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143 relations: Acid, Acute intermittent porphyria, ALAS1, ALAS2, Aldehyde, Amino acid, Aminolevulinic acid, Ancient Greek, Aspartic acid, Bile, Bilirubin, Bilirubin diglucuronide, Biliverdin, Biliverdin reductase, Biology, Blood, Bohr effect, Bone marrow, Bromide, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Carbonic acid, Carboxy-lyases, Catalase, Catalysis, Chloride, Chlorin, Chlorophyll, Citric acid cycle, Cobalamin, Cofactor (biochemistry), Colorectal cancer, Conformational change, Coordination complex, Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase, Corrin, Cyanobacteria, Cysteine, Cytochrome, Cytochrome c oxidase, Dehydratase, Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, Diatomic molecule, Electron transfer, Electron transport chain, Endothelial NOS, Eosinophil peroxidase, Erythropoietic protoporphyria, Ester, Farnesene, ..., Feces, Fenton's reagent, Ferrochelatase, Ferrous, Formaldehyde, Globin, Glucuronic acid, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Gut flora, Haem peroxidase, Hans Fischer, Heme A, Heme B, Heme C, Heme O, Heme oxygenase, Hemeprotein, Hemin, Hemoglobin, Hemopexin, Hereditary coproporphyria, Histidine, Homeostasis, Hypobromite, Inborn errors of metabolism, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ion, Iron, Kidney, Lactoperoxidase, Ligand, Ligand (biochemistry), Liver, Malaria, Metalloprotein, Methyl group, Mitochondrion, Molecule, Myeloperoxidase, Myoglobin, Neutrophil, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, Organism, Oxidase, Oxidative stress, Oxygen, Peroxidase, Peroxide, PH, Phosphate, Photosynthesis, Pichia pastoris, Pigment, Porphobilinogen deaminase, Porphyria, Porphyria cutanea tarda, Porphyrin, Programmed cell death, Propionic acid, Proportionality (mathematics), Protoporphyrin IX, Protoporphyrinogen oxidase, Pyrrole, Radical (chemistry), Reaction mechanism, Redox, Respiration (physiology), Sepsis, Serum albumin, Spirolactone, Spleen, Stercobilin, Stercobilinogen, Steric effects, Succinyl-CoA, Sulfonamide, Sulfur, Synthase, Thyroid peroxidase, Tissue (biology), Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid, Uridine monophosphate, Urine, Urobilin, Urobilinogen, Uroporphyrinogen, Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase, Uroporphyrinogen III synthase, Variegate porphyria, Vinyl group, Vitamin B12. Expand index (93 more) »
Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).
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Acute intermittent porphyria
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a genetic metabolic disorder affecting the production of heme, the oxygen-binding prosthetic group of hemoglobin.
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ALAS1
Delta-aminolevulinate synthase 1 also known as ALAS1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALAS1 gene.
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ALAS2
Delta-aminolevulinate synthase 2 also known as ALAS2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALAS2 gene.
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Aldehyde
An aldehyde or alkanal is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Aminolevulinic acid
δ-Aminolevulinic acid (also dALA, δ-ALA, 5ALA or 5-aminolevulinic acid), an endogenous non-protein amino acid, is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway, the pathway that leads to heme in mammals and chlorophyll in plants.
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; salts known as aspartates), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Bile
Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
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Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates.
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Bilirubin diglucuronide
Bilirubin diglucuronide is a conjugated form of bilirubin formed in bilirubin metabolism.
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Biliverdin
Biliverdin is a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment, and is a product of heme catabolism.
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Biliverdin reductase
Biliverdin reductase (BVR) is an enzyme found in all tissues under normal conditions, but especially in reticulo-macrophages of the liver and spleen.
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Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.
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Blood
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
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Bohr effect
The Bohr effect is a physiological phenomenon first described in 1904 by the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr: hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity (see Oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve) is inversely related both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide.
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Bone marrow
Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.
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Bromide
A bromide is a chemical compound containing a bromide ion or ligand.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air.
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Carbonic acid
Carbonic acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H2CO3 (equivalently OC(OH)2).
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Carboxy-lyases
Carboxy-lyases, also known as decarboxylases, are carbon–carbon lyases that add or remove a carboxyl group from organic compounds.
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Catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals).
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Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.
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Chloride
The chloride ion is the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl−.
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Chlorin
In organic chemistry, a chlorin is a large heterocyclic aromatic ring consisting, at the core, of three pyrroles and one pyrroline coupled through four CH- linkages.
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Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.
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Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Cobalamin
Cobalamin (Cbl) is a general term that is referred to a number of compounds, that have cobalt ion in the middle, hence the name of the compound.
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Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.
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Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer and colon cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine).
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Conformational change
In biochemistry, a conformational change is a change in the shape of a macromolecule, often induced by environmental factors.
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Coordination complex
In chemistry, a coordination complex consists of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents.
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Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase
Coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase, mitochondrial (abbreviated as CPOX) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPOX gene.
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Corrin
Corrin is a heterocyclic compound.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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Cysteine
Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.
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Cytochrome
Cytochromes are heme-containing proteins.
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Cytochrome c oxidase
The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV, is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and in eukaryotes in their mitochondria.
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Dehydratase
Dehydratases are a group of lyase enzymes that form double and triple bonds in a substrate through the removal of water.
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Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALAD gene.
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Diatomic molecule
Diatomic molecules are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements.
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Electron transfer
Electron transfer (ET) occurs when an electron relocates from an atom or molecule to another such chemical entity.
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Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.
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Endothelial NOS
Endothelial NOS (eNOS), also known as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) or constitutive NOS (cNOS), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOS3 gene located in the 7q35-7q36 region of chromosome 7.
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Eosinophil peroxidase
Eosinophil peroxidase is an enzyme found within the eosinophil granulocytes, innate immune cells of humans and mammals.
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Erythropoietic protoporphyria
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a form of porphyria, which varies in severity and can be very painful.
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Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group.
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Farnesene
The term farnesene refers to a set of six closely related chemical compounds which all are sesquiterpenes.
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Feces
Feces (or faeces) are the solid or semisolid remains of the food that could not be digested in the small intestine.
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Fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent is a solution of hydrogen peroxide with ferrous iron as a catalyst that is used to oxidize contaminants or waste waters.
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Ferrochelatase
Ferrochelatase (or protoporphyrin ferrochelatase) is an enzyme that is encoded by the FECH gene in humans.
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Ferrous
In chemistry, ferrous (Fe2+), indicates a divalent iron compound (+2 oxidation state), as opposed to ferric, which indicates a trivalent iron compound (+3 oxidation state).
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Formaldehyde
No description.
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Globin
The globins are a superfamily of heme-containing globular proteins, involved in binding and/or transporting oxygen.
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Glucuronic acid
Glucuronic acid (from Greek γλυκύς "sweet" and οὖρον "urine") is a uronic acid that was first isolated from urine (hence the name).
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Glucuronosyltransferase
Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UGT) is a cytosolic glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of the glucuronic acid component of UDP-glucuronic acid to a small hydrophobic molecule.
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Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.
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Glycine
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
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Gut flora
Gut flora, or gut microbiota, or gastrointestinal microbiota, is the complex community of microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of humans and other animals, including insects.
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Haem peroxidase
Haem peroxidases (or heme peroxidases) are haem-containing enzymes that use hydrogen peroxide as the electron acceptor to catalyse a number of oxidative reactions.
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Hans Fischer
Hans Fischer (27 July 1881 – 31 March 1945) was a German organic chemist and the recipient of the 1930 Nobel Prize for Chemistry "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin.".
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Heme A
Heme A (or haem A) is a heme, a coordination complex consisting of a macrocyclic ligand called a porphyrin, chelating an iron atom.
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Heme B
Heme B or haem B (also known as protoheme IX) is the most abundant heme.
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Heme C
Heme C (or haem C) is an important kind of heme.
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Heme O
Heme O (or haem O) differs from the closely related heme A by having a methyl group at ring position 8 instead of the formyl group.
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Heme oxygenase
Heme oxygenase or haem oxygenase (HO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme.
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Hemeprotein
A hemeprotein (or haemprotein; also hemoprotein or haemoprotein), or heme protein, is a protein that contains a heme prosthetic group.
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Hemin
Hemin (haemin; ferric chloride heme) is an iron-containing porphyrin with chlorine that can be formed from a haem group, such as haem b found in the haemoglobin of human blood.
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.
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Hemopexin
Hemopexin (or haemopexin; Hpx; Hx), also known as beta-1B-glycoprotein, is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the HPX gene and belongs to hemopexin family of proteins.
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Hereditary coproporphyria
Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) is a disorder of heme biosynthesis, classified as an acute hepatic porphyria.
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Histidine
Histidine (symbol His or H) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.
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Hypobromite
The hypobromite ion, also called alkaline bromine water, is BrO−.
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Inborn errors of metabolism
Inborn errors of metabolism form a large class of genetic diseases involving congenital disorders of metabolism.
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International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations that represents chemists in individual countries.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Kidney
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.
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Lactoperoxidase
Lactoperoxidase is a peroxidase enzyme secreted from mammary, salivary, and other mucosal glands that functions as a natural antibacterial agent.
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Ligand
In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.
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Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.
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Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
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Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.
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Metalloprotein
Metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor.
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Methyl group
A methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms — CH3.
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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Myeloperoxidase
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MPO gene on chromosome 17.
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Myoglobin
Myoglobin (symbol Mb or MB) is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals.
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Neutrophil
Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant (40% to 70%) type of white blood cells in most mammals.
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.
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Organism
In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.
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Oxidase
An oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation-reduction reaction, especially one involving dioxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor.
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Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Peroxidase
Peroxidases (EC number) are a large family of enzymes that typically catalyze a reaction of the form: For many of these enzymes the optimal substrate is hydrogen peroxide, but others are more active with organic hydroperoxides such as lipid peroxides.
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Peroxide
Peroxide is a compound with the structure R-O-O-R. The O−O group in a peroxide is called the peroxide group or peroxo group.
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PH
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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Phosphate
A phosphate is chemical derivative of phosphoric acid.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
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Pichia pastoris
Pichia pastoris is a species of methylotrophic yeast.
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Pigment
A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption.
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Porphobilinogen deaminase
Porphobilinogen deaminase (hydroxymethylbilane synthase, or uroporphyrinogen I synthase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HMBS gene.
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Porphyria
Porphyria is a group of diseases in which substances called porphyrins build up, negatively affecting the skin or nervous system.
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Porphyria cutanea tarda
Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is the most common subtype of porphyria.
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Porphyrin
Porphyrins (/phɔɹfɚɪn/ ''POUR-fer-in'') are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (.
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Programmed cell death
Programmed cell death (or PCD) is the death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program.
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Propionic acid
Propionic acid (from the Greek words protos, meaning "first", and pion, meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula C2H5COOH.
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Proportionality (mathematics)
In mathematics, two variables are proportional if there is always a constant ratio between them.
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Protoporphyrin IX
Protoporphyrin IX is an organic compound, which is one of the most common porphyrins in nature.
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Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPOX gene.
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Pyrrole
Pyrrole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula C4H4NH.
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Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.
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Reaction mechanism
In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical change occurs.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Respiration (physiology)
In physiology, respiration is defined as the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
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Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.
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Serum albumin
Serum albumin, often referred to simply as blood albumin, is an albumin (a type of globular protein) found in vertebrate blood.
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Spirolactone
Spirolactones are a class of functional group in organic chemistry featuring a cyclic ester attatched spiro to another ring system.
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Spleen
The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates.
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Stercobilin
Stercobilin is a tetrapyrrolic bile pigment and is one end-product of heme catabolism.
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Stercobilinogen
Stercobilinogen (fecal urobilinogen) is a chemical created by bacteria in the gut.
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Steric effects
Steric effects are nonbonding interactions that influence the shape (conformation) and reactivity of ions and molecules.
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Succinyl-CoA
Succinyl-Coenzyme A, abbreviated as Succinyl-CoA or SucCoA, is a combination of succinic acid and coenzyme A.
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Sulfonamide
In chemistry, the sulfonamide functional group (also spelled sulphonamide) is -S(.
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Sulfur
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
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Synthase
In biochemistry, a synthase is an enzyme that catalyses a synthesis process.
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Thyroid peroxidase
Thyroid peroxidase, also called thyroperoxidase (TPO) or iodide peroxidase, is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid where it is secreted into colloid.
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Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.
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Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid
UDP glucuronic acid is a sugar used in the creation of polysaccharides and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid (except in primates and guinea pigs).
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Uridine monophosphate
Uridine monophosphate (UMP), also known as 5′-uridylic acid (conjugate base uridylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA.
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Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many animals.
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Urobilin
Urobilin or urochrome is the chemical primarily responsible for the yellow color of urine.
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Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is a colorless by-product of bilirubin reduction.
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Uroporphyrinogen
Uroporphyrinogens are cyclic tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups ("P" groups) and four acetic acid groups ("A" groups).
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Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase
Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase (uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, or UROD) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UROD gene.
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Uroporphyrinogen III synthase
Uroporphyrinogen III synthase is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of the cyclic tetrapyrrole compound porphyrin.
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Variegate porphyria
Variegate porphyria, also known by several other names, is an autosomal dominant porphyria that can have acute (severe but usually not long-lasting) symptoms along with symptoms that affect the skin.
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Vinyl group
In chemistry, vinyl or ethenyl is the functional group with the formula −CH.
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Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that is involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body: it is a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.
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Redirects here:
Haem, Haeme, Heme D, Heme L, Heme M, Heme S, Heme biosynthesis, Heme group, Heme proteins, Hæmin.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme
