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140 relations: American Civil War, Austerity, Baby boomers, Bailout, Balance of payments, Balances Mechanics, Bank for International Settlements, Bank of England, Bank of England Act 1694, Bank reserves, Bond (finance), Bretton Woods system, British Empire, Capital (economics), Central bank, Charles II of England, Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, Civil society, Commodity market, Confederate States of America, Consumer confidence index, Consumption (economics), Credit default swap, Credit rating, Credit risk, Currency, David R. Henderson, Debt, Debt clock, Debt crisis, Debt-to-GDP ratio, Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization, Early modern period, Economic growth, Economic policy, Encyclopedia.com, Equity (finance), Euro, Euro convergence criteria, European Commission, European debt crisis, European Union, Eurozone, Expected value, External debt, Federal government of the United States, Fiat money, Financial economics, Financial institution, Financial repression, ..., Financial Times, Fiscal policy, Fixed exchange-rate system, Foreign exchange market, Funding, Generational accounting, Gilt-edged securities, Government bond, Government budget balance, Government operations, Government spending, Great Depression, Greek drachma, Greek government-debt crisis, Gross domestic product, Harry Dexter White, How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Hydroelectricity, Hyperinflation, Inflation-indexed bond, Interest rate, Internal debt, International law, International Monetary Fund, John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, John Kenneth Galbraith, John Maynard Keynes, Keynesian economics, Land reform, Latin American debt crisis, Liberty Fund, List of countries by credit rating, List of countries by external debt, List of countries by public debt, Military budget, Military Keynesianism, Modern Monetary Theory, Monetary base, Money creation, Napoleonic Wars, National debt of the United States, Net international investment position, Net present value, New York (state), New York City, Nuclear power, Odious debt, Pay-as-you-earn tax, PAYGO, Pound sterling, Public bad, Public capital, Public finance, Public good, Quid pro quo, Real versus nominal value (economics), Risk-free bond, Risk-free interest rate, Royal charter, Russian Empire, Security (finance), Social security, Somalia, Sovereign default, Speculation, Stability and Growth Pact, Stop of the Exchequer, Supranational union, Tax, The Economist, Triple bottom line, United Kingdom, United States, United States Department of the Treasury, United States dollar, Value (economics), Virtuous circle and vicious circle, Warrant of payment, Weimar Republic, Welfare, William III of England, William Paterson (banker), Wolfgang Stützel, World Bank, World Trade Organization, World War II, 1980s austerity policy in Romania, 1997 Asian financial crisis, 1998 Russian financial crisis, 1998–2002 Argentine great depression. Expand index (90 more) »
American Civil War
The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865.
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Austerity
Austerity is a political-economic term referring to policies that aim to reduce government budget deficits through spending cuts, tax increases, or a combination of both.
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Baby boomers
Baby Boomers (also known as Boomers) are the demographic cohort following the Silent Generation and preceding Generation X. There are varying timelines defining the start and the end of this cohort; demographers and researchers typically use birth years starting from the early- to mid-1940s and ending anywhere from 1960 to 1964.
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Bailout
A bailout is a colloquial term for the provision of financial help to a corporation or country which otherwise would be on the brink of failure or bankruptcy.
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Balance of payments
The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated B.O.P. or BoP, of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year).
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Balances Mechanics
The Balances Mechanics (Saldenmechanik) (from balances of bookkeeping respectively the credit system and mechanics to characterize the strict universal identities) is a work and mean of economics, comparable with Stock-Flow Consistent Modelling.
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Bank for International Settlements
The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international financial institution owned by central banks which "fosters international monetary and financial cooperation and serves as a bank for central banks".
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Bank of England
The Bank of England, formally the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, is the central bank of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.
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Bank of England Act 1694
The Bank of England Act 1694 (5 & 6 Will & Mar c 20), sometimes referred to as the Tonnage Act 1694, is an Act of the Parliament of England.
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Bank reserves
Bank reserves are a commercial banks' holdings of deposits in accounts with a central bank (for instance the European Central Bank or the applicable branch bank of the Federal Reserve System, in the latter case including federal funds), plus currency that is physically held in the bank's vault ("vault cash").
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Bond (finance)
In finance, a bond is an instrument of indebtedness of the bond issuer to the holders.
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Bretton Woods system
The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and Japan after the 1944 Bretton-Woods Agreement.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
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Capital (economics)
In economics, capital consists of an asset that can enhance one's power to perform economically useful work.
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Central bank
A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates.
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Charles II of England
Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was king of England, Scotland and Ireland.
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Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax
Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax (16 April 1661 – 19 May 1715) was an English poet and statesman.
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Civil society
Civil society is the "aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens".
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Commodity market
A commodity market is a market that trades in primary economic sector rather than manufactured products.
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Confederate States of America
The Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865.
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Consumer confidence index
In the United States of America, the U.S. consumer confidence index (CCI) is an indicator designed to measure consumer confidence, which is defined as the degree of optimism on the state of the U.S. economy that consumers are expressing through their activities of savings and spending.
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Consumption (economics)
Consumption is the process in which consumers (customers or buyers) purchase items on the market.
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Credit default swap
A credit default swap (CDS) is a financial swap agreement that the seller of the CDS will compensate the buyer in the event of a debt default (by the debtor) or other credit event.
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Credit rating
A credit rating is an evaluation of the credit risk of a prospective debtor (an individual, a business, company or a government), predicting their ability to pay back the debt, and an implicit forecast of the likelihood of the debtor defaulting.
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Credit risk
A credit risk is the risk of default on a debt that may arise from a borrower failing to make required payments.
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Currency
A currency (from curraunt, "in circulation", from currens, -entis), in the most specific use of the word, refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins.
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David R. Henderson
David R. Henderson (born November 21, 1950) is a Canadian-born American economist and author who moved to the United States in 1972 and became a U.S. citizen in 1986, serving on President Ronald Reagan’s Council of Economic Advisers from 1982 to 1984.
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Debt
Debt is when something, usually money, is owed by one party, the borrower or debtor, to a second party, the lender or creditor.
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Debt clock
A debt clock is a public counter, which displays the government debt (also known as public debt or national debt) of a public corporation, usually of a state, and which visualizes the progression through an update every second.
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Debt crisis
Debt crisis is the general term for a proliferation of massive public debt relative to tax revenues, especially in reference to Latin American countries during the 1980s, the United States and the European Union since the mid-2000s, and the Chinese debt crises of 2015.
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Debt-to-GDP ratio
In economics, the debt-to-GDP ratio is the ratio between a country's government debt (a cumulative amount) and its gross domestic product (GDP) (measured in years).
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Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization
Dispute settlement is regarded by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as the central pillar of the multilateral trading system, and as the organization's "unique contribution to the stability of the global economy".
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Early modern period
The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era.
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Economic growth
Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time.
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Economic policy
The economic policy of governments covers the systems for setting levels of taxation, government budgets, the money supply and interest rates as well as the labour market, national ownership, and many other areas of government interventions into the economy.
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Encyclopedia.com
Encyclopedia.com is an online encyclopedia website.
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Equity (finance)
In accounting, equity (or owner's equity) is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owned.
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Euro
The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the European Union.
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Euro convergence criteria
The euro convergence criteria (also known as the Maastricht criteria) are the criteria which European Union member states are required to meet to enter the third stage of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and adopt the euro as their currency.
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European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.
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European debt crisis
The European debt crisis (often also referred to as the Eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis) is a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union since the end of 2009.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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Eurozone
No description.
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Expected value
In probability theory, the expected value of a random variable, intuitively, is the long-run average value of repetitions of the experiment it represents.
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External debt
External loan (or foreign debt) is the total debt a country owes to foreign creditors, complemented by internal debt owed to domestic lenders.
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Federal government of the United States
The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government) is the national government of the United States, a constitutional republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D.C. (the nation's capital), and several territories.
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Fiat money
Fiat money is a currency without intrinsic value that has been established as money, often by government regulation.
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Financial economics
Financial economics is the branch of economics characterized by a "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on both sides of a trade".
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Financial institution
Financial institutions, otherwise known as banking institutions, are corporations which provide services as intermediaries of financial markets.
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Financial repression
Financial repression comprises "policies that result in savers earning returns below the rate of inflation" in order to allow banks to "provide cheap loans to companies and governments, reducing the burden of repayments".
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Financial Times
The Financial Times (FT) is a Japanese-owned (since 2015), English-language international daily newspaper headquartered in London, with a special emphasis on business and economic news.
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Fiscal policy
In economics and political science, fiscal policy is the use of government revenue collection (mainly taxes) and expenditure (spending) to influence the economy.
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Fixed exchange-rate system
A fixed exchange rate, sometimes called a pegged exchange rate, is a type of exchange rate regime where a currency's value is fixed against either the value of another single currency, to a basket of other currencies, or to another measure of value, such as gold.
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Foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market (Forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized or over-the-counter (OTC) market for the trading of currencies.
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Funding
Funding is the act of providing financial resources, usually in the form of money, or other values such as effort or time, to finance a need, program, and project, usually by an organization or company.
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Generational accounting
Generational accounting is a method of measuring the fiscal burdens facing today's and tomorrow's children.
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Gilt-edged securities
Gilt-edged securities are bonds issued by the UK Government.
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Government bond
A government bond or sovereign bond is a bond issued by a national government, generally with a promise to pay periodic interest payments and to repay the face value on the maturity date.
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Government budget balance
A government budget is a financial statement presenting the government's proposed revenues and spending for a financial year.
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Government operations
This article aims to describe the extent of operations and processes of governments around the world at all levels.
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Government spending
Government spending or expenditure includes all government consumption, investment, and transfer payments.
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Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.
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Greek drachma
Drachma (δραχμή,; pl. drachmae or drachmas) was the currency used in Greece during several periods in its history.
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Greek government-debt crisis
The Greek government-debt crisis (also known as the Greek Depression) was the sovereign debt crisis faced by Greece in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–08.
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Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time.
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Harry Dexter White
Harry Dexter White (October 9, 1892 – August 16, 1948) was a Soviet informant while serving as a senior U.S. Treasury department official.
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How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer
How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer is a book by John Maynard Keynes, published in 1940 by Macmillan and Co., Ltd..
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Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower.
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Hyperinflation
In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation.
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Inflation-indexed bond
Daily inflation-indexed bonds (also known as inflation-linked bonds or colloquially as linkers) are bonds where the principal is indexed to inflation or deflation on a daily basis in terms of the official Daily CPI or monetized daily indexed unit of account like the Unidad de Fomento in Chile and the Real Value unit of Colombia.
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Interest rate
An interest rate is the amount of interest due per period, as a proportion of the amount lent, deposited or borrowed (called the principal sum).
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Internal debt
Internal debt or domestic debt is the part of the total government debt in a country that is owed to lenders within the country.
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International law
International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations.
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International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system.
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John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
General John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, 1st Prince of Mindelheim, 1st Count of Nellenburg, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, (26 May 1650 – 16 June 1722 O.S.) was an English soldier and statesman whose career spanned the reigns of five monarchs.
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John Kenneth Galbraith
John Kenneth Galbraith (October 15, 1908 - April 29, 2006), also known as Ken Galbraith, was a Canadian-born economist, public official, and diplomat, and a leading proponent of 20th-century American liberalism.
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John Maynard Keynes
John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946), was a British economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments.
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Keynesian economics
Keynesian economics (sometimes called Keynesianism) are the various macroeconomic theories about how in the short run – and especially during recessions – economic output is strongly influenced by aggregate demand (total demand in the economy).
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Land reform
Land reform (also agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning) involves the changing of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership.
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Latin American debt crisis
The Latin American debt crisis (Crisis de la deuda latinoamericana) was a financial crisis that originated in the early 1980s (and for some countries starting in the 1970s), often known as the "lost decade", when Latin American countries reached a point where their foreign debt exceeded their earning power and they were not able to repay it.
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Liberty Fund
Liberty Fund, Inc. is a nonprofit foundation headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana which promulgates the libertarian views of its founder, Pierre F. Goodrich through publishing, conferences, and educational resources.
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List of countries by credit rating
This is a list of countries by credit rating, showing long-term foreign currency credit ratings for sovereign bonds as reported by the three major credit rating agencies: Standard & Poor's, Fitch, and Moody's.
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List of countries by external debt
This is a list of countries by external debt, which is the total public and private debt owed to nonresidents repayable in internationally accepted currencies, goods or services, where the public debt is the money or credit owed by any level of government, from central to local, and the private debt the money or credit owed by private households or private corporations based in the country under consideration.
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List of countries by public debt
This is a list of countries by public debt to GDP ratio as listed by CIA's World Factbook and IMF.
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Military budget
A military budget (or military expenditure), also known as a defense budget, is the amount of financial resources dedicated by a state to raising and maintaining an armed forces or other methods essential for defense purposes.
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Military Keynesianism
Military Keynesianism is the position that government should raise military spending to boost economic growth.
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Modern Monetary Theory
Modern Monetary Theory (MMT or Modern Money Theory) is a macroeconomic theory that describes and analyses modern economies in which the national currency is fiat money, established and created by a sovereign government.
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Monetary base
In economics, the monetary base (also base money, money base, high-powered money, reserve money, outside money, central bank money or, in the UK, narrow money) in a country is defined as the portion of a commercial bank's reserves that consist of the commercial bank's accounts with its central bank plus the total currency circulating in the public, plus the currency, also known as vault cash, that is physically held in the bank's vault.
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Money creation
Money creation is the process by which the money supply of a country, or of an economic or monetary region,Such as the Eurozone or ECCAS is increased.
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Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.
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National debt of the United States
The national debt of the United States is the public debt carried by the federal government of the United States, which is measured as the face value of the currently outstanding Treasury securities that have been issued by the Treasury and other federal government agencies.
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Net international investment position
The difference between a country's external financial assets and liabilities is its net international investment position (NIIP).
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Net present value
In finance, the net present value (NPV) or net present worth (NPW) is a measurement of profit calculated by subtracting the present values (PV) of cash outflows (including initial cost) from the present values of cash inflows over a period of time.
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New York (state)
New York is a state in the northeastern United States.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.
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Odious debt
In international law, odious debt, also known as illegitimate debt, is a legal theory that says that the national debt incurred by a despotic regime should not be enforceable.
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Pay-as-you-earn tax
A pay-as-you-earn tax (PAYE) or pay-as-you-go (in Australia) is a withholding tax on income payments to employees.
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PAYGO
PAYGO (Pay As You GO) is the practice in the United States of financing expenditures with funds that are currently available rather than borrowed.
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Pound sterling
The pound sterling (symbol: £; ISO code: GBP), commonly known as the pound and less commonly referred to as Sterling, is the official currency of the United Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the British Antarctic Territory, and Tristan da Cunha.
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Public bad
A public bad, in economics, is the symmetry of a public good.
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Public capital
Public capital is the aggregate body of government-owned assets that are used as a means for productivity.
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Public finance
Public finance is the study of the role of the government in the economy.
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Public good
In economics, a public good is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous in that individuals cannot be effectively excluded from use and where use by one individual does not reduce availability to others.
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Quid pro quo
Quid pro quo ("something for something" in Latin) is a phrase used in English to mean an exchange of goods or services, in which one transfer is contingent upon the other; "a favour for a favour".
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Real versus nominal value (economics)
In economics, a real value of a good or other entity has been adjusted for inflation, enabling comparison of quantities as if prices had not changed.
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Risk-free bond
A risk-free bond is a theoretical bond that repays interest and principal with absolute certainty.
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Risk-free interest rate
The risk-free interest rate is the rate of return of a hypothetical investment with no risk of financial loss, over a given period of time.
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Royal charter
A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Security (finance)
A security is a tradable financial asset.
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Social security
Social security is "any government system that provides monetary assistance to people with an inadequate or no income." Social security is enshrined in Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states: Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
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Somalia
Somalia (Soomaaliya; aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe Federal Republic of Somalia is the country's name per Article 1 of the.
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Sovereign default
A sovereign default is the failure or refusal of the government of a sovereign state to pay back its debt in full.
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Speculation
Speculation is the purchase of an asset (a commodity, goods, or real estate) with the hope that it will become more valuable at a future date.
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Stability and Growth Pact
The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) is an agreement, among the 28 member states of the European Union, to facilitate and maintain the stability of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).
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Stop of the Exchequer
The Great Stop of the Exchequer or Stop of the Exchequer was a repudiation of state debt that occurred in England in 1672 under the reign of Charles II of England.
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Supranational union
A supranational union is a type of multinational political union where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states.
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Tax
A tax (from the Latin taxo) is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon a taxpayer (an individual or other legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures.
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The Economist
The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London.
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Triple bottom line
Triple bottom line (or otherwise noted as TBL or 3BL) is an accounting framework with three parts: social, environmental (or ecological) and financial.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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United States Department of the Treasury
The Department of the Treasury (USDT) is an executive department and the treasury of the United States federal government.
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United States dollar
The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.
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Value (economics)
Economic value is a measure of the benefit provided by a good or service to an economic agent.
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Virtuous circle and vicious circle
The terms virtuous circle and vicious circle (also referred to as virtuous cycle and vicious cycle) refer to complex chains of events that reinforce themselves through a feedback loop.
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Warrant of payment
In financial transactions, a warrant is a written order from a first person that instructs a second person to pay a specified recipient a specific amount of money or goods at a specific time.
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Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik) is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state during the years 1919 to 1933.
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Welfare
Welfare is a government support for the citizens and residents of society.
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William III of England
William III (Willem; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from 1672 and King of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702.
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William Paterson (banker)
Sir William Paterson (April 1658 - 22 January 1719) was a Scottish trader and banker.
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Wolfgang Stützel
Wolfgang Stützel (born 23 January 1925 in Aalen, Germany; died 1 March 1987 in Saarbrücken, Germany) was a German economist and professor of economics at the Saarland University, Germany.
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World Bank
The World Bank (Banque mondiale) is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects.
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World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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1980s austerity policy in Romania
The 1980s austerity policy in Romania was imposed by Romania's dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu in order to pay out the external debt incurred by the state in the 1970s.
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1997 Asian financial crisis
The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion.
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1998 Russian financial crisis
The Russian financial crisis (also called Ruble crisis or the Russian Flu) hit Russia on 17 August 1998.
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1998–2002 Argentine great depression
The 1998–2002 Argentine Great Depression was an economic depression in Argentina, which began in the third quarter of 1998 and lasted until the second quarter of 2002.
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Redirects here:
Federal debt, Government borrowing, Government securities, Govt debt, Gross public debt, National Debt, National debt, National debts, Net public debt, Public Debt, Public bond, Public bonds, Public borrowing, Public credit, Public debt, Public sector debt, Public sector net debt, Refinancing the public debt, Sovereign debt, Sovereign downgrade, State debt.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_debt
