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189 relations: Absolute zero, Aluminium, Ammonia, Amount of substance, Angular velocity, Antimony, Argon, Arsenic, Asphalt, Atmosphere (unit), Atmosphere of Earth, Avogadro constant, Beryllium, Bismuth, Bit, Black hole, Black hole thermodynamics, Boltzmann constant, Brick, Brillouin scattering, British thermal unit, Bulk density, Cadmium, Caloric theory, Calorie, Carbon dioxide, Centimetre–gram–second system of units, Charge radius, Chemical compound, Chemical engineering, Chemical polarity, Chromium, Civil engineering, Compressibility, Concrete, Construction, Copper, Debye model, Degrees of freedom (mechanics), Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry), Diamond, Diatomic molecule, Dimensional analysis, Dimensionless quantity, Dulong–Petit law, Early modern period, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Einstein solid, Electronic entropy, Energy, ..., English Engineering units, Enthalpy of fusion, Enthalpy of vaporization, Equation of state, Equipartition theorem, Ethanol, Fahrenheit, Ferromagnetism, Fundamental thermodynamic relation, Gas, Gas constant, Gasoline, Glass, Glass transition, Gold, Granite, Graphite, Gypsum, Harmonic oscillator, Hawking radiation, Heat, Heat capacity, Heat capacity ratio, Heat equation, Heat transfer coefficient, Helium, Homogeneity and heterogeneity, Hydrogen, Hydrogen bond, Hydrogen sulfide, Ideal gas, Intensive and extensive properties, Internal energy, International System of Units, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Iron, Isobaric process, Isochoric process, Isothermal process, Joback method, John Wiley & Sons, Joseph Black, Joule, Julius von Mayer, Kelvin, Kilogram, Kinetic energy, Latent heat, Lead, Liquid, Lithium, Magnesium, Marble, Mass, Material properties (thermodynamics), Measurement, Mercury (element), Methane, Methanol, Metre, Mica, Microstate continuum, Molar mass, Molar volume, Mole (unit), Molecular mass, Molten salt, Moment of inertia, Momentum, Monatomic gas, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Nanoscopic scale, Nat (unit), Negative temperature, Neon, Neutron scattering, Nitrogen, Normal mode, Orthogonality, Oxford University Press, Oxygen, Paraffin wax, Path integral Monte Carlo, Phase (matter), Photoacoustic effect, Physical quantity, Polyethylene, Polytropic process, Potential energy, Pound (mass), Pressure, Process function, Properties of water, Quantum mechanics, Quantum statistical mechanics, R-value (insulation), Rankine scale, Reduced mass, Rotational energy, Sand, Scotland, Second, Silicon dioxide, Silver, Sodium, Soil, Specific gravity, Spin isomers of hydrogen, Standard conditions for temperature and pressure, State variable, Statistical mechanics, Steel, Storage heater, Supercooling, Temperature, Thermal de Broglie wavelength, Thermal expansion, Thermal mass, Thermodynamic databases for pure substances, Thermodynamic equations, Thermodynamic system, Thermodynamic temperature, Thermodynamics, Third law of thermodynamics, Three-dimensional space, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, Uranium, Valence and conduction bands, Virial theorem, Volume (thermodynamics), Volumetric heat capacity, Water, Wood, Work (thermodynamics), X-ray scattering techniques, Yakov Frenkel, Zinc. Expand index (139 more) »
Absolute zero
Absolute zero is the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as 0.
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Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
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Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Amount of substance
Amount of substance (symbol for the quantity is 'n') is a standard-defined quantity that measures the size of an ensemble of elementary entities, such as atoms, molecules, electrons, and other particles.
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Angular velocity
In physics, the angular velocity of a particle is the rate at which it rotates around a chosen center point: that is, the time rate of change of its angular displacement relative to the origin.
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Antimony
Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from stibium) and atomic number 51.
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Argon
Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18.
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Arsenic
Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.
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Asphalt
Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.
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Atmosphere (unit)
The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as.
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Atmosphere of Earth
The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity.
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Avogadro constant
In chemistry and physics, the Avogadro constant (named after scientist Amedeo Avogadro) is the number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole.
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Beryllium
Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4.
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Bismuth
Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83.
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Bit
The bit (a portmanteau of binary digit) is a basic unit of information used in computing and digital communications.
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Black hole
A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing—not even particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from inside it.
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Black hole thermodynamics
In physics, black hole thermodynamics is the area of study that seeks to reconcile the laws of thermodynamics with the existence of black-hole event horizons.
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Boltzmann constant
The Boltzmann constant, which is named after Ludwig Boltzmann, is a physical constant relating the average kinetic energy of particles in a gas with the temperature of the gas.
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Brick
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction.
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Brillouin scattering
Brillouin scattering, named after Léon Brillouin, refers to the interaction of light and material waves within a medium.
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British thermal unit
The British thermal unit (Btu or BTU) is a traditional unit of heat; it is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
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Bulk density
Bulk density is a property of powders, granules, and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, (pharmaceutical) ingredients, foodstuff, or any other masses of corpuscular or particulate matter.
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Cadmium
Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48.
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Caloric theory
The caloric theory is an obsolete scientific theory that heat consists of a self-repellent fluid called caloric that flows from hotter bodies to colder bodies.
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Calorie
A calorie is a unit of energy.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Centimetre–gram–second system of units
The centimetre–gram–second system of units (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system based on the centimetre as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of time.
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Charge radius
The rms charge radius is a measure of the size of an atomic nucleus, particularly of a proton or a deuteron.
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Chemical compound
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
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Chemical engineering
Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering that uses principles of chemistry, physics, mathematics and economics to efficiently use, produce, transform, and transport chemicals, materials and energy.
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Chemical polarity
In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment.
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Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24.
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Civil engineering
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, and railways.
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Compressibility
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or isothermal compressibility) is a measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change.
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Concrete
Concrete, usually Portland cement concrete, is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time—most frequently a lime-based cement binder, such as Portland cement, but sometimes with other hydraulic cements, such as a calcium aluminate cement.
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Construction
Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.
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Copper
Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.
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Debye model
In thermodynamics and solid state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat (heat capacity) in a solid.
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Degrees of freedom (mechanics)
In physics, the degree of freedom (DOF) of a mechanical system is the number of independent parameters that define its configuration.
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Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)
In physics, a degree of freedom is an independent physical parameter in the formal description of the state of a physical system.
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Diamond
Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.
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Diatomic molecule
Diatomic molecules are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements.
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Dimensional analysis
In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base quantities (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units of measure (such as miles vs. kilometers, or pounds vs. kilograms) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.
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Dimensionless quantity
In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned.
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Dulong–Petit law
The Dulong–Petit law, a thermodynamic law proposed in 1819 by French physicists Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit, states the classical expression for the molar specific of certain chemical elements.
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Early modern period
The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era.
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Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
In linear algebra, an eigenvector or characteristic vector of a linear transformation is a non-zero vector that changes by only a scalar factor when that linear transformation is applied to it.
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Einstein solid
The Einstein solid is a model of a solid based on two assumptions.
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Electronic entropy
Electronic entropy is the entropy of a system attributable to electrons' probabilistic occupation of states.
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Energy
In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.
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English Engineering units
Some fields of engineering in the United States use a system of measurement of physical quantities known as the English Engineering units.
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Enthalpy of fusion
The enthalpy of fusion of a substance, also known as (latent) heat of fusion, is the change in its enthalpy resulting from providing energy, typically heat, to a specific quantity of the substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid, at constant pressure.
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Enthalpy of vaporization
The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol ∆Hvap) also known as the (latent) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the amount of energy (enthalpy) that must be added to a liquid substance, to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas.
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Equation of state
In physics and thermodynamics, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature (PVT), or internal energy.
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Equipartition theorem
In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies.
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Ethanol
Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.
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Fahrenheit
The Fahrenheit scale is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by Dutch-German-Polish physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736).
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Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets.
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Fundamental thermodynamic relation
In thermodynamics, the fundamental thermodynamic relation is generally expressed as a microscopic change in internal energy in terms of microscopic changes in entropy, and volume for a closed system in thermal equilibrium in the following way.
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Gas
Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma).
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Gas constant
The gas constant is also known as the molar, universal, or ideal gas constant, denoted by the symbol or and is equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole, i.e. the pressure-volume product, rather than energy per temperature increment per particle.
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Gasoline
Gasoline (American English), or petrol (British English), is a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in spark-ignited internal combustion engines.
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Glass
Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics.
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Glass transition
The glass–liquid transition, or glass transition, is the gradual and reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions within semicrystalline materials), from a hard and relatively brittle "glassy" state into a viscous or rubbery state as the temperature is increased.
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Gold
Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.
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Granite
Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture.
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Graphite
Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline allotrope of carbon, a semimetal, a native element mineral, and a form of coal.
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Gypsum
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.
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Harmonic oscillator
In classical mechanics, a harmonic oscillator is a system that, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force, F, proportional to the displacement, x: where k is a positive constant.
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Hawking radiation
Hawking radiation is blackbody radiation that is predicted to be released by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event horizon.
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Heat
In thermodynamics, heat is energy transferred from one system to another as a result of thermal interactions.
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Heat capacity
Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a measurable physical quantity equal to the ratio of the heat added to (or removed from) an object to the resulting temperature change.
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Heat capacity ratio
In thermal physics and thermodynamics, the heat capacity ratio or adiabatic index or ratio of specific heats or Poisson constant, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure to heat capacity at constant volume.
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Heat equation
The heat equation is a parabolic partial differential equation that describes the distribution of heat (or variation in temperature) in a given region over time.
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Heat transfer coefficient
The heat transfer coefficient or film coefficient, or film effectiveness, in thermodynamics and in mechanics is the proportionality constant between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat (i.e., the temperature difference, ΔT): The overall heat transfer rate for combined modes is usually expressed in terms of an overall conductance or heat transfer coefficient, U. In that case, the heat transfer rate is: where: The general definition of the heat transfer coefficient is: where: It is used in calculating the heat transfer, typically by convection or phase transition between a fluid and a solid.
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Helium
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.
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Homogeneity and heterogeneity
Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts often used in the sciences and statistics relating to the uniformity in a substance or organism.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is a partially electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen (H) which is bound to a more electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), and another adjacent atom bearing a lone pair of electrons.
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Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the chemical formula H2S.
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Ideal gas
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles whose only interactions are perfectly elastic collisions.
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Intensive and extensive properties
Physical properties of materials and systems can often be categorized as being either intensive or extensive quantities, according to how the property changes when the size (or extent) of the system changes.
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Internal energy
In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is the energy contained within the system, excluding the kinetic energy of motion of the system as a whole and the potential energy of the system as a whole due to external force fields.
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International System of Units
The International System of Units (SI, abbreviated from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement.
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International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations that represents chemists in individual countries.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Isobaric process
An isobaric process is a thermodynamic process in which the pressure stays constant: ΔP.
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Isochoric process
An isochoric process, also called a constant-volume process, an isovolumetric process, or an isometric process, is a thermodynamic process during which the volume of the closed system undergoing such a process remains constant.
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Isothermal process
An isothermal process is a change of a system, in which the temperature remains constant: ΔT.
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Joback method
The Joback method (often named Joback/Reid method) predicts eleven important and commonly used pure component thermodynamic properties from molecular structure only.
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John Wiley & Sons
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., also referred to as Wiley, is a global publishing company that specializes in academic publishing.
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Joseph Black
Joseph Black FRSE FRCPE FPSG (16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799) was a Scottish physician and chemist, known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide.
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Joule
The joule (symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units.
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Julius von Mayer
Julius Robert Mayer (November 25, 1814 – March 20, 1878) was a German physician, chemist and physicist and one of the founders of thermodynamics.
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Kelvin
The Kelvin scale is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics.
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Kilogram
The kilogram or kilogramme (symbol: kg) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI), and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK, also known as "Le Grand K" or "Big K"), a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy stored by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Saint-Cloud, France.
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Kinetic energy
In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion.
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Latent heat
Latent heat is thermal energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process — usually a first-order phase transition.
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Lead
Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
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Liquid
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
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Lithium
Lithium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3.
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Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
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Marble
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite.
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Mass
Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied.
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Material properties (thermodynamics)
The thermodynamic properties of materials are intensive thermodynamic parameters which are specific to a given material.
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Measurement
Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events.
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Mercury (element)
Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80.
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Methane
Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen).
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Methanol
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH).
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Metre
The metre (British spelling and BIPM spelling) or meter (American spelling) (from the French unit mètre, from the Greek noun μέτρον, "measure") is the base unit of length in some metric systems, including the International System of Units (SI).
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Mica
The mica group of sheet silicate (phyllosilicate) minerals includes several closely related materials having nearly perfect basal cleavage.
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Microstate continuum
A microstate continuum is the fluctuation spectrum of a thermodynamic system in the classical limit of high temperatures.
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Molar mass
In chemistry, the molar mass M is a physical property defined as the mass of a given substance (chemical element or chemical compound) divided by the amount of substance.
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Molar volume
The molar volume, symbol Vm, is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance (chemical element or chemical compound) at a given temperature and pressure.
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Mole (unit)
The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance.
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Molecular mass
Relative Molecular mass or molecular weight is the mass of a molecule.
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Molten salt
Molten salt is salt which is solid at standard temperature and pressure (STP) but enters the liquid phase due to elevated temperature.
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Moment of inertia
The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body is a tensor that determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis; similar to how mass determines the force needed for a desired acceleration.
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Momentum
In Newtonian mechanics, linear momentum, translational momentum, or simply momentum (pl. momenta) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object.
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Monatomic gas
In physics and chemistry, monatomic is a combination of the words "mono" and "atomic", and means "single atom".
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Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in astronomy and astrophysics.
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Nanoscopic scale
The nanoscopic scale (or nanoscale) usually refers to structures with a length scale applicable to nanotechnology, usually cited as 1–100 nanometers.
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Nat (unit)
The natural unit of information (symbol: nat), sometimes also nit or nepit, is a unit of information or entropy, based on natural logarithms and powers of ''e'', rather than the powers of 2 and base 2 logarithms, which define the bit.
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Negative temperature
In physics, certain systems can achieve negative temperature; that is, their thermodynamic temperature can be expressed as a negative quantity on the Kelvin or Rankine scales.
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Neon
Neon is a chemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10.
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Neutron scattering
Neutron scattering, the irregular dispersal of free neutrons by matter, can refer to either the naturally occurring physical process itself or to the man-made experimental techniques that use the natural process for investigating materials.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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Normal mode
A normal mode of an oscillating system is a pattern of motion in which all parts of the system move sinusoidally with the same frequency and with a fixed phase relation.
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Orthogonality
In mathematics, orthogonality is the generalization of the notion of perpendicularity to the linear algebra of bilinear forms.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Paraffin wax
Paraffin wax is a white or colourless soft solid, derived from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms.
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Path integral Monte Carlo
Path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) is a quantum Monte Carlo method in the path integral formulation of quantum statistical mechanics.
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Phase (matter)
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.
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Photoacoustic effect
The photoacoustic effect or optoacoustic effect is the formation of sound waves following light absorption in a material sample.
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Physical quantity
A physical quantity is a physical property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, that can be quantified by measurement.or we can say that quantities which we come across during our scientific studies are called as the physical quantities...
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Polyethylene
Polyethylene or polythene (abbreviated PE; IUPAC name polyethene or poly(ethylene)) is the most common plastic.
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Polytropic process
A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process that obeys the relation: where p is the pressure, V is volume, n is the polytropic index, and C is a constant.
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Potential energy
In physics, potential energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.
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Pound (mass)
The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement.
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Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
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Process function
In thermodynamics, a quantity that is well defined so as to describe the path of a process through the equilibrium state space of a thermodynamic system is termed a process function, or, alternatively, a process quantity, or a path function.
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Properties of water
Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" and the "solvent of life". It is the most abundant substance on Earth and the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface. It is also the third most abundant molecule in the universe. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and are strongly polar. This polarity allows it to separate ions in salts and strongly bond to other polar substances such as alcohols and acids, thus dissolving them. Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties, such as having a solid form less dense than its liquid form, a relatively high boiling point of 100 °C for its molar mass, and a high heat capacity. Water is amphoteric, meaning that it is both an acid and a base—it produces + and - ions by self-ionization.
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Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
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Quantum statistical mechanics
Quantum statistical mechanics is statistical mechanics applied to quantum mechanical systems.
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R-value (insulation)
In building and construction, the R-value is a measure of how well an object, per unit of its exposed area, resists conductive flow of heat: the greater the R-value, the greater the resistance, and so the better the thermal insulating properties of the object.
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Rankine scale
The Rankine scale is an absolute scale of thermodynamic temperature named after the Glasgow University engineer and physicist William John Macquorn Rankine, who proposed it in 1859.
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Reduced mass
In physics, the reduced mass is the "effective" inertial mass appearing in the two-body problem of Newtonian mechanics.
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Rotational energy
Rotational energy or angular kinetic energy is kinetic energy due to the rotation of an object and is part of its total kinetic energy.
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Sand
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
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Scotland
Scotland (Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain.
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Second
The second is the SI base unit of time, commonly understood and historically defined as 1/86,400 of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each.
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Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
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Silver
Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47.
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Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
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Soil
Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.
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Specific gravity
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance; equivalently, it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the same given volume.
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Spin isomers of hydrogen
Molecular hydrogen occurs in two isomeric forms, one with its two proton nuclear spins aligned parallel (orthohydrogen), the other with its two proton spins aligned antiparallel (parahydrogen).
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Standard conditions for temperature and pressure
Standard conditions for temperature and pressure are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to be established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data.
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State variable
A state variable is one of the set of variables that are used to describe the mathematical "state" of a dynamical system.
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Statistical mechanics
Statistical mechanics is one of the pillars of modern physics.
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Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements.
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Storage heater
A storage heater or heat bank (Australia) is an electrical heater which stores thermal energy during the evening, or at night when base load electricity is available at lower cost, and releases the heat during the day as required.
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Supercooling
Supercooling, also known as undercooling, is the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid or a gas below its freezing point without it becoming a solid.
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Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold.
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Thermal de Broglie wavelength
In physics, the thermal de Broglie wavelength (\lambda_) is roughly the average de Broglie wavelength of the gas particles in an ideal gas at the specified temperature.
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Thermal expansion
Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature.
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Thermal mass
In building design, thermal mass is a property of the mass of a building which enables it to store heat, providing "inertia" against temperature fluctuations.
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Thermodynamic databases for pure substances
Thermodynamic databases contain information about thermodynamic properties for substances, the most important being enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy.
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Thermodynamic equations
Thermodynamics is expressed by a mathematical framework of thermodynamic equations which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties measured in a laboratory or production process.
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Thermodynamic system
A thermodynamic system is the material and radiative content of a macroscopic volume in space, that can be adequately described by thermodynamic state variables such as temperature, entropy, internal energy, and pressure.
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Thermodynamic temperature
Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature and is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics.
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Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.
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Third law of thermodynamics
The third law of thermodynamics is sometimes stated as follows, regarding the properties of systems in thermodynamic equilibrium: At absolute zero (zero kelvin) the system must be in a state with the minimum possible energy.
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Three-dimensional space
Three-dimensional space (also: 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional space) is a geometric setting in which three values (called parameters) are required to determine the position of an element (i.e., point).
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Tin
Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.
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Titanium
Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22.
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Tungsten
Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W (referring to wolfram) and atomic number 74.
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Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.
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Valence and conduction bands
In solid-state physics, the valence band and conduction band are the bands closest to the Fermi level and thus determine the electrical conductivity of the solid.
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Virial theorem
In mechanics, the virial theorem provides a general equation that relates the average over time of the total kinetic energy, \left\langle T \right\rangle, of a stable system consisting of N particles, bound by potential forces, with that of the total potential energy, \left\langle V_\text \right\rangle, where angle brackets represent the average over time of the enclosed quantity.
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Volume (thermodynamics)
In thermodynamics, the volume of a system is an important extensive parameter for describing its thermodynamic state.
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Volumetric heat capacity
Volumetric heat capacity (VHC), also termed volume-specific heat capacity, describes the ability of a given volume of a substance to store internal energy while undergoing a given temperature change, but without undergoing a phase transition.
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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Wood
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants.
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Work (thermodynamics)
In thermodynamics, work performed by a system is the energy transferred by the system to its surroundings, that is fully accounted for solely by macroscopic forces exerted on the system by factors external to it, that is to say, factors in its surroundings.
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X-ray scattering techniques
X-ray scattering techniques are a family of non-destructive analytical techniques which reveal information about the crystal structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of materials and thin films.
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Yakov Frenkel
Yakov Il'ich Frenkel (Яков Ильич Френкель) (10 February 1894 – 23 January 1952) was a Soviet physicist renowned for his works in the field of condensed matter physics.
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Zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
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Atomic heat, C sub p, Freeze-out temperature, Heat Capacity, Heat capacities, Joule per kilogram-kelvin, Massic heat, Molal heat capacity, Molal specific heat, Molar heat, Molar heat capacity, Molar specific heat, Molecular heat capacity, Molecular specific heat, Specific Heat, Specific Heat Capacity, Specific heat, Specific heat at STP, Specific heat capacity, Specific heat of solids, Specific heats, Thermal capacities, Thermal capacity.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity
