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Table of Contents

1. 338 relations: Adolf Hitler, Allensbach Institute, Alliance 90/The Greens, Allied Control Council, Allied-occupied Germany, Allies of World War II, American Civil War, American occupation zone in Germany, Amsterdam, Angela Merkel, Anschluss, Anti-Germans (political current), Anti-Zionism, Associated Press, Austria, Axis powers, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Beer Hall Putsch, Berlin, Berlin Blockade, Berlin Wall, Bern, Bill Clinton, Bizone, Bonn, Boris Yeltsin, Brandenburg, Brandenburg Gate, Bremen, Brezhnev Doctrine, British occupation zone in Germany, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Buffer zone, Bulgaria, Bundesgesetzblatt (Germany), Bundestag, Canberra, Capitalism, Central and Eastern Europe, Central European Summer Time, Chancellor of Germany, Charles Haughey, Charles S. Maier, Chequers, China, Chinese unification, Christa Wolf, Christian Democratic Union (East Germany), Christian Democratic Union of Germany, City-state, ... Expand index (288 more) » « Shrink index

2. 1990 in East Germany
3. 1990 in Germany
4. 1990 in West Germany
5. 1990 in international relations
6. Contemporary German history
7. Ostalgie
8. Peaceful Revolution
9. Soviet Union–West Germany relations

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

See German reunification and Adolf Hitler

Allensbach Institute

The Allensbach Institute, formally the Allensbach Institute for Public Opinion Research or Allensbach Institute for Public Opinion Polling (Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach), is a private polling institute based in Allensbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

See German reunification and Allensbach Institute

Alliance 90/The Greens

Alliance 90/The Greens (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), often simply referred to as Greens (Grüne), is a green political party in Germany.

See German reunification and Alliance 90/The Greens

Allied Control Council

The Allied Control Council (ACC) or Allied Control Authority (Alliierter Kontrollrat), and also referred to as the Four Powers (Vier Mächte), was the governing body of the Allied occupation zones in Germany (1945–1949/1991) and Austria (1945–1955) after the end of World War II in Europe. German reunification and Allied Control Council are east Germany–Soviet Union relations and soviet Union–West Germany relations.

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Allied-occupied Germany

The entirety of Germany was occupied and administered by the Allies of World War II from the Berlin Declaration on 5 June 1945 to the establishment of West Germany on 23 May 1949.

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Allies of World War II

The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.

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American Civil War

The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union.

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American occupation zone in Germany

The American occupation zone in Germany (German: Amerikanische Besatzungszone), also known as the US-Zone, and the Southwest zone, was one of the four occupation zones established by the Allies of World War II in Germany west of the Oder–Neisse line in July 1945, around two months after the German surrender and the end of World War II in Europe.

See German reunification and American occupation zone in Germany

Amsterdam

Amsterdam (literally, "The Dam on the River Amstel") is the capital and most populated city of the Netherlands.

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Angela Merkel

Angela Dorothea Merkel (born 17 July 1954) is a German retired politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021 and was the first woman to hold that office.

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Anschluss

The Anschluss (or Anschluß), also known as the Anschluß Österreichs (Annexation of Austria), was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938. German reunification and Anschluss are national unifications.

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Anti-Germans (political current)

Anti-German (Antideutsch) is the generic name applied to a variety of theoretical and political tendencies within the left mainly in Germany and Austria.

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Anti-Zionism

Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

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Axis powers

The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis and also Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies.

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Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany

The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Beer Hall Putsch

The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch,Dan Moorhouse, ed.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Berlin Blockade

The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War.

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Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany).

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Bern

Bern, or Berne,Bärn; Bèrna; Berna; Berna.

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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Bizone

The Bizone or Bizonia was the combination of the American and the British occupation zones on 1 January 1947 during the occupation of Germany after World War II.

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Bonn

Bonn is a federal city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, located on the banks of the Rhine.

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Boris Yeltsin

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Борис Николаевич Ельцин,; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as President of Russia from 1991 to 1999.

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Brandenburg

Brandenburg, officially the State of Brandenburg (see Names), is a state in northeastern Germany.

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Brandenburg Gate

The Brandenburg Gate (Brandenburger Tor) is an 18th-century neoclassical monument in Berlin.

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Bremen

Bremen (Low German also: Breem or Bräm), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (Stadtgemeinde Bremen), is the capital of the German state of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen), a two-city-state consisting of the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven.

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Brezhnev Doctrine

The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet foreign policy that proclaimed that any threat to "socialist rule" in any state of the Soviet Bloc in Central and Eastern Europe was a threat to all of them, and therefore, it justified the intervention of fellow socialist states.

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British occupation zone in Germany

The British occupation zone in Germany (German: Britische Besatzungszone Deutschlands) was one of the Allied-occupied areas in Germany after World War II.

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Brookings Papers on Economic Activity

The Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (BPEA) is a journal of macroeconomics published twice a year by the Brookings Institution Press.

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Buffer zone

A buffer zone is a neutral zonal area that lies between two or more bodies of land, usually pertaining to countries.

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Bulgaria

Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.

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Bundesgesetzblatt (Germany)

The German (BGBl.) (Federal Law Gazette) is a public gazette of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Bundestag

The Bundestag ("Federal Diet") is the German federal parliament and the lower of two federal chambers, opposed to the upper chamber, the Bundesrat.

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Canberra

Canberra is the capital city of Australia.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Central and Eastern Europe

Central and Eastern Europe is a geopolitical term encompassing the countries in Northeast Europe (primarily the Baltics), Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe (primarily the Balkans), usually meaning former communist states from the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact in Europe, as well as from former Yugoslavia.

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Central European Summer Time

Central European Summer Time (CEST, UTC+02:00), sometimes referred to as Central European Daylight Time (CEDT), is the standard clock time observed during the period of summer daylight-saving in those European countries which observe Central European Time (CET; UTC+01:00) during the other part of the year.

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Chancellor of Germany

The chancellor of Germany, officially the federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of the federal government of Germany, and the commander-in-chief of the German Armed Forces during wartime.

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Charles Haughey

Charles James Haughey (16 September 1925 – 13 June 2006) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who led four governments as Taoiseach: December 1979 to June 1981, March to December 1982, March 1987 to June 1989, and June 1989 to February 1992.

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Charles S. Maier

Charles S. Maier (born February 23, 1939) is the Leverett Saltonstall Research Professor of History at Harvard University.

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Chequers

Chequers is the country house of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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Chinese unification

Chinese unification, also known as Cross-Strait unification or Chinese reunification, is the potential unification of territories currently controlled, or claimed, by the People's Republic of China ("China" or "Mainland China") and the Republic of China ("Taiwan") under one political entity, possibly the formation of a political union between the two republics. German reunification and Chinese unification are national unifications.

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Christa Wolf

Christa Wolf (Ihlenfeld; 18 March 1929 – 1 December 2011) was a German novelist and essayist.

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Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)

The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands, CDU) was an East German political party founded in 1945. German reunification and Christian Democratic Union (East Germany) are peaceful Revolution.

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Christian Democratic Union of Germany

The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands; CDU) is a Christian democratic and conservative political party in Germany.

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City-state

A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Cold War (1985–1991)

The time period of around 1985–1991 marked the final period of the Cold War. German reunification and Cold War (1985–1991) are 1990 in international relations.

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Cologne

Cologne (Köln; Kölle) is the largest city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and over 3.1 million people in the Cologne Bonn urban region.

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Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

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Communist party

A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism.

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Communist state

A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state in which the totality of the power belongs to a party adhering to some form of Marxism–Leninism, a branch of the communist ideology.

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Condoleezza Rice

Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is an American diplomat and political scientist who is the current director of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University.

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Culture of Germany

The culture of Germany has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular.

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Culture of Russia

Russian culture (kʊlʲˈturə rɐˈsʲiɪ) has been formed by the nation's history, its geographical location and its vast expanse, religious and social traditions, and both Eastern and Western influence.

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Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary.

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David Gress

David Richard Gress (born 29 January 1953) is a Danish historian, known for his 1998 survey From Plato to Nato on Western identity and grand narratives.

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Düsseldorf

Düsseldorf is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany.

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DE magazine Deutschland

DE magazine Deutschland was a magazine of culture, politics, business and science in Germany.

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Decision on the Capital of Germany

The capital decision (Hauptstadtbeschluss) was made by the German Bundestag on 20 June 1991, as a result of German reunification, to move its headquarters from Bonn to Berlin.

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Deindustrialization

Deindustrialization is a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially of heavy industry or manufacturing industry.

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Democratic socialism

Democratic socialism is a centre-left to left-wing set of political philosophies that supports political democracy and some form of a socially owned economy, with a particular emphasis on economic democracy, workplace democracy, and workers' self-management within a market socialist, decentralised planned, or democratic centrally planned socialist economy.

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Democratization

Democratization, or democratisation, is the structural government transition from an authoritarian government to a more democratic political regime, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.

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Der Spiegel

(stylized in all caps) is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.

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Deutsche Mark

The Deutsche Mark (English: German mark), abbreviated "DM" or "D-Mark", was the official currency of West Germany from 1948 until 1990 and later the unified Germany from 1990 until the adoption of the euro in 2002.

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Deutsche Welle

("German Wave"), commonly shortened to DW, is a German public, state-owned international broadcaster funded by the German federal tax budget.

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Deutschlandfunk

Deutschlandfunk (DLF, Broadcast Germany) is a public-broadcasting radio station in Germany, concentrating on news and current affairs.

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Deutschlandlied

The "italic" ("Song of Germany"), officially titled "italic" ("The Song of the Germans"), has been the national anthem of Germany either wholly or in part since 1922, except for a seven-year gap following World War II in West Germany.

See German reunification and Deutschlandlied

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

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Division of Korea

The division of Korea began on August 15, 1945 when the official announcement of the surrender of Japan was released, thus ending the Pacific Theater of World War II.

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East Berlin

East Berlin (Ost-Berlin) was the partially recognised capital of East Germany (GDR) from 1949 to 1990.

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East German mark

The East German mark (Mark der DDR), commonly called the eastern mark (Ostmark) in West Germany and after reunification), in East Germany only Mark, was the currency of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Its ISO 4217 currency code was DDM. The currency was known officially as the Deutsche Mark from 1948 to 1964, Mark der Deutschen Notenbank from 1964 to 1967, and from 1968 to 1990 as the Mark der DDR (Mark of the GDR).

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East German uprising of 1953

The East German uprising of 1953 (Volksaufstand vom 17.&thinsp) was an uprising that occurred in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 16 to 17 June 1953. German reunification and East German uprising of 1953 are east Germany–Soviet Union relations.

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East Germany

East Germany (Ostdeutschland), officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik,, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990. German reunification and East Germany are contemporary German history and Ostalgie.

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East Prussia

East Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945.

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).

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Eastern Bloc politics

Eastern Bloc politics followed the Red Army's occupation of much of Central and Eastern Europe at the end of World War II and the Soviet Union's installation of Soviet-controlled Marxist–Leninist governments in the region that would be later called the Eastern Bloc through a process of bloc politics and repression.

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Economic reconstruction

Economic reconstruction is a process for creating a proactive vision of economic change.

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Economy of East Germany

The economy of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany; GDR, DDR) was a command economy following the model of the Soviet Union based on the principles of Marxism-Leninism.

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Economy of Germany

The economy of Germany is a highly developed social market economy.

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Egon Krenz

Egon Rudi Ernst Krenz (born 19 March 1937) is a German former politician who was the last Communist leader of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) during the Revolutions of 1989.

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End of World War II in Europe

The final battles of the European theatre of World War II continued after the definitive surrender of Nazi Germany to the Allies, signed by Field marshal Wilhelm Keitel on 8 May 1945 (VE Day) in Karlshorst, Berlin.

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Enlargement of NATO

NATO is a military alliance of thirty-two European and North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense.

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Equality before the law

Equality before the law, also known as equality under the law, equality in the eyes of the law, legal equality, or legal egalitarianism, is the principle that all people must be equally protected by the law.

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Era of Stagnation

The "Era of Stagnation" (Períod zastóya, or Эпо́ха засто́я) is a term coined by Mikhail Gorbachev in order to describe the negative way in which he viewed the economic, political, and social policies of the Soviet Union that began during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) and continued under Yuri Andropov (1982–1984) and Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985).

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Erich Honecker

Erich Ernst Paul Honecker (25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was a German communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 until shortly before the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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European Council

The European Council (informally EUCO) is a collegiate body (directorial system) that defines the overall political direction and priorities of the European Union.

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European Economic Community

The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union, as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Expansionism

Expansionism refers to states obtaining greater territory through military empire-building or colonialism.

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Fall of Saigon

The fall of Saigon was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by North Vietnam and the Viet Cong on 30 April 1975.

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Fall of the Berlin Wall

The fall of the Berlin Wall (Mauerfall) on November 9, 1989, during the Peaceful Revolution, marked the beginning of the destruction of the Berlin Wall and the figurative Iron Curtain, as East Berlin transit restrictions were overwhelmed and discarded.

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Farther Pomerania

Farther Pomerania, Hinder Pomerania, Rear Pomerania or Eastern Pomerania (Pomorze Tylne; Hinterpommern, Ostpommern), is a subregion of the historic region of Pomerania in north-western Poland, mostly within the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, while its easternmost parts are within the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

See German reunification and Farther Pomerania

Fascism

Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.

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Flag of East Germany

Like the flags of the Weimar Republic, West Germany, and present-day Germany, the flag of East Germany, the German Democratic Republic, showed the colours black, red and gold.

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Flag of Germany

The national flag of Germany is a tricolour consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the national colours of Germany: black, red, and gold (Schwarz-Rot-Gold).

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Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)

During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, Germans and fled and were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries, including Czechoslovakia, and from the former German provinces of Lower and Upper Silesia, East Prussia, and the eastern parts of Brandenburg (Neumark) and Pomerania (Hinterpommern), which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union.

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Former eastern territories of Germany

The former eastern territories of Germany refer in present-day Germany to those territories east of the current eastern border of Germany, i.e., the Oder–Neisse line, which historically had been considered German and which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union after World War II in Europe.

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François Mauriac

François Charles Mauriac (Francés Carles Mauriac; 11 October 1885 – 1 September 1970) was a French novelist, dramatist, critic, poet, and journalist, a member of the Académie française (from 1933), and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1952).

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François Mitterrand

François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 19168 January 1996) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest holder of that position in the history of France.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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Frank Schirrmacher

Frank Schirrmacher (5 September 1959 – 12 June 2014) was a German journalist, literature expert and essayist, writer, and from 1994 co-publisher of the national German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.

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Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main ("Frank ford on the Main") is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse.

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Free City of Danzig

The Free City of Danzig (Freie Stadt Danzig; Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) was a city-state under the protection and oversight of the League of Nations between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) and nearly 200 other small localities in the surrounding areas.

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French occupation zone in Germany

The French occupation zone in Germany was one of the Allied-occupied areas in Germany after World War II.

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Günter Grass

Günter Wilhelm Grass (16 October 1927 – 13 April 2015) was a German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, sculptor, and recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature.

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Günter Kunert

Günter Kunert (6 March 1929 – 21 September 2019) was a German writer.

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Gdańsk

Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).

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George H. W. Bush

George Herbert Walker BushAfter the 1990s, he became more commonly known as George H. W. Bush, "Bush Senior," "Bush 41," and even "Bush the Elder" to distinguish him from his eldest son, George W. Bush, who served as the 43rd U.S. president from 2001 to 2009; previously, he was usually referred to simply as George Bush.

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German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.

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German minority in Poland

The registered German minority in Poland (Niemcy w Polsce) at the Polish census of 2021 were 144,177.

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German nationalism

German nationalism is an ideological notion that promotes the unity of Germans and of the Germanosphere into one unified nation-state.

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German philosophy

German philosophy, meaning philosophy in the German language or philosophy by German people, in its diversity, is fundamental for both the analytic and continental traditions.

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German Reich

German Reich (lit. German Realm, German Empire, from Deutsches Reich) was the constitutional name for the German nation state that existed from 18 January 1871 to 5 June 1945.

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German revolution of 1918–1919

The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (Novemberrevolution), was an uprising started by workers and soldiers in the final days of World War I. It quickly and almost bloodlessly brought down the German Empire, then in its more violent second stage, the supporters of a parliamentary republic were victorious over those who wanted a soviet-style council republic.

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German Unity Day

German Unity Day (Tag der Deutschen Einheit) is the National Day of Germany, celebrated on 3 October as a public holiday.

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German–Polish Border Treaty

The German–Polish Border Treaty of 1990 finally settled the issue of the Polish–German border, which in terms of international law had been pending since 1945. German reunification and German–Polish Border Treaty are 1990 in Germany.

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Germans

Germans are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Germany–Poland border

The Germany–Poland border (Grenze zwischen Deutschland und Polen, Granica polsko-niemiecka) is the state border between Poland and Germany, mostly along the Oder–Neisse line, with a total length of.

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Giulio Andreotti

Giulio Andreotti (14 January 1919 – 6 May 2013) was an Italian politician and statesman who served as the 41st prime minister of Italy in seven governments (1972–1973, 1976–1979, and 1989–1992), and was leader of the Christian Democracy party and its right-wing; he was the sixth-longest-serving prime minister since the Italian unification and the second-longest-serving post-war prime minister.

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Glasnost

Glasnost (гласность) is a concept relating to openness and transparency.

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Great power

A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.

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Group of Soviet Forces in Germany

The Western Group of Forces (WGF), previously known as the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany (GSOFG) and the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG), were the troops of the Soviet Army in East Germany. German reunification and Group of Soviet Forces in Germany are east Germany–Soviet Union relations.

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Hamburg

Hamburg (Hamborg), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg,.

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Haus der Geschichte

Haus der Geschichte (officially Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, i.e. "House of the History of the Federal Republic of Germany") is a museum of contemporary history in Bonn, Germany.

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Heiner Müller

Heiner Müller (9 January 1929 – 30 December 1995) was a German (formerly East German) dramatist, poet, writer, essayist and theatre director.

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Heinrich August Winkler

Heinrich August Winkler (born 19 December 1938 in Königsberg) is a German historian.

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Helmut Kohl

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1982 to 1990, Chancellor of Germany from 1990 to 1998 and Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998.

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Hermann L. Gremliza

Hermann Ludwig Gremliza (20 November 1940 – 20 December 2019) was a German radical left journalist.

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History of Poland during the Piast dynasty

The period of rule by the Piast dynasty between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the history of the Polish state.

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Household

A household consists of one or more persons who live in the same dwelling.

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Hungarian People's Republic

The Hungarian People's Republic (Magyar Népköztársaság) was a one-party socialist state from 20 August 1949 to 23 October 1989.

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Imre Pozsgay

Imre András Pozsgay (Pozsgay Imre,; 26 November 1933 – 25 March 2016) was a Hungarian Communist politician who played a key role in Hungary's transition to democracy after 1988.

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Income

Income is the consumption and saving opportunity gained by an entity within a specified timeframe, which is generally expressed in monetary terms.

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Inner German border

The inner German border (innerdeutsche Grenze or deutsch–deutsche Grenze; initially also Zonengrenze) was the frontier between the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, West Germany) from 1949 to 1990. German reunification and inner German border are 1990 in Germany, east Germany–Soviet Union relations, national unifications and soviet Union–West Germany relations.

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Inner German relations

Inner German relations (German: Innerdeutsche Beziehungen), also known as the FRG-GDR relations, East Germany-West Germany relations or German-German relations (German: deutsch-deutsche Beziehungen), were the political, diplomatic, economic, cultural and personal contacts between the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany or FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany or GDR), at the period of the West-East division in German history from the founding of East Germany on 7 October 1949 to Germany's reunification on 3 October 1990.

See German reunification and Inner German relations

International law

International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards that states and other actors feel an obligation to obey in their mutual relations and generally do obey.

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International Olympic Committee

The International Olympic Committee (IOC; Comité international olympique, CIO) is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland.

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Interpersonal ties

In social network analysis and mathematical sociology, interpersonal ties are defined as information-carrying connections between people.

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Iron Curtain

During the Cold War, the Iron Curtain was a political metaphor used to describe the political and later physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.

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James Baker

James Addison Baker III (born April 28, 1930) is an American attorney, diplomat and statesman.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German polymath and writer, who is widely regarded as the greatest and most influential writer in the German language.

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Karl von Habsburg

Karl Habsburg (given names: Karl Thomas Robert Maria Franziskus Georg Bahnam; born 11 January 1961) is an Austrian politician and the head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, the former royal house of the defunct Austro-Hungarian thrones.

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Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) constituted the German state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.

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Klaus Wowereit

Klaus Wowereit (born 1 October 1953) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and was the Governing Mayor of Berlin from 21 October 2001 to 11 December 2014.

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Korean reunification

Korean reunification is the hypothetical unification of North Korea and South Korea into a singular Korean sovereign state. German reunification and Korean reunification are national unifications.

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Korean War

The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea; it began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea and ceased upon an armistice on 27 July 1953.

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Kresy

Eastern Borderlands (Kresy Wschodnie) or simply Borderlands (Kresy) was a term coined for the eastern part of the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period (1918–1939).

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Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (Novemberpogrome), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's nocat.

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Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative

Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative (Arbeit und soziale Gerechtigkeit – Die Wahlalternative, WASG) was a left-wing German political party founded in 2005 by activists disenchanted with the ruling Red-Green coalition government.

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Länder

Länder (singular Land) or Bundesländer (singular Bundesland) is the name for (federal) states in two German-speaking countries.

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Leader of the Christian Democratic Union

The Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (Vorsitzender der Christlich Demokratischen Union) is the most senior political figure within the Christian Democratic Union of Germany.

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League of Nations

The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

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Left-wing politics

Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy as a whole or certain social hierarchies.

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Liberal democracy

Liberal democracy, western-style democracy, or substantive democracy is a form of government that combines the organization of a representative democracy with ideas of liberal political philosophy.

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List of European Council meetings

This is a list of meetings of the European Council (informally referred to as EU summits); the meetings of the European Council, an institution of the European Union (EU) comprising heads of state or government of EU member states.

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London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a regional American daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California in 1881.

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Lothar de Maizière

Lothar de Maizière (born 2 March 1940) is a German former Christian Democratic politician.

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Lusatian Neisse

The Lusatian Neisse (Lausitzer Neiße; Nysa Łużycka; Lužická Nisa; Upper Sorbian: Łužiska Nysa; Lower Sorbian: Łužyska Nysa), or Western Neisse, is a river in northern Central Europe.

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Madrid

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain.

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Manfred Stolpe

Manfred Stolpe (16 May 1936 – 29 December 2019) was a German canonist, theologian and politician who served as Federal Minister of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs of Germany from 2002 until 2005.

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Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (13 October 19258 April 2013) was a British stateswoman and Conservative politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990.

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Marianne Birthler

Marianne Birthler (born 22 January 1948 in Friedrichshain, Berlin) is a German human rights advocate and politician of the Alliance '90/The Greens.

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Market economy

A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.

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Mass migration

Mass migration refers to the migration of large groups of people from one geographical area to another.

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Matthias Platzeck

Matthias Platzeck (born 29 December 1953) is a German politician.

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Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (MV;; Mäkelborg-Vörpommern), also known by its anglicized name Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania, is a state in the north-east of Germany.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.

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Milan

Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.

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Military government

A military government is any government that is administered by a military, whether or not this government is legal under the laws of the jurisdiction at issue or by an occupying power.

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Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk

("Central German Broadcasting"), shortened to MDR (stylized as mdr), is the public broadcaster for the federal states of Thuringia, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt in Germany.

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Moscow

Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.

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Munich

Munich (München) is the capital and most populous city of the Free State of Bavaria, Germany.

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Nation state

A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.

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National day

A national day is a day on which celebrations mark the statehood or nationhood of a state or its people.

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NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

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Nazi Party

The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.

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Nazism

Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany.

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NBC News

NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC.

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Neumark

The Neumark, also known as the New March (Nowa Marchia) or as East Brandenburg (Ostbrandenburg), was a region of the Margraviate of Brandenburg and its successors located east of the Oder River in territory which became part of Poland in 1945 except some villages of former districts of Königsberg in the New March and Weststenberg remained in Germany.

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New states of Germany

The new states of Germany (die neuen Länder / die neuen Bundesländer) are the five re-established states of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) that unified with the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) with its 10 "old states" upon German reunification on 3 October 1990. German reunification and new states of Germany are 1990 in Germany.

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New York City

New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.

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Nobel Prize in Literature

The Nobel Prize in Literature (here meaning for literature; Nobelpriset i litteratur) is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction" (original den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk riktning).

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North Korea

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia.

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North Vietnam

North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa; chữ Nôm: 越南民主共和), was a socialist state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976, with formal sovereignty being fully recognized in 1954.

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Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam

Northern Vietnam, Central Vietnam and Southern Vietnam are the three main historical, geographical and cultural regions within Vietnam.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion.

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Oder–Neisse line

The Oder–Neisse line (Oder-Neiße-Grenze, granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej) is an unofficial term for the modern border between Germany and Poland.

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Old states of Germany

The old states of Germany (die alten Länder) is a jargon referring to the ten of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) that were part of West Germany and that unified with the eastern German Democratic Republic's 5 states, which are given the contrasting term new states of Germany.

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Oliver Marc Hartwich

Oliver Marc Hartwich (born 8 July 1975 in Gelsenkirchen) is a German economist and media commentator.

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Oskar Lafontaine

Oskar Lafontaine (born 16 September 1943) is a German politician.

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Ostpolitik

Neue Ostpolitik (German for "new eastern policy"), or Ostpolitik for short, was the normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany) and Eastern Europe, particularly the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) beginning in 1969.

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Ottawa

Ottawa (Canadian French) is the capital city of Canada.

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Otto von Bismarck

Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898; born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck) was a Prussian statesman and diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany.

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Otto von Habsburg

Otto von Habsburg (Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius, Ferenc József Ottó Róbert Mária Antal Károly Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Lajos Gaetan Pius Ignác; 20 November 1912 4 July 2011) was the last crown prince of Austria-Hungary from 1916 until the dissolution of the empire in November 1918.

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Pan-European Picnic

The Pan-European Picnic (Paneuropäisches Picknick; páneurópai piknik; Paneurópsky piknik; Czech: Panevropský piknik) was a peace demonstration held on the Austrian-Hungarian border near Sopron, Hungary on 19 August 1989. German reunification and Pan-European Picnic are peaceful Revolution.

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Pan-Germanism

Pan-Germanism (Pangermanismus or Alldeutsche Bewegung), also occasionally known as Pan-Germanicism, is a pan-nationalist political idea.

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Paneuropean Union

The International Paneuropean Union, also referred to as the Pan-European Movement and the Pan-Europa Movement, is an international organisation and the oldest European unification movement.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

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Partition of Ireland

The Partition of Ireland (críochdheighilt na hÉireann) was the process by which the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK) divided Ireland into two self-governing polities: Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland.

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Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)

The Party of Democratic Socialism (Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus, PDS) was a left-wing populist political party in Germany active between 1989 and 2007. German reunification and party of Democratic Socialism (Germany) are peaceful Revolution.

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Peace

Peace means societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence.

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Peaceful coexistence

Peaceful coexistence (translit) was a theory, developed and applied by the Soviet Union at various points during the Cold War in the context of primarily Marxist–Leninist foreign policy and adopted by Soviet-allied socialist states, according to which the Socialist Bloc could peacefully coexist with the capitalist bloc (i.e., U.S.-allied states).

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Peaceful Revolution

Peaceful Revolution (Friedliche Revolution) was the process of sociopolitical change that led to the opening of East Germany's borders to the Western world as part of the Revolutions of 1989. German reunification and Peaceful Revolution are 1990 in East Germany, contemporary German history, east Germany–Soviet Union relations and soviet Union–West Germany relations.

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Perestroika

Perestroika (a) was a political reform movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during the late 1980s, widely associated with CPSU general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "transparency") policy reform.

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Pew Research Center

The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world.

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Philip Zelikow

Philip David Zelikow (born 21 September 1954) is an American diplomat and international relations scholar.

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Philistinism

In the fields of philosophy and of aesthetics, the term philistinism describes the attitudes, habits, and characteristics of a person who deprecates art, beauty, spirituality, and intellect.

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Planned economy

A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services.

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Pogrom

A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.

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Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

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Polish people

Polish people, or Poles, are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Central Europe.

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Polish People's Republic

The Polish People's Republic (1952–1989), formerly the Republic of Poland (1947–1952), was a country in Central Europe that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic Republic of Poland.

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Political union

A political union is a type of political entity which is composed of, or created from, smaller polities, or the process which achieves this.

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Politics of East Germany

The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), commonly known in English as East Germany) was created as a socialist republic on 7 October 1949 and began to institute a government based on the government of the Soviet Union during the Stalin era.

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Potsdam Conference

The Potsdam Conference was held at Potsdam in the Soviet occupation zone from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to allow the three leading Allies to plan the postwar peace, while avoiding the mistakes of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

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President of France

The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (Président de la République française), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces.

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Prime Minister of Israel

The prime minister of Israel (Head of the Government, Hebrew acronym: רה״מ; رئيس الحكومة, Ra'īs al-Ḥukūma) is the head of government and chief executive of the State of Israel.

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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom.

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Privatization

Privatization (rendered privatisation in British English) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector.

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Public property

Public property is property that is dedicated to public use.

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Reconstruction era

The Reconstruction era was a period in United States history following the American Civil War, dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of abolishing slavery and reintegrating the eleven former Confederate States of America into the United States.

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Recovered Territories

The Recovered Territories or Regained Lands (Ziemie Odzyskane), also known as the Western Borderlands (Kresy Zachodnie), and previously as the Western and Northern Territories (Ziemie Zachodnie i Północne), Postulated Territories (Ziemie Postulowane) and Returning Territories (Ziemie Powracające), are the former eastern territories of Germany and the Free City of Danzig that became part of Poland after World War II, at which time most of their German inhabitants were forcibly deported.

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Redevelopment

Redevelopment is any new construction on a site that has pre-existing uses.

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Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria

The removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria occurred in 1989 during the end of communism in Hungary, which was part of a broad wave of revolutions in various communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

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Republic Day (East Germany)

Republic Day (Tag der Republik) was an official holiday in East Germany, celebrated annually on 7 October from 1949 to 1989.

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Republic of Ireland

Ireland (Éire), also known as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.

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Reunification Day

Reunification Day (Ngày Thống nhất), also known as Victory Day (Ngày Chiến thắng), Liberation Day (Ngày Giải phóng or Ngày Giải phóng miền Nam), or by its official name, Day of the Liberation of the South and National Reunification (Ngày Giải phóng miền Nam, thống nhất đất nước) is a public holiday in Vietnam that marks the event when the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces captured Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), the capital of South Vietnam, on 30 April 1975, thus ending the Vietnam War.

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Reuters

Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.

See German reunification and Reuters

Revolutions of 1989

The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, were a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world.

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Richard J. Evans

Sir Richard John Evans (born September 29, 1947) is a British historian of 19th- and 20th-century Europe with a focus on Germany.

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Rita Süssmuth

Rita Süssmuth (''née'' Kickuth;; born 17 February 1937) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

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Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

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Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

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Russian Ground Forces

The Russian Ground Forces, also known as the Russian Army in English, are the land forces of the Russian Armed Forces.

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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I. was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR..

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Russians

Russians (russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe.

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Ruud Lubbers

Rudolphus Franciscus Marie "Ruud" Lubbers (7 May 1939 – 14 February 2018) was a Dutch politician, diplomat and businessman who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1982 to 1994, and as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 2001 to 2005.

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Saar Protectorate

The Saar Protectorate (Saarprotektorat; Protectorat de la Sarre), officially Saarland (Sarre), was a French protectorate and a disputed territory separated from Germany. German reunification and Saar Protectorate are contemporary German history.

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Saarland

Saarland (Sarre) is a state of Germany in the southwest of the country.

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Sabine Bergmann-Pohl

Sabine Bergmann-Pohl (née Schulz;; born 20 April 1946) is a German doctor and politician.

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Saxony

Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic.

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Saxony-Anhalt

Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt; Sassen-Anholt) is a state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony.

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Schloss Charlottenburg

Schloss Charlottenburg (Charlottenburg Palace) is a Baroque palace in Berlin, located in Charlottenburg, a district of the Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf borough, among the largest palaces in the world.

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Second Polish Republic

The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939.

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Security

Security is protection from, or resilience against, potential harm (or other unwanted coercion).

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Sejm

The Sejm, officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland.

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Self-determination

Self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and internal self-determination is the right to representative government with full suffrage.

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Silent Generation

The Silent Generation, also known as the Traditionalist Generation, is the Western demographic cohort following the Greatest Generation and preceding the baby boomers.

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Silesia

Silesia (see names below) is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within modern Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

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Social Democratic Party of Germany

The Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands,; SPD) is a social democratic political party in Germany.

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Socialist Unity Party of Germany

The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands,; SED) was the founding and ruling party of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from the country's foundation in 1949 until its dissolution after the Peaceful Revolution in 1989. German reunification and Socialist Unity Party of Germany are peaceful Revolution.

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Solidarity (Polish trade union)

Solidarity („Solidarność”), full name Independent Self-Governing Trade Union "Solidarity" (Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy „Solidarność”, abbreviated NSZZ „Solidarność”), is a Polish trade union founded in August 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland.

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Sorbs

Sorbs (Serbja, Serby, Sorben, Lužičtí Srbové, Serbołużyczanie; also known as Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs and Wends) are a West Slavic ethnic group predominantly inhabiting the parts of Lusatia located in the German states of Saxony and Brandenburg.

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South Korea

South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia.

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Southern Italy

Southern Italy (Sud Italia,, or Italia meridionale,; 'o Sudde; Italia dû Suddi), also known as Meridione or Mezzogiorno (Miezojuorno; Menzujornu), is a macroregion of Italy consisting of its southern regions.

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Southern United States

The Southern United States, sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States.

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Sovereign state

A sovereign state is a state that has the highest authority over a territory.

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Sovereignty

Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority.

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Soviet Armed Forces

The Soviet Armed Forces, also known as the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, the Red Army (1918–1946) and the Soviet Army (1946–1991), were the armed forces of the Russian SFSR (1917–1922) and the Soviet Union (1922–1991) from their beginnings in the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923 to the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

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Soviet occupation zone in Germany

The Soviet occupation zone in Germany (or label) was an area of Germany that was occupied by the Soviet Union as a communist area, established as a result of the Potsdam Agreement on 1 August 1945.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Sperenberg Airfield

Sperenberg Airfield was a military air base located near the town of Sperenberg in Brandenburg, Germany.

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Stasi Records Agency

The Stasi Records Agency (Stasi-Unterlagen-Behörde) was the organisation that administered the archives of Ministry of State Security (Stasi) of the former German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

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Stefan Heym

Helmut Flieg was a German writer, known by his pseudonym Stefan Heym.

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Strasbourg

Strasbourg (Straßburg) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France, at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace.

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Stuttgart

Stuttgart (Swabian: italics) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

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Succession of states

Succession of states is a concept in international relations regarding a successor state that has become a sovereign state over a territory (and populace) that was previously under the sovereignty of another state.

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Supreme Soviet

The Supreme Soviet (Supreme Council) was the common name for the legislative bodies (parliaments) of the Soviet socialist republics (SSR) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

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Sydney

Sydney is the capital city of the state of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia.

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Taiwan

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia.

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Taiwan independence movement

The Taiwan independence movement is a political movement which advocates the formal declaration of an independent and sovereign Taiwanese state, as opposed to Chinese unification or the status quo in Cross-Strait relations.

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Tank Man

The Tank Man (also known as the Unknown Protester or Unknown Rebel) is the nickname given to an unidentified individual, presumed to be a Chinese man, who stood in front of a column of Type 59 tanks leaving Tiananmen Square in Beijing on June 5, 1989.

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Taoiseach

The Taoiseach is the head of government or prime minister of Ireland.

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Tear down this wall!

The Berlin Wall Speech was delivered by United States President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on June 12, 1987.

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Territorial dispute

A territorial dispute or boundary dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of territories (land, water or airspace) between two or more political entities.

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The Hague

The Hague is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.

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The Left (Germany)

The Left (Die Linke), commonly referred to as the Left Party (Die Linkspartei), is a democratic socialist political party in Germany.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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Thuringia

Thuringia, officially the Free State of Thuringia, is a state of central Germany, covering, the sixth smallest of the sixteen German states.

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Toronto

Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario.

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Transitology

In political science and in international and comparative law and economics, transitology is the study of the process of change from one political regime to another, mainly from authoritarian regimes to democratic ones rooted in conflicting and consensual varieties of economic liberalism.

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Treaty

A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement concluded by sovereign states in international law.

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Treaty Establishing a Monetary, Economic and Social Union between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany

The Treaty Establishing a Monetary, Economic and Social Union between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany (Vertrag über die Schaffung einer Währungs-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion zwischen der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) was a treaty signed on 18 May 1990 between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany, as part of the process of German reunification. German reunification and treaty Establishing a Monetary, Economic and Social Union between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany are 1990 in Germany.

See German reunification and Treaty Establishing a Monetary, Economic and Social Union between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaty of Good Neighbourship

The Polish–German Treaty of Good Neighbourship and Friendly Cooperation (Traktat o dobrym sąsiedztwie i przyjaznej współpracy, Vertrag über gute Nachbarschaft und freundschaftliche Zusammenarbeit) was signed between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland on 17 June 1991.

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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (Vertrag über die abschließende Regelung in Bezug auf Deutschland), more commonly referred to as the Two Plus Four Agreement (Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag), is an international agreement that allowed the reunification of Germany in October 1990. German reunification and Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany are 1990 in Germany.

See German reunification and Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

Treptower Park

Treptower Park (with a silent w) is a park alongside the river Spree in Alt-Treptow, in the district of Treptow-Köpenick, south of central Berlin.

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Treuhandanstalt

The Treuhandanstalt ("Trust agency"), colloquially referred to as Treuhand, was an agency established by the government of the German Democratic Republic to reprivatise/privatise East German enterprises, Volkseigene Betriebe (VEBs), prior to German reunification.

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Two Chinas

The concept of Two Chinas refers to the political divide between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC).

See German reunification and Two Chinas

Unification of Germany

The unification of Germany was a process of building the first nation-state for Germans with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without Habsburgs' multi-ethnic Austria or its German-speaking part). German reunification and unification of Germany are national unifications.

See German reunification and Unification of Germany

United Ireland

United Ireland (Éire Aontaithe), also referred to as Irish reunification or a New Ireland, is the proposition that all of the island of Ireland should be a single sovereign state. German reunification and United Ireland are national unifications.

See German reunification and United Ireland

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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United Nations Security Council Resolution 335

United Nations Security Council Resolution 335, adopted unanimously on June 22, 1973, after separately considering their applications, the Council recommended to the General Assembly that both the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany be simultaneously admitted.

See German reunification and United Nations Security Council Resolution 335

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States Army Berlin

U.S. Army Berlin (USAB) was a command of the United States Army created in December 1961, at the height of the Berlin Wall crisis.

See German reunification and United States Army Berlin

United Team of Germany at the Olympics

The United Team of Germany (Gesamtdeutsche Mannschaft) was a combined team of athletes from West Germany and East Germany that competed in the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Winter and Summer Olympic Games.

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University of Erfurt

The University of Erfurt (Universität Erfurt) is a public university located in Erfurt, the capital city of the German state of Thuringia.

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Upper Silesia

Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk; Gůrny Ślůnsk, Gōrny Ślōnsk; Horní Slezsko;; Silesian German: Oberschläsing; Silesia Superior) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located today mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic.

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Urban planning

Urban planning, also known as town planning, city planning, regional planning, or rural planning in specific contexts, is a technical and political process that is focused on the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks, and their accessibility.

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Vergangenheitsbewältigung

Vergangenheitsbewältigung ("struggle of overcoming the past" or "work of coping with the past") is a German compound noun describing processes that since the later 20th century have become key in the study of post-1945 German literature, society, and culture.

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Vienna

Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.

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Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.

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Volkskammer

The Volkskammer ("People's Chamber") was the supreme power organ of the German Democratic Republic.

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Warren Christopher

Warren Minor Christopher (October 27, 1925March 18, 2011) was an American attorney, diplomat and statesman.

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Warsaw

Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and largest city of Poland.

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Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. German reunification and Warsaw Pact are east Germany–Soviet Union relations.

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Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States.

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Weapon of mass destruction

A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to artificial structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere.

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Welfare

Welfare, or commonly social welfare, is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter.

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Welt (TV channel)

Welt ("World") is a German free-to-air television news channel owned by WeltN24 GmbH.

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Werner Weidenfeld

Werner Weidenfeld (born 2 July 1947, Cochem) is a German political scientist.

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West Berlin

West Berlin (Berlin (West) or West-Berlin) was a political enclave which comprised the western part of Berlin from 1948 until 1990, during the Cold War.

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West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until the reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. The Cold War-era country is sometimes known as the Bonn Republic (Bonner Republik) after its capital city of Bonn. During the Cold War, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin were parts of the Western Bloc. German reunification and west Germany are contemporary German history.

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Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and 1951 to 1955.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Yemeni civil war (1994)

The Yemeni civil war of 1994, also known as the 1994 Summer War, was a civil war fought between the two Yemeni forces of the pro-union northern and the socialist separatist southern Yemeni states and their supporters.

See German reunification and Yemeni civil war (1994)

Yemeni unification

Yemeni unification took place on 22 May 1990, when the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) was united with the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen), forming the Republic of Yemen. German reunification and Yemeni unification are national unifications.

See German reunification and Yemeni unification

Yitzhak Shamir

Yitzhak Shamir (יצחק שמיר,; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky; October 22, 1915 – June 30, 2012) was an Israeli politician and the seventh prime minister of Israel, serving two terms (1983–1984, 1986–1992).

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Zurich

Zurich (Zürich) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich.

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1954 Geneva Conference

The Geneva Conference was intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and the First Indochina War and involved several nations.

See German reunification and 1954 Geneva Conference

1983 West German federal election

Federal elections were held in West Germany on 6 March 1983 to elect the members of the 10th Bundestag.

See German reunification and 1983 West German federal election

1990 East German general election

General elections were held in East Germany on 18 March 1990. German reunification and 1990 East German general election are 1990 in East Germany and peaceful Revolution.

See German reunification and 1990 East German general election

1990 German federal election

Federal elections were held in Germany on 2 December 1990 to elect the members of the 12th Bundestag.

See German reunification and 1990 German federal election

6th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade

The 6th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade was a Soviet Army mechanized infantry brigade, stationed in East Berlin during the Cold War, from 1962 to 1989.

See German reunification and 6th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade

See also

1990 in East Germany

• 1990 East German general election
• German reunification
• Monday demonstrations in East Germany
• Peaceful Revolution

1990 in Germany

• 1990 in German television
• 1990 in Germany
• German reunification
• German–Polish Border Treaty
• Inner German border
• Kurdish trial in Düsseldorf
• New states of Germany
• Operation Steel Box
• Rüsselsheim train disaster
• State Commissioner (Germany)
• Storm Wiebke
• Treaty Establishing a Monetary, Economic and Social Union between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany
• Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

1990 in West Germany

• German reunification

1990 in international relations

• 16th G7 summit
• 1990 Arab League summit (Baghdad)
• 1990 Komotini events
• 1990 London summit
• 1990 United Nations Security Council election
• 1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait
• 1990 oil price shock
• Bush legs
• Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
• Cold War (1985–1991)
• Declaration of State Sovereignty of Bashkortostan
• Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine
• Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
• Ein Netafim ambush
• Executive Order 12711
• German reunification
• Helsinki Summit (1990)
• List of foreign ministers in 1990
• Lithuania–Poland border
• Paris Charter
• Powell Doctrine
• Recognition of the Independence of Namibia Act, 1990

Contemporary German history

• 21st century in Germany
• Allied plans for German industry after World War II
• Bielefeld conspiracy
• Bitburg controversy
• East Germany
• Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)
• Frankfurt department store firebombings
• Fusion of Berlin and Brandenburg
• German reunification
• History of Germany (1945–1990)
• History of Germany (1990–present)
• Ismar Littmann Art Collection
• Overseas radio reception center Lüchow
• Peaceful Revolution
• Reconstruction of Germany
• Saar Protectorate
• State Commissioner (Germany)
• West Germany
• World War II reparations

Ostalgie

• Ampelmännchen
• Club Cola
• Communist nostalgia
• Culture of East Germany
• DDR Museum
• Daphne Berdahl
• Die Täter sind unter uns
• East Germany
• Friendship!
• German reunification
• Go Trabi Go
• Good Bye, Lenin!
• Karl Peglau
• Kleinruppin Forever
• Kopenhagener Straße
• List of German films of the 1990s
• Ostalgie
• Ostel (Berlin)
• Pioniereisenbahn
• Puhdys
• Sandmännchen
• Sonnenallee
• Spreewald gherkins
• String bag
• Trabant
• Vita Cola
• Wurzelpeter

Peaceful Revolution

• 1990 East German general election
• Alexanderplatz demonstration
• Alliance 90
• Alliance for Germany
• Association of Free Democrats
• Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)
• Democracy Now (East Germany)
• Democratic Beginning
• Evelyn Zupke
• Fall of the inner German border
• Free Democratic Party (GDR)
• German Forum Party
• German reunification
• Good Bye, Lenin!
• Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
• Martin Böttger
• Memorial and Education Centre Andreasstraße
• Monday demonstrations in East Germany
• New Forum
• Pan-European Picnic
• Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)
• Peaceful Revolution
• Social Democratic Party in the GDR
• Socialist Unity Party of Germany
• St. Nicholas Church Square
• United Left (East Germany)

Soviet Union–West Germany relations

• 1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident
• Allied Control Council
• German reunification
• Ich bin ein Berliner
• Inner German border
• Mathias Rust
• Operation Jungle
• Peaceful Revolution
• Socialist Reich Party
• UEFA Euro 1972 final

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification

Also known as Cost of German Unity, Cost of unification of East and West Germany, Deutsche Wiedervereinigung, Einigungsvertrag, German Unity, German re-unification, German reunification treaty, German reunion, Germany reunification, Germany reunified, Germany reunited, Germany's reunification, Inner reunification, Re-unification of Germany, Reunification of Germany, Reunified Germany, Reunited Germany, Reuniting Germany, Unification Treaty (1990), Wiedervereinigung.

, Cold War, Cold War (1985–1991), Cologne, Communism, Communist party, Communist state, Condoleezza Rice, Culture of Germany, Culture of Russia, Czechoslovakia, David Gress, Düsseldorf, DE magazine Deutschland, Decision on the Capital of Germany, Deindustrialization, Democratic socialism, Democratization, Der Spiegel, Deutsche Mark, Deutsche Welle, Deutschlandfunk, Deutschlandlied, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Division of Korea, East Berlin, East German mark, East German uprising of 1953, East Germany, East Prussia, Eastern Bloc, Eastern Bloc politics, Economic reconstruction, Economy of East Germany, Economy of Germany, Egon Krenz, End of World War II in Europe, Enlargement of NATO, Equality before the law, Era of Stagnation, Erich Honecker, Europe, European Council, European Economic Community, European Union, Expansionism, Fall of Saigon, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Farther Pomerania, Fascism, Flag of East Germany, Flag of Germany, Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950), Former eastern territories of Germany, François Mauriac, François Mitterrand, France, Frank Schirrmacher, Frankfurt, Free City of Danzig, French occupation zone in Germany, Günter Grass, Günter Kunert, Gdańsk, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, George H. W. Bush, German Empire, German minority in Poland, German nationalism, German philosophy, German Reich, German revolution of 1918–1919, German Unity Day, German–Polish Border Treaty, Germans, Germany, Germany–Poland border, Giulio Andreotti, Glasnost, Great power, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, Hamburg, Haus der Geschichte, Heiner Müller, Heinrich August Winkler, Helmut Kohl, Hermann L. Gremliza, History of Poland during the Piast dynasty, Household, Hungarian People's Republic, Imre Pozsgay, Income, Inner German border, Inner German relations, International law, International Olympic Committee, Interpersonal ties, Iron Curtain, Israel, James Baker, Jews, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Karl von Habsburg, Kingdom of Prussia, Klaus Wowereit, Korean reunification, Korean War, Kresy, Kristallnacht, Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative, Länder, Leader of the Christian Democratic Union, League of Nations, Left-wing politics, Liberal democracy, List of European Council meetings, London, Los Angeles Times, Lothar de Maizière, Lusatian Neisse, Madrid, Manfred Stolpe, Margaret Thatcher, Marianne Birthler, Market economy, Mass migration, Matthias Platzeck, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Mikhail Gorbachev, Milan, Military government, Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk, Moscow, Munich, Nation state, National day, NATO, Nazi Germany, Nazi Party, Nazism, NBC News, Neumark, New states of Germany, New York City, Nobel Prize in Literature, North Korea, North Vietnam, Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam, Nuclear weapon, Oder–Neisse line, Old states of Germany, Oliver Marc Hartwich, Oskar Lafontaine, Ostpolitik, Ottawa, Otto von Bismarck, Otto von Habsburg, Pan-European Picnic, Pan-Germanism, Paneuropean Union, Paris, Partition of Ireland, Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany), Peace, Peaceful coexistence, Peaceful Revolution, Perestroika, Pew Research Center, Philip Zelikow, Philistinism, Planned economy, Pogrom, Poland, Polish people, Polish People's Republic, Political union, Politics of East Germany, Potsdam Conference, President of France, Prime Minister of Israel, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Privatization, Public property, Reconstruction era, Recovered Territories, Redevelopment, Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria, Republic Day (East Germany), Republic of Ireland, Reunification Day, Reuters, Revolutions of 1989, Richard J. Evans, Rita Süssmuth, Romania, Rome, Ronald Reagan, Russian Ground Forces, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russians, Ruud Lubbers, Saar Protectorate, Saarland, Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schloss Charlottenburg, Second Polish Republic, Security, Sejm, Self-determination, Silent Generation, Silesia, Social Democratic Party of Germany, Socialist Unity Party of Germany, Solidarity (Polish trade union), Sorbs, South Korea, Southern Italy, Southern United States, Sovereign state, Sovereignty, Soviet Armed Forces, Soviet occupation zone in Germany, Soviet Union, Sperenberg Airfield, Stasi Records Agency, Stefan Heym, Strasbourg, Stuttgart, Succession of states, Supreme Soviet, Sydney, Taiwan, Taiwan independence movement, Tank Man, Taoiseach, Tear down this wall!, Territorial dispute, The Hague, The Holocaust, The Left (Germany), The New York Times, Thuringia, Toronto, Transitology, Treaty, Treaty Establishing a Monetary, Economic and Social Union between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany, Treaty of Good Neighbourship, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Treptower Park, Treuhandanstalt, Two Chinas, Unification of Germany, United Ireland, United Kingdom, United Nations, United Nations Security Council Resolution 335, United States, United States Army Berlin, United Team of Germany at the Olympics, University of Erfurt, Upper Silesia, Urban planning, Vergangenheitsbewältigung, Vienna, Vietnam War, Volkskammer, Warren Christopher, Warsaw, Warsaw Pact, Washington, D.C., Weapon of mass destruction, Welfare, Welt (TV channel), Werner Weidenfeld, West Berlin, West Germany, Winston Churchill, World War II, Yemeni civil war (1994), Yemeni unification, Yitzhak Shamir, Zurich, 1954 Geneva Conference, 1983 West German federal election, 1990 East German general election, 1990 German federal election, 6th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade.

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