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Green algae

Index Green algae

The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now placed in separate divisions, as well as the more basal Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotaenia. [1]

108 relations: Action potential, Algae, Alternation of generations, American Journal of Botany, Archaeplastida, Autotroph, Beta-Carotene, Cell plate, Cell wall, Cellulose, Centriole, Charophyceae, Charophyta, Chlorarachniophyte, Chlorodendrales, Chlorokybus, Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyta, Chlorophytina, Chloroplast, Clade, Cladistics, Coenobium (morphology), Coleochaetales, Crista, Cyanobacteria, Cytoplasmic streaming, Embryophyte, Euglenid, Fertilisation, Flagellate, Flagellum, Flatworm, Flowering plant, Fungus, Ginkgo, Glaucophyte, Glycoprotein, Graphidaceae, Halophyte, Heat shock, Heterothallism, Hydra viridissima, Isogamy, Klebsormidiaceae, Lichen, Mamiellophyceae, Mating type, ..., Meiosis, Mesostigma, Mesostigmatophyceae, Mesotaeniaceae, Microtubule, Mitochondrion, Mitosis, Model organism, Monophyly, Nephroselmidaceae, Nucleomorph, Oogamy, Organelle, Osmoregulation, Palmophyllales, Palmophyllophyceae, Paramecium, Paraphyly, Pedinophyceae, Photosynthesis, Phragmoplast, Phragmoplastophyta, Phycoplast, Phylum, Pinophyta, Plant, Plastid, Ploidy, Prasinococcaceae, Prasinophyceae, Pycnococcaceae, Pyramimonadales, Red algae, Sea lettuce, Seaweed, Sex pheromone, Somatic (biology), Spindle apparatus, Spirogyra, Spirotaenia, Starch, Stigeoclonium, Streptophyta, Symbiogenesis, Thylakoid, Trebouxia, Trebouxiophyceae, Trentepohlia (alga), Turgor pressure, Ulvophyceae, Viridiplantae, Volvox, Volvox carteri, Xanthophyll, Zoospore, Zygnematales, Zygospore, Zygote. Expand index (58 more) »

Action potential

In physiology, an action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific axon location rapidly rises and falls: this depolarisation then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarise.

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Algae

Algae (singular alga) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic.

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Alternation of generations

Alternation of generations (also known as metagenesis) is the type of life cycle that occurs in those plants and algae in the Archaeplastida and the Heterokontophyta that have distinct sexual haploid and asexual diploid stages.

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American Journal of Botany

The American Journal of Botany is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which covers all aspects of plant biology.

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Archaeplastida

The Archaeplastida (or kingdom Plantae sensu lato) are a major group of eukaryotes, comprising the red algae (Rhodophyta), the green algae, and the land plants, together with a small group of freshwater unicellular algae called glaucophytes.

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Autotroph

An autotroph ("self-feeding", from the Greek autos "self" and trophe "nourishing") or producer, is an organism that produces complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) from simple substances present in its surroundings, generally using energy from light (photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis).

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Beta-Carotene

β-Carotene is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits.

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Cell plate

Phragmoplast and cell plate formation in a plant cell during cytokinesis. Left side: Phragmoplast forms and cell plate starts to assemble in the center of the cell. Towards the right: Phragmoplast enlarges in a donut-shape towards the outside of the cell, leaving behind mature cell plate in the center. The cell plate will transform into the new cell wall once cytokinesis is complete. Cytokinesis in terrestrial plants occurs by cell plate formation.

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Cell wall

A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane.

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Cellulose

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.

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Centriole

In cell biology a centriole is a cylindrical cellular organelle composed mainly of a protein called tubulin.

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Charophyceae

Charophyceae is a class (biology) of charophyte green algae, and consist of the single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts".

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Charophyta

Charophyta is a division of freshwater green algae.

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Chlorarachniophyte

The chlorarachniophytes are a small group of algae occasionally found in tropical oceans.

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Chlorodendrales

Chlorodendrales are an order of green, flagellated, thecate, unicellular eukaryotes, within the green algae class Chlorodendrophyceae.

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Chlorokybus

Chlorokybus is a genus of basal Green algae or Streptophyte containing the sole species Chlorokybus atmophyticus, a soil alga found in alpine areas.

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Chlorophyceae

The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology.

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Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll a is a specific form of chlorophyll used in oxygenic photosynthesis. It absorbs most energy from wavelengths of violet-blue and orange-red light. It also reflects green-yellow light, and as such contributes to the observed green color of most plants. This photosynthetic pigment is essential for photosynthesis in eukaryotes, cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes because of its role as primary electron donor in the electron transport chain. Chlorophyll a also transfers resonance energy in the antenna complex, ending in the reaction center where specific chlorophylls P680 and P700 are located.

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Chlorophyll b

Chlorophyll b is a form of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll b helps in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy. It is more soluble than chlorophyll ''a'' in polar solvents because of its carbonyl group. Its color is yellow, and it primarily absorbs blue light. In land plants, the light-harvesting antennae around photosystem II contain the majority of chlorophyll b. Hence, in shade-adapted chloroplasts, which have an increased ratio of photosystem II to photosystem I, there is a higher ratio of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a. This is adaptive, as increasing chlorophyll b increases the range of wavelengths absorbed by the shade chloroplasts.

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Chlorophyta

Chlorophyta is a division of green algae, informally called chlorophytes.

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Chlorophytina

The Chlorophytina are a proposed basal Tetraphytina clade.

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Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.

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Clade

A clade (from κλάδος, klados, "branch"), also known as monophyletic group, is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, and represents a single "branch" on the "tree of life".

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Cladistics

Cladistics (from Greek κλάδος, cládos, i.e., "branch") is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on the most recent common ancestor.

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Coenobium (morphology)

A coenobium (plural coenobia) is a colony containing a fixed number of cells, with little or no specialization.

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Coleochaetales

The Coleochaetales are an order of parenchymous charophyte algae, that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants.

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Crista

A crista (plural cristae) is a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

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Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.

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Cytoplasmic streaming

Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around fungal and plant cells.

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Embryophyte

The Embryophyta are the most familiar group of green plants that form vegetation on earth.

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Euglenid

Euglenids (euglenoids, or euglenophytes, formally Euglenida/Euglenoida, ICZN, or Euglenophyceae, ICBN) are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, which are excavate eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta and their cell structure is typical of that group.

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Fertilisation

Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, conception, fecundation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new individual organism.

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Flagellate

A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella.

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Flagellum

A flagellum (plural: flagella) is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain bacterial and eukaryotic cells.

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Flatworm

The flatworms, flat worms, Platyhelminthes, Plathelminthes, or platyhelminths (from the Greek πλατύ, platy, meaning "flat" and ἕλμινς (root: ἑλμινθ-), helminth-, meaning "worm") are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates.

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Flowering plant

The flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 295,383 known species.

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Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Ginkgo

Ginkgo is a genus of highly unusual non-flowering plants.

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Glaucophyte

The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of rare freshwater microscopic algae.

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Glycoprotein

Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.

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Graphidaceae

The Graphidaceae are a family of fungi in the order Ostropales.

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Halophyte

A halophyte is a plant that grows in waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs and seashores.

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Heat shock

In biochemistry, heat shock is the effect of subjecting a cell to a temperature that is greater than the optimal temperature range of function of the cell.

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Heterothallism

Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals.

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Hydra viridissima

Hydra viridissima (also known as Hydra viridis and Chlorohydra viridissima), or the green hydra, is a species of freshwater hydroid polyp in the genus ''Hydra'' found widely dispersed in the northern temperate zone.

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Isogamy

Isogamy is a form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology (similar shape and size), differing in general only in allele expression in one or more mating-type regions. Because both gametes look alike, they cannot be classified as "male" or "female". Instead, organisms undergoing isogamy are said to have different mating types, most commonly noted as "+" and "−" strains, although in some species of Basidiomycota there are more than two mating types (designated by numbers or letters). In all cases, fertilization occurs when gametes of two different mating types fuse to form a zygote.

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Klebsormidiaceae

The Klebsormidiaceae are a family containing three genera of charophyte green alga forming multicellular, non-branching filaments.

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Lichen

A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a symbiotic relationship.

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Mamiellophyceae

Mamiellophyceae is a class of green algae in the division Chlorophyta.

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Mating type

Mating types are molecular mechanisms that regulate compatibility in sexually reproducing eukaryotes.

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Meiosis

Meiosis (from Greek μείωσις, meiosis, which means lessening) is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them.

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Mesostigma

Mesostigma viride is a species of freshwater green algae.

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Mesostigmatophyceae

The Mesostigmatophyceae are basal green algae, and it contains two species.

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Mesotaeniaceae

The Mesotaeniaceae (senso stricto: Mesotaenium only) are a small family of unicellular green algae known as the "saccoderm desmids".

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Microtubule

Microtubules are tubular polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton that provides the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and some bacteria with structure and shape.

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Mitochondrion

The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.

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Mitosis

In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

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Model organism

A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.

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Monophyly

In cladistics, a monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.

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Nephroselmidaceae

Nephroselmidaceae is a family of green algae, the only family in the order Nephroselmidales and the class Nephrophyceae within the division Chlorophyta.

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Nucleomorph

Nucleomorphs are small, vestigial eukaryotic nuclei found between the inner and outer pairs of membranes in certain plastids.

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Oogamy

Oogamy is the familiar form of sexual reproduction.

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Organelle

In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, in which their function is vital for the cell to live.

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Osmoregulation

Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution) to keep the fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.

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Palmophyllales

The Palmophyllales are a deep-branching order of thalloid green alga, possibly forming a sister group to the Chlorophyta.

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Palmophyllophyceae

The Palmophyllophyceae are a proposed basal Chlorophyte clade consisting of the Palmophyllales and Prasinococcales.

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Paramecium

Paramecium (also Paramoecium) is a genus of unicellular ciliates, commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group.

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Paraphyly

In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a few—typically only one or two—monophyletic subgroups.

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Pedinophyceae

Pedinophyceae is a class of green algae in the division Chlorophyta.

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).

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Phragmoplast

Phragmoplast and cell plate formation in a plant cell during cytokinesis. Left side: Phragmoplast forms and cell plate starts to assemble in the center of the cell. Towards the right: Phragmoplast enlarges in a donut-shape towards the outside of the cell, leaving behind mature cell plate in the center. The cell plate will transform into the new cell wall once cytokinesis is complete. The phragmoplast is a plant cell specific structure that forms during late cytokinesis.

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Phragmoplastophyta

The Phragmoplastophyta (Lecointre & Guyander 2006) or Streptophytina (Lewis & McCourt 2004, incl. Coleochaetophyceae, Zygnematophyceae and Mesotaeniaceae) are a proposed sister clade of the Klebsormidiaceae, with which they form the Streptophyte/Charophyte clade.

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Phycoplast

Schematic representation of types of cytokinesis in the green algae: 1) Phycoplast formation with cleavage furrow (e.g. ''Chlamydomonas''); 2) Cleavage furrow and persistent telophase spindle (e.g. ''Klebsormidium''); 3) Phycoplast and cell plate formation (e.g. ''Fritschiella''); 4) Persistent telophase spindle/phragmoplast with cell plate formation (e.g. ''Coleochaete'') The phycoplast is a microtubule structure observed during cytokinesis in members of the Chlorophyceae, the largest class of green algae.

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Phylum

In biology, a phylum (plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below Kingdom and above Class.

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Pinophyta

The Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae, or commonly as conifers, are a division of vascular land plants containing a single extant class, Pinopsida.

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Plant

Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.

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Plastid

The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a double-membrane organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.

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Ploidy

Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.

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Prasinococcaceae

Prasinococcaceae is a family of green algae in the order Prasinococcales.

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Prasinophyceae

The Prasinophytes are a paraphyletic class of unicellular green algae.

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Pycnococcaceae

Pycnococcaceae is a family of green algae in the order Pseudoscourfieldiales.

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Pyramimonadales

Pyramimonadales are an order of green algae in the Chlorophyta.

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Red algae

The red algae, or Rhodophyta, are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae.

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Sea lettuce

The sea lettuces comprise the genus Ulva, a group of edible green algae that is widely distributed along the coasts of the world's oceans.

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Seaweed

Seaweed or macroalgae refers to several species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae.

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Sex pheromone

Sex pheromones are pheromones released by an organism to attract an individual of the opposite sex, encourage them to mate with them, or perform some other function closely related with sexual reproduction.

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Somatic (biology)

The term somatic is often used in biology to refer to the cells of the body in contrast to the germ line cells which usually give rise to the gametes (ovum or sperm).

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Spindle apparatus

In cell biology, the spindle apparatus (or mitotic spindle) refers to the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells.

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Spirogyra

Spirogyra (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteristic of the genus.

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Spirotaenia

Spirotaenia is a genus of basal green algae that may be sister to the Chlorokybophyceae.

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Starch

Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.

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Stigeoclonium

Stigeoclonium is a genus of green algae in the family Chaetophoraceae.

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Streptophyta

Streptophyta, informally the streptophytes (from the Greek strepto, for twisted, i.e., the morphology of the sperm of some members), is an unranked clade of plants.

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Symbiogenesis

Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms, first articulated in 1905 and 1910 by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski, and advanced and substantiated with microbiological evidence by Lynn Margulis in 1967.

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Thylakoid

A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.

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Trebouxia

Trebouxia is a genus of unicellular green algae in the family Trebouxiaceae.

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Trebouxiophyceae

The Trebouxiophyceae are a class of green algae, in the division Chlorophyta.

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Trentepohlia (alga)

Trentepohlia is a genus of filamentous chlorophyte green algae in the family Trentepohliaceae, living free on terrestrial supports such as tree trunks and wet rocks or symbiotically in lichens.

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Turgor pressure

Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.

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Ulvophyceae

The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.

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Viridiplantae

Viridiplantae (literally "green plants") are a clade of eukaryotic organisms made up of the green algae, which are primarily aquatic, and the land plants (embryophytes), which emerged within them.

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Volvox

Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae in the family Volvocaceae.

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Volvox carteri

Volvox carteri F.Stein 1873 is a species of colonial green algae in the order Volvocales.

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Xanthophyll

Xanthophylls (originally phylloxanthins) are yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes.

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Zoospore

A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion.

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Zygnematales

The Zygnematales (ζυγός (zygós) and νῆμα (nḗma) (nom.), νήματος (nḗmatos) (gen.)), also called the Conjugatales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in two families.

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Zygospore

A zygospore is a diploid reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungi and protists.

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Zygote

A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zygōtos "joined" or "yoked", from ζυγοῦν zygoun "to join" or "to yoke") is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.

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Algae, green, Green Algae, Green alga, Green algal, Green algæ.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae

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