Georgian cuisine (tr) consists of cooking traditions, techniques, and practices of Georgia.

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Georgian Dream

Georgian Dream – Democratic Georgia (tr) also colloquially known as the Kotsebi is a political party in Georgia.

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Georgian Golden Age

The Georgian Golden Age (tr) describes a historical period in the High Middle Ages, spanning from roughly the late 11th to 13th centuries, during which the Kingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its power and development.

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Georgian Jews

The Georgian Jews (tr, Yahadut Georgia) are a community of Jews who migrated to Georgia during the Babylonian captivity in the 6th century BCE.

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Georgian Land Forces

The Georgian Land Forces (საქართველოს სახმელეთო ძალები) are the land force component of the Defense Forces of Georgia. Georgia (country) and Georgian Land Forces are 1991 establishments in Georgia (country).

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Georgian language

Georgian (ქართული ენა) is the most widely spoken Kartvelian language; it serves as the literary language or lingua franca for speakers of related languages.

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Georgian lari

The lari (ლარი; ISO 4217: GEL) is the currency of Georgia.

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Georgian mythology

Georgian mythology (tr) refers to the mythology of pre-Christian Georgians (/kʌrtˈvɛliənz/; Georgian: ქართველები, romanized: kartvelebi, pronounced ˈkʰaɾtʰvelebi), an indigenous Caucasian ethnic group native to Georgia and the South Caucasus.

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Georgian nationalism

Georgian nationalism (tr) is a nationalist ideology promoting Georgian national identity, the Georgian language and culture. Georgia (country) and Georgian nationalism are modern history of Georgia (country).

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Georgian Orthodox Church

The Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia (tr), commonly known as the Georgian Orthodox Church or the Orthodox Church of Georgia, is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in full communion with the other churches of Eastern Orthodoxy.

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Georgian Railway

Georgian Railway LLC (tr) is the national railway company of Georgia.

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Georgian scripts

The Georgian scripts are the three writing systems used to write the Georgian language: Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli.

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Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Georgia, the Georgian SSR, or simply Georgia, was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from its second occupation (by Russia) in 1921 to its independence in 1991. Georgia (country) and Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic are modern history of Georgia (country).

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Georgian Technical University

Georgian Technical University (GTU, formerly V.I. Lenin Georgian Polytechnical Institute) is the main and largest technical university of Georgia.

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Georgian wine

Georgia is one of the oldest wine-producing countries in the world.

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Georgian–Seljuk wars

The Georgian–Seljuk wars (tr), also known as Georgian Crusade, is a long series of battles and military clashes that took place from 1048 until 1213, between the Kingdom of Georgia and the different Seljuqid states that occupied most of Transcaucasia.

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Georgians

The Georgians, or Kartvelians (tr), are a nation and Caucasian ethnic group native to present-day Georgia and surrounding areas historically associated with the Georgian kingdoms.

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Georgiy Daneliya

Georgiy Nikolayevich Daneliya (გიორგი ნიკოლოზის ძე დანელია; Георгий Николаевич Данелия; 25 August 1930 – 4 April 2019), also known as Giya Daneliya (გია დანელია), was a Soviet and Russian film director and screenwriter of Georgian origin.

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Giga Chikadze

Giga Chikadze (Georgian: გიგა ჭიკაძე, born 25 August 1988) is a Georgian professional mixed martial artist and former kickboxer.

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Giorgi Gakharia

Giorgi Gakharia (გიორგი გახარია; born 19 March 1975) is a Georgian politician who served as the 14th Prime Minister of Georgia from 8 September 2019 until his resignation on 18 February 2021.

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Giorgi Margvelashvili

Giorgi Margvelashvili (გიორგი მარგველაშვილი; born 4 September 1969) is a Georgian academic and politician who was the fourth president of Georgia, in office from 17 November 2013 to 16 December 2018.

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Giorgi Mazniashvili

Giorgi Mazniashvili (გიორგი მაზნიაშვილი) (6 April 1871 – 9 September 1937) was a Georgian general and one of the most prominent military figures in the Democratic Republic of Georgia.

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Giorgi Shermadini

Giorgi Shermadini (გიორგი შერმადინი) is a Georgian professional basketball player for Lenovo Tenerife of the Spanish Liga ACB.

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Global Corruption Barometer

The Global Corruption Barometer published by Transparency International is the largest survey in the world tracking public opinion on corruption.

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Global Innovation Index

The Global Innovation Index is an annual ranking of countries by their capacity for, and success in, innovation, published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

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Globalization

Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

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Golden Fleece

In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece (Golden-haired pelt) is the fleece of the golden-woolled, winged ram, Chrysomallos, that rescued Phrixus and brought him to Colchis, where Phrixus then sacrificed it to Zeus.

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Golden State Warriors

The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in San Francisco.

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Gori, Georgia

Gori (გორი) is a city in eastern Georgia, which serves as the regional capital of Shida Kartli and is located at the confluence of two rivers, the Mtkvari and the Liakhvi.

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Government of Georgia (country)

The Government of Georgia (tr) is the supreme body of executive power in Georgia that implements the domestic and foreign policies of the country.

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Government of Russia

The government of Russia (Pravitelstvo Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is the federal executive body of state power of the Russian Federation.

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Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia

The Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia is an administration established by Georgia as the legal and only government of Abkhazia. Georgia (country) and government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia are 1991 establishments in Asia and 1991 establishments in Europe.

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Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile

After the Soviet Russian Red Army invaded Georgia and the Bolsheviks conquered the country early in 1921, the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) decided that the Government should go into exile and continue to function as the National Government of Georgia (NGG). Georgia (country) and Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile are modern history of Georgia (country).

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Great Purge

The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (translit), also known as the Year of '37 (label) and the Yezhovshchina (label), was Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin's campaign to consolidate power over the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Soviet state.

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Greater Caucasus

The Greater Caucasus is the major mountain range of the Caucasus Mountains.

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Greco-Roman wrestling

Greco-Roman (American English), Graeco-Roman (British English), or classic wrestling (Continental English) is a style of wrestling that is practiced worldwide.

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Greek colonisation

Greek colonisation refers to the expansion of Archaic Greeks, particularly during the 8th–6th centuries BC, across the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea.

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Greek Muslims

Greek Muslims, also known as Grecophone Muslims, are Muslims of Greek ethnic origin whose adoption of Islam (and often the Turkish language and identity) dates to the period of Ottoman rule in the southern Balkans.

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Greek mythology

Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology.

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Greeks in Georgia

The Greeks in Georgia, which in academic circles is often considered part of the broader, historic community of Pontic Greeks or—more specifically in this region—Caucasus Greeks, is estimated at between 15,000 and 20,000 people to 100,000 (15,166 according to the latest census (retrieved 5 April 2008)) down from about 100,000 in 1989.

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Grigol Orbeliani

Prince Grigol Orbeliani or Jambakur-Orbeliani (გრიგოლ ორბელიანი; ჯამბაკურ-ორბელიანი) (2 October 1804 – 21 March 1883) was a Georgian Romanticist poet and general in Imperial Russian service.

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Grigol Peradze

Grigol Peradze (გრიგოლ ფერაძე; 13 September 1899 – 6 December 1942) was a prominent Georgian ecclesiastic figure, philologist, theologian, historian, and professor of patristics in the interwar period.

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Gross enrolment ratio

Gross enrolment ratio (GER) or gross enrolment index (GEI) is a statistical measure used in the education sector, and formerly by the UN in its Education Index, to determine the number of students enrolled in school at several different grade levels (like elementary, middle school and high school), and use it to show the ratio of the number of students who live in that country to those who qualify for the particular grade level.

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GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development

The GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development is a regional organization of four post-Soviet states: Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova.

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Gudauta

Gudauta (გუდაუთა,; Гәдоуҭа, Gwdowtha; Гудаута, Gudauta) is a town in Abkhazia, Georgia, and a centre of the eponymous district.

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Gulag

The Gulag was a system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union.

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Guria

Guria (გურია) is a region (mkhare) in Georgia, in the western part of the country, bordered by the eastern end of the Black Sea.

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Hazelnut

The hazelnut is the fruit of the hazel tree and therefore includes any of the nuts deriving from species of the genus Corylus, especially the nuts of the species Corylus avellana.

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Height above mean sea level

Height above mean sea level is a measure of a location's vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) in reference to a vertical datum based on a historic mean sea level.

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Heinrich Böll Foundation

The Heinrich Böll Foundation (e.V., HBS) is a German, legally independent political foundation.

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Helmand province campaign

The Helmand province campaign was a series of military operations conducted by the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) forces against Taliban insurgents and other local groups in the Helmand Province of Afghanistan.

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Hemshin people

The Hemshin people (Համշենցիներ, Hamshentsiner; Hemşinliler), also known as Hemshinli or Hamshenis or Homshetsi, are a bilingual small group of Armenians who practice Sunni Islam after they had been converted from Christianity in the beginning of the 18th century and are affiliated with the Hemşin and Çamlıhemşin districts in the province of Rize, Turkey.

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Heraclius II of Georgia

Heraclius II, also known as Erekle II (ერეკლე II) and The Little Kakhetian (პატარა კახი; 7 November 1720 or 7 October 1721 – 11 January 1798), was a Georgian monarch (mepe) of the Bagrationi dynasty, reigning as the king of Kakheti from 1744 to 1762, and of Kartli and Kakheti from 1762 until 1798.

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Herodotus

Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος||; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy.

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High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300.

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Histories (Herodotus)

The Histories (Ἱστορίαι, Historíai; also known as The History) of Herodotus is considered the founding work of history in Western literature.

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History of Georgia (country)

The nation of Georgia (საქართველო sakartvelo) was first unified as a kingdom under the Bagrationi dynasty by the King Bagrat III of Georgia in the early 11th century, arising from several successor states of the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia.

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History of Iran

The history of Iran (or Persia, as it was commonly known in the Western world) is intertwined with that of Greater Iran, a sociocultural region spanning the area between Anatolia in the west and the Indus River and Syr Darya in the east, and between the Caucasus and Eurasian Steppe in the north and the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.

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History of wine

The oldest evidence of ancient wine production has been found in Georgia and Syria from BC (the earliest known traces of grape wine), Iran from BC, Greece from BC, Armenia from BC (large-scale production), and Sicily from BC.

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Hittites

The Hittites were an Anatolian Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilizations of Bronze Age West Asia.

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Homer

Homer (Ὅμηρος,; born) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature.

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Homo erectus

Homo erectus (meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago.

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Hornbeam

Hornbeams are hardwood trees in the plant genus Carpinus in the family Betulaceae.

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Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

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Hydropower

Hydropower (from Ancient Greek -, "water"), also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines.

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Ilia Chavchavadze

Prince Ilia Chavchavadze (ილია ჭავჭავაძე; 8 November 1837 – 12 September 1907) was a Georgian public figure, journalist, publisher, writer and poet who spearheaded the revival of Georgian nationalism during the second half of the 19th century and ensured the survival of the Georgian language, literature, and culture during the last decades of Tsarist rule.

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Ilia Topuria

Ilia Topuria (ილია თოფურია; born January 21, 1997) is a Georgian and Spanish professional mixed martial artist.

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Imereti

Imereti (Georgian: იმერეთი) is a region of Georgia situated in the central-western part of the republic along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni River.

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Imperial crown of Russia

The Imperial crown of Russia (Императорская Корона России), also known as the great imperial crown (Великая Императорская Корона), was used for the coronation of the monarchs of Russia from 1762 until the Russian monarchy's abolition in 1917.

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Index of Economic Freedom

The Index of Economic Freedom is an annual index and ranking created in 1995 by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal to measure the degree of economic freedom in the world's nations.

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Index of Georgia (country)-related articles

For articles (arranged alphabetically) related to Georgia, see:Category:Georgia (country).

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Indiana University Press

Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.

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Indigenous peoples

There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples, although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territory, and an experience of subjugation and discrimination under a dominant cultural model.

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Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

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International Affairs (journal)

International Affairs is a 100-year-old peer-reviewed academic journal of international relations.

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International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation

The International Fitness and BodyBuilding Federation (IFBB), headquartered in Las Rozas (Madrid), is an international professional sports governing body for bodybuilding and fitness that oversees many of the sport's major international events, notably the World and Continental Championships.

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International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.

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International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Abkhazia and South Ossetia are separatist regions of Georgia in the Caucasus.

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International Republican Institute

The International Republican Institute (IRI) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1983 and funded and supported by the United States federal government.

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International Security Assistance Force

The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was a multinational military mission in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014.

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International Union for Conservation of Nature

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.

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Invertebrate

Invertebrates is an umbrella term describing animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a spine or backbone), which evolved from the notochord.

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Irakli Garibashvili

Irakli Garibashvili (ირაკლი ღარიბაშვილი, also transliterated as Gharibashvili; born 28 June 1982) is a Georgian politician and a former business executive who served as the prime minister of Georgia between 22 February 2021 and 29 January 2024.

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Irakli Kobakhidze

Irakli Kobakhidze (ირაკლი კობახიძე; born 25 September 1978) is a Georgian constitutional scholar and politician who is serving as the 16th Prime Minister of Georgia since February 2024.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. Georgia (country) and Iran are countries in Asia, member states of the United Nations and west Asian countries.

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Iraq War

The Iraq War, sometimes called the Second Persian Gulf War, or Second Gulf War was a protracted armed conflict in Iraq from 2003 to 2011. It began with the invasion of Iraq by the United States-led coalition that overthrew the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the coalition forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government.

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Iron ore

Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted.

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Irreligion

Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.

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Islam in Georgia (country)

Islam in Georgia was introduced in 654 when an army sent by the Third Caliph of Islam, Uthman, conquered Eastern Georgia and established Muslim rule in Tbilisi.

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Jacques de Vitry

Jacques de Vitry (Jacobus de Vitriaco, 1160/70 – 1 May 1240) was a French canon regular who was a noted theologian and chronicler of his era.

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Jake Tsakalidis

Iakovos "Jake" Tsakalidis (Ιάκωβος Τσακαλίδης, იაკოვოს წაკალიდას, born 10 June 1979) is a Georgian-born Greek former professional basketball player.

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Jalal al-Din Mangburni

Jalal al-Din Mangburni (جلال الدین مِنکُبِرنی), also known as Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah (جلال الدین خوارزمشاه), was the last Khwarazmshah of the Anushteginid dynasty.

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Jamestown Foundation

The Jamestown Foundation is a Washington, D.C.-based conservative defense policy think tank.

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Janga (mountain)

Janga or Jangi-Tau or Dzhangi-Tau (ჯანღა;, Džangi-Tau) is a summit in the central part of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range.

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Japheth

Japheth (יֶפֶת Yép̄eṯ, in pausa Yā́p̄eṯ; Ἰάφεθ; Iafeth, Iapheth, Iaphethus, Iapetus; يافث) is one of the three sons of Noah in the Book of Genesis, in which he plays a role in the story of Noah's drunkenness and the curse of Ham, and subsequently in the Table of Nations as the ancestor of the peoples of the Aegean Sea, Anatolia, Caucasus, Greece, and elsewhere in Eurasia.

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Javakheti Plateau

Javalkheti Plateau (ჯავახეთის პლატო) is a volcanic plateau within the Caucasus Mountains that covers the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia, along the border with Turkey and Armenia.

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Jean Chardin

Jean Chardin (16 November 1643 – 5 January 1713), born Jean-Baptiste Chardin, and also known as Sir John Chardin, was a French jeweller and traveller whose ten-volume book The Travels of Sir John Chardin is regarded as one of the finest works of early Western scholarship on Safavid Iran and the Near East in general.

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Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses is a nontrinitarian, millenarian, restorationist Christian denomination.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.

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Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory

The Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory is a peer-reviewed academic journal which focuses on methodology and theory in archaeology.

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Kakheti

Kakheti (კახეთი K’akheti) is a region (mkhare) formed in the 1990s in eastern Georgia from the historical province of Kakheti and the small, mountainous province of Tusheti.

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Kartli

Kartli (ქართლი) is a historical region in central-to-eastern Georgia traversed by the river Mtkvari (Kura), on which Georgia's capital, Tbilisi, is situated.

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Kartlos

Kartlos is the legendary progenitor and "father of all Georgians" in the Georgian mythology, more specifically of the nation of Kartli, known as the Kingdom of Iberia in the classical antiquity.

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Kartvelian languages

The Kartvelian languages (tr; also known as South Caucasian, Kartvelic, and Iberian languagesBoeder (2002), p. 3) are a language family indigenous to the South Caucasus and spoken primarily in Georgia.

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Köppen climate classification

The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems.

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Khachapuri

Khachapuri (ხაჭაპური from 'curd' + პური 'bread') is a traditional Georgian dish of cheese-filled bread.

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Khevi

Khevi (ხევი) is a small historical-geographic area in northeastern Georgia.

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Khevsureti

Khevsureti (Georgian: ხევსურეთი, a land of valleys) is a historical-ethnographic region in eastern Georgia.

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Khinkali

Khinkali (ხინკალი, sometimes Romanized hinkali or xinkali) is a dumpling in Georgian cuisine.

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Kingdom of Abkhazia

The Kingdom of Abkhazia (tr), was a medieval feudal state in the Caucasus which was established in the 780s.

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Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major (Մեծ Հայք; Armenia Maior) sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD.

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Kingdom of Georgia

The Kingdom of Georgia (Georgian: ⴑⴀⴕⴀⴐⴇⴅⴄⴊⴍⴑ ⴑⴀⴋⴄⴔⴍ), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in AD. Georgia (country) and Kingdom of Georgia are Christian states.

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Kingdom of Iberia

In Greco-Roman geography, Iberia (Ancient Greek: Ἰβηρία Iberia; Hiberia; Parthian:; Middle Persian) was an exonym for the Georgian kingdom of Kartli (ႵႠႰႧႪႨ), known after its core province, which during Classical Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages was a significant monarchy in the Caucasus, either as an independent state or as a dependent of larger empires, notably the Sassanid and Roman empires.

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Kingdom of Imereti

The Kingdom of Imereti (tr) was a Georgian monarchy established in 1455 by a member of the house of Bagrationi when the Kingdom of Georgia was dissolved into rival kingdoms.

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Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti

The Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti (Georgian: ⴉⴀⴞⴄⴇ-ⴠⴄⴐⴄⴇⴈⴑ ⴑⴀⴋⴄⴔⴍ) was an early Medieval Georgian monarchy in eastern Georgia, centered at the province of Kakheti, with its capital first at Telavi.

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Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti

The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (tr; 1762–1801) was created in 1762 by the unification of the two eastern Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti. Georgia (country) and kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti are Christian states.

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Kingdom of Pontus

Pontus (Πόντος) was a Hellenistic kingdom centered in the historical region of Pontus in modern-day Turkey, and ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty of Persian origin, which may have been directly related to Darius the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty.

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Kingdom of the Iberians

The Kingdom of the Iberians (tr) was a medieval Georgian monarchy under the Bagrationi dynasty which emerged circa 888 AD, succeeding the Principality of Iberia, in historical region of Tao-Klarjeti, or upper Iberia in north-eastern Turkey as well parts of modern southwestern Georgia, that stretched from the Iberian gates in the south and to the Lesser Caucasus in the north.

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Kist people

The Kists (ქისტები, kist'ebi; P'ängazxuoj; P'engisxuoj) are a Chechen subethnic group in Georgia.

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Kouropalates

Kouropalatēs, Latinized as curopalates or curopalata (κουροπαλάτης, from cura palatii " charge of the palace").

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Kremlin

The Moscow Kremlin (Moskovskiy Kreml'), or simply the Kremlin, is a fortified complex in Moscow, Russia.

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Kura (river)

The Kura is an east-flowing river south of the Greater Caucasus Mountains which drains the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus east into the Caspian Sea.

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Kura–Araxes culture

The Kura–Araxes culture (also named Kur–Araz culture, Mtkvari–Araxes culture, Early Transcaucasian culture) was an archaeological culture that existed from about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC, which has traditionally been regarded as the date of its end; in some locations it may have disappeared as early as 2600 or 2700 BC.

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Kutaisi

Kutaisi (ქუთაისი) is a city in the Imereti region of the Republic of Georgia.

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Kvareli

Kvareli is a town in northeastern in Kakheti Province, Georgia.

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Kvemo Kartli

Kvemo Kartli (ქვემო ქართლი); (Azerbaijani: Aşağı Kartli/Kvemo-Kartli) or "Lower Kartli", is a historic province and current administrative region (mkhare) in southeastern Georgia.

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Kvevri

Kvevri or Qvevri (ქვევრი) - also known as Ch'uri (ჭური) in Western Georgia - are large earthenware vessels used for the fermentation, storage and ageing of traditional Georgian wine.

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Lado Asatiani

Vladimir (Lado) Asatiani (ვლადიმერ ასათიანი) (14 January 1917 – 23 June 1943) was a Georgian poet.

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Lado Gudiashvili

Lado Gudiashvili (ლადო გუდიაშვილი; 30 March 1896 – 20 July 1980) was a Georgian artist of the 20th century.

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Lake Paliastomi

Lake Paliastomi (პალიასტომი, also transliterated as Palaeostomi, ″ancient mouth / outlet″ in greek) is a small lake near the city of Poti, Georgia, connected to the Black Sea by a narrow channel.

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Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign

Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign was a military expedition launched in 1578 by Lala Mustafa Pasha, a grand-vizier of the expanding Ottoman Empire.

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Late Bronze Age collapse

The Late Bronze Age collapse was a time of widespread societal collapse during the 12th century BC associated with environmental change, mass migration, and the destruction of cities.

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Lavrentiy Beria

Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (p; ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია, Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria; – 23 December 1953) was a Soviet politician and one of the longest-serving and most influential of Joseph Stalin's secret police chiefs, serving as head of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) from 1938 to 1946, during the country's involvement in the Second World War.

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Laz language

The Laz language or Lazuri is a Kartvelian language spoken by the Laz people on the southeastern shore of the Black Sea.

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Laz people

The Laz people, or Lazi (ლაზი Lazi; ლაზი, lazi; or ჭანი, ch'ani; Laz), are a Kartvelian ethnic group native to the South Caucasus, who mainly live in Black Sea coastal regions of Turkey and Georgia.

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Lazic War

The Lazic War, also known as the Colchidian War or in Georgian historiography as the Great War of Egrisi, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire for control of the ancient Georgian region of Lazica.

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Legality of cannabis

The legality of cannabis for medical and recreational use varies by country, in terms of its possession, distribution, and cultivation, and (in regards to medical) how it can be consumed and what medical conditions it can be used for.

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Legends car racing

Legends car racing is a style of auto racing designed primarily to promote exciting racing and to keep costs down (as of 2022, a brand-new Legends car could be purchased in the USA for $17,500 USD).

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Legislature

A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city.

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Lelo burti

Lelo or lelo burti (ლელო ბურთი), literally a "field ball ", is a Georgian folk sport, which is a full contact ball game, and very similar to rugby.

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Lesser Caucasus

The Lesser Caucasus or Lesser Caucasus Mountains, also called Caucasus Minor, is the second of the two main ranges of the Caucasus Mountains, of length about.

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Levan Moseshvili

Levan Georgievich Moseshvili (ლევან მოსეშვილი; Леван Мосешвили; 23 May 1940 – 5 March 2020) was a Georgian basketball player.

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Leyla-Tepe culture

The Leyla-Tepe culture (Leylatəpə mədəniyyəti) of the South Caucasus belongs to the Chalcolithic era.

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Likhi Range

Likhi Range (tr) or Surami Range (tr) is a mountain range in Georgia, a part of the Caucasus Mountains.

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List of Christian denominations

A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organization and doctrine.

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List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)

The following list of Georgian cities is divided into three lists for Georgia itself, and the disputed territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

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List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union

This is a list of the violent political and ethnic conflicts in the countries of the former Soviet Union following its dissolution in 1991.

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List of countries and dependencies by area

This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area.

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List of countries by GDP (nominal)

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.

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List of countries by Human Development Index

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) compiles the Human Development Index (HDI) of 193 nations in the annual Human Development Report.

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List of countries by real GDP growth rate

This article includes a lists of countries and dependent territories sorted by their real gross domestic product growth rate; the rate of growth of the value of all final goods and services produced within a state in a given year.

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List of monarchs of Georgia

This is a list of kings and queens regnant of the kingdoms of Georgia before Russian annexation in 1801–1810.

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List of municipalities in Georgia (country)

A municipality (tr) is a subdivision of Georgia, consisting of a settlement or a group of settlements (community, თემი, temi), which enjoy local self-government.

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List of rivers of Georgia (country)

The rivers of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus, are part of either the Black Sea or Caspian Sea Drainage basins.

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List of states with limited recognition

A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such.

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Livy

Titus Livius (59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy, was a Roman historian.

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Lynx

A lynx (lynx or lynxes) is any of the four extant species (the Canada lynx, Iberian lynx, Eurasian lynx and the bobcat) within the medium-sized wild cat genus Lynx.

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Mamasakhlisi

Mamasakhlisi (მამასახლისი) was a title of the Georgian rulers.

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Manuchar Markoishvili

Manuchar "Manu" Markoishvili (მანუჩარ მარკოიშვილი, born 17 November 1986) is a former Georgian professional basketball player.

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Maple

Acer is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples.

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Mappa mundi

A mappa mundi (Latin; plural.

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Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (English:; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher.

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Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.

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Mensheviks

The Mensheviks (mensheviki, from меньшинство,, 'minority') were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Merab Dvalishvili

Merab Dvalishvili (მერაბ დვალიშვილი; born January 10, 1991) is a Georgian professional mixed martial artist.

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Merab Kostava

Merab Kostava (მერაბ კოსტავა) (May 26, 1939 – October 13, 1989) was a Georgian dissident, musician and poet; one of the leaders of the National-Liberation movement in Georgia.

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Meskheti

Meskheti (მესხეთი) or Samtskhe (სამცხე) (Moschia in ancient sources), is a mountainous area in southwestern Georgia. Georgia (country) and Meskheti are Caucasus.

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Meskheti Range

Meskheti Range (მესხეთის ქედი) (Meskh/Meskhet/Meskhetian Range, Adzhar-Imereti Range, Achara-Imereti Range Adzhar-Akhaltsikh Range also Moschian Mountains) is a part of the Lesser Caucasus mountain range in Meskheti region, in southwestern Georgia.

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Meskhetian Turks

Meskhetian Turks, also referred to as Turkish Meskhetians, Ahiska Turks, and Turkish Ahiskans, (მესხეთის თურქები Meskhetis turk'ebi) are a subgroup of ethnic Turkish people formerly inhabiting the Meskheti region of Georgia, along the border with Turkey.

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Middle Paleolithic

The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia.

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Mikheil Korkia

Mikheil Korkia (მიხეილ ქორქია) (10 September 1948 – 7 February 2004) was a Georgian-Soviet basketball player who won gold with the Soviet basketball team in Basketball at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

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Mikheil Saakashvili

Mikheil Saakashvili (მიხეილ სააკაშვილი; Міхеіл Саакашвілі; born 21 December 1967) is a Georgian and Ukrainian politician and jurist.

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Mingrelia

Mingrelia or Samegrelo (tr; samargalo) is a historic province in the western part of Georgia, formerly known as Odishi. Georgia (country) and Mingrelia are Caucasus.

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Mingrelian language

Mingrelian, or Megrelian (მარგალური ნინა) is a Kartvelian language spoken in Western Georgia (regions of Mingrelia and Abkhazia), primarily by the Mingrelians.

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Министерство иностранныхдел СССР) was founded on 6 July 1923.

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia (tr) is a governmental body of Georgia responsible for protecting and promoting Georgia's interest and its persons and entities abroad.

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Mirian III

Mirian III (მირიან III) was a king (mepe) of Iberia or Kartli (Georgia), contemporaneous to the Roman emperor Constantine the Great (r. 306–337).

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Mkhedrioni

The Mkhedrioni was a paramilitary group in the Republic of Georgia, known for its high-profile involvement in the Georgian Civil War and the War in Abkhazia.

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Monastery of Iviron

The Monastery of Iviron (tr; Monḗ Ivirōn) is an Eastern Orthodox monastery in the monastic community of Mount Athos in northern Greece.

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Monastery of the Cross

The Monastery of the Cross (دير الصليب, Dayr al-Salīb; מנזר המצלבה; Μοναστήρι τουΣταυρού, ჯვრის მონასტერი, jvris monast'eri) is an Eastern Orthodox monastery near the Nayot neighborhood of Jerusalem.

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Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history.

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Moscow State University

Moscow State University (MSU; Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia.

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Mount Kazbek

Mount Kazbek or Mount Kazbegi is a dormant stratovolcano and one of the major mountains of the Caucasus, located in Georgia, just south of the border with Russia.

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Mtskheta

Mtskheta (tr) is a city in the region of Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia.

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Mtskheta-Mtianeti

Mtskheta-Mtianeti (მცხეთა-მთიანეთი, literally "Mtskheta-Mountain Area") is a region (Mkhare) in eastern Georgia comprising the town of Mtskheta, which serves as a regional capital, together with its district and the adjoining mountainous areas.

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Mukhran Machavariani

Mukhran Machavariani (მუხრან მაჭავარიანი; April 12, 1929 – May 17, 2010) was a Georgian poet, a member of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia (Georgian Parliament) from 1990 until 1992, and a recipient of the Shota Rustaveli Prize of Georgia.

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Multi-National Force – Iraq

The Multi-National Force – Iraq (MNF–I), often referred to as the Coalition forces, was a military command during the 2003 invasion of Iraq and much of the ensuing Iraq War, led by the United States of America (Operation Iraqi Freedom), United Kingdom (Operation Telic), Australia, Italy (Operation Ancient Babylon), Spain and Poland, responsible for conducting and handling military operations.

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Mushki

The Mushki (sometimes transliterated as Muški) were an Iron Age people of Anatolia who appear in sources from Assyria but not from the Hittites.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Nader Shah

Nader Shah Afshar (نادر شاه افشار; 6 August 1698 – 20 June 1747) was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian history, ruling as shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747, when he was assassinated during a rebellion.

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Nana Bolashvili

Nana Bolashvili (ნანა ბოლაშვილი; November 25, 1967) is a Georgian geographer born in Borjomi Georgia.

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National Basketball Association

The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional basketball league in North America composed of 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada).

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National Guard of Georgia

The National Guard of Georgia (NG, საქართველოს ეროვნული გვარდია, sak'art'velos erovnuli gvardia) is a branch of the Defense Forces of Georgia.

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National Statistics Office of Georgia

The National Statistics Office (GeoStat) (საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური, sak'art'velos statistikis erovnuli samsakhuri; საქსტატი, sak'stati) is an agency in charge of national statistics and responsible for carrying out population, agricultural and other censuses in Georgia.

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NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.

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NATO Parliamentary Assembly

The NATO Parliamentary Assembly serves as the consultative interparliamentary organisation for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.

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Networked Readiness Index

The Networked Readiness Index is an index published annually by the World Economic Forum in collaboration with INSEAD, as part of their annual Global Information Technology Report.

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Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as the president of France and co-prince of Andorra from 2007 to 2012.

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Nikita Khrushchev

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) from 1958 to 1964.

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Niko Pirosmani

Nikoláy Aslánovich Pirosmanashvíli (Nik’oloz Phirosmanashvili) or Niko Pirosmani (Nik’o Pirosmani), simply referred to as Nikala (ნიკალა Nik’ala; 1862–1918), was a Georgian painter who posthumously rose to prominence.

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Nikolay Chkheidze

Nikoloz Chkheidze (ნიკოლოზ (კარლო) ჩხეიძე; translit) commonly known as Karlo Chkheidze (– 13 June 1926), was a Georgian politician.

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Nikoloz Baratashvili

Prince Nikoloz "Tato" Baratashvili (ნიკოლოზ "ტატო" ბარათაშვილი; 4 December 1817 – 21 October 1845) was a Georgian poet.

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Nikoloz Tskitishvili

Nikoloz Tskitishvili (ნიკოლოზ ცქიტიშვილი; born April 14, 1983) is a Georgian former professional basketball player.

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Nina Ananiashvili

Nina Ananiashvili (born: Nino Ananiashvili, ნინო ანანიაშვილი; born March 19, 1963) is a Georgian ballerina and artistic director of the State Ballet of Georgia.

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Nino Burjanadze

Nino Burjanadze (Georgian: ნინო ბურჯანაძე, also romanized Burdzhanadze or Burdjanadze, born 16 July 1964) is a Georgian politician and lawyer who served as Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia from November 2001 to June 2008.

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Noe Zhordania

Noe Zhordania (ნოე ჟორდანია; translit; born – January 11, 1953)შველიძე დ., საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა (1918–1921): ენციკლოპედია-ლექსიკონი.

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Non-governmental organization

A non-governmental organization (NGO) (see spelling differences) is an organization that generally is formed independent from government.

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North Atlantic Council

The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the principal political decision-making body of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), consisting of permanent representatives of its member countries.

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North Caucasus

The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a region in Europe governed by Russia. Georgia (country) and North Caucasus are Caucasus.

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Oak

An oak is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family.

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Old City of Jerusalem

The Old City of Jerusalem (al-Madīna al-Qadīma, Ha'ír Ha'atiká) is a walled area in East Jerusalem.

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Old Tbilisi

Old Tbilisi (ძველი თბილისი, dzveli t'bilisi) refers to the historical parts of Tbilisi.

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Olympic weightlifting

Weightlifting (often known as Olympic weightlifting) is a sport in which athletes compete in lifting a barbell loaded with weight plates from the ground to overhead, with the aim of successfully lifting the heaviest weights.

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Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.

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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization comprising member states in Europe, North America, and Asia.

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Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation

The Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) is a regional international organization focusing on multilateral political and economic initiatives aimed at fostering cooperation, peace, stability and prosperity in the Black Sea region.

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Ossetians

The Ossetians (or; Ossetic), also known as Ossetes, Ossets, and Alans, are an Eastern Iranian ethnic group who are indigenous to Ossetia, a region situated across the northern and southern sides of the Caucasus Mountains.

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Otar Iosseliani

Otar Iosseliani (ოთარ იოსელიანი otar ioseliani; 2 February 1934 – 17 December 2023) was a Georgian film director, known for movies such as Falling Leaves, Pastorale and Favourites of the Moon.

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Otar Korkia

Otar Korkia (Georgian: ოთარ ქორქია, Отар Михайлович Коркия; 10 May 1923 – 15 March 2005) was a Georgian professional basketball player and coach.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Ottoman–Persian Wars

The Ottoman–Persian Wars or Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries.

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Outline of Georgia (country)

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Georgia: Georgia (country) – country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia, located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Ozurgeti

Ozurgeti (ოზურგეთი) is the capital of the western Georgian province of Guria.

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Panthera pardus tulliana

Panthera pardus tulliana, also called Anatolian leopard, Persian leopard and Caucasian leopard in different parts of its range, is a leopard subspecies that was first described in 1856 based on a zoological specimen found in western Anatolia.

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Paravani Lake

Paravani lake (ფარავნის ტბა) is a volcanic lake in Georgia, located in Javakheti Plateau between Abul-Samsari and Javakheti Ranges.

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Parliament

In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.

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Parliament of Georgia

The Parliament of Georgia (tr) is the supreme national legislature of Georgia.

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Parliamentary republic

A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament).

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Parliamentary system

A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a system of democratic government where the head of government (who may also be the head of state) derives their democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of the legislature, typically a parliament, to which they are accountable.

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Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.

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Partnership for Peace

The Partnership for Peace (PfP; Partenariat pour la paix) is a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) program aimed at creating trust and cooperation between the member states of NATO and other states mostly in Europe, including post-Soviet states; 18 states are members.

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Passportization

Passportization is defined as the mass conferral of citizenship to the population of a particular foreign territory by distributing passports, generally within a relatively short period.

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Patera

In the material culture of classical antiquity, a patera or phiale is a shallow ceramic or metal libation bowl.

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Paul I of Russia

Paul I (Pavel I Petrovich; –) was Emperor of Russia from 1796 until his 1801 assassination.

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Pavel Felgenhauer

Pavel Eugenievich Felgenhauer (born 6 December 1951) is a Russian military analyst known for his publications about Russia's political and military leadership.

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Peace enforcement

Peace enforcement is the use of military force to compel peace in a conflict, generally against the will of combatants.

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Peace of Acilisene

The Peace of Acilisene was a treaty between the Eastern Roman Empire under Theodosius I and the Sasanian Empire under Shapur III, which was resolved in 384 and again in 387.

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Peace of Amasya

The Peace of Amasya (پیمان آماسیه ("Peymān-e Amasiyeh"); Amasya Antlaşması) was a treaty agreed to on May 29, 1555, between Shah Tahmasp I of Safavid Iran and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire at the city of Amasya, following the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555.

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Perestroika

Perestroika (a) was a political reform movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during the late 1980s, widely associated with CPSU general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "transparency") policy reform.

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Persian expedition of 1796

The Persian expedition of Catherine the Great in 1796, like the Persian expedition of Peter the Great (1722–1723), was one of the Russo-Persian Wars of the 18th century which did not entail any lasting consequences for either belligerent.

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Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.

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Pharnavaz I

Pharnavaz I (tr) was a king (mepe) of Kartli, an ancient Georgian kingdom known as Iberia in classical antiquity.

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Phasis (town)

Phasis (Φᾶσις; ფაზისი) was an ancient and early medieval city on the eastern Black Sea coast, founded in the 7th or 6th century BC as a colony of the Milesian Greeks at the mouth of the eponymous river in Colchis.

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Picea orientalis

Picea orientalis, commonly known as the Oriental spruce or Caucasian spruce, is a species of spruce native to the Caucasus and adjacent northeast Turkey.

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Pietro Vesconte

Pietro Vesconte (fl. 1310–1330) was a Genoese cartographer and geographer.

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Pinus sylvestris

Pinus sylvestris, the Scots pine (UK), Scotch pine (US), Baltic pine, or European red pine is a species of tree in the pine family Pinaceae that is native to Eurasia.

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Planned economy

A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services.

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Pleistocene

The Pleistocene (often referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations.

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Plutarch

Plutarch (Πλούταρχος, Ploútarchos;; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi.

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Polo

Polo is a ball game that is played on horseback, a traditional field sport and one of the world's oldest known team sports.

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Polyphony

Polyphony is a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice (monophony) or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony).

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Pontic Greek

Pontic Greek (translit, translit; Rumca or Romeika) is a variety of Modern Greek indigenous to the Pontus region on the southern shores of the Black Sea, northeastern Anatolia, and the Eastern Turkish and Caucasus region.

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Pontic Greeks

The Pontic Greeks (Ρωμαίοι, Ρωμιοί; Pontus Rumları or Karadeniz Rumları; Πόντιοι, or Ελληνοπόντιοι,; პონტოელი ბერძნები), also Pontian Greeks or simply Pontians, are an ethnically Greek group indigenous to the region of Pontus, in northeastern Anatolia (in Turkey).

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Pope Innocent XII

Pope Innocent XII (Innocentius XII; Innocenzo XII; 13 March 1615 – 27 September 1700), born Antonio Pignatelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 July 1691 to his death in September 1700.

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Population transfer in the Soviet Union

From 1930 to 1952, the government of the Soviet Union, on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin under the direction of the NKVD official Lavrentiy Beria, forcibly transferred populations of various groups.

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Post-Soviet states

The post-Soviet states, also referred to as the former Soviet Union (FSU) or the former Soviet republics, are the independent sovereign states that emerged/re-emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Potential enlargement of the European Union

There are currently nine states recognized as candidates for membership of the European Union: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine.

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Poti

Poti (ფოთი; Mingrelian: ფუთი; Laz: ჶაში/Faşi or ფაში/Paşi) is a port city in Georgia, located on the eastern Black Sea coast in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti in the west of the country.

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Prehistory

Prehistory, also called pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the first known use of stone tools by hominins million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems.

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President of France

The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (Président de la République française), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces.

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President of Georgia

The president of Georgia (tr) is the ceremonial head of state of Georgia as well as the commander-in-chief of the Defense Forces. Georgia (country) and president of Georgia are 1991 establishments in Georgia (country).

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Pretext

A pretext (pretextual) is an excuse to do something or say something that is not accurate.

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Primary sector of the economy

The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, fishing, forestry and mining.

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Prime Minister of Georgia

The prime minister of Georgia (tr) is the head of government and chief executive of Georgia. Georgia (country) and prime Minister of Georgia are 1991 establishments in Georgia (country).

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Primitivism

In the arts of the Western World, Primitivism is a mode of aesthetic idealization that means to recreate the experience of the primitive time, place, and person, either by emulation or by re-creation.

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Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.

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Princeton, New Jersey

Princeton is a borough in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

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Principality

A principality (or sometimes princedom) can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a regnant-monarch with the title of prince and/or princess, or by a monarch with another title considered to fall under the generic meaning of the term prince.

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Pyotr Bagration

Prince Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration (10 July 1765 – 24 September 1812) was a Russian general and prince of Georgian origin, prominent during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

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Qajar dynasty

The Qajar dynasty (translit; 1789–1925) was an Iranian dynasty founded by Mohammad Khan of the Qoyunlu clan of the Turkoman Qajar tribe.

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Qajar Iran

The Sublime State of Iran, commonly referred to as Qajar Iran, Qajar Persia, the Qajar Empire, Sublime State of Persia, and also the Guarded Domains of Iran, was the Iranian state under the rule of the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic origin,Cyrus Ghani.

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Qara Qoyunlu

The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (Qaraqoyunlular,; قره قویونلو), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a culturally Persianate, Muslim Turkoman "Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468." "Better known as Turkomans...

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Qvirila

The Qvirila (ყვირილა) is a river of Georgia.

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Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti

Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti (რაჭა-ლეჩხუმი და ქვემო სვანეთი, Rach’a-Lechkhumi da Kvemo Svaneti) is a region (mkhare) in northwestern Georgia with a population of 28,500 (2021), making it the most sparsely populated region in the country.

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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is an American government-funded international media organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analyses to Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East.

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Real gross domestic product

Real gross domestic product (real GDP) is a macroeconomic measure of the value of economic output adjusted for price changes (i.e. inflation or deflation).

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Red Army

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union.

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Red Army invasion of Georgia

The Red Army invasion of Georgia (12 February17 March 1921), also known as the Georgian–Soviet War or the Soviet invasion of Georgia,Debo, R. (1992).

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Refugium (population biology)

In biology, a refugium (plural: refugia) is a location which supports an isolated or relict population of a once more widespread species.

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Religion in Georgia (country)

Christianity is the predominant religion in Georgia.

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Representative democracy

Representative democracy (also called electoral democracy or indirect democracy) is a type of democracy where representatives are elected by the public.

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Republics of the Soviet Union

The Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Union Republics (r) were national-based administrative units of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

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Rioni

The Rioni (რიონი) is the main river of western Georgia.

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Roads in Georgia (country)

Georgia's road network plays an important role in both domestic and international traffic with the four neighboring countries.

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Robert Sturua

Robert Sturua (რობერტ სტურუა; born 31 July 1938) is a Georgian theater director, who gained international acclaim for his original interpretation of the works of Brecht, Shakespeare, and Chekhov.

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Roki Tunnel

The Roki Tunnel (also called Roksky Tunnel, როკის გვირაბი;; Рокский туннель) is a mountain tunnel of the Transkam road through the Greater Caucasus Mountains, north of the village Upper Roka.

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Roman Dolidze

Roman Dolidze (born 15 July 1988) is a Georgian professional mixed martial artist.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman Republic

The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.

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Roman–Persian Wars

The Roman–Persian Wars, also known as the Roman–Iranian Wars, were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires: the Parthian and the Sasanian.

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Romanticism

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.

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Romilly Jenkins

Romilly James Heald Jenkins (1907 – 30 September 1969) was a British scholar in Byzantine and Modern Greek studies.

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Rose Revolution

The Rose Revolution or Revolution of Roses (tr) was a nonviolent change of power that occurred in Georgia in November 2003.

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Rouben Galichian

Rouben Galichian (Ռուբեն Գալչյան; born 1938, Tabriz) is an independent London-based scholar and researcher specializing in historical maps of Armenia and the South Caucasus region.

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Round Table—Free Georgia

Round Table—Free Georgia (tr) was an alliance of Georgian political parties led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia.

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Rugby football

Rugby football is the collective name for the team sports of rugby union or rugby league.

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Rugby union

Rugby union football, commonly known simply as rugby union or more often just rugby, is a close-contact team sport that originated at Rugby School in England in the first half of the 19th century.

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Rugby World Cup

The Men's Rugby World Cup is a rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams, the winners of which are recognised as the World champions of the sport.

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. Georgia (country) and Russia are 1991 establishments in Asia, 1991 establishments in Europe, Christian states, countries in Asia, countries in Europe and member states of the United Nations.

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Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917. Georgia (country) and Russian Empire are Christian states.

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Russian foreign agent law

The Russian foreign agent law requires anyone who receives support from outside Russia or is under influence from outside Russia to register and declare themselves as foreign agents.

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Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which started in 2014.

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Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.

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Russian Revolution of 1905

The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, began on 22 January 1905.

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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I. was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR..

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Russian-occupied territories in Georgia

Russian-occupied territories in Georgia (tr) are areas of Georgia that have been occupied by Russia since the Russo-Georgian War in 2008.

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Russians

Russians (russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe.

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Russians in Georgia

There is a small Russian population in Georgia, less than 0.5% of the total population in 2014,, census.ge, 2014.

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Russo-Georgian War

The 2008 Russo-Georgian WarThe war is known by a variety of other names, including Five-Day War, August War and Russian invasion of Georgia.

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Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)

The Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 was one of the many wars between the Persian Empire and Imperial Russia, and, like many of their other conflicts, began as a territorial dispute.

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Rustaveli Avenue

Rustaveli Avenue (Rust'avelis Gamziri), formerly known as Golovin Street, is the central avenue in Tbilisi named after the medieval Georgian poet, Shota Rustaveli.

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Rustavi

Rustavi (რუსთავი) is a city in the southeast of Georgia, in the region of Kvemo Kartli and southeast of capital Tbilisi.

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Rustavi International Motorpark

The Rustavi International Motorpark is a motor racing venue located south-east of Tbilisi, Georgia.

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Rutgers University Press

Rutgers University Press (RUP) is a nonprofit academic publishing house, operating in New Brunswick, New Jersey under the auspices of Rutgers University.

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S1 highway (Georgia)

The Georgian S1 route (Georgian: ს1, also known as Tbilisi-Senaki-Leselidze), is a "road of international importance" with a registered length of within the Georgian classification system, which makes it the longest Georgian highway route.

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Safavid Georgia

The province of Georgia was a velayat (province) of Safavid Iran located in the area of present-day Georgia.

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Safavid Iran

Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire,, officially known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was one of the largest and long-standing Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty.

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Saint George

Saint George (Geṓrgios;Geʽez: ጊዮርጊስ, Geōrgius, გიორგი, Ge'orgiyos, Mar Giwargis, translit died 23 April 303), also George of Lydda, was an early Christian martyr who is venerated as a saint in Christianity.

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Saint Nino

Saint Nino (sometimes St. Nune or St. Ninny; tr; Surb Nune; Hagía Nína; c. 296 – c. 338 or 340) was a woman who preached Christianity in the territory of the Kingdom of Iberia, in what is modern-day Georgia.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow.

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Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary

St.

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Sakdrisi

Sakdrisi (საყდრისი), also known as the Sakdrisi-Kachagiani site (საყდრისი-ყაჩაღიანი), is a gold mine and an archaeological site, containing a prehistoric mine, in Georgia, in the south of the country's Kvemo Kartli region, located between the Neolithic site of Arukhlo and the Paleolithic site of Dmanisi.

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Salome Zourabichvili

Salome Zourabichvili (Salomé Zourabichvili, სალომე ზურაბიშვილი,; born 18 March 1952) is a French-Georgian politician and former diplomat, currently serving as the fifth president of Georgia, in office since December 2018.

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Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti

Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti (Georgian: სამეგრელო-ზემო სვანეთი) is a region (Mkhare) in western Georgia with a population of 308,358 (2021) and a surface of.

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Samtskhe–Javakheti

Samtskhe–Javakheti (სამცხე-ჯავახეთი) is a region (mkhare) in southern Georgia with a population of 147.400 (2023) and an area of.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

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Second Chechen War

The Second Chechen War is also known as the Second Chechen Campaign (Втора́я чече́нская кампа́ния) or the Second Russian Invasion of Chechnya from the Chechen insurgents' point of view.

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Secularism in Georgia (country)

Secularism in Georgia was most popular in the 20th century when the country was part of the Soviet Union.

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Seleucid Empire

The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.

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Self-proclaimed

Self-proclaimed describes a legal title that is recognized by the declaring person but not necessarily by any recognized legal authority.

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Seljuk Empire

The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks.

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Semi-arid climate

A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type.

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Semitic languages

The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.

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Separatism

Separatism is the advocacy of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, regional, governmental, or gender separation from the larger group.

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Serfdom

Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems.

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Sergey Lavrov

Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov (Сергей Викторович Лавров; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian diplomat who has served as the foreign minister of Russia since 2004.

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Service economy

Service economy can refer to one or both of two recent economic developments.

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Shalva Papuashvili

Shalva Papuashvili (შალვა პაპუაშვილი; born 26 January 1976) is a Georgian politician who has served as a member of the Georgian parliament since 2020 and as Speaker of Parliament since 29 December 2021.

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Shatili

Shatili (შატილი, Šat’ili) is a historic highland village in Georgia, near the border with Chechnya.

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Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

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Shida Kartli

Shida Kartli (შიდა ქართლი, šida kartli,; "Inner Kartli") is a landlocked administrative region (Mkhare) in eastern Georgia.

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Shkhara

Shkhara (შხარა) is the highest point in the country of Georgia.

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Shota Rustaveli

Shota Rustaveli (შოთა რუსთაველი, – after c. 1220), mononymously known simply as Rustaveli, was a medieval Georgian poet.

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Shota Rustaveli Peak

Shota Rustaveli (officially known as the Shota Rustaveli Peak) (შოთა რუსთაველის მწვერვალი) is a mountain in the central part of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range, straddling the border of Svaneti (Georgia) and Kabardino-Balkaria (Russia).

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Shulaveri–Shomu culture

The Shulaveri–Shomu culture, also known as the Shulaveri-Shomutepe-Aratashen culture, is an archaeological culture that existed on the territory of present-day Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, as well as parts of northern Iran during the Late Neolithic/Eneolithic.

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Signagi

Signagi or Sighnaghi (სიღნაღი) is a town in Georgia's easternmost region of Kakheti and the administrative center of the Signagi Municipality.

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Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.

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Sochi

Sochi (a, from Шъуача – seaside) is the largest resort city in Russia.

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Social Democratic Party of Georgia

The Social Democratic Party of Georgia (tr), also known as the Georgian Menshevik Party, was a Georgian Marxist and social democratic political party.

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Socialism

Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

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Solomon II

Solomon II (born as David) (სოლომონ II; 1772 – February 7, 1815), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the last king (mepe) of Imereti (western Georgia) from 1789 to 1790 and from 1792 until his deposition by the Imperial Russian government in 1810.

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South Caucasus

The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. Georgia (country) and south Caucasus are Caucasus.

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South Caucasus Pipeline

The South Caucasus Pipeline (also known as Baku–Tbilisi–Erzurum Pipeline, BTE pipeline, or Shah Deniz Pipeline) is a natural gas pipeline from the Shah Deniz gas field in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea to Turkey. Georgia (country) and South Caucasus Pipeline are Caucasus.

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South Ossetia

South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus. Georgia (country) and South Ossetia are 1991 establishments in Asia, 1991 establishments in Europe, 1991 establishments in Georgia (country), south Caucasus and west Asian countries.

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South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

The South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast (Юго-Осетинская автономная область; tr; Xuššâr Ireštone Âvtonomon bašta) was an autonomous oblast of the Soviet Union created within the Georgian SSR on April 20, 1922.

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Soviet (council)

A soviet (sovet) is a workers' council that follows a socialist ideology, particularly in the context of the Russian Revolution.

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Soviet Occupation Day (Georgia)

Soviet Occupation Day (საბჭოთა ოკუპაციის დღე, sabch'ot'a okupats'iis dge) is a Memorial Day in the country of Georgia.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Soviet Union men's national basketball team

The Soviet Union men's national basketball team (r) was the national basketball team that represented the Soviet Union in international competitions.

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Spring (hydrology)

A spring is a natural exit point at which groundwater emerges from the aquifer and flows onto the top of the Earth's crust (pedosphere) to become surface water.

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Standard-gauge railway

A standard-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge of.

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State Ministry for Reconciliation and Civic Equality of Georgia

The State Ministry for Reconciliation and Civic Equality (შერიგებისა და სამოქალაქო თანასწორობის საკითხებში სახელმწიფო მინისტრის აპარატი) is a governmental agency within the Cabinet of Georgia in charge of coordination and monitoring of activities undertaken towards Georgian–Ossetian and Georgian–Abkhazian conflict resolution, generating new peace initiatives and reintegrating the conflict regions and their population with the rest of Georgia.

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STC Delta

The State Military Scientific-Technical Center "DELTA" (SMSTC Delta) (სახელმწიფო სამხედრო სამეცნიერო-ტექნიკური ცენტრი „დელტა“) is a legal entity of public law established by the decree of the President of Georgia.

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Strabo

StraboStrabo (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed.

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Subscription business model

The subscription business model is a business model in which a customer must pay a recurring price at regular intervals for access to a product or service.

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Sukhumi

Sukhumi (see also other names) is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea's eastern coast.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Supermajority

A supermajority (also called supra-majority, supramajority, qualified majority, or special majority) is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of more than one-half used for a simple majority.

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Supra (feast)

A supra (Georgian: სუფრა) is a traditional Georgian feast and a part of Georgian social culture.

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Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia

The Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia (tr) was the highest unicameral legislative body in Georgia elected in the first democratic, multiparty elections in the Caucasus on October 28, 1990, while the country was still part of the Soviet Union.

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Suzerainty

Suzerainty includes the rights and obligations of a person, state, or other polity which controls the foreign policy and relations of a tributary state but allows the tributary state internal autonomy.

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Svan language

Svan (ლუშნუ ნინ lušnu nin; tr) is a Kartvelian language spoken in the western Georgian region of Svaneti primarily by the Svan people.

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Svaneti

Svaneti or Svanetia (Svan: შუ̂ან, ლემშუ̂ანიერა shwan, lemshwaniera, Suania in ancient sources; სვანეთი Svaneti) is a historic province in the northwestern part of Georgia. Georgia (country) and Svaneti are Caucasus.

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Svaneti uprising of 1875–1876

The Svaneti uprising of 1875–1876 also known as Svaneti-Khalde revolt, was an uprising directed against the policy of Russian Tsar Alexander II's administration in Svaneti.

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Svante Cornell

Svante E. Cornell (born 1975) is a Swedish scholar specializing on politics and security issues in Eurasia, especially the South Caucasus, Turkey, and Central Asia.

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Tabal (state)

Tabal (𒆳𒋫𒁄 and 𒌷𒋫𒁄), later reorganised into Bīt-Burutaš (𒆳𒂍𒁹𒁍𒊒𒋫𒀾) or Bīt-Paruta (𒂍𒁹𒉺𒊒𒋫), was a Luwian-speaking Syro-Hittite state which existed in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age.

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Tabatskuri Lake

Tabatskuri Lake (ტაბაწყური) is a lake in the Borjomi Municipality and Akhalkalaki Municipality, Samtskhe–Javakheti region of Georgia.

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Tacitus

Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus (–), was a Roman historian and politician.

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Tamada

A tamada (თამადა) is a Georgian toastmaster at a Georgian ''supra'' (feast) or at a wedding, corresponding to the symposiarch at the Greek symposion or to the thyle at the Anglo-Saxon sumbel.

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Tamar of Georgia

Tamar the Great (tr,; 1160 – 18 January 1213) reigned as the Queen of Georgia from 1184 to 1213, presiding over the apex of the Georgian Golden Age.

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Tampa Bay Times

The Tampa Bay Times, called the St.

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Tao-Klarjeti

Tao-Klarjeti may refer to.

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Tavisupleba

"" (თავისუფლება,; "Freedom") is the national anthem of Georgia.

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Tbilisi

Tbilisi (თბილისი), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis, (tr) is the capital and largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of around 1.2 million people.

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Tbilisi International Airport

Shota Rustaveli Tbilisi International Airport (თბილისის შოთა რუსთაველის სახელობის საერთაშორისო აეროპორტი), is the busiest international airport in Georgia, located southeast of capital Tbilisi.

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Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral

The Sioni Cathedral of the Dormition is a Georgian Orthodox cathedral located in Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia.

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Tbilisi State Medical University

Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU) (tr) is a leading medical university in Tbilisi, Georgia.

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Tbilisi State University

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (tr; often shortened to its historical name, Tbilisi State University or TSU) is a public research university established on 8 February 1918 in Tbilisi, Georgia.

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Telavi

Telavi (თელავი) is the main city and administrative center of Georgia's eastern province of Kakheti.

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Telephone numbers in Georgia (country)

Telephone numbers in Georgia consist of 9 digits and follow a closed numbering plan in which the initial 2 or 3 digits indicate the service or area code (in case of geographic numbers) and the remaining 6 or 7 digits identify the subscriber.

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Temperate rainforest

Temperate rainforests are rainforests with coniferous or broadleaf forests that occur in the temperate zone and receive heavy rain.

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Tengiz Abuladze

Tengiz Abuladze (თენგიზ აბულაძე; 31 January 1924 – 6 March 1994) was a Georgian film director, screenwriter, theatre teacher and People's Artist of the USSR.

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Tetnuldi

Tetnuldi is a prominent peak in the central part of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range, located in the Svaneti region of Georgia.

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The Economist Democracy Index

The Democracy Index published by the Economist Group is an index measuring the quality of democracy across the world.

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The Georgian Chronicles

The Georgian Chronicles is a conventional English name for the principal compendium of medieval Georgian historical texts, natively known as Kartlis Tskhovreba (ქართლის ცხოვრება), literally "Life of Kartli", Kartli being a core region of ancient and medieval Georgia, known to the Classical and Byzantine authors as Iberia.

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The Knight in the Panther's Skin

The Knight in the Panther's Skin (tr literally "the one with the skin of a tiger") is a Georgian medieval epic poem, written in the 12th or 13th century by Georgia's national poet Shota Rustaveli.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Throne

A throne is the seat of state of a potentate or dignitary, especially the seat occupied by a sovereign (or viceroy) on state occasions; or the seat occupied by a pope or bishop on ceremonial occasions.

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Timur

Timur, also known as Tamerlane (8 April 133617–18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly.

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Titular nation

The titular nation is the single dominant ethnic group in a particular state, typically after which the state was named.

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Tornike Shengelia

Tornike "Toko" Shengelia (თორნიკე შენგელია; born 5 October 1991) is a Georgian professional basketball player for Virtus Bologna of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) and the EuroLeague.

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Tower

A tower is a tall structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant factor.

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Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic

The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR; 22 April – 28 May 1918) was a short-lived state in the Caucasus that included most of the territory of the present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as parts of Russia and Turkey.

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Transparency International

Transparency International e.V. (TI) is a German registered association founded in 1993 by former employees of the World Bank.

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Treaty of Georgievsk

The Treaty of Georgievsk (Georgievskiy traktat; tr) was a bilateral treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and the east Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti on July 24, 1783.

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Treaty of Gulistan

The Treaty of Gulistan (also spelled Golestan: translit; translit) was a peace treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran on 24 October 1813 in the village of Gulistan (now in the Goranboy District of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War (1804 to 1813).

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Treaty of Moscow (1920)

The Treaty of Moscow (Московский договор, Moskovskiy dogovor; მოსკოვის ხელშეკრულება, moskovis khelshekruleba), signed between Soviet Russia (RSFSR) and the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) in Moscow on 7 May 1920, granted de jure recognition of Georgian independence in exchange for promising not to grant asylum on Georgian soil to troops of powers hostile to Bolshevik Russia.

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Treaty of Poti

The Treaty of Poti was a bilateral agreement between the German Empire and the Democratic Republic of Georgia in which the latter accepted German protection and recognition.

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Trialetian Mesolithic

Trialetian is the name for an Upper Paleolithic-Epipaleolithic stone tool industry from the South Caucasus.

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Trialeti–Vanadzor culture

The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture, previously known as the Trialeti–Kirovakan culture, is named after the Trialeti region of Georgia and the city of Vanadzor, Armenia.

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Tsar

Tsar (also spelled czar, tzar, or csar; tsar; tsar'; car) is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs.

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Tskhinvali

Tskhinvali (ცხინვალი) or Tskhinval (Cxinval, Čreba,; r) is the capital of the disputed de facto independent Republic of South Ossetia, internationally considered part of Shida Kartli, Georgia (except by the Russian Federation and four other UN member states).

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Tuapse

Tuapse (Туапсе́; Тӏуапсэ) is a town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, situated on the northeast shore of the Black Sea, south of Gelendzhik and north of Sochi.

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Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. Georgia (country) and Turkey are countries in Asia, countries in Europe, member states of the United Nations, republics and west Asian countries.

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Turkic languages

The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.

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Tusheti

Tusheti (tr; Bats: თუშითა, romanized: tushita) is a historic region in northeast Georgia. Georgia (country) and Tusheti are Caucasus.

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Ukrainians

Ukrainians (ukraintsi) are a civic nation and an ethnic group native to Ukraine.

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Ultimate Fighting Championship

The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion company based in Las Vegas, Nevada.

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Umm Leisun inscription

The Umm Leisun inscription (tr) is an Old Georgian limestone tombstone slab.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

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Unification of the Georgian realm

The unification of the Georgian realm (tr) was the 10th-century political movement that resulted in the consolidation of various Georgian crowns into a single realm with centralized government in 1008, the Kingdom of Georgia, or Sakartvelo.

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Unitary parliamentary republic

A unitary parliamentary republic is a unitary state with a republican form of government in which the political power is vested in and entrusted to the parliament with confidence by its electorate.

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Unitary state

A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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United Nations Development Programme

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.

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United Nations Population Fund

The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN agency aimed at improving reproductive and maternal health worldwide.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

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United States dollar

The United States dollar (symbol: $; currency code: USD; also abbreviated US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official currency of the United States and several other countries.

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University of Georgia (Tbilisi)

The University of Georgia (tr) is a private university founded in Tbilisi, in the country of Georgia, in 2004.

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Uplistsikhe

Uplistsikhe (უფლისციხე; literally, "the lord's fortress") is an ancient rock-hewn town in eastern Georgia, some 10 kilometers east of the town of Gori, Shida Kartli.

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Upper Paleolithic

The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.

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Uppsala University

Uppsala University (UU) (Uppsala universitet) is a public research university in Uppsala, Sweden.

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Ural Mountains

The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through the Russian Federation, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.

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Ushba

Ushba (უშბა) is one of the most notable peaks of the Caucasus Mountains.

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Vakhtang Chabukiani

Vakhtang Mikheilis dze Chabukiani (Russian: Вахта́нг Миха́йлович Чабукиа́ни, ვახტანგ ჭაბუკიანი) (March 12, 1910 – April 6, 1992) was a Soviet and Georgian ballet dancer, choreographer and teacher.

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Vakhtang I

Vakhtang I Gorgasali (tr; or 443 – 502 or 522), of the Chosroid dynasty, was a king (mepe) of Iberia, natively known as Kartli (eastern Georgia) in the second half of the 5th and first quarter of the 6th century.

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Vazha-Pshavela

Vazha-Pshavela (ვაჟა-ფშაველა), simply referred to as Vazha (ვაჟა) (14 July 1861 – 10 July 1915), is the pen name of the Georgian poet and writer Luka Razikashvili (ლუკა რაზიკაშვილი).

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Vertebrate

Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

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Viktor Sanikidze

Viktor Sanikidze (alternate spelling: Victor) (born April 1, 1986) is a Georgian politician, former professional basketball executive and former player.

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Vinologue

Vinologue is a publisher of an enotourism guidebook series of the same name.

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Vitis

Vitis (grapevine) is a genus of 81 accepted species of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae.

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Vladimir Stepania

Vladimir Stepania (born 8 May 1976) is a retired Georgian professional basketball player.

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Volcano

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

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Voyager 2

Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977, as a part of the Voyager program.

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Voyager Golden Record

The Voyager Golden Records are two identical phonograph records which were included aboard the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977.

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Vsevolod Merkulov

Vsevolod Nikolayevich (Boris) Merkulov (Всеволод Николаевич Меркулов; – 23 December 1953) was the head of NKGB from February to July 1941, and again from April 1943 to March 1946.

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War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)

The War in Abkhazia was fought between Georgian government forces for the most part and Abkhaz separatist forces, Russian government armed forces and North Caucasian militants between 1992 and 1993.

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War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)

The War in Afghanistan was an armed conflict that took place from 2001 to 2021.

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West Asia

West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.

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Western world

The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.

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White Army

The White Army (pre-1918 spelling, although used by the Whites even afterwards to differentiate from the Reds./Белая армия|Belaya armiya) or White Guard (label), also referred to as the Whites or White Guardsmen (label), was a common collective name for the armed formations of the White movement and anti-Bolshevik governments during the Russian Civil War.

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Winemaking

Winemaking, wine-making, or vinification is the production of wine, starting with the selection of the fruit, its fermentation into alcohol, and the bottling of the finished liquid.

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Wolf

The wolf (Canis lupus;: wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America.

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World Bank

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.

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World Heritage Site

World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Wrestling

Wrestling is a martial art and combat sport that involves grappling with an opponent and striving to obtain a position of advantage through different throws or techniques, within a given ruleset.

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Yale University Press

Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University.

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Yazidis

Yazidis, also spelled Yezidis (translit), are a Kurdish-speaking endogamous religious group who are indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran.

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Zaza Pachulia

Zaza Pachulia (ზაზა ფაჩულია; born Zaur Pachulia; 10 February 1984) is a Georgian professional basketball executive and former player who is a basketball operations consultant for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

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Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.

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Zugdidi

Zugdidi (ზუგდიდი; ზუგდიდი or ზუგიდი) is a city in the western Georgian historical province of Samegrelo (Mingrelia).

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Zurab Sakandelidze

Zurab Aleksandrovich Sakandelidze (ზურაბ საკანდელიძე; Зураб Александрович Саканделидзе; 9 August 1945 – 25 January 2004) was a Georgian basketball player who won gold with the Soviet basketball team at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

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Zurab Zhvania

Zurab Zhvania (ზურაბ ჟვანია; 9 December 1963 – 3 February 2005) was a Georgian politician, who served as Prime Minister of Georgia and Speaker of the Parliament of Georgia.

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Zviad Gamsakhurdia

Zviad Konstantines dze Gamsakhurdia (ზვიად კონსტანტინეს ძე გამსახურდია; Zviad Konstantinovich Gamsakhurdiya; 31 March 1939 – 31 December 1993) was a Georgian politician, human rights activist, dissident, professor of English language studies and American literature at Tbilisi State University, and writer who became the first democratically-elected President of Georgia in May 1991.

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.ge

.ge is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Georgia.

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1956 Georgian demonstrations

The March 1956 demonstrations (also known as the 1956 Tbilisi riots or 9 March massacre) in the Georgian SSR were a series of protests against Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policy, which shocked Georgian supporters of Stalinist ideology.

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1961–62 FIBA European Champions Cup

The 1961–62 FIBA European Champions Cup season was the fifth season of the European top-tier level professional basketball club competition FIBA European Champions Cup (now called EuroLeague).

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1978 Georgian demonstrations

On 14 April 1978, demonstrations in Tbilisi, capital of the Georgian SSR, took place in response to an attempt by the Soviet government to change the constitutional status of languages in Georgia.

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1990 Georgian Supreme Soviet election

Parliamentary elections were held in the Georgian SSR on 28 October 1990, with a second round on 11 November.

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1991 Georgian independence referendum

An independence referendum was held in the Republic of Georgia on 31 March 1991. Georgia (country) and 1991 Georgian independence referendum are modern history of Georgia (country).

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1991 Georgian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Georgia on 26 May 1991.

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1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état

The 1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état, also known as the Tbilisi War, or the Putsch of 1991–1992, was an internal military conflict that took place in the newly independent Republic of Georgia following the fall of the Soviet Union, from 22 December 1991 to 6 January 1992.

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1992 Georgian general election

General elections were held in Georgia on 11 October 1992, in which voters elected both the Parliament and the Chairman of Parliament, who also acted as Head of State as the President, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, was in exile after being ousted in a coup in January.

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1995 Georgian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Georgia on 5 November 1995.

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1999 Istanbul summit

The 1999 Istanbul Summit was the 6th Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) summit and was held in Istanbul, Turkey from November 18 until November 19, resulting in the adoption of the Istanbul Summit Declaration and the signing of the Charter for European Security.

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2004 Adjara crisis

The Adjara crisis, also known as the Adjarian revolution or the Second Rose Revolution, was a political crisis in Georgia's Adjaran Autonomous Republic, then led by Aslan Abashidze, who refused to obey the central authorities after President Eduard Shevardnadze's ouster during the Rose Revolution of November 2003.

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2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines

The 2006 Russian import ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines began in late March 2006 and created a diplomatic conflict between the Republic of Moldova and Georgia on the one hand and Russia on the other.

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2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis

An international diplomatic crisis between Georgia and Russia began in 2008, when Russia announced that it would no longer participate in the Commonwealth of Independent States economic sanctions imposed on Abkhazia in 1996 and established direct relations with the separatist authorities in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

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2011 Georgian protests

The 2011 Georgian protests were a series of anti-government protests in Georgia against President Mikheil Saakashvili.

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2012 Georgian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Georgia on 1 October 2012.

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2013 Georgian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Georgia on 27 October 2013, the sixth presidential elections since the country's restoration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

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2016 Georgian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Georgia on 8 October 2016 to elect the 150 members of Parliament.

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2018 Georgian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Georgia on 28 October 2018.

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2020 Georgian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Georgia on 31 October and 21 November 2020 to elect the 150 members of Parliament.

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2023–2024 Georgian protests

In 2023 and 2024, a series of street demonstrations took place throughout Georgia largely in opposition to the proposed "Law on Transparency of Foreign Influence", which would require non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to register as foreign agents or "organizations carrying the interests of a foreign power" and disclose the sources of their income if the funds they receive from abroad amount to more than 20% of their total revenue.

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3rd millennium BC

The 3rd millennium BC spanned the years 3000 to 2001 BC.

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40th meridian east

The meridian 40° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

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41st parallel north

The 41st parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 41 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.

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44th parallel north

The 44th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 44 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.

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47th meridian east

The meridian 47° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

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6th millennium BC

The 6th millennium BC spanned the years 6000 BC to 5001 BC (c. 8 ka to c. 7 ka).

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7th millennium BC

The 7th millennium BC spanned the years 7000 BC to 6001 BC (c. 9 ka to c. 8 ka).

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See also

1991 establishments in Asia

• Azerbaijan
• Commonwealth of Independent States
• Georgia (country)
• Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
• Islamic Emirate of Kunar
• Kazakhstan
• Kyrgyzstan
• Nationalist Democratic Assembly
• Russia
• South Ossetia
• Tajikistan
• Turkmenistan
• Unified Korean sporting teams
• Uzbekistan

1991 establishments in Europe

• ARC Europe
• Alpenliga
• Aromanian National Day
• Azerbaijan
• Balkan Masters Athletics Championships
• Cartoon d'or
• Chaillot Papers
• Comité International du Ski-Alpinisme de Compétition
• Commonwealth of Independent States
• European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
• European Cockpit Association
• European Concert Hall Organisation
• European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers' Organisations
• European Council for Business Education
• European Dance Radio Chart
• European Federation of Neurological Societies
• European Fencing Confederation
• European Film Award for Best Editor
• European Journal of Cancer Prevention
• European Kings Club
• European Medical Students' Association
• European Optical Society
• European Society for Analytic Philosophy
• European Wound Management Association
• Formula Renault Eurocup
• Georgia (country)
• Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
• Guadiana International Bridge
• Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
• Kazakhstan
• Moldova
• NFL Europe
• Russia
• Russia–NATO relations
• SAO Western Slavonia
• Slovenia
• South Ossetia
• Statewatch
• Ternopil Regional Art Museum
• ULEB
• Visegrád Group

1991 establishments in Georgia (country)

• 4th Infantry Brigade (Georgia)
• David Agmashenebeli University of Georgia
• FC Tbilisi
• First Channel — Teleschool
• Georgia (country)
• Georgia–Russia border
• Georgian Air Force
• Georgian Badminton Federation
• Georgian Land Forces
• Georgian National Badminton Championships
• Georgian Special Operations Command
• Georgian Superliga
• Georgian Trade Union Confederation
• Internal Troops of Georgia
• Kutaisi University
• Ministry of Defence of Georgia
• Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection of Georgia
• President of Georgia
• Prime Minister of Georgia
• South Ossetia

Caucasus

• Abkhazia
• Alazani
• Aqsaqal
• Armenia
• Azerbaijan
• Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
• Black Garden
• Caucasian Journey
• Caucasian Review of International Affairs
• Caucasian wisent
• Caucasology
• Caucasus
• Caucasus Mountains
• Caucasus Nature Fund
• Caucasus Research Resource Centers
• Caucasus mixed forests
• Chechnya
• Georgia (country)
• History of the Caucasus
• Ingushetia
• International North–South Transport Corridor
• Kavkaz
• Kodori (river)
• Kumykia
• Marie Bennigsen-Broxup
• Meskheti
• Mingrelia
• Mouflon
• North Caucasus
• Peoples of the Caucasus
• R217 highway (Russia)
• Sakeni (river)
• Saray-Gora
• Shirvan Domes
• Sosruko
• South Caucasus
• South Caucasus Pipeline
• Svaneti
• The Caucasian Chalk Circle
• Tlepsh
• Tusheti

Modern history of Georgia (country)

• 1919 Georgian parliamentary election
• 1991 Georgian independence referendum
• 19th century in Georgia (country)
• Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
• Akhalkalaki uezd
• Akhaltsikhe uezd
• Artvin okrug
• Batum oblast
• Batumi okrug
• Borchaly uezd
• Caucasus Military District
• Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)
• Crimean War
• Democratic Republic of Georgia
• Dusheti uezd
• Elections in Georgia (country)
• Free Svaneti
• Georgia (country)
• Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
• Georgian nationalism
• Gori uezd
• Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile
• Kutaisi Governorate
• List of leaders of Georgia (country)
• Ozurgeti uezd
• Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
• Signakh uezd
• Special Transcaucasian Committee
• Sukhumi okrug
• Telavi uezd
• Tiflis Governorate
• Tiflis uezd
• Tionety uezd
• Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
• Zugdidi uezd

South Caucasus

• Abkhazia
• Armenia
• Azerbaijan
• Georgia (country)
• Republic of Artsakh
• South Caucasus
• South Ossetia
• Transcaucasian Highway
• Transcaucasian mole vole

West Asian countries

• Abkhazia
• Armenia
• Azerbaijan
• Bahrain
• Cyprus
• Egypt
• Georgia (country)
• Iran
• Iraq
• Israel
• Jordan
• Kuwait
• Lebanon
• Middle Eastern countries
• Northern Cyprus
• Oman
• Qatar
• Saudi Arabia
• South Ossetia
• State of Palestine
• Syria
• Turkey
• United Arab Emirates
• Yemen

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)

Also known as Biodiversity of Georgia (country), Caucasian Georgia, Country of Georgia, Flora of Georgia (country), Georgia (Caucasus), Georgia (Eurasian state), Georgia (Europe), Georgia (Nation), Georgia (Republic), Georgia (Sakartvelo), Georgia (West Asia), Georgia (Western Asia), Georgia (countrey), Georgia (sovereign state), Georgia Republic, Georgia country, Georgia proper, Georgia, Asia, Georgia, Caucasus, Georgia, West Asia, Georgia, Western Asia, Georgian Republic, Georgification, Gheorghia, Gorjestan, Gorjistan, Gürcistan, Gurdjistan, Gurdschistan, Gurjestan, Gurjistan, ISO 3166-1:GE, Kartvelebistan, Republic of Georgia, Republic of Georgia (1991), Sak'art'velo, Sakartvelia, Sakartvelo, Sakartvelobantustan, Saqartvelo, Sovereign state of Georgia, Virshan, Vrastan, Wildlife of Georgia (country), .

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collapse, Lavrentiy Beria, Laz language, Laz people, Lazic War, Legality of cannabis, Legends car racing, Legislature, Lelo burti, Lesser Caucasus, Levan Moseshvili, Leyla-Tepe culture, Likhi Range, List of Christian denominations, List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union, List of countries and dependencies by area, List of countries by GDP (nominal), List of countries by Human Development Index, List of countries by real GDP growth rate, List of monarchs of Georgia, List of municipalities in Georgia (country), List of rivers of Georgia (country), List of states with limited recognition, Livy, Lynx, Mamasakhlisi, Manuchar Markoishvili, Maple, Mappa mundi, Marcus Aurelius, Mediterranean Sea, Mensheviks, Merab Dvalishvili, Merab Kostava, Meskheti, Meskheti Range, Meskhetian Turks, Middle Paleolithic, Mikheil Korkia, Mikheil Saakashvili, Mingrelia, Mingrelian language, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union), Ministry of 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