Communication

619 relations: A History of Christianity (Johnson book), A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years, Abbey, Abbot, Absenteeism, Acts of the Apostles, Age of Discovery, Age of Enlightenment, Albigensian Crusade, Aleksandras Stulginskis, Aleksey Khomyakov, Alexios I Komnenos, Ambrose, Amiens, Anglicanism, Anglo-Saxons, Anselm of Canterbury, Ansgar, Antagonist, Ante-Nicene Period, Anthony the Great, Anti-clericalism, Antilegomena, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Antipope Clement VII, Antireligion, Antisemitism, Apostasy, Apostles, Apostolic Age, Apostolic Fathers, Apostolic succession, Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishopric of Bremen, Arianism, Arius, Armenian Genocide, Assyrian genocide, Athanasius of Alexandria, Athenagoras I of Constantinople, Augustine of Canterbury, Augustine of Hippo, Augustinians, Autocephaly, Avignon, Avignon Papacy, Azusa Street Revival, Baptists, Barbara (Yakovleva), Barlaam of Seminara, ..., Bartholomew I of Constantinople, Basil of Caesarea, Battle of Manzikert, Battle of the Milvian Bridge, Battle of Vienna, Battle on the Ice, Belarus, Belarusians, Benedict of Nursia, Bernard of Clairvaux, Bible, Biblical inerrancy, Biblical law, Birka, Bishop, Bolsheviks, Book of Revelation, Boris I of Bulgaria, Bourgeoisie, Brothers of Jesus, Bulgarian language, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Iconoclasm, Calvinism, Canon (priest), Canon law, Canute IV of Denmark, Capital punishment, Cardinal Richelieu, Carolingian Renaissance, Catacombs, Catharism, Catherine of Aragon, Catholic Church, Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965, Cîteaux Abbey, Celtic Christianity, Cenobitic monasticism, Charisma, Charismatic Movement, Charlemagne, Charles Borromeo, Charles Taze Russell, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Christ myth theory, Christendom, Christian apologetics, Christian Church, Christian contemplation, Christian denomination, Christian fundamentalism, Christian mission, Christian monasticism, Christianity, Christianity and Paganism, Christianity in the 10th century, Christianity in the 12th century, Christianity in the 15th century, Christianity in the 1st century, Christianity in the 21st century, Christianity in the 4th century, Christianity in the 5th century, Christianity in the 6th century, Christianity in the 8th century, Christianity in the 9th century, Christianization, Christianization of Kievan Rus', Christology, Church and state in medieval Europe, Church Fathers, Church of England, Church of Mary Magdalene, Church of the East, Church reform of Peter the Great, Church Slavonic language, Circumcision controversies, Circumcision controversy in early Christianity, Cistercians, Classics, Clement of Alexandria, Clement of Ohrid, Clovis I, Cluny Abbey, Columba, Columbanus, Communist International, Community of Christ, Concordat of Worms, Congregational church, Constantine the Great, Constantinople, Continental philosophy, Cornelius the Centurion, Council of Chalcedon, Council of Clermont, Council of Constance, Council of Ephesus, Council of Florence, Council of Hieria, Council of Jamnia, Council of Jerusalem, Council of Preslav, Council of Trent, Councils of Carthage, Counter-Reformation, County of Edessa, Creed, Crosier, Cultural imperialism, Cyril of Jerusalem, Dachau, Deacon, Defence of the Seven Sacraments, Development of the New Testament canon, Dhimmitude, Dialectic, Diarmaid MacCulloch, Dictatus papae, Diet of Speyer (1529), Diet of Worms, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Diocletianic Persecution, Disciple (Christianity), Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Divine providence, Docetism, Doctrine and Covenants, Dominican Order, Donatello, Donatism, Donato Bramante, Dualistic cosmology, Dura-Europos synagogue, Dutch Reformed Church, Early Christianity, East Francia, East–West Schism, Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern Christianity, Eastern Europe, Eastern Orthodox Church, Ecclesiastical ring, Ecclesiology, Ecumene, Ecumenical council, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Ecumenism, Edict of Milan, Edict of Serdica, Edict of Thessalonica, Edward Gibbon, Edward VI of England, Elder (Christianity), Elizabeth I of England, End time, Enemy of the people, English Reformation, Epistle, Essence–energies distinction, Eternal life (Christianity), Ethnarch, Eucharist, Evangelical counsels, Evangelicalism, Exsurge Domine, Exuperius, Fall of Constantinople, False prophet, Fidei defensor, Filioque, Filippo Brunelleschi, First Apology of Justin Martyr, First Council of Constantinople, First Council of Nicaea, First Crusade, First Epistle of Clement, First Great Awakening, First Jewish–Roman War, First seven ecumenical councils, Flight to Pella, Foederati, Foreskin restoration, Fourth Crusade, Fra Angelico, Francia, Francis of Assisi, Francis Xavier, Franciscans, Franks, French Republican Calendar, French Revolution, French school of spirituality, Frisians, Galerius, Galileo affair, Galileo Galilei, Gaul, Geneva, Gennadius Scholarius, Germania, Germanic peoples, Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa, Glagolitic script, Gnosticism, God, God the Father, God the Son, Goths, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia, Great Awakening, Great Commission, Great Fire of Rome, Greek East and Latin West, Greek genocide, Greek Orthodox Church, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Greeks, Gregorian Reform, Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory Palamas, Gregory V of Constantinople, Grossmünster, Gulag, Hagia Sophia, Heaven, Helena (empress), Heliocentrism, Hellenistic period, Henry I of England, Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VIII of England, Heresy, Heresy in Christianity, Hermit, Hesychasm, Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles, History of Christian theology, History of late ancient Christianity, History of Oriental Orthodoxy, History of Protestantism, History of the Catholic Church, History of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Holiness movement, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Empire, Holy See, Holy Spirit, House of Habsburg, Huldrych Zwingli, Human rights, Humanism, Hymn, Hypostatic union, Ignatius of Antioch, Incarnation (Christianity), Index Librorum Prohibitorum, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indulgence, Industrial Revolution, Institutes of the Christian Religion, International Council of Christians and Jews, Internet Archive, Investiture, Investiture Controversy, Irenaeus, Islam, James, son of Zebedee, Jan Hus, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jerome, Jerusalem, Jewish Christian, Jews, Johann Lorenz von Mosheim, John Anthony McGuckin, John Bowden (theologian), John Chrysostom, John the Baptist, John VI Kantakouzenos, John Wycliffe, Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, Joseph Smith, Judaizers, Julian (emperor), Justification (theology), Justin Martyr, Kashrut, Kievan Rus', Knyaz, Language of Jesus, Language of the New Testament, Latin, Latin Empire, Latter Day Saint movement, Left-wing politics, Leo III the Isaurian, Leonardo da Vinci, Liberal Christianity, Licinius, List of Byzantine emperors, List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement, Lollardy, Louis the Pious, Louis XIV of France, Low Countries, Lullus, Lutheran World Federation, Lutheranism, Magisterial Reformation, Marcionism, Martin Luther, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Mary I of England, Mary, mother of Jesus, Matteo Ricci, Matthew 10, Mälaren, Medieval Inquisition, Mediterranean Basin, Mehmed the Conqueror, Mendicant orders, Merovingian dynasty, Methodism, Miaphysitism, Michael I Cerularius, Michael III, Michelangelo, Middle Ages, Milan, Millet (Ottoman Empire), Ministry of Jesus, Mit brennender Sorge, Monastery, Mormons, Most Holy Synod, Mount Athos, Muratorian fragment, Neoplatonism, Nepotism, Nero, Nestorius, New Martyr, New Testament, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Nicene Creed, Nicolaus Copernicus, Ninety-five Theses, Northern Crusades, Olaf Tryggvason, Old Church Slavonic, On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis, Order of Saint Benedict, Oriental Orthodoxy, Origen, Orthodoxy, Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, Ottoman Empire, Pachomius the Great, Paganism, Papal conclave, Papal primacy, Parthenon, Passion of Jesus, Pastoral care, Patriarch of Alexandria, Patriarch of Antioch, Patristics, Paul Johnson (writer), Paul the Apostle, Pauline Christianity, Pauline epistles, Pavel Florensky, Pentarchy, Pentecostalism, People of the Book, Persecution of Christians, Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, Philip Carrington, Philosophy, Photios I of Constantinople, Pietism, Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony), Pogrom, Political science, Polycarp, Pope, Pope Adrian II, Pope Alexander VI, Pope Clement I, Pope Clement V, Pope Clement VII, Pope Damasus I, Pope Gregory I, Pope Gregory III, Pope Gregory VII, Pope Gregory XI, Pope Innocent I, Pope Innocent III, Pope John Paul II, Pope John VII, Pope John VIII, Pope John XXIII, Pope Julius II, Pope Leo X, Pope Leo XIII, Pope Martin V, Pope Paul III, Pope Pius V, Pope Pius XI, Pope Pius XII, Pope Sixtus IV, Pope Urban II, Pope Urban VI, Post-Resurrection appearances of Jesus, Predestination in Calvinism, Presbyter, Presbyterianism, Primacy of Peter, Primary source, Primus inter pares, Prince Constantine Constantinovich of Russia, Prince Igor Constantinovich of Russia, Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918), Priscillian, Procurator (Russia), Proselyte, Protagonist, Protestantism, Protestation at Speyer, Proto-orthodox Christianity, Psikhushka, Puritans, Rabbinic Judaism, Radical Reformation, Raphael, Rastislav of Moravia, Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, Redbad, King of the Frisians, Reformation, Relationship between religion and science, Relic, Religious text, Renaissance, Reprobation, Restoration Movement, Resurrection, Resurrection of the dead, Revolutions of 1848, Rhetoric, Richard and Joan Ostling, Richard I of England, Road to Canossa, Rodney Stark, Role of Christianity in civilization, Roman aqueduct, Roman Britain, Roman Catechism, Roman Empire, Roman Inquisition, Rule of Saint Benedict, Rus' people, Russian Civil War, Russian Empire, Russian Orthodox Church, Russification, Rusyns, Sacrament, Sacraments of the Catholic Church, Saint Boniface, Saint Dominic, Saint Naum, Saint Patrick, Saint Peter, Saint Stephen, Saints Cyril and Methodius, Saladin, Samizdat, Sarcophagus, Sasanian Empire, Saxons, Scholasticism, School of Edessa, Scotland, Second Coming, Second Council of Lyon, Second Council of Nicaea, Second Crusade, Second Vatican Council, Second War of Kappel, Seljuq dynasty, Semi-Arianism, Seminary, Septuagint, Serbs, Sharashka, Sharia, Sidereus Nuncius, Simony, Slavic languages, Slavs, Society of Jesus, Sola fide, Sola scriptura, Spanish mystics, Split of early Christianity and Judaism, St. Peter's Basilica, State atheism, State church of the Roman Empire, Sublime Porte, Substitutionary atonement, Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan, Synagogue, Synod of Hippo, Synod of Jerusalem (1672), Syriac Christianity, Tacitus, Telescope, Tertullian, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Fundamentals, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The Holocaust, The Reformation: A History, The Rise of Christianity, Theodosius I, Theodosius II, Theology, Theology of John Calvin, Thessaloniki, Third Crusade, Third Great Awakening, Third Rome, Thirty-nine Articles, Thomas Cajetan, Thomas Cranmer, Thomism, Timeline of Christian missions, Timeline of Christianity, Timeline of the Catholic Church, Totalitarianism, Transubstantiation, Trinity, Tsar, Ukraine, Ulfilas, Unconditional election, United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany, Utrecht, Venice, Virgin birth of Jesus, Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Lossky, Vladimir Paley, Waldensians, Wales, Western Christianity, Western Roman Empire, Western Schism, Westminster Confession of Faith, White movement, Wilfrid, William Laud, Willibrord, Zadar, Zürich, Zoroastrianism. Expand index (569 more) » « Shrink index

A History of Christianity (Johnson book)

A History of Christianity is a 1976 study of the history of Christianity by the British historian Paul Johnson.

New!!: History of Christianity and A History of Christianity (Johnson book) · See more »

A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years

A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years is a 2009 book by the British ecclesiastical historian Diarmaid MacCulloch.

New!!: History of Christianity and A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years · See more »

Abbey

An abbey is a complex of buildings used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess.

New!!: History of Christianity and Abbey · See more »

Abbot

Abbot, meaning father, is an ecclesiastical title given to the male head of a monastery in various traditions, including Christianity.

New!!: History of Christianity and Abbot · See more »

Absenteeism

Absenteeism is a habitual pattern of absence from a duty or obligation without good reason.

New!!: History of Christianity and Absenteeism · See more »

Acts of the Apostles

Acts of the Apostles (Πράξεις τῶν Ἀποστόλων, Práxeis tôn Apostólōn; Actūs Apostolōrum), often referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Acts of the Apostles · See more »

Age of Discovery

The Age of Discovery, or the Age of Exploration (approximately from the beginning of the 15th century until the end of the 18th century) is an informal and loosely defined term for the period in European history in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and was the beginning of globalization.

New!!: History of Christianity and Age of Discovery · See more »

Age of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".

New!!: History of Christianity and Age of Enlightenment · See more »

Albigensian Crusade

The Albigensian Crusade or the Cathar Crusade (1209–1229) was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, in southern France.

New!!: History of Christianity and Albigensian Crusade · See more »

Aleksandras Stulginskis

Aleksandras Stulginskis (February 26, 1885 – September 22, 1969) was the second President of Lithuania (1920–1926).

New!!: History of Christianity and Aleksandras Stulginskis · See more »

Aleksey Khomyakov

Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov (Алексе́й Степа́нович Хомяко́в) (May 13 (O.S. May 1) 1804 in Moscow – October 5 (O.S. September 23), 1860 in Moscow) was a Russian theologian, philosopher, poet and amateur artist.

New!!: History of Christianity and Aleksey Khomyakov · See more »

Alexios I Komnenos

Alexios I Komnenos (Ἀλέξιος Αʹ Κομνηνός., c. 1048 – 15 August 1118) was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118.

New!!: History of Christianity and Alexios I Komnenos · See more »

Ambrose

Aurelius Ambrosius (– 397), better known in English as Ambrose, was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ambrose · See more »

Amiens

Amiens is a city and commune in northern France, north of Paris and south-west of Lille.

New!!: History of Christianity and Amiens · See more »

Anglicanism

Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that evolved out of the practices, liturgy and identity of the Church of England following the Protestant Reformation.

New!!: History of Christianity and Anglicanism · See more »

Anglo-Saxons

The Anglo-Saxons were a people who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century.

New!!: History of Christianity and Anglo-Saxons · See more »

Anselm of Canterbury

Anselm of Canterbury (1033/4-1109), also called (Anselmo d'Aosta) after his birthplace and (Anselme du Bec) after his monastery, was a Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher and theologian of the Catholic Church, who held the office of archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109.

New!!: History of Christianity and Anselm of Canterbury · See more »

Ansgar

Saint Ansgar (8 September 801 – 3 February 865), also known as Anskar or Saint Anschar, was a Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen – a northern part of the Kingdom of the East Franks.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ansgar · See more »

Antagonist

An antagonist is a character, group of characters, institution or concept that stands in or represents opposition against which the protagonist(s) must contend.

New!!: History of Christianity and Antagonist · See more »

Ante-Nicene Period

The Ante-Nicene Period (literally meaning "before Nicaea") of the history of early Christianity was the period following the Apostolic Age of the 1st century down to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ante-Nicene Period · See more »

Anthony the Great

Saint Anthony or Antony (Ἀντώνιος Antṓnios; Antonius); January 12, 251 – January 17, 356) was a Christian monk from Egypt, revered since his death as a saint. He is distinguished from other saints named Anthony such as, by various epithets of his own:,, and For his importance among the Desert Fathers and to all later Christian monasticism, he is also known as the. His feast day is celebrated on January 17 among the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches and on Tobi 22 in the Egyptian calendar used by the Coptic Church. The biography of Anthony's life by Athanasius of Alexandria helped to spread the concept of Christian monasticism, particularly in Western Europe via its Latin translations. He is often erroneously considered the first Christian monk, but as his biography and other sources make clear, there were many ascetics before him. Anthony was, however, the first to go into the wilderness (about 270), which seems to have contributed to his renown. Accounts of Anthony enduring supernatural temptation during his sojourn in the Eastern Desert of Egypt inspired the often-repeated subject of the temptation of St. Anthony in Western art and literature. Anthony is appealed to against infectious diseases, particularly skin diseases. In the past, many such afflictions, including ergotism, erysipelas, and shingles, were referred to as St. Anthony's fire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Anthony the Great · See more »

Anti-clericalism

Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters.

New!!: History of Christianity and Anti-clericalism · See more »

Antilegomena

Antilegomena, a direct transliteration of the Greek ἀντιλεγόμενα, refers to written texts whose authenticity or value is disputed.

New!!: History of Christianity and Antilegomena · See more »

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Antiochus IV Epiphanes (Ἀντίοχος ὁ Ἐπιφανής, Antíochos ho Epiphanḗs, "God Manifest"; c. 215 BC – 164 BC) was a Hellenistic Greek king of the Seleucid Empire from 175 BC until his death in 164 BC.

New!!: History of Christianity and Antiochus IV Epiphanes · See more »

Antipope Clement VII

Robert of Geneva (Robert de Genève) (1342 – 16 September 1394) was elected to the papacy as Clement VII (Clément VII) by the French cardinals who opposed Urban VI, and was the first antipope residing in Avignon, France.

New!!: History of Christianity and Antipope Clement VII · See more »

Antireligion

Antireligion is opposition to religion of any kind.

New!!: History of Christianity and Antireligion · See more »

Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.

New!!: History of Christianity and Antisemitism · See more »

Apostasy

Apostasy (ἀποστασία apostasia, "a defection or revolt") is the formal disaffiliation from, or abandonment or renunciation of a religion by a person.

New!!: History of Christianity and Apostasy · See more »

Apostles

In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve), were the primary disciples of Jesus, the central figure in Christianity.

New!!: History of Christianity and Apostles · See more »

Apostolic Age

The Apostolic Age of the history of Christianity is traditionally regarded as the period of the Twelve Apostles, dating from the Great Commission of the Apostles by the risen Jesus in Jerusalem around 33 AD until the death of the last Apostle, believed to be John the Apostle in Anatolia c. 100.

New!!: History of Christianity and Apostolic Age · See more »

Apostolic Fathers

The Apostolic Fathers were Christian theologians who lived in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, who are believed to have personally known some of the Twelve Apostles, or to have been significantly influenced by them.

New!!: History of Christianity and Apostolic Fathers · See more »

Apostolic succession

Apostolic succession is the method whereby the ministry of the Christian Church is held to be derived from the apostles by a continuous succession, which has usually been associated with a claim that the succession is through a series of bishops.

New!!: History of Christianity and Apostolic succession · See more »

Archbishop of Canterbury

The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury.

New!!: History of Christianity and Archbishop of Canterbury · See more »

Archbishopric of Bremen

The Archdiocese of Bremen (also Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, Erzbistum Bremen, not to be confused with the modern Archdiocese of Hamburg, founded in 1994) is a historical Roman Catholic diocese (787–1566/1648) and formed from 1180 to 1648 an ecclesiastical state (continued under other names until 1823), named Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (Erzstift Bremen) within the Holy Roman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Archbishopric of Bremen · See more »

Arianism

Arianism is a nontrinitarian Christological doctrine which asserts the belief that Jesus Christ is the Son of God who was begotten by God the Father at a point in time, a creature distinct from the Father and is therefore subordinate to him, but the Son is also God (i.e. God the Son).

New!!: History of Christianity and Arianism · See more »

Arius

Arius (Ἄρειος, 250 or 256–336) was a Christian presbyter and ascetic of Berber origin, and priest in Baucalis in Alexandria, Egypt.

New!!: History of Christianity and Arius · See more »

Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide (Հայոց ցեղասպանություն, Hayots tseghaspanutyun), also known as the Armenian Holocaust, was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians, mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Armenian Genocide · See more »

Assyrian genocide

The Assyrian genocide (also known as Sayfo or Seyfo, "Sword"; ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ or ܣܝܦܐ) refers to the mass slaughter of the Assyrian population of the Ottoman Empire and those in neighbouring Persia by Ottoman troops during the First World War, in conjunction with the Armenian and Greek genocides.

New!!: History of Christianity and Assyrian genocide · See more »

Athanasius of Alexandria

Athanasius of Alexandria (Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας; ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲩ ⲡⲓⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲓⲕⲟⲥ or Ⲡⲁⲡⲁ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲩ ⲁ̅; c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athanasius the Apostolic, was the 20th bishop of Alexandria (as Athanasius I).

New!!: History of Christianity and Athanasius of Alexandria · See more »

Athenagoras I of Constantinople

Athenagoras I (Αθηναγόρας Αʹ), born Aristocles Matthew Spyrou (Αριστοκλής Ματθαίου Σπύρου; – July 7, 1972), initially the Greek archbishop in North America, was the 268th Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, from 1948 to 1972.

New!!: History of Christianity and Athenagoras I of Constantinople · See more »

Augustine of Canterbury

Augustine of Canterbury (born first third of the 6th century – died probably 26 May 604) was a Benedictine monk who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in the year 597.

New!!: History of Christianity and Augustine of Canterbury · See more »

Augustine of Hippo

Saint Augustine of Hippo (13 November 354 – 28 August 430) was a Roman African, early Christian theologian and philosopher from Numidia whose writings influenced the development of Western Christianity and Western philosophy.

New!!: History of Christianity and Augustine of Hippo · See more »

Augustinians

The term Augustinians, named after Augustine of Hippo (354–430), applies to two distinct types of Catholic religious orders, dating back to the first millennium but formally created in the 13th century, and some Anglican religious orders, created in the 19th century, though technically there is no "Order of St.

New!!: History of Christianity and Augustinians · See more »

Autocephaly

Autocephaly (from αὐτοκεφαλία, meaning "property of being self-headed") is the status of a hierarchical Christian Church whose head bishop does not report to any higher-ranking bishop (used especially in Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Independent Catholic churches).

New!!: History of Christianity and Autocephaly · See more »

Avignon

Avignon (Avenio; Provençal: Avignoun, Avinhon) is a commune in south-eastern France in the department of Vaucluse on the left bank of the Rhône river.

New!!: History of Christianity and Avignon · See more »

Avignon Papacy

The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in France) rather than in Rome.

New!!: History of Christianity and Avignon Papacy · See more »

Azusa Street Revival

The Azusa Street Revival was a historic revival meeting that took place in Los Angeles, California, and is the origin of the Pentecostal movement.

New!!: History of Christianity and Azusa Street Revival · See more »

Baptists

Baptists are Christians distinguished by baptizing professing believers only (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and doing so by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling).

New!!: History of Christianity and Baptists · See more »

Barbara (Yakovleva)

Varvara Alexeyevna Yakovleva (Варвара Алексеевна Яковлева; died July 18, 1918), called Nun Barbara (Инокиня Варвара), was a Russian Orthodox nun in the convent of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna.

New!!: History of Christianity and Barbara (Yakovleva) · See more »

Barlaam of Seminara

Barlaam of Seminara (Bernardo Massari, as a layman), c. 1290–1348, or Barlaam of Calabria (Βαρλαὰμ Καλαβρός) was a southern Italian scholar (Aristotelian scholastic) and clergyman of the 14th century, as well as a Humanist, a philologist, and a theologian.

New!!: History of Christianity and Barlaam of Seminara · See more »

Bartholomew I of Constantinople

Bartholomew I (Πατριάρχης Βαρθολομαῖος Αʹ, Patriarchis Bartholomaios A', Patrik I. Bartholomeos; born 29 February 1940) is the 270th and current Archbishop of Constantinople and Ecumenical Patriarch, since 2 November 1991.

New!!: History of Christianity and Bartholomew I of Constantinople · See more »

Basil of Caesarea

Basil of Caesarea, also called Saint Basil the Great (Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας, Ágios Basíleios o Mégas, Ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓⲟⲥ; 329 or 330 – January 1 or 2, 379), was the bishop of Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia, Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey).

New!!: History of Christianity and Basil of Caesarea · See more »

Battle of Manzikert

The Battle of Manzikert was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert, theme of Iberia (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey).

New!!: History of Christianity and Battle of Manzikert · See more »

Battle of the Milvian Bridge

The Battle of the Milvian Bridge took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius on 28 October 312.

New!!: History of Christianity and Battle of the Milvian Bridge · See more »

Battle of Vienna

The Battle of Vienna (Schlacht am Kahlen Berge or Kahlenberg; bitwa pod Wiedniem or odsiecz wiedeńska (The Relief of Vienna); Modern Turkish: İkinci Viyana Kuşatması, Ottoman Turkish: Beç Ḳalʿası Muḥāṣarası) took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 1683 after the imperial city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months.

New!!: History of Christianity and Battle of Vienna · See more »

Battle on the Ice

The Battle on the Ice (Ледовое побоище, Ledovoye poboish'ye); Schlacht auf dem Eise; Jäälahing; Schlacht auf dem Peipussee) was fought between the Republic of Novgorod led by prince Alexander Nevsky and the crusader army led by the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights on April 5, 1242, at Lake Peipus. The battle is notable for having been fought largely on the frozen lake, and this gave the battle its name. The battle was a significant defeat sustained by the crusaders during the Northern Crusades, which were directed against pagans and Eastern Orthodox Christians rather than Muslims in the Holy Land. The Crusaders' defeat in the battle marked the end of their campaigns against the Orthodox Novgorod Republic and other Slavic territories for the next century. The event was glorified in Sergei Eisenstein's historical drama film Alexander Nevsky, released in 1938, which created a popular image of the battle often mistaken for the real events. Sergei Prokofiev turned his score for the film into a concert cantata of the same title, with "The Battle on the Ice" being its longest movement.

New!!: History of Christianity and Battle on the Ice · See more »

Belarus

Belarus (Беларусь, Biełaruś,; Беларусь, Belarus'), officially the Republic of Belarus (Рэспубліка Беларусь; Республика Беларусь), formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia (Белоруссия, Byelorussiya), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest.

New!!: History of Christianity and Belarus · See more »

Belarusians

Belarusians (беларусы, biełarusy, or Byelorussians (from the Byelorussian SSR), are an East Slavic ethnic group who are native to modern-day Belarus and the immediate region. There are over 9.5 million people who proclaim Belarusian ethnicity worldwide, with the overwhelming majority residing either in Belarus or the adjacent countries where they are an autochthonous minority.

New!!: History of Christianity and Belarusians · See more »

Benedict of Nursia

Benedict of Nursia (Benedictus Nursiae; Benedetto da Norcia; Vulgar Latin: *Benedecto; Benedikt; 2 March 480 – 543 or 547 AD) is a Christian saint, who is venerated in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion and Old Catholic Churches.

New!!: History of Christianity and Benedict of Nursia · See more »

Bernard of Clairvaux

Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist (Bernardus Claraevallensis; 109020 August 1153) was a French abbot and a major leader in the reform of Benedictine monasticism that caused the formation of the Cistercian order.

New!!: History of Christianity and Bernard of Clairvaux · See more »

Bible

The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, tà biblía, "the books") is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans.

New!!: History of Christianity and Bible · See more »

Biblical inerrancy

Biblical inerrancy, as formulated in the "Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy", is the doctrine that the Protestant Bible "is without error or fault in all its teaching"; or, at least, that "Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact".

New!!: History of Christianity and Biblical inerrancy · See more »

Biblical law

Biblical law refers to the legal aspects of the Bible, the holy scriptures of Judaism and Christianity.

New!!: History of Christianity and Biblical law · See more »

Birka

Birka (Birca in medieval sources), on the island of Björkö (literally: "Birch Island") in present-day Sweden, was an important Viking Age trading center which handled goods from Scandinavia and Finland as well as Central and Eastern Europe and the Orient.

New!!: History of Christianity and Birka · See more »

Bishop

A bishop (English derivation from the New Testament of the Christian Bible Greek επίσκοπος, epískopos, "overseer", "guardian") is an ordained, consecrated, or appointed member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight.

New!!: History of Christianity and Bishop · See more »

Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

New!!: History of Christianity and Bolsheviks · See more »

Book of Revelation

The Book of Revelation, often called the Revelation to John, the Apocalypse of John, The Revelation, or simply Revelation or Apocalypse (and often misquoted as Revelations), is a book of the New Testament that occupies a central place in Christian eschatology.

New!!: History of Christianity and Book of Revelation · See more »

Boris I of Bulgaria

Boris I, also known as Boris-Mikhail (Michael) and Bogoris (Борис I / Борис-Михаил; died 2 May 907), was the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire in 852–889.

New!!: History of Christianity and Boris I of Bulgaria · See more »

Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.

New!!: History of Christianity and Bourgeoisie · See more »

Brothers of Jesus

The New Testament describes James, Joseph (Joses), Judas (Jude), and Simon as brothers of Jesus.

New!!: History of Christianity and Brothers of Jesus · See more »

Bulgarian language

No description.

New!!: History of Christianity and Bulgarian language · See more »

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).

New!!: History of Christianity and Byzantine Empire · See more »

Byzantine Iconoclasm

Byzantine Iconoclasm (Εἰκονομαχία, Eikonomachía, literally, "image struggle" or "struggle over images") refers to two periods in the history of the Byzantine Empire when the use of religious images or icons was opposed by religious and imperial authorities within the Eastern Church and the temporal imperial hierarchy.

New!!: History of Christianity and Byzantine Iconoclasm · See more »

Calvinism

Calvinism (also called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism, or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.

New!!: History of Christianity and Calvinism · See more »

Canon (priest)

A canon (from the Latin canonicus, itself derived from the Greek κανονικός, kanonikós, "relating to a rule", "regular") is a member of certain bodies subject to an ecclesiastical rule.

New!!: History of Christianity and Canon (priest) · See more »

Canon law

Canon law (from Greek kanon, a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members.

New!!: History of Christianity and Canon law · See more »

Canute IV of Denmark

Canute IV (– 10 July 1086), later known as Canute the Holy (Knud IV den Hellige) or Saint Canute (Sankt Knud), was King of Denmark from 1080 until 1086.

New!!: History of Christianity and Canute IV of Denmark · See more »

Capital punishment

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.

New!!: History of Christianity and Capital punishment · See more »

Cardinal Richelieu

Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu and Fronsac (9 September 15854 December 1642), commonly referred to as Cardinal Richelieu (Cardinal de Richelieu), was a French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman.

New!!: History of Christianity and Cardinal Richelieu · See more »

Carolingian Renaissance

The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Carolingian Renaissance · See more »

Catacombs

Catacombs are human-made subterranean passageways for religious practice.

New!!: History of Christianity and Catacombs · See more »

Catharism

Catharism (from the Greek: καθαροί, katharoi, "the pure ") was a Christian dualist or Gnostic revival movement that thrived in some areas of Southern Europe, particularly northern Italy and what is now southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries.

New!!: History of Christianity and Catharism · See more »

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536), was Queen of England from June 1509 until May 1533 as the first wife of King Henry VIII; she was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of Henry's elder brother Arthur.

New!!: History of Christianity and Catherine of Aragon · See more »

Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

New!!: History of Christianity and Catholic Church · See more »

Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965

The Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965 was read out on 7 December 1965 simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul.

New!!: History of Christianity and Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965 · See more »

Cîteaux Abbey

Cîteaux Abbey (French: Abbaye de Cîteaux) is a Roman Catholic abbey located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, south of Dijon, France.

New!!: History of Christianity and Cîteaux Abbey · See more »

Celtic Christianity

Celtic Christianity or Insular Christianity refers broadly to certain features of Christianity that were common, or held to be common, across the Celtic-speaking world during the Early Middle Ages.

New!!: History of Christianity and Celtic Christianity · See more »

Cenobitic monasticism

Cenobitic (or coenobitic) monasticism is a monastic tradition that stresses community life.

New!!: History of Christianity and Cenobitic monasticism · See more »

Charisma

The term charisma (pl. charismata, adj. charismatic) has two senses.

New!!: History of Christianity and Charisma · See more »

Charismatic Movement

The Charismatic Movement is the international trend of historically mainstream Christian congregations adopting beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostalism.

New!!: History of Christianity and Charismatic Movement · See more »

Charlemagne

Charlemagne or Charles the Great (Karl der Große, Carlo Magno; 2 April 742 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800.

New!!: History of Christianity and Charlemagne · See more »

Charles Borromeo

Charles Borromeo (Carlo Borromeo, Carolus Borromeus, 2 October 1538 – 3 November 1584) was Roman Catholic archbishop of Milan from 1564 to 1584 and a cardinal.

New!!: History of Christianity and Charles Borromeo · See more »

Charles Taze Russell

Charles Taze Russell (February 16, 1852 – October 31, 1916), or Pastor Russell, was an American Christian restorationist minister from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and founder of what is now known as the Bible Student movement.

New!!: History of Christianity and Charles Taze Russell · See more »

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Carlos; Karl; Carlo; Karel; Carolus; 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and the Spanish Empire (as Charles I of Spain) from 1516, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506.

New!!: History of Christianity and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor · See more »

Christ myth theory

The Christ myth theory (also known as the Jesus myth theory, Jesus mythicism, mythicism, or Jesus ahistoricity theory) is "the view that the person known as Jesus of Nazareth had no historical existence." Alternatively, in terms given by Bart Ehrman as per his criticism of mythicism, "the historical Jesus did not exist.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christ myth theory · See more »

Christendom

Christendom has several meanings.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christendom · See more »

Christian apologetics

Christian apologetics (ἀπολογία, "verbal defence, speech in defence") is a branch of Christian theology that attempts to defend Christianity against objections.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christian apologetics · See more »

Christian Church

"Christian Church" is an ecclesiological term generally used by Protestants to refer to the whole group of people belonging to Christianity throughout the history of Christianity.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christian Church · See more »

Christian contemplation

Christian contemplation, from contemplatio (Latin; Greek θεωρία, Theoria), refers to several Christian practices which aim at "looking at", "gazing at", "being aware of" God or the Divine.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christian contemplation · See more »

Christian denomination

A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organisation, leadership and doctrine.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christian denomination · See more »

Christian fundamentalism

Christian fundamentalism began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among British and American Protestants at merriam-webster.com.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christian fundamentalism · See more »

Christian mission

A Christian mission is an organized effort to spread Christianity.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christian mission · See more »

Christian monasticism

Christian monasticism is the devotional practice of individuals who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christian monasticism · See more »

Christianity

ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianity · See more »

Christianity and Paganism

Paganism is commonly used to refer to various, largely unconnected religions from the time period, such as the Greco-Roman religions of the Roman Empire, including the Roman imperial cult, the various mystery religions, monotheistic religions such as Neoplatonism and Gnosticism, and more localized ethnic religions practiced both inside and outside the Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianity and Paganism · See more »

Christianity in the 10th century

By the 10th century, Christianity had spread throughout much of Europe and Asia.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianity in the 10th century · See more »

Christianity in the 12th century

Christianity in the 12th century was marked by a continuation of the Crusades, namely with the Second Crusade in the Holy Land.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianity in the 12th century · See more »

Christianity in the 15th century

Bibliothèque Nationale de France --> The 15th century in Christianity is part of the High Middle Ages, the period from the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 to the close of the 15th century, which saw the fall of Constantinople (1453), the end of the Hundred Years War (1453), the discovery of the New World (1492), and thereafter the Protestant Reformation (1515).

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianity in the 15th century · See more »

Christianity in the 1st century

Christianity in the 1st century deals with the formative years of the Early Christian community.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianity in the 1st century · See more »

Christianity in the 21st century

Christianity in the 21st century is characterized by the pursuit of Church unity and the continued resistance to persecution, and secularization.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianity in the 21st century · See more »

Christianity in the 4th century

Christianity in the 4th century was dominated in its early stage by Constantine the Great and the First Council of Nicaea of 325, which was the beginning of the period of the First seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787), and in its late stage by the Edict of Thessalonica of 380, which made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianity in the 4th century · See more »

Christianity in the 5th century

In the 5th century in Christianity, there were many developments which led to further fracturing of the State church of the Roman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianity in the 5th century · See more »

Christianity in the 6th century

In 6th century Christianity, Roman Emperor Justinian launched a military campaign in Constantinople to reclaim the western provinces from the Germans, starting with North Africa and proceeding to Italy.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianity in the 6th century · See more »

Christianity in the 8th century

Christianity in the 8th century was much affected by the rise of Islam in the Middle East.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianity in the 8th century · See more »

Christianity in the 9th century

In 9th century Christianity, Charlemagne was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor, which continued the Photian schism.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianity in the 9th century · See more »

Christianization

Christianization (or Christianisation) is the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire groups at once.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianization · See more »

Christianization of Kievan Rus'

The Christianization of Kievan Rus' took place in several stages.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christianization of Kievan Rus' · See more »

Christology

Christology (from Greek Χριστός Khristós and -λογία, -logia) is the field of study within Christian theology which is primarily concerned with the ontology and person of Jesus as recorded in the canonical Gospels and the epistles of the New Testament.

New!!: History of Christianity and Christology · See more »

Church and state in medieval Europe

Church and state in medieval Europe includes the relationship between the Christian church and the various monarchies and other states in Europe, between the end of Roman authority in the West in the fifth century and the beginnings of the Reformation in the early sixteenth century.

New!!: History of Christianity and Church and state in medieval Europe · See more »

Church Fathers

The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers.

New!!: History of Christianity and Church Fathers · See more »

Church of England

The Church of England (C of E) is the state church of England.

New!!: History of Christianity and Church of England · See more »

Church of Mary Magdalene

The Church of Mary Magdalene is a Russian Orthodox church located on the Mount of Olives, near the Garden of Gethsemane in East Jerusalem.

New!!: History of Christianity and Church of Mary Magdalene · See more »

Church of the East

The Church of the East (ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ Ēdṯāʾ d-Maḏenḥā), also known as the Nestorian Church, was an Eastern Christian Church with independent hierarchy from the Nestorian Schism (431–544), while tracing its history to the late 1st century AD in Assyria, then the satrapy of Assuristan in the Parthian Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Church of the East · See more »

Church reform of Peter the Great

The Church reform of Peter I introduced what some believe was a period of Caesaropapism in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, when the church apparatus effectively became a department of state.

New!!: History of Christianity and Church reform of Peter the Great · See more »

Church Slavonic language

Church Slavonic, also known as Church Slavic, New Church Slavonic or New Church Slavic, is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Orthodox Church in Bulgaria, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Russia, Belarus, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Macedonia and Ukraine.

New!!: History of Christianity and Church Slavonic language · See more »

Circumcision controversies

Male circumcision has often been, and remains, the subject of controversy on a number of grounds—including religious, ethical, sexual, and health.

New!!: History of Christianity and Circumcision controversies · See more »

Circumcision controversy in early Christianity

The Council of Jerusalem during the Apostolic Age of the history of Christianity did not include religious male circumcision as a requirement for new gentile converts.

New!!: History of Christianity and Circumcision controversy in early Christianity · See more »

Cistercians

A Cistercian is a member of the Cistercian Order (abbreviated as OCist, SOCist ((Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis), or ‘’’OCSO’’’ (Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae), which are religious orders of monks and nuns. They are also known as “Trappists”; as Bernardines, after the highly influential St. Bernard of Clairvaux (though that term is also used of the Franciscan Order in Poland and Lithuania); or as White Monks, in reference to the colour of the "cuccula" or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cuccula worn by Benedictine monks. The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales. Over the centuries, however, education and academic pursuits came to dominate the life of many monasteries. A reform movement seeking to restore the simpler lifestyle of the original Cistercians began in 17th-century France at La Trappe Abbey, leading eventually to the Holy See’s reorganization in 1892 of reformed houses into a single order Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO), commonly called the Trappists. Cistercians who did not observe these reforms became known as the Cistercians of the Original Observance. The term Cistercian (French Cistercien), derives from Cistercium, the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux, near Dijon in eastern France. It was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme founded Cîteaux Abbey in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict. The best known of them were Robert of Molesme, Alberic of Cîteaux and the English monk Stephen Harding, who were the first three abbots. Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe. The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. Rejecting the developments the Benedictines had undergone, the monks tried to replicate monastic life exactly as it had been in Saint Benedict's time; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity. The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, especially agricultural work in the fields, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. Cistercian architecture is considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture. Additionally, in relation to fields such as agriculture, hydraulic engineering and metallurgy, the Cistercians became the main force of technological diffusion in medieval Europe. The Cistercians were adversely affected in England by the Protestant Reformation, the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII, the French Revolution in continental Europe, and the revolutions of the 18th century, but some survived and the order recovered in the 19th century.

New!!: History of Christianity and Cistercians · See more »

Classics

Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity.

New!!: History of Christianity and Classics · See more »

Clement of Alexandria

Titus Flavius Clemens, also known as Clement of Alexandria (Κλήμης ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς; c. 150 – c. 215), was a Christian theologian who taught at the Catechetical School of Alexandria.

New!!: History of Christianity and Clement of Alexandria · See more »

Clement of Ohrid

Saint Clement of Ohrid (Bulgarian, Macedonian: Свети Климент Охридски,, Άγιος Κλήμης της Αχρίδας, Slovak: svätý Kliment Ochridský / Sloviensky) (ca. 840 – 916) was a medieval Bulgarian saint, scholar, writer and enlightener of the Slavs.

New!!: History of Christianity and Clement of Ohrid · See more »

Clovis I

Clovis (Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlōdowig; 466 – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of royal chieftains to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.

New!!: History of Christianity and Clovis I · See more »

Cluny Abbey

Cluny Abbey (formerly also Cluni, or Clugny) is a former Benedictine monastery in Cluny, Saône-et-Loire, France.

New!!: History of Christianity and Cluny Abbey · See more »

Columba

Saint Columba (Colm Cille, 'church dove'; Columbkille; 7 December 521 – 9 June 597) was an Irish abbot and missionary credited with spreading Christianity in what is today Scotland at the start of the Hiberno-Scottish mission.

New!!: History of Christianity and Columba · See more »

Columbanus

Columbanus (Columbán, 543 – 21 November 615), also known as St.

New!!: History of Christianity and Columbanus · See more »

Communist International

The Communist International (Comintern), known also as the Third International (1919–1943), was an international communist organization that advocated world communism.

New!!: History of Christianity and Communist International · See more »

Community of Christ

Community of Christ, known from 1872 to 2001 as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS), is an American-based international church with roots in the Latter Day Saint movement.

New!!: History of Christianity and Community of Christ · See more »

Concordat of Worms

The Concordat of Worms (Concordatum Wormatiense), sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Callixtus II and Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor on September 23, 1122, near the city of Worms.

New!!: History of Christianity and Concordat of Worms · See more »

Congregational church

Congregational churches (also Congregationalist churches; Congregationalism) are Protestant churches in the Reformed tradition practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs.

New!!: History of Christianity and Congregational church · See more »

Constantine the Great

Constantine the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus; Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας; 27 February 272 ADBirth dates vary but most modern historians use 272". Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59. – 22 May 337 AD), also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine, was a Roman Emperor of Illyrian and Greek origin from 306 to 337 AD.

New!!: History of Christianity and Constantine the Great · See more »

Constantinople

Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis; Constantinopolis) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204–1261), and the later Ottoman (1453–1923) empires.

New!!: History of Christianity and Constantinople · See more »

Continental philosophy

Continental philosophy is a set of 19th- and 20th-century philosophical traditions from mainland Europe.

New!!: History of Christianity and Continental philosophy · See more »

Cornelius the Centurion

Cornelius (Κορνήλιος) was a Roman centurion who is considered by Christians to be one of the first Gentiles to convert to the faith, as related in Acts of the Apostles.

New!!: History of Christianity and Cornelius the Centurion · See more »

Council of Chalcedon

The Council of Chalcedon was a church council held from October 8 to November 1, AD 451, at Chalcedon.

New!!: History of Christianity and Council of Chalcedon · See more »

Council of Clermont

The Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, called by Pope Urban II and held from 18 to 28 November 1095 at Clermont, Auvergne, at the time part of the Duchy of Aquitaine.

New!!: History of Christianity and Council of Clermont · See more »

Council of Constance

The Council of Constance is the 15th-century ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance.

New!!: History of Christianity and Council of Constance · See more »

Council of Ephesus

The Council of Ephesus was a council of Christian bishops convened in Ephesus (near present-day Selçuk in Turkey) in AD 431 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius II.

New!!: History of Christianity and Council of Ephesus · See more »

Council of Florence

The Seventeenth Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church was convoked as the Council of Basel by Pope Martin V shortly before his death in February 1431 and took place in the context of the Hussite wars in Bohemia and the rise of the Ottoman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Council of Florence · See more »

Council of Hieria

The iconoclast Council of Hieria was a Christian council of 754 which viewed itself as ecumenical, but was later rejected by the medieval Catholic Church (what would later fracture into the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic communions).

New!!: History of Christianity and Council of Hieria · See more »

Council of Jamnia

The Council of Jamnia, presumably held in Yavneh in the Holy Land, was a hypothetical late 1st-century council at which the canon of the Hebrew Bible was formerly believed to have been finalized and which may also have been the occasion when the Jewish authorities decided to exclude believers in Jesus as the Messiah from synagogue attendance, as referenced by interpretations of in the New Testament.

New!!: History of Christianity and Council of Jamnia · See more »

Council of Jerusalem

The Council of Jerusalem or Apostolic Council was held in Jerusalem around AD 50.

New!!: History of Christianity and Council of Jerusalem · See more »

Council of Preslav

The People's Council of Preslav (Преславски народен събор) took place in 893.

New!!: History of Christianity and Council of Preslav · See more »

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent (Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento, in northern Italy), was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Council of Trent · See more »

Councils of Carthage

The Councils of Carthage, or Synods of Carthage, were church synods held during the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries in the city of Carthage in Africa.

New!!: History of Christianity and Councils of Carthage · See more »

Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648).

New!!: History of Christianity and Counter-Reformation · See more »

County of Edessa

"Les Croisades, Origines et consequences", Claude Lebedel, p.50--> The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century.

New!!: History of Christianity and County of Edessa · See more »

Creed

A creed (also known as a confession, symbol, or statement of faith) is a statement of the shared beliefs of a religious community in the form of a fixed formula summarizing core tenets.

New!!: History of Christianity and Creed · See more »

Crosier

A crosier (also known as a crozier, paterissa, pastoral staff, or bishop's staff) is a stylized staff carried by high-ranking Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, and some Lutheran, United Methodist and Pentecostal prelates.

New!!: History of Christianity and Crosier · See more »

Cultural imperialism

Cultural imperialism comprises the cultural aspects of imperialism.

New!!: History of Christianity and Cultural imperialism · See more »

Cyril of Jerusalem

Cyril of Jerusalem (italic; Cyrillus Hierosolymitanus) was a distinguished theologian of the early Church (313 386 AD).

New!!: History of Christianity and Cyril of Jerusalem · See more »

Dachau

Dachau is a town in Upper Bavaria, in the southern part of Germany.

New!!: History of Christianity and Dachau · See more »

Deacon

A deacon is a member of the diaconate, an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions.

New!!: History of Christianity and Deacon · See more »

Defence of the Seven Sacraments

The Defence of the Seven Sacraments (in Latin: Assertio Septem Sacramentorum) is a theological treatise published in 1521, written by King Henry VIII of England, allegedly with the assistance of Thomas More.

New!!: History of Christianity and Defence of the Seven Sacraments · See more »

Development of the New Testament canon

The canon of the New Testament is the set of books Christians regard as divinely inspired and constituting the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

New!!: History of Christianity and Development of the New Testament canon · See more »

Dhimmitude

Dhimmitude is a neologism borrowed from the French language and popularized as a polemical term by writer Bat Ye'or.

New!!: History of Christianity and Dhimmitude · See more »

Dialectic

Dialectic or dialectics (διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; related to dialogue), also known as the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments.

New!!: History of Christianity and Dialectic · See more »

Diarmaid MacCulloch

Diarmaid Ninian John MacCulloch (born 31 October 1951) is a British historian and academic, specialising in ecclesiastical history and the history of Christianity.

New!!: History of Christianity and Diarmaid MacCulloch · See more »

Dictatus papae

Dictatus papae is a compilation of 27 statements of powers arrogated to the Pope that was included in Pope Gregory VII's register under the year 1075.

New!!: History of Christianity and Dictatus papae · See more »

Diet of Speyer (1529)

The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer II) was a Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in 1529 in the Imperial City of Speyer (located in present-day Germany).

New!!: History of Christianity and Diet of Speyer (1529) · See more »

Diet of Worms

The Diet of Worms 1521 (Reichstag zu Worms) was an imperial diet (assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire held at the Heylshof Garden in Worms, then an Imperial Free City of the Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Diet of Worms · See more »

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Dietrich Bonhoeffer (4 February 1906 – 9 April 1945) was a German pastor, theologian, anti-Nazi dissident, and key founding member of the Confessing Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Dietrich Bonhoeffer · See more »

Diocletianic Persecution

The Diocletianic or Great Persecution was the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Diocletianic Persecution · See more »

Disciple (Christianity)

In Christianity, the term disciple primarily refers to dedicated followers of Jesus.

New!!: History of Christianity and Disciple (Christianity) · See more »

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on December 26, 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union.

New!!: History of Christianity and Dissolution of the Soviet Union · See more »

Divine providence

In theology, divine providence, or just providence, is God's intervention in the universe.

New!!: History of Christianity and Divine providence · See more »

Docetism

In Christianity, docetism (from the Greek δοκεῖν/δόκησις dokeĩn (to seem) dókēsis (apparition, phantom), is the doctrine that the phenomenon of Christ, his historical and bodily existence, and above all the human form of Jesus, was mere semblance without any true reality. Broadly it is taken as the belief that Jesus only seemed to be human, and that his human form was an illusion. The word Δοκηταί Dokētaí (illusionists) referring to early groups who denied Jesus' humanity, first occurred in a letter by Bishop Serapion of Antioch (197–203), who discovered the doctrine in the Gospel of Peter, during a pastoral visit to a Christian community using it in Rhosus, and later condemned it as a forgery. It appears to have arisen over theological contentions concerning the meaning, figurative or literal, of a sentence from the Gospel of John: "the Word was made Flesh". Docetism was unequivocally rejected at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. and is regarded as heretical by the Catholic Church, Orthodox Church, Coptic Church and many other Christian denominations that accept and hold to the statements of these early church councils.

New!!: History of Christianity and Docetism · See more »

Doctrine and Covenants

The Doctrine and Covenants (sometimes abbreviated and cited as D&C or D. and C.) is a part of the open scriptural canon of several denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement.

New!!: History of Christianity and Doctrine and Covenants · See more »

Dominican Order

The Order of Preachers (Ordo Praedicatorum, postnominal abbreviation OP), also known as the Dominican Order, is a mendicant Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Dominic of Caleruega in France, approved by Pope Honorius III via the Papal bull Religiosam vitam on 22 December 1216.

New!!: History of Christianity and Dominican Order · See more »

Donatello

Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi (c. 1386 – 13 December 1466), better known as Donatello, was an Italian Renaissance sculptor from Florence.

New!!: History of Christianity and Donatello · See more »

Donatism

Donatism (Donatismus, Δονατισμός Donatismós) was a schism in the Church of Carthage from the fourth to the sixth centuries AD.

New!!: History of Christianity and Donatism · See more »

Donato Bramante

Donato Bramante (1444 – 11 April 1514), born as Donato di Pascuccio d'Antonio and also known as Bramante Lazzari, was an Italian architect.

New!!: History of Christianity and Donato Bramante · See more »

Dualistic cosmology

Dualism in cosmology is the moral or spiritual belief that two fundamental concepts exist, which often oppose each other.

New!!: History of Christianity and Dualistic cosmology · See more »

Dura-Europos synagogue

The Dura-Europos synagogue (or "Dura Europas", "Dura Europos" etc.) is an ancient synagogue uncovered at Dura-Europos, Syria, in 1932.

New!!: History of Christianity and Dura-Europos synagogue · See more »

Dutch Reformed Church

The Dutch Reformed Church (in or NHK) was the largest Christian denomination in the Netherlands from the onset of the Protestant Reformation until 1930.

New!!: History of Christianity and Dutch Reformed Church · See more »

Early Christianity

Early Christianity, defined as the period of Christianity preceding the First Council of Nicaea in 325, typically divides historically into the Apostolic Age and the Ante-Nicene Period (from the Apostolic Age until Nicea).

New!!: History of Christianity and Early Christianity · See more »

East Francia

East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (regnum Francorum orientalium) was a precursor of the Holy Roman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and East Francia · See more »

East–West Schism

The East–West Schism, also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches, which has lasted since the 11th century.

New!!: History of Christianity and East–West Schism · See more »

Eastern Catholic Churches

The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-rite Catholic Churches, and in some historical cases Uniate Churches, are twenty-three Eastern Christian particular churches sui iuris in full communion with the Pope in Rome, as part of the worldwide Catholic Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Eastern Catholic Churches · See more »

Eastern Christianity

Eastern Christianity consists of four main church families: the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox churches, the Eastern Catholic churches (that are in communion with Rome but still maintain Eastern liturgies), and the denominations descended from the Church of the East.

New!!: History of Christianity and Eastern Christianity · See more »

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent.

New!!: History of Christianity and Eastern Europe · See more »

Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.

New!!: History of Christianity and Eastern Orthodox Church · See more »

Ecclesiastical ring

An ecclesiastical ring is a finger ring worn by a clergyman, such as a Bishop's ring.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ecclesiastical ring · See more »

Ecclesiology

In Christian theology, ecclesiology is the study of the Christian Church, the origins of Christianity, its relationship to Jesus, its role in salvation, its polity, its discipline, its destiny, and its leadership.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ecclesiology · See more »

Ecumene

The ecumene (US) or oecumene (UK; οἰκουμένη, oikouménē, "inhabited") was an ancient Greek term for the known world, the inhabited world, or the habitable world.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ecumene · See more »

Ecumenical council

An ecumenical council (or oecumenical council; also general council) is a conference of ecclesiastical dignitaries and theological experts convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice in which those entitled to vote are convoked from the whole world (oikoumene) and which secures the approbation of the whole Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ecumenical council · See more »

Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople

The Ecumenical Patriarch (Η Αυτού Θειοτάτη Παναγιότης, ο Αρχιεπίσκοπος Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Νέας Ρώμης και Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης, "His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome, and Ecumenical Patriarch") is the Archbishop of Constantinople–New Rome and ranks as primus inter pares (first among equals) among the heads of the several autocephalous churches that make up the Eastern Orthodox Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople · See more »

Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (Οἰκουμενικόν Πατριαρχεῖον Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Oikoumenikón Patriarkhíon Konstantinoupóleos,; Patriarchatus Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus; Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi, "Roman Orthodox Patriarchate") is one of the fourteen autocephalous churches (or "jurisdictions") that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople · See more »

Ecumenism

Ecumenism refers to efforts by Christians of different Church traditions to develop closer relationships and better understandings.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ecumenism · See more »

Edict of Milan

The Edict of Milan (Edictum Mediolanense) was the February 313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Edict of Milan · See more »

Edict of Serdica

The Edict of Serdica, also called Edict of Toleration by Galerius, was issued in 311 in Serdica (today Sofia, Bulgaria) by the Roman emperor Galerius, officially ending the Diocletianic persecution of Christianity in the East.

New!!: History of Christianity and Edict of Serdica · See more »

Edict of Thessalonica

The Edict of Thessalonica (also known as Cunctos populos), issued on 27 February AD 380 by three reigning Roman Emperors, made Nicene Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Edict of Thessalonica · See more »

Edward Gibbon

Edward Gibbon FRS (8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English historian, writer and Member of Parliament.

New!!: History of Christianity and Edward Gibbon · See more »

Edward VI of England

Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death.

New!!: History of Christianity and Edward VI of England · See more »

Elder (Christianity)

An elder in Christianity is a person who is valued for wisdom and holds a position of responsibility and/or authority in a Christian group.

New!!: History of Christianity and Elder (Christianity) · See more »

Elizabeth I of England

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603.

New!!: History of Christianity and Elizabeth I of England · See more »

End time

The end time (also called end times, end of time, end of days, last days, final days, or eschaton) is a future time-period described variously in the eschatologies of several world religions (both Abrahamic and non-Abrahamic), which believe that world events will reach a final climax.

New!!: History of Christianity and End time · See more »

Enemy of the people

The term enemy of the people is a designation for the political or class opponents of the subgroup in power within a larger group.

New!!: History of Christianity and Enemy of the people · See more »

English Reformation

The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and English Reformation · See more »

Epistle

An epistle (Greek ἐπιστολή, epistolē, "letter") is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of people, usually an elegant and formal didactic letter.

New!!: History of Christianity and Epistle · See more »

Essence–energies distinction

The essence–energies distinction is an Eastern Orthodox theological concept that states that there is a distinction between the essence (ousia) and the energies (energeia) of God.

New!!: History of Christianity and Essence–energies distinction · See more »

Eternal life (Christianity)

Eternal life traditionally refers to continued life after death, as outlined in Christian eschatology.

New!!: History of Christianity and Eternal life (Christianity) · See more »

Ethnarch

Ethnarch, pronounced, the anglicized form of ethnarches (ἐθνάρχης), refers generally to political leadership over a common ethnic group or homogeneous kingdom.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ethnarch · See more »

Eucharist

The Eucharist (also called Holy Communion or the Lord's Supper, among other names) is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches and an ordinance in others.

New!!: History of Christianity and Eucharist · See more »

Evangelical counsels

The three evangelical counsels or counsels of perfection in Christianity are chastity, poverty (or perfect charity), and obedience.

New!!: History of Christianity and Evangelical counsels · See more »

Evangelicalism

Evangelicalism, evangelical Christianity, or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide, crossdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity which maintains the belief that the essence of the Gospel consists of the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ's atonement.

New!!: History of Christianity and Evangelicalism · See more »

Exsurge Domine

Exsurge Domine is a papal bull promulgated on 15 June 1520 by Pope Leo X. It was written in response to the teachings of Martin Luther which opposed the views of the Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Exsurge Domine · See more »

Exuperius

Saint Exuperius (also Exsuperius) (Saint Exupéry, Saint Soupire) (died c. 410) was Bishop of Toulouse at the beginning of the 5th century.

New!!: History of Christianity and Exuperius · See more »

Fall of Constantinople

The Fall of Constantinople (Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs; İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453.

New!!: History of Christianity and Fall of Constantinople · See more »

False prophet

In religion, a false prophet is one who falsely claims the gift of prophecy or divine inspiration, or who uses that gift for evil ends.

New!!: History of Christianity and False prophet · See more »

Fidei defensor

Fidei defensor (feminine: Fidei defensatrix) is a Latin title which translates to Defender of the Faith in English and Défenseur de la Foi in French.

New!!: History of Christianity and Fidei defensor · See more »

Filioque

Filioque is a Latin term added to the original Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed (commonly known as the Nicene Creed), and which has been the subject of great controversy between Eastern and Western Christianity.

New!!: History of Christianity and Filioque · See more »

Filippo Brunelleschi

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was an Italian designer and a key figure in architecture, recognised to be the first modern engineer, planner and sole construction supervisor.

New!!: History of Christianity and Filippo Brunelleschi · See more »

First Apology of Justin Martyr

The First Apology was an early work of Christian apologetics addressed by Justin Martyr to the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius.

New!!: History of Christianity and First Apology of Justin Martyr · See more »

First Council of Constantinople

The First Council of Constantinople (Πρώτη σύνοδος της Κωνσταντινουπόλεως commonly known as Β΄ Οικουμενική, "Second Ecumenical"; Concilium Constantinopolitanum Primum or Concilium Constantinopolitanum A) was a council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople in AD 381 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I. This second ecumenical council, an effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom, except for the Western Church,Richard Kieckhefer (1989).

New!!: History of Christianity and First Council of Constantinople · See more »

First Council of Nicaea

The First Council of Nicaea (Νίκαια) was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now İznik, Bursa province, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325.

New!!: History of Christianity and First Council of Nicaea · See more »

First Crusade

The First Crusade (1095–1099) was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Land, called for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095.

New!!: History of Christianity and First Crusade · See more »

First Epistle of Clement

The First Epistle of Clement (Clement to Corinthians) is a letter addressed to the Christians in the city of Corinth.

New!!: History of Christianity and First Epistle of Clement · See more »

First Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening (sometimes Great Awakening) or the Evangelical Revival was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its Thirteen Colonies between the 1730s and 1740s.

New!!: History of Christianity and First Great Awakening · See more »

First Jewish–Roman War

The First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 AD), sometimes called the Great Revolt (המרד הגדול), was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against the Roman Empire, fought in the Eastern Mediterranean.

New!!: History of Christianity and First Jewish–Roman War · See more »

First seven ecumenical councils

In the history of Christianity, the first seven ecumenical councils, include the following: the First Council of Nicaea in 325, the First Council of Constantinople in 381, the Council of Ephesus in 431, the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, the Third Council of Constantinople from 680–681 and finally, the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.

New!!: History of Christianity and First seven ecumenical councils · See more »

Flight to Pella

The fourth-century church fathers Eusebius and Epiphanius of Salamis cite a tradition that before the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70 the Jerusalem Christians had been miraculously warned to flee to Pella (Tabaquat Fahil) in the region of the Decapolis across the Jordan River.

New!!: History of Christianity and Flight to Pella · See more »

Foederati

Foederatus (in English; pl. foederati) was any one of several outlying nations to which ancient Rome provided benefits in exchange for military assistance.

New!!: History of Christianity and Foederati · See more »

Foreskin restoration

Foreskin restoration is the process of expanding the skin on the penis to reconstruct an organ similar to the foreskin, which has been removed by circumcision or other injury.

New!!: History of Christianity and Foreskin restoration · See more »

Fourth Crusade

The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III.

New!!: History of Christianity and Fourth Crusade · See more »

Fra Angelico

Fra Angelico (born Guido di Pietro; February 18, 1455) was an Early Italian Renaissance painter described by Vasari in his Lives of the Artists as having "a rare and perfect talent".

New!!: History of Christianity and Fra Angelico · See more »

Francia

Francia, also called the Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), or Frankish Empire was the largest post-Roman Barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.

New!!: History of Christianity and Francia · See more »

Francis of Assisi

Saint Francis of Assisi (San Francesco d'Assisi), born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, informally named as Francesco (1181/11823 October 1226), was an Italian Catholic friar, deacon and preacher.

New!!: History of Christianity and Francis of Assisi · See more »

Francis Xavier

Francis Xavier, S.J. (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta, in Latin Franciscus Xaverius, Basque: Frantzisko Xabierkoa, Spanish: Francisco Javier; 7 April 15063 December 1552), was a Navarrese Basque Roman Catholic missionary, born in Javier (Xavier in Navarro-Aragonese or Xabier in Basque), Kingdom of Navarre (present day Spain), and a co-founder of the Society of Jesus.

New!!: History of Christianity and Francis Xavier · See more »

Franciscans

The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders within the Catholic Church, founded in 1209 by Saint Francis of Assisi.

New!!: History of Christianity and Franciscans · See more »

Franks

The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum) were a collection of Germanic peoples, whose name was first mentioned in 3rd century Roman sources, associated with tribes on the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD, on the edge of the Roman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Franks · See more »

French Republican Calendar

The French Republican Calendar (calendrier républicain français), also commonly called the French Revolutionary Calendar (calendrier révolutionnaire français), was a calendar created and implemented during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days by the Paris Commune in 1871.

New!!: History of Christianity and French Republican Calendar · See more »

French Revolution

The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.

New!!: History of Christianity and French Revolution · See more »

French school of spirituality

The French School of Spirituality was the principal devotional influence within the Catholic Church from the mid-17th century through the mid-20th century not only in France but throughout the church in most of the world.

New!!: History of Christianity and French school of spirituality · See more »

Frisians

The Frisians are a Germanic ethnic group indigenous to the coastal parts of the Netherlands and northwestern Germany.

New!!: History of Christianity and Frisians · See more »

Galerius

Galerius (Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus; c. 250 – April or May 311) was Roman Emperor from 305 to 311.

New!!: History of Christianity and Galerius · See more »

Galileo affair

The Galileo affair (il processo a Galileo Galilei) was a sequence of events, beginning around 1610, culminating with the trial and condemnation of Galileo Galilei by the Roman Catholic Inquisition in 1633 for his support of heliocentrism.

New!!: History of Christianity and Galileo affair · See more »

Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.

New!!: History of Christianity and Galileo Galilei · See more »

Gaul

Gaul (Latin: Gallia) was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine.

New!!: History of Christianity and Gaul · See more »

Geneva

Geneva (Genève, Genèva, Genf, Ginevra, Genevra) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of the Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland.

New!!: History of Christianity and Geneva · See more »

Gennadius Scholarius

Gennadius II (Greek Γεννάδιος Βʹ; lay name Γεώργιος Κουρτέσιος Σχολάριος, Georgios Kourtesios Scholarios; c. 1400 – c. 1473) was a Byzantine philosopher and theologian, and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1454 to 1464.

New!!: History of Christianity and Gennadius Scholarius · See more »

Germania

"Germania" was the Roman term for the geographical region in north-central Europe inhabited mainly by Germanic peoples.

New!!: History of Christianity and Germania · See more »

Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin.

New!!: History of Christianity and Germanic peoples · See more »

Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa

Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa (1925–2006) was a Romanian priest and dissident.

New!!: History of Christianity and Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa · See more »

Glagolitic script

The Glagolitic script (Ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰹⱌⰰ Glagolitsa) is the oldest known Slavic alphabet.

New!!: History of Christianity and Glagolitic script · See more »

Gnosticism

Gnosticism (from γνωστικός gnostikos, "having knowledge", from γνῶσις, knowledge) is a modern name for a variety of ancient religious ideas and systems, originating in Jewish-Christian milieus in the first and second century AD.

New!!: History of Christianity and Gnosticism · See more »

God

In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and the principal object of faith.

New!!: History of Christianity and God · See more »

God the Father

God the Father is a title given to God in various religions, most prominently in Christianity.

New!!: History of Christianity and God the Father · See more »

God the Son

God the Son (Θεός ὁ υἱός) is the second person of the Trinity in Christian theology.

New!!: History of Christianity and God the Son · See more »

Goths

The Goths (Gut-þiuda; Gothi) were an East Germanic people, two of whose branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire through the long series of Gothic Wars and in the emergence of Medieval Europe.

New!!: History of Christianity and Goths · See more »

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia (Серге́й Миха́йлович; 7 October 1869 – 18 July 1918) was the fifth son and sixth child of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaievich of Russia and a first cousin of Alexander III of Russia.

New!!: History of Christianity and Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia · See more »

Great Awakening

The Great Awakening refers to a number of periods of religious revival in American Christian history.

New!!: History of Christianity and Great Awakening · See more »

Great Commission

In Christianity, the Great Commission is the instruction of the resurrected Jesus Christ to his disciples to spread his teachings to all the nations of the world.

New!!: History of Christianity and Great Commission · See more »

Great Fire of Rome

The Great Fire of Rome was an urban fire in the year AD 64.

New!!: History of Christianity and Great Fire of Rome · See more »

Greek East and Latin West

Greek East and Latin West are terms used to distinguish between the two parts of the Greco-Roman world, specifically the eastern regions where Greek was the lingua franca (Anatolia, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East) and the western parts where Latin filled this role (Central and Western Europe).

New!!: History of Christianity and Greek East and Latin West · See more »

Greek genocide

The Greek genocide, including the Pontic genocide, was the systematic genocide of the Christian Ottoman Greek population carried out in its historic homeland in Anatolia during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922).

New!!: History of Christianity and Greek genocide · See more »

Greek Orthodox Church

The name Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἑκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía), or Greek Orthodoxy, is a term referring to the body of several Churches within the larger communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, whose liturgy is or was traditionally conducted in Koine Greek, the original language of the Septuagint and New Testament, and whose history, traditions, and theology are rooted in the early Church Fathers and the culture of the Byzantine Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Greek Orthodox Church · See more »

Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem

The Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem or Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, officially Patriarch of Jerusalem, is the head bishop of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, ranking fourth of nine Patriarchs in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem · See more »

Greeks

The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.. Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered on the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods. Most ethnic Greeks live nowadays within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.CIA World Factbook on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, Greek Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%. Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture, arts, exploration, literature, philosophy, politics, architecture, music, mathematics, science and technology, business, cuisine, and sports, both historically and contemporarily.

New!!: History of Christianity and Greeks · See more »

Gregorian Reform

The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, c. 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy.

New!!: History of Christianity and Gregorian Reform · See more »

Gregory of Nazianzus

Gregory of Nazianzus (Γρηγόριος ὁ Ναζιανζηνός Grēgorios ho Nazianzēnos; c. 329Liturgy of the Hours Volume I, Proper of Saints, 2 January. – 25 January 390), also known as Gregory the Theologian or Gregory Nazianzen, was a 4th-century Archbishop of Constantinople, and theologian.

New!!: History of Christianity and Gregory of Nazianzus · See more »

Gregory Palamas

Gregory Palamas (Γρηγόριος Παλαμάς; c. 1296 – 1357 or 1359) was a prominent theologian and ecclesiastical figure of the late Byzantine period.

New!!: History of Christianity and Gregory Palamas · See more »

Gregory V of Constantinople

Gregory V (Greek: Γρηγόριος Ε΄, born Γεώργιος Αγγελόπουλος, Georgios Angelopoulos), (1746 – 22 April 1821) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1797 to 1798, from 1806 to 1808 and from 1818 to 1821.

New!!: History of Christianity and Gregory V of Constantinople · See more »

Grossmünster

The Grossmünster ("great minster") is a Romanesque-style Protestant church in Zürich, Switzerland.

New!!: History of Christianity and Grossmünster · See more »

Gulag

The Gulag (ГУЛАГ, acronym of Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения, "Main Camps' Administration" or "Chief Administration of Camps") was the government agency in charge of the Soviet forced labor camp system that was created under Vladimir Lenin and reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the 1950s.

New!!: History of Christianity and Gulag · See more »

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia (from the Greek Αγία Σοφία,, "Holy Wisdom"; Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia; Ayasofya) is a former Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal basilica (church), later an Ottoman imperial mosque and now a museum (Ayasofya Müzesi) in Istanbul, Turkey.

New!!: History of Christianity and Hagia Sophia · See more »

Heaven

Heaven, or the heavens, is a common religious, cosmological, or transcendent place where beings such as gods, angels, spirits, saints, or venerated ancestors are said to originate, be enthroned, or live.

New!!: History of Christianity and Heaven · See more »

Helena (empress)

Helena, or Saint Helena (Greek: Ἁγία Ἑλένη, Hagía Helénē, Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta; –), was an Empress of the Roman Empire, and mother of Emperor Constantine the Great.

New!!: History of Christianity and Helena (empress) · See more »

Heliocentrism

Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

New!!: History of Christianity and Heliocentrism · See more »

Hellenistic period

The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year.

New!!: History of Christianity and Hellenistic period · See more »

Henry I of England

Henry I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death.

New!!: History of Christianity and Henry I of England · See more »

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry IV (Heinrich IV; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) became King of the Germans in 1056.

New!!: History of Christianity and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor · See more »

Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 1509 until his death.

New!!: History of Christianity and Henry VIII of England · See more »

Heresy

Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization.

New!!: History of Christianity and Heresy · See more »

Heresy in Christianity

When heresy is used today with reference to Christianity, it denotes the formal denial or doubt of a core doctrine of the Christian faithJ.D Douglas (ed).

New!!: History of Christianity and Heresy in Christianity · See more »

Hermit

A hermit (adjectival form: eremitic or hermitic) is a person who lives in seclusion from society, usually for religious reasons.

New!!: History of Christianity and Hermit · See more »

Hesychasm

Hesychasm is a mystical tradition of contemplative prayer in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Hesychasm · See more »

Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles

The historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles, the principal historical source for the Apostolic Age, is of interest for biblical scholars and historians of Early Christianity as part of the debate over the historicity of the Bible.

New!!: History of Christianity and Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles · See more »

History of Christian theology

The doctrine of the Trinity, considered the core of Christian theology by Trinitarians, is the result of continuous exploration by the church of the biblical data, thrashed out in debate and treatises, eventually formulated at the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325 in a way they believe is consistent with the biblical witness, and further refined in later councils and writings.

New!!: History of Christianity and History of Christian theology · See more »

History of late ancient Christianity

The history of late ancient Christianity traces Christianity during the Christian Roman Empire – the period from the rise of Christianity under Emperor Constantine (c. 313), until the fall of the Western Roman Empire (c. 476).

New!!: History of Christianity and History of late ancient Christianity · See more »

History of Oriental Orthodoxy

Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus.

New!!: History of Christianity and History of Oriental Orthodoxy · See more »

History of Protestantism

Protestantism originated from work of several theologians starting in the 12th century, although there could have been earlier cases of which there is no surviving evidence.

New!!: History of Christianity and History of Protestantism · See more »

History of the Catholic Church

The history of the Catholic Church begins with Jesus Christ and His teachings (c. 4 BC – c. AD 30), and the Catholic Church is a continuation of the early Christian community established by Jesus.

New!!: History of Christianity and History of the Catholic Church · See more »

History of the Eastern Orthodox Church

The history of the Eastern Orthodox Church is traced back to Jesus Christ and the Apostles.

New!!: History of Christianity and History of the Eastern Orthodox Church · See more »

Holiness movement

The Holiness movement involves a set of beliefs and practices which emerged within 19th-century Methodism.

New!!: History of Christianity and Holiness movement · See more »

Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans") was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 AD, from Charlemagne to Francis II).

New!!: History of Christianity and Holy Roman Emperor · See more »

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.

New!!: History of Christianity and Holy Roman Empire · See more »

Holy See

The Holy See (Santa Sede; Sancta Sedes), also called the See of Rome, is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, the episcopal see of the Pope, and an independent sovereign entity.

New!!: History of Christianity and Holy See · See more »

Holy Spirit

Holy Spirit (also called Holy Ghost) is a term found in English translations of the Bible that is understood differently among the Abrahamic religions.

New!!: History of Christianity and Holy Spirit · See more »

House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called House of Austria was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.

New!!: History of Christianity and House of Habsburg · See more »

Huldrych Zwingli

Huldrych Zwingli or Ulrich Zwingli (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland.

New!!: History of Christianity and Huldrych Zwingli · See more »

Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.

New!!: History of Christianity and Human rights · See more »

Humanism

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition.

New!!: History of Christianity and Humanism · See more »

Hymn

A hymn is a type of song, usually religious, specifically written for the purpose of adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a deity or deities, or to a prominent figure or personification.

New!!: History of Christianity and Hymn · See more »

Hypostatic union

Hypostatic union (from the Greek: ὑπόστασις hypóstasis, "sediment, foundation, substance, subsistence") is a technical term in Christian theology employed in mainstream Christology to describe the union of Christ's humanity and divinity in one hypostasis, or individual existence.

New!!: History of Christianity and Hypostatic union · See more »

Ignatius of Antioch

Ignatius of Antioch (Greek: Ἰγνάτιος Ἀντιοχείας, Ignátios Antiokheías; c. 35 – c. 107), also known as Ignatius Theophorus (Ιγνάτιος ὁ Θεοφόρος, Ignátios ho Theophóros, lit. "the God-bearing") or Ignatius Nurono (lit. "The fire-bearer"), was an early Christian writer and bishop of Antioch.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ignatius of Antioch · See more »

Incarnation (Christianity)

In Christian theology, the doctrine of the Incarnation holds that Jesus, the preexistent divine Logos (Koine Greek for "Word") and the second hypostasis of the Trinity, God the Son and Son of the Father, taking on a human body and human nature, "was made flesh" and conceived in the womb of Mary the Theotokos (Greek for "God-bearer"). The doctrine of the Incarnation, then, entails that Jesus Christ is fully God and fully human, his two natures joined in hypostatic union.

New!!: History of Christianity and Incarnation (Christianity) · See more »

Index Librorum Prohibitorum

The Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books) was a list of publications deemed heretical, or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of the Roman Curia) and thus Catholics were forbidden to read them.

New!!: History of Christianity and Index Librorum Prohibitorum · See more »

Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Panama and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture, and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.

New!!: History of Christianity and Indigenous peoples of the Americas · See more »

Indulgence

In the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, an indulgence (from *dulgeō, "persist") is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins." It may reduce the "temporal punishment for sin" after death (as opposed to the eternal punishment merited by mortal sin), in the state or process of purification called Purgatory.

New!!: History of Christianity and Indulgence · See more »

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

New!!: History of Christianity and Industrial Revolution · See more »

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Institutes of the Christian Religion (Institutio Christianae Religionis) is John Calvin's seminal work of Protestant systematic theology.

New!!: History of Christianity and Institutes of the Christian Religion · See more »

International Council of Christians and Jews

The International Council of Christians and Jews (ICCJ) is an umbrella organization of 38 national groups in 32 countries worldwide engaged in the Christian-Jewish dialogue.

New!!: History of Christianity and International Council of Christians and Jews · See more »

Internet Archive

The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge." It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and nearly three million public-domain books.

New!!: History of Christianity and Internet Archive · See more »

Investiture

Investiture, from the Latin (preposition in and verb vestire, "dress" from vestis "robe"), is the formal installation of an incumbent.

New!!: History of Christianity and Investiture · See more »

Investiture Controversy

The Investiture controversy or Investiture contest was a conflict between church and state in medieval Europe over the ability to appoint local church officials through investiture.

New!!: History of Christianity and Investiture Controversy · See more »

Irenaeus

Irenaeus (Ειρηναίος Eirēnaíos) (died about 202) was a Greek cleric noted for his role in guiding and expanding Christian communities in what is now the south of France and, more widely, for the development of Christian theology by combatting heresy and defining orthodoxy.

New!!: History of Christianity and Irenaeus · See more »

Islam

IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).

New!!: History of Christianity and Islam · See more »

James, son of Zebedee

James, son of Zebedee (Hebrew:, Yaʿqob; Greek: Ἰάκωβος; ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ; died 44 AD) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, and traditionally considered the first apostle to be martyred.

New!!: History of Christianity and James, son of Zebedee · See more »

Jan Hus

Jan Hus (– 6 July 1415), sometimes Anglicized as John Hus or John Huss, also referred to in historical texts as Iohannes Hus or Johannes Huss) was a Czech theologian, Roman Catholic priest, philosopher, master, dean, and rectorhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-Hus Encyclopedia Britannica - Jan Hus of the Charles University in Prague who became a church reformer, an inspirer of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism and a seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation. After John Wycliffe, the theorist of ecclesiastical reform, Hus is considered the first church reformer, as he lived before Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. His teachings had a strong influence on the states of Western Europe, most immediately in the approval of a reformed Bohemian religious denomination, and, more than a century later, on Martin Luther himself. He was burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, including those on ecclesiology, the Eucharist, and other theological topics. After Hus was executed in 1415, the followers of his religious teachings (known as Hussites) rebelled against their Roman Catholic rulers and defeated five consecutive papal crusades between 1420 and 1431 in what became known as the Hussite Wars. Both the Bohemian and the Moravian populations remained majority Hussite until the 1620s, when a Protestant defeat in the Battle of the White Mountain resulted in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown coming under Habsburg dominion for the next 300 years and being subject to immediate and forced conversion in an intense campaign of return to Roman Catholicism.

New!!: History of Christianity and Jan Hus · See more »

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity.

New!!: History of Christianity and Jehovah's Witnesses · See more »

Jerome

Jerome (Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; c. 27 March 347 – 30 September 420) was a priest, confessor, theologian, and historian.

New!!: History of Christianity and Jerome · See more »

Jerusalem

Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; القُدس) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

New!!: History of Christianity and Jerusalem · See more »

Jewish Christian

Jewish Christians, also Hebrew Christians or Judeo-Christians, are the original members of the Jewish movement that later became Christianity.

New!!: History of Christianity and Jewish Christian · See more »

Jews

Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.

New!!: History of Christianity and Jews · See more »

Johann Lorenz von Mosheim

Johann Lorenz von Mosheim or Johann Lorenz Mosheim (9 October 1693 – 9 September 1755) was a German Lutheran church historian.

New!!: History of Christianity and Johann Lorenz von Mosheim · See more »

John Anthony McGuckin

John Anthony McGuckin (born 1952) is a theologian, church historian, Orthodox Christian priest and poet.

New!!: History of Christianity and John Anthony McGuckin · See more »

John Bowden (theologian)

John Stephen Bowden (1935–2010) was an English Anglican cleric, theologian and publisher.

New!!: History of Christianity and John Bowden (theologian) · See more »

John Chrysostom

John Chrysostom (Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος; c. 349 – 14 September 407), Archbishop of Constantinople, was an important Early Church Father.

New!!: History of Christianity and John Chrysostom · See more »

John the Baptist

John the Baptist (יוחנן המטביל Yokhanan HaMatbil, Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστής, Iōánnēs ho baptistḗs or Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτίζων, Iōánnēs ho baptízōn,Lang, Bernhard (2009) International Review of Biblical Studies Brill Academic Pub p. 380 – "33/34 CE Herod Antipas's marriage to Herodias (and beginning of the ministry of Jesus in a sabbatical year); 35 CE – death of John the Baptist" ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ or ⲓⲱ̅ⲁ ⲡⲓⲣϥϯⲱⲙⲥ, يوحنا المعمدان) was a Jewish itinerant preacherCross, F. L. (ed.) (2005) Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd ed.

New!!: History of Christianity and John the Baptist · See more »

John VI Kantakouzenos

John VI Kantakouzenos, Cantacuzenus, or Cantacuzene (Ἰωάννης ΣΤʹ Καντακουζηνός, Iōannēs ST′ Kantakouzēnos; Johannes Cantacuzenus; – 15 June 1383) was a Greek nobleman, statesman, and general.

New!!: History of Christianity and John VI Kantakouzenos · See more »

John Wycliffe

John Wycliffe (also spelled Wyclif, Wycliff, Wiclef, Wicliffe, Wickliffe; 1320s – 31 December 1384) was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, Biblical translator, reformer, English priest, and a seminary professor at the University of Oxford.

New!!: History of Christianity and John Wycliffe · See more »

Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification

The Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (JDDJ) is a document created, and agreed to, by the Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (PCPCU) and the Lutheran World Federation in 1999, as a result of extensive ecumenical dialogue.

New!!: History of Christianity and Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification · See more »

Joseph Smith

Joseph Smith Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement.

New!!: History of Christianity and Joseph Smith · See more »

Judaizers

Judaizers is a term for Christians who decide to adopt Jewish customs and practices such as, primarily, the Law of Moses.

New!!: History of Christianity and Judaizers · See more »

Julian (emperor)

Julian (Flavius Claudius Iulianus Augustus; Φλάβιος Κλαύδιος Ἰουλιανὸς Αὔγουστος; 331/332 – 26 June 363), also known as Julian the Apostate, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek.

New!!: History of Christianity and Julian (emperor) · See more »

Justification (theology)

In Christian theology, justification is God's act of removing the guilt and penalty of sin while at the same time making a sinner righteous through Christ's atoning sacrifice.

New!!: History of Christianity and Justification (theology) · See more »

Justin Martyr

Justin Martyr (Latin: Iustinus Martyr) was an early Christian apologist, and is regarded as the foremost interpreter of the theory of the Logos in the 2nd century.

New!!: History of Christianity and Justin Martyr · See more »

Kashrut

Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus) is a set of Jewish religious dietary laws.

New!!: History of Christianity and Kashrut · See more »

Kievan Rus'

Kievan Rus' (Рѹ́сь, Рѹ́сьскаѧ землѧ, Rus(s)ia, Ruscia, Ruzzia, Rut(h)enia) was a loose federationJohn Channon & Robert Hudson, Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia (Penguin, 1995), p.16.

New!!: History of Christianity and Kievan Rus' · See more »

Knyaz

Knyaz or knez is a historical Slavic title, used both as a royal and noble title in different times of history and different ancient Slavic lands.

New!!: History of Christianity and Knyaz · See more »

Language of Jesus

It is generally agreed by historians that Jesus and his disciples primarily spoke Aramaic (Jewish Palestinian Aramaic), the common language of Judea in the first century AD, most likely a Galilean dialect distinguishable from that of Jerusalem.

New!!: History of Christianity and Language of Jesus · See more »

Language of the New Testament

The New Testament was written in a form of Koine Greek, which was the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean from the Conquests of Alexander the Great (335–323 BC) until the evolution of Byzantine Greek (c. 600).

New!!: History of Christianity and Language of the New Testament · See more »

Latin

Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

New!!: History of Christianity and Latin · See more »

Latin Empire

The Empire of Romania (Imperium Romaniae), more commonly known in historiography as the Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople, and known to the Byzantines as the Frankokratia or the Latin Occupation, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Latin Empire · See more »

Latter Day Saint movement

The Latter Day Saint movement (also called the LDS movement, LDS restorationist movement, or Smith–Rigdon movement) is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian primitivist movement founded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s.

New!!: History of Christianity and Latter Day Saint movement · See more »

Left-wing politics

Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy.

New!!: History of Christianity and Left-wing politics · See more »

Leo III the Isaurian

Leo III the Isaurian, also known as the Syrian (Leōn III ho Isauros; 675 – 18 June 741), was Byzantine Emperor from 717 until his death in 741.

New!!: History of Christianity and Leo III the Isaurian · See more »

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance, whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography.

New!!: History of Christianity and Leonardo da Vinci · See more »

Liberal Christianity

Liberal Christianity, also known as liberal theology, covers diverse philosophically and biblically informed religious movements and ideas within Christianity from the late 18th century onward.

New!!: History of Christianity and Liberal Christianity · See more »

Licinius

Licinius I (Gaius Valerius Licinianus Licinius Augustus;In Classical Latin, Licinius' name would be inscribed as GAIVS VALERIVS LICINIANVS LICINIVS AVGVSTVS. c. 263 – 325) was a Roman emperor from 308 to 324.

New!!: History of Christianity and Licinius · See more »

List of Byzantine emperors

This is a list of the Byzantine emperors from the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD, which marks the conventional start of the Byzantine Empire (or the Eastern Roman Empire), to its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD.

New!!: History of Christianity and List of Byzantine emperors · See more »

List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement

The denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement are sometimes collectively referred to as Mormonism.

New!!: History of Christianity and List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement · See more »

Lollardy

Lollardy (Lollardism, Lollard movement) was a pre-Protestant Christian religious movement that existed from the mid-14th century to the English Reformation.

New!!: History of Christianity and Lollardy · See more »

Louis the Pious

Louis the Pious (778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of the Franks and co-Emperor (as Louis I) with his father, Charlemagne, from 813.

New!!: History of Christianity and Louis the Pious · See more »

Louis XIV of France

Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

New!!: History of Christianity and Louis XIV of France · See more »

Low Countries

The Low Countries or, in the geographic sense of the term, the Netherlands (de Lage Landen or de Nederlanden, les Pays Bas) is a coastal region in northwestern Europe, consisting especially of the Netherlands and Belgium, and the low-lying delta of the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, and Ems rivers where much of the land is at or below sea level.

New!!: History of Christianity and Low Countries · See more »

Lullus

Saint Lullus (Lull or Lul) (born about 710 in Wessex, died 16 October 786 in Hersfeld) was the first permanent archbishop of Mainz, succeeding Saint Boniface, and first abbot of the Benedictine Hersfeld Abbey.

New!!: History of Christianity and Lullus · See more »

Lutheran World Federation

The Lutheran World Federation (LWF; Lutherischer Weltbund) is a global communion of national and regional Lutheran churches headquartered in the Ecumenical Centre in Geneva, Switzerland.

New!!: History of Christianity and Lutheran World Federation · See more »

Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther (1483–1546), a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian.

New!!: History of Christianity and Lutheranism · See more »

Magisterial Reformation

The Magisterial Reformation is a phrase that "draws attention to the manner in which the Lutheran and Calvinist reformers related to secular authorities, such as princes, magistrates, or city councils", i.e. "the magistracy".

New!!: History of Christianity and Magisterial Reformation · See more »

Marcionism

Marcionism was an Early Christian dualist belief system that originated in the teachings of Marcion of Sinope at Rome around the year 144.

New!!: History of Christianity and Marcionism · See more »

Martin Luther

Martin Luther, (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.

New!!: History of Christianity and Martin Luther · See more »

Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg

The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg), also referred to as MLU, is a public, research-oriented university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

New!!: History of Christianity and Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg · See more »

Mary I of England

Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558) was the Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death.

New!!: History of Christianity and Mary I of England · See more »

Mary, mother of Jesus

Mary was a 1st-century BC Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth, and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran.

New!!: History of Christianity and Mary, mother of Jesus · See more »

Matteo Ricci

Matteo Ricci, S.J. (Mattheus Riccius Maceratensis; 6 October 1552 – 11 May 1610), was an Italian Jesuit priest and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions.

New!!: History of Christianity and Matteo Ricci · See more »

Matthew 10

Matthew 10 is the tenth chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament section of the Christian Bible.

New!!: History of Christianity and Matthew 10 · See more »

Mälaren

Mälaren, historically referred to as Lake Malar in English, is the third-largest freshwater lake in Sweden (after Vänern and Vättern).

New!!: History of Christianity and Mälaren · See more »

Medieval Inquisition

The Medieval Inquisition was a series of Inquisitions (Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing heresy) from around 1184, including the Episcopal Inquisition (1184–1230s) and later the Papal Inquisition (1230s).

New!!: History of Christianity and Medieval Inquisition · See more »

Mediterranean Basin

In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin (also known as the Mediterranean region or sometimes Mediterranea) is the region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation.

New!!: History of Christianity and Mediterranean Basin · See more »

Mehmed the Conqueror

Mehmed II (محمد ثانى, Meḥmed-i sānī; Modern II.; 30 March 1432 – 3 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (Fatih Sultan Mehmet), was an Ottoman Sultan who ruled first for a short time from August 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to May 1481.

New!!: History of Christianity and Mehmed the Conqueror · See more »

Mendicant orders

Mendicant orders are, primarily, certain Christian religious orders that have adopted a lifestyle of poverty, traveling, and living in urban areas for purposes of preaching, evangelism, and ministry, especially to the poor.

New!!: History of Christianity and Mendicant orders · See more »

Merovingian dynasty

The Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that ruled the Franks for nearly 300 years in a region known as Francia in Latin, beginning in the middle of the 5th century.

New!!: History of Christianity and Merovingian dynasty · See more »

Methodism

Methodism or the Methodist movement is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley, an Anglican minister in England.

New!!: History of Christianity and Methodism · See more »

Miaphysitism

Miaphysitism is a Christological formula holding that in the person of Jesus Christ, divine nature and human nature are united (μία, mia – "one" or "unity") in a compound nature ("physis"), the two being united without separation, without mixture, without confusion and without alteration.

New!!: History of Christianity and Miaphysitism · See more »

Michael I Cerularius

Michael I Cerularius, Cærularius, or Keroularios (Μιχαήλ Α΄ Κηρουλάριος; 1000 – 21 January 1059 AD) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059 AD, most notable for his mutual excommunication with Pope Leo IX that led to the Great Schism.

New!!: History of Christianity and Michael I Cerularius · See more »

Michael III

Michael III (Μιχαήλ Γʹ, Mikhaēl III; January 19, 840 – September 23/24, 867) was Byzantine Emperor from 842 to 867.

New!!: History of Christianity and Michael III · See more »

Michelangelo

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni or more commonly known by his first name Michelangelo (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence, who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.

New!!: History of Christianity and Michelangelo · See more »

Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

New!!: History of Christianity and Middle Ages · See more »

Milan

Milan (Milano; Milan) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome, with the city proper having a population of 1,380,873 while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,235,000.

New!!: History of Christianity and Milan · See more »

Millet (Ottoman Empire)

In the Ottoman Empire, a millet was a separate court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim Sharia, Christian Canon law, or Jewish Halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.

New!!: History of Christianity and Millet (Ottoman Empire) · See more »

Ministry of Jesus

In the Christian gospels, the ministry of Jesus begins with his baptism in the countryside of Roman Judea and Transjordan, near the river Jordan, and ends in Jerusalem, following the Last Supper with his disciples.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ministry of Jesus · See more »

Mit brennender Sorge

Mit brennender Sorge, "With burning concern") On the Church and the German Reich is an encyclical of Pope Pius XI, issued during the Nazi era on 10 March 1937 (but bearing a date of Passion Sunday, 14 March)."Church and state through the centuries", Sidney Z. Ehler & John B Morrall, pp. 518–519, org pub 1954, reissued 1988, Biblo & Tannen, 1988, Written in German, not the usual Latin, it was smuggled into Germany for fear of censorship and was read from the pulpits of all German Catholic churches on one of the Church's busiest Sundays, Palm Sunday (21 March that year).Anton Gill; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.58 The encyclical condemned breaches of the 1933 Reichskonkordat agreement signed between the German Reich and the Holy See. It condemned "pantheistic confusion", "neopaganism", "the so-called myth of race and blood", and the idolizing of the State. It contained a vigorous defense of the Old Testament with the belief that it prepares the way for the New.Paul O'Shea, A Cross too Heavy, p.156-157 The encyclical states that race is a fundamental value of the human community, which is necessary and honorable but condemns the exaltation of race, or the people, or the state, above their standard value to an idolatrous level. The encyclical declares "that man as a person possesses rights he holds from God, and which any collectivity must protect against denial, suppression or neglect." National Socialism, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party are not named in the document. The term "Reich Government" is used. The effort to produce and distribute over 300,000 copies of the letter was entirely secret, allowing priests across Germany to read the letter without interference. The Gestapo raided the churches the next day to confiscate all the copies they could find, and the presses that had printed the letter were closed. According to historian Ian Kershaw, an intensification of the general anti-church struggle began around April in response to the encyclical.Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London; p. 381–382 Scholder wrote: "state officials and the Party reacted with anger and disapproval. Nevertheless the great reprisal that was feared did not come. The concordat remained in force and despite everything the intensification of the battle against the two churches which then began remained within ordinary limits."Scholder, p. 154-155 The regime further constrained the actions of the Church and harassed monks with staged prosecutions. Though Hitler is not named in the encyclical, it does refer to a "mad prophet" that some claim refers to Hitler himself.McGonigle, p. 172: "the encyclical Mit brennender Sorge was read in Catholic Churches in Germany. In effect it taught that the racial ideas of the leader (Führer) and totalitarianism stood in opposition to the Catholic faith; Bokenkotter, pp. 389–392; Historian Michael Phayer wrote that the encyclical doesn't condemn Hitler or National Socialism, "as some have erroneously asserted" (Phayer, 2002), p. 2; "His encyclical Mit brennender Sorge was the 'first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism' and even described the Führer himself as a 'mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance.'"; Rhodes, pp. 204–205: "Mit brennender Sorge did not prevaricate... Nor was the Fuhrer himself spared, for his 'aspirations to divinity', 'placing himself on the same level as Christ': 'a mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance' (widerliche Hochmut)."; "It was not the case that Pius failed to "spare the Fuhrer," or called him a "mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance." The text limits its critique of arrogance to unnamed Nazi "reformers" (John Connelly, Harvard University Press, 2012, "From Enemy to Brother: The Revolution in Catholic Teaching on the Jews, 1933–1965", p. 315, fn 52).

New!!: History of Christianity and Mit brennender Sorge · See more »

Monastery

A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits).

New!!: History of Christianity and Monastery · See more »

Mormons

Mormons are a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism, the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity, initiated by Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s.

New!!: History of Christianity and Mormons · See more »

Most Holy Synod

The Most Holy Governing Synod (Святѣйшій Правительствующій Сѵнодъ, Святейший Правительствующий Синод) was the highest governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church between 1721 and 1918 (when the Church re-instated the Patriarchate).

New!!: History of Christianity and Most Holy Synod · See more »

Mount Athos

Mount Athos (Άθως, Áthos) is a mountain and peninsula in northeastern Greece and an important centre of Eastern Orthodox monasticism.

New!!: History of Christianity and Mount Athos · See more »

Muratorian fragment

The Muratorian fragment is a copy of perhaps the oldest known list of most of the books of the New Testament.

New!!: History of Christianity and Muratorian fragment · See more »

Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism is a term used to designate a strand of Platonic philosophy that began with Plotinus in the third century AD against the background of Hellenistic philosophy and religion.

New!!: History of Christianity and Neoplatonism · See more »

Nepotism

Nepotism is based on favour granted to relatives in various fields, including business, politics, entertainment, sports, religion and other activities.

New!!: History of Christianity and Nepotism · See more »

Nero

Nero (Latin: Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; 15 December 37 – 9 June 68 AD) was the last Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

New!!: History of Christianity and Nero · See more »

Nestorius

Nestorius (in Νεστόριος; 386 – 450) was Archbishop of Constantinople (now Istanbul) from 10 April 428 to August 431, when Emperor Theodosius II confirmed his condemnation by the Council of Ephesus on 22 June.

New!!: History of Christianity and Nestorius · See more »

New Martyr

The title of New Martyr or Neomartyr (νεο-, neo, the prefix for "new"; and μάρτυς, martys, "witness") of the Eastern Orthodox Church was originally given to martyrs who died under heretical rulers or non-christian rulers in post-medieval period (the original martyrs being under pagans, mostly during Roman period).

New!!: History of Christianity and New Martyr · See more »

New Testament

The New Testament (Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, trans. Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē; Novum Testamentum) is the second part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Testament, based on the Hebrew Bible.

New!!: History of Christianity and New Testament · See more »

Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers

A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, usually known as the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (NPNF), is a set of books containing translations of early Christian writings into English.

New!!: History of Christianity and Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers · See more »

Nicene Creed

The Nicene Creed (Greek: or,, Latin: Symbolum Nicaenum) is a statement of belief widely used in Christian liturgy.

New!!: History of Christianity and Nicene Creed · See more »

Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikołaj Kopernik; Nikolaus Kopernikus; Niklas Koppernigk; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, likely independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier.

New!!: History of Christianity and Nicolaus Copernicus · See more »

Ninety-five Theses

The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany, that started the Reformation, a schism in the Catholic Church which profoundly changed Europe.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ninety-five Theses · See more »

Northern Crusades

The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were religious wars undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, and to a lesser extent also against Orthodox Christian Slavs (East Slavs).

New!!: History of Christianity and Northern Crusades · See more »

Olaf Tryggvason

Olaf Tryggvason (960s – 9 September 1000) was King of Norway from 995 to 1000.

New!!: History of Christianity and Olaf Tryggvason · See more »

Old Church Slavonic

Old Church Slavonic, also known as Old Church Slavic (or Ancient/Old Slavonic often abbreviated to OCS; (autonym словѣ́ньскъ ѩꙁꙑ́къ, slověnĭskŭ językŭ), not to be confused with the Proto-Slavic, was the first Slavic literary language. The 9th-century Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius are credited with standardizing the language and using it in translating the Bible and other Ancient Greek ecclesiastical texts as part of the Christianization of the Slavs. It is thought to have been based primarily on the dialect of the 9th century Byzantine Slavs living in the Province of Thessalonica (now in Greece). It played an important role in the history of the Slavic languages and served as a basis and model for later Church Slavonic traditions, and some Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches use this later Church Slavonic as a liturgical language to this day. As the oldest attested Slavic language, OCS provides important evidence for the features of Proto-Slavic, the reconstructed common ancestor of all Slavic languages.

New!!: History of Christianity and Old Church Slavonic · See more »

On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis

On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis (Ancient Greek: Ἔλεγχος καὶ ἀνατροπὴ τῆς ψευδωνύμου γνώσεως), sometimes called Adversus Haereses, is a work of Christian theology written in Greek about the year 180 by Irenaeus, the bishop of Lugdunum (now Lyon in France).

New!!: History of Christianity and On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis · See more »

Order of Saint Benedict

The Order of Saint Benedict (OSB; Latin: Ordo Sancti Benedicti), also known as the Black Monksin reference to the colour of its members' habitsis a Catholic religious order of independent monastic communities that observe the Rule of Saint Benedict.

New!!: History of Christianity and Order of Saint Benedict · See more »

Oriental Orthodoxy

Oriental Orthodoxy is the fourth largest communion of Christian churches, with about 76 million members worldwide.

New!!: History of Christianity and Oriental Orthodoxy · See more »

Origen

Origen of Alexandria (184 – 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was a Hellenistic scholar, ascetic, and early Christian theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria.

New!!: History of Christianity and Origen · See more »

Orthodoxy

Orthodoxy (from Greek ὀρθοδοξία orthodoxía "right opinion") is adherence to correct or accepted creeds, especially in religion.

New!!: History of Christianity and Orthodoxy · See more »

Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality

Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality (Правосла́вие, самодержа́вие, наро́дность, Pravoslávie, samoderzhávie, naródnost'), also known as Official Nationality,Riasanovsky, p. 132 was the dominant ideological doctrine of Russian emperor Nicholas I. It was "the Russian version of a general European ideology of restoration and reaction" that followed the Napoleonic Wars.

New!!: History of Christianity and Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality · See more »

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ottoman Empire · See more »

Pachomius the Great

Saint Pachomius (Παχώμιος, ca. 292–348), also known as Pachome and Pakhomius, is generally recognized as the founder of Christian cenobitic monasticism.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pachomius the Great · See more »

Paganism

Paganism is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for populations of the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, either because they were increasingly rural and provincial relative to the Christian population or because they were not milites Christi (soldiers of Christ).

New!!: History of Christianity and Paganism · See more »

Papal conclave

A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a Bishop of Rome, also known as the Pope.

New!!: History of Christianity and Papal conclave · See more »

Papal primacy

Papal primacy, also known as the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, is an ecclesiastical doctrine concerning the respect and authority that is due to the pope from other bishops and their episcopal sees.

New!!: History of Christianity and Papal primacy · See more »

Parthenon

The Parthenon (Παρθενών; Παρθενώνας, Parthenónas) is a former temple, on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron.

New!!: History of Christianity and Parthenon · See more »

Passion of Jesus

In Christianity, the Passion (from Late Latin: passionem "suffering, enduring") is the short final period in the life of Jesus covering his entrance visit to Jerusalem and leading to his crucifixion on Mount Calvary, defining the climactic event central to Christian doctrine of salvation history.

New!!: History of Christianity and Passion of Jesus · See more »

Pastoral care

Pastoral care is an ancient model of emotional and spiritual support that can be found in all cultures and traditions.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pastoral care · See more »

Patriarch of Alexandria

The Patriarch of Alexandria is the archbishop of Alexandria, Egypt.

New!!: History of Christianity and Patriarch of Alexandria · See more »

Patriarch of Antioch

Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title held by the Bishop of Antioch.

New!!: History of Christianity and Patriarch of Antioch · See more »

Patristics

Patristics or patrology is the study of the early Christian writers who are designated Church Fathers.

New!!: History of Christianity and Patristics · See more »

Paul Johnson (writer)

Paul Bede Johnson (born 2 November 1928) is an English journalist, popular historian, speechwriter, and author.

New!!: History of Christianity and Paul Johnson (writer) · See more »

Paul the Apostle

Paul the Apostle (Paulus; translit, ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ; c. 5 – c. 64 or 67), commonly known as Saint Paul and also known by his Jewish name Saul of Tarsus (translit; Saũlos Tarseús), was an apostle (though not one of the Twelve Apostles) who taught the gospel of the Christ to the first century world.

New!!: History of Christianity and Paul the Apostle · See more »

Pauline Christianity

Pauline Christianity is the Christianity associated with the beliefs and doctrines espoused by Paul the Apostle through his writings.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pauline Christianity · See more »

Pauline epistles

The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the 13 New Testament books which have the name Paul (Παῦλος) as the first word, hence claiming authorship by Paul the Apostle.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pauline epistles · See more »

Pavel Florensky

Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky (also P. A. Florenskiĭ, Florenskii, Florenskij, Па́вел Алекса́ндрович Флоре́нский) (– December 1937) was a Russian Orthodox theologian, priest, philosopher, mathematician, physicist, electrical engineer, inventor, polymath and neomartyr.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pavel Florensky · See more »

Pentarchy

Pentarchy (from the Greek Πενταρχία, pentarchía, from πέντε pénte, "five", and ἄρχειν archein, "to rule") is a model of Church organization historically championed in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pentarchy · See more »

Pentecostalism

Pentecostalism or Classical Pentecostalism is a renewal movement"Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals",.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pentecostalism · See more »

People of the Book

People of the Book/Scripture (أهل الكتاب ′Ahl al-Kitāb) is an Islamic term referring to Jews, Christians, and Sabians and sometimes applied to members of other religions such as Zoroastrians.

New!!: History of Christianity and People of the Book · See more »

Persecution of Christians

The persecution of Christians can be historically traced from the first century of the Christian era to the present day.

New!!: History of Christianity and Persecution of Christians · See more »

Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire

Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire occurred intermittently over a period of over two centuries between the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD under Nero Caesar and the Edict of Milan in 313 AD, in which the Roman Emperors Constantine the Great and Licinius legalised the Christian religion.

New!!: History of Christianity and Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire · See more »

Philip Carrington

The Most Rev Philip Carrington (6 July 1892 – 3 October 1975) was an eminent Anglican priest and author, the seventh Bishop of Quebec and the eleventh Metropolitan of Canada.

New!!: History of Christianity and Philip Carrington · See more »

Philosophy

Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

New!!: History of Christianity and Philosophy · See more »

Photios I of Constantinople

Photios I (Φώτιος Phōtios), (c. 810/820 – 6 February 893), also spelled PhotiusFr.

New!!: History of Christianity and Photios I of Constantinople · See more »

Pietism

Pietism (from the word piety) was an influential movement in Lutheranism that combined its emphasis on Biblical doctrine with the Reformed emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous Christian life.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pietism · See more »

Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)

The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers were early European settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony) · See more »

Pogrom

The term pogrom has multiple meanings, ascribed most often to the deliberate persecution of an ethnic or religious group either approved or condoned by the local authorities.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pogrom · See more »

Political science

Political science is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior.

New!!: History of Christianity and Political science · See more »

Polycarp

Polycarp (Πολύκαρπος, Polýkarpos; Polycarpus; AD 69 155) was a 2nd-century Christian bishop of Smyrna.

New!!: History of Christianity and Polycarp · See more »

Pope

The pope (papa from πάππας pappas, a child's word for "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin pontifex maximus "greatest priest"), is the Bishop of Rome and therefore ex officio the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope · See more »

Pope Adrian II

Pope Adrian II (Adrianus PP., Adriano II; 79214 December 872) was Pope from 14 December 867 to his death in 872.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Adrian II · See more »

Pope Alexander VI

Pope Alexander VI, born Rodrigo de Borja (de Borja, Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja; 1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503), was Pope from 11 August 1492 until his death.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Alexander VI · See more »

Pope Clement I

Pope Clement I (Clemens Romanus; Greek: Κλήμης Ῥώμης; died 99), also known as Saint Clement of Rome, is listed by Irenaeus and Tertullian as Bishop of Rome, holding office from 88 to his death in 99.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Clement I · See more »

Pope Clement V

Pope Clement V (Clemens V; c. 1264 – 20 April 1314), born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled de Guoth and de Goth), was Pope from 5 June 1305 to his death in 1314.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Clement V · See more »

Pope Clement VII

Pope Clement VII (26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Clement VII · See more »

Pope Damasus I

Pope Damasus I (c. 305 – 11 December 384) was Pope of the Catholic Church, from October 366 to his death in 384.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Damasus I · See more »

Pope Gregory I

Pope Saint Gregory I (Gregorius I; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, Gregory had come to be known as 'the Great' by the late ninth century, a title which is still applied to him.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Gregory I · See more »

Pope Gregory III

Pope Gregory III (Gregorius III; died 28 November 741) was Pope from 11 February 731 to his death in 741.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Gregory III · See more »

Pope Gregory VII

Gregory VII (Gregorius VII; 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (Ildebrando da Soana), was Pope from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Gregory VII · See more »

Pope Gregory XI

Pope Gregory XI (Gregorius; c. 1329 – 27 March 1378) was Pope from 30 December 1370 to his death in 1378.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Gregory XI · See more »

Pope Innocent I

Pope Innocent I (Innocentius I; d. 12 March 417) served as the Pope of the Catholic Church from 401 to his death in 417. From the beginning of his papacy, he was seen as the general arbitrator of ecclesiastical disputes in both the East and the West. He confirmed the prerogatives of the Archbishop of Thessalonica, and issued a decretal on disciplinary matters referred to him by the Bishop of Rouen. He defended the exiled John Chrysostom and consulted with the bishops of Africa concerning the Pelagian controversy, confirming the decisions of the African synods. The Catholic priest-scholar, Johann Peter Kirsch, described Innocent as a very energetic and highly gifted individual, "...who fulfilled admirably the duties of his office".

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Innocent I · See more »

Pope Innocent III

Pope Innocent III (Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Innocent III · See more »

Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II (Ioannes Paulus II; Giovanni Paolo II; Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła;; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) served as Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 to 2005.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope John Paul II · See more »

Pope John VII

Pope John VII (Ioannes VII; c. 650 – 18 October 707) was Pope from 1 March 705 to his death in 707.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope John VII · See more »

Pope John VIII

Pope John VIII (Ioannes VIII; died 16 December 882) was Pope from 14 December 872 to his death in 882.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope John VIII · See more »

Pope John XXIII

Pope John XXIII (Ioannes; Giovanni; born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,; 25 November 18813 June 1963) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope John XXIII · See more »

Pope Julius II

Pope Julius II (Papa Giulio II; Iulius II) (5 December 1443 – 21 February 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, and nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" and "The Warrior Pope".

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Julius II · See more »

Pope Leo X

Pope Leo X (11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521), born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was Pope from 9 March 1513 to his death in 1521.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Leo X · See more »

Pope Leo XIII

Pope Leo XIII (Leone; born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Leo XIII · See more »

Pope Martin V

Pope Martin V (Martinus V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was Pope from 11 November 1417 to his death in 1431.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Martin V · See more »

Pope Paul III

Pope Paul III (Paulus III; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope from 13 October 1534 to his death in 1549.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Paul III · See more »

Pope Pius V

Pope Saint Pius V (17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P.), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1566 to his death in 1572.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Pius V · See more »

Pope Pius XI

Pope Pius XI, (Pio XI) born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to his death in 1939.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Pius XI · See more »

Pope Pius XII

Pope Pius XII (Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (2 March 18769 October 1958), was the Pope of the Catholic Church from 2 March 1939 to his death.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Pius XII · See more »

Pope Sixtus IV

Pope Sixtus IV (21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was Pope from 9 August 1471 to his death in 1484.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Sixtus IV · See more »

Pope Urban II

Pope Urban II (Urbanus II; – 29 July 1099), born Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was Pope from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Urban II · See more »

Pope Urban VI

Urban VI (Urbanus VI; c. 1318 – 15 October 1389), born Bartolomeo Prignano, was Pope from 8 April 1378 to his death in 1389.

New!!: History of Christianity and Pope Urban VI · See more »

Post-Resurrection appearances of Jesus

The post-resurrection appearances of Jesus are the earthly appearances of Jesus to his followers after his death, burial and resurrection.

New!!: History of Christianity and Post-Resurrection appearances of Jesus · See more »

Predestination in Calvinism

Predestination is a doctrine in Calvinism dealing with the question of the control that God exercises over the world.

New!!: History of Christianity and Predestination in Calvinism · See more »

Presbyter

In the New Testament, a presbyter (Greek πρεσβύτερος: "elder") is a leader of a local Christian congregation.

New!!: History of Christianity and Presbyter · See more »

Presbyterianism

Presbyterianism is a part of the reformed tradition within Protestantism which traces its origins to Britain, particularly Scotland, and Ireland.

New!!: History of Christianity and Presbyterianism · See more »

Primacy of Peter

The primacy of Peter, also known as Petrine primacy (from Latin: Petrus, "Peter"), is the position of preeminence that is attributed to Saint Peter among the Twelve Apostles.

New!!: History of Christianity and Primacy of Peter · See more »

Primary source

In the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called original source or evidence) is an artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study.

New!!: History of Christianity and Primary source · See more »

Primus inter pares

Primus inter pares (Πρῶτος μεταξὺ ἴσων) is a Latin phrase meaning first among equals.

New!!: History of Christianity and Primus inter pares · See more »

Prince Constantine Constantinovich of Russia

Prince Constantine Constantinovich of Russia (Константин Константинович; 1 January 1891 – 18 July 1918), nicknamed Kostya by the family, was the fourth child of Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia by his wife Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mavrikievna of Russia.

New!!: History of Christianity and Prince Constantine Constantinovich of Russia · See more »

Prince Igor Constantinovich of Russia

Prince Igor Constantinovich of Russia (Игорь Константинович) (10 June 1894 – 18 July 1918), was the sixth child of Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia by his wife Elisaveta Mavrikievna née Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg.

New!!: History of Christianity and Prince Igor Constantinovich of Russia · See more »

Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia

Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia (Иоанн Константинович) (5 July 1886 – 18 July 1918), sometimes also known as Prince John, Prince Ivan or Prince Johan, was the eldest son of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia by his wife Yelizaveta Mavrikievna, née Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg.

New!!: History of Christianity and Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia · See more »

Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)

Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, later Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia (Елизавета Фëдоровна Романова, Elizabeth Feodorovna Romanova; canonized as Holy Martyr Elizabeth Feodorovna; 1 November 1864 – 18 July 1918) was a German princess of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt, and the wife of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, the fifth son of Emperor Alexander II of Russia and Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine.

New!!: History of Christianity and Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918) · See more »

Priscillian

Priscillian (died c.385) was a wealthy nobleman of Roman Hispania who promoted a strict form of Christian asceticism.

New!!: History of Christianity and Priscillian · See more »

Procurator (Russia)

The Procurator (прокурор, prokuror) was an office initially established in 1722 by Peter the Great, the first Emperor of the Russian Empire, as part of reforms to bring the Russian Orthodox Church more directly under his control.

New!!: History of Christianity and Procurator (Russia) · See more »

Proselyte

The biblical term "proselyte" is an anglicization of the Koine Greek term προσήλυτος (proselytos), as used in the Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) for "stranger", i.e. a "newcomer to Israel"; a "sojourner in the land", and in the Greek New Testament for a first century convert to Judaism, generally from Ancient Greek religion.

New!!: History of Christianity and Proselyte · See more »

Protagonist

A protagonist In modern usage, a protagonist is the main character of any story (in any medium, including prose, poetry, film, opera and so on).

New!!: History of Christianity and Protagonist · See more »

Protestantism

Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.

New!!: History of Christianity and Protestantism · See more »

Protestation at Speyer

On April 19, 1529, six princes and representatives of 14 Imperial Free Cities petitioned the Imperial Diet at Speyer against an imperial ban against Martin Luther, as well as the proscription of his works and teachings, and called for the unhindered spread of the evangelical faith.

New!!: History of Christianity and Protestation at Speyer · See more »

Proto-orthodox Christianity

The term "proto-orthodox Christianity", coined by New Testament scholar Bart D. Ehrman, describes the Early Christian movement which was the precursor of Christian orthodoxy.

New!!: History of Christianity and Proto-orthodox Christianity · See more »

Psikhushka

Psikhushka (психу́шка) is a Russian ironic diminutive for psychiatric hospital.

New!!: History of Christianity and Psikhushka · See more »

Puritans

The Puritans were English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England from its "Catholic" practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed.

New!!: History of Christianity and Puritans · See more »

Rabbinic Judaism

Rabbinic Judaism or Rabbinism (יהדות רבנית Yahadut Rabanit) has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Babylonian Talmud.

New!!: History of Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism · See more »

Radical Reformation

The Radical Reformation was the response to what was believed to be the corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Protestant movement led by Martin Luther and many others.

New!!: History of Christianity and Radical Reformation · See more »

Raphael

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), known as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.

New!!: History of Christianity and Raphael · See more »

Rastislav of Moravia

Rastislav or Rostislav, also known as St.

New!!: History of Christianity and Rastislav of Moravia · See more »

Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist

The real presence of Christ in the Eucharist is a term used in Christian theology to express the doctrine that Jesus is really or substantially present in the Eucharist, not merely symbolically or metaphorically.

New!!: History of Christianity and Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist · See more »

Redbad, King of the Frisians

Redbad (alt. Radbod, Raedbed) (died 719) was the king (or duke) of Frisia from c. 680 until his death.

New!!: History of Christianity and Redbad, King of the Frisians · See more »

Reformation

The Reformation (or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation; also, the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.

New!!: History of Christianity and Reformation · See more »

Relationship between religion and science

Various aspects of the relationship between religion and science have been addressed by philosophers, theologians, scientists, and others.

New!!: History of Christianity and Relationship between religion and science · See more »

Relic

In religion, a relic usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint or venerated person preserved for purposes of veneration as a tangible memorial.

New!!: History of Christianity and Relic · See more »

Religious text

Religious texts (also known as scripture, or scriptures, from the Latin scriptura, meaning "writing") are texts which religious traditions consider to be central to their practice or beliefs.

New!!: History of Christianity and Religious text · See more »

Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.

New!!: History of Christianity and Renaissance · See more »

Reprobation

Reprobation, in Christian theology, is a corollary to the Calvinistic or broadly Augustinian doctrine of unconditional election which teaches that some of mankind (the elect) are predestined by God for salvation, and the remainder, the reprobate, are left to be condemned to damnation in the "lake of fire".

New!!: History of Christianity and Reprobation · See more »

Restoration Movement

The Restoration Movement (also known as the American Restoration Movement or the Stone-Campbell Movement, and pejoratively as Campbellism) is a Christian movement that began on the United States frontier during the Second Great Awakening (1790–1840) of the early 19th century. The pioneers of this movement were seeking to reform the church from within and sought "the unification of all Christians in a single body patterned after the church of the New Testament."Rubel Shelly, I Just Want to Be a Christian, 20th Century Christian, Nashville, TN 1984, Especially since the mid-20th century, members of these churches do not identify as Protestant but simply as Christian.. Richard Thomas Hughes, Reviving the Ancient Faith: The Story of Churches of Christ in America, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1996: "arguably the most widely distributed tract ever published by the Churches of Christ or anyone associated with that tradition."Samuel S Hill, Charles H Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson, Encyclopedia of Religion in the South, Mercer University Press, 2005, pp. 854 The Restoration Movement developed from several independent strands of religious revival that idealized early Christianity. Two groups, which independently developed similar approaches to the Christian faith, were particularly important. The first, led by Barton W. Stone, began at Cane Ridge, Kentucky, and identified as "Christians". The second began in western Pennsylvania and Virginia (now West Virginia) and was led by Thomas Campbell and his son, Alexander Campbell, both educated in Scotland; they eventually used the name "Disciples of Christ". Both groups sought to restore the whole Christian church on the pattern set forth in the New Testament, and both believed that creeds kept Christianity divided. In 1832 they joined in fellowship with a handshake. Among other things, they were united in the belief that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; that Christians should celebrate the Lord's Supper on the first day of each week; and that baptism of adult believers by immersion in water is a necessary condition for salvation. Because the founders wanted to abandon all denominational labels, they used the biblical names for the followers of Jesus. Both groups promoted a return to the purposes of the 1st-century churches as described in the New Testament. One historian of the movement has argued that it was primarily a unity movement, with the restoration motif playing a subordinate role. The Restoration Movement has since divided into multiple separate groups. There are three main branches in the U.S.: the Churches of Christ, the unaffiliated Christian Church/Church of Christ congregations, and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). Some characterize the divisions in the movement as the result of the tension between the goals of restoration and ecumenism: the Churches of Christ and unaffiliated Christian Church/Church of Christ congregations resolved the tension by stressing restoration, while the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) resolved the tension by stressing ecumenism.Leroy Garrett, The Stone-Campbell Movement: The Story of the American Restoration Movement, College Press, 2002,, 573 pp. A number of groups outside the U.S. also have historical associations with this movement, such as the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada and the Churches of Christ in Australia. Because the Restoration Movement lacks any centralized structure, having originated in a variety of places with different leaders, there is no consistent nomenclature for the movement as a whole.. The term "Restoration Movement" became popular during the 19th century; this appears to be due to the influence of Alexander Campbell's essays on "A Restoration of the Ancient Order of Things" in the Christian Baptist. The term "Stone-Campbell Movement" emerged towards the end of the 20th century as a way to avoid the difficulties associated with some of the other names that have been used, and to maintain a sense of the collective history of the movement.

New!!: History of Christianity and Restoration Movement · See more »

Resurrection

Resurrection is the concept of coming back to life after death.

New!!: History of Christianity and Resurrection · See more »

Resurrection of the dead

Resurrection of the dead, or resurrection from the dead (Koine: ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν, anastasis nekron; literally: "standing up again of the dead"; is a term frequently used in the New Testament and in the writings and doctrine and theology in other religions to describe an event by which a person, or people are resurrected (brought back to life). In the New Testament of the Christian Bible, the three common usages for this term pertain to (1) the Christ, rising from the dead; (2) the rising from the dead of all men, at the end of this present age and (3) the resurrection of certain ones in history, who were restored to life. Predominantly in Christian eschatology, the term is used to support the belief that the dead will be brought back to life in connection with end times. Various other forms of this concept can also be found in other eschatologies, namely: Islamic, Jewish and Zoroastrian eschatology. In some Neopagan views, this refers to reincarnation between the three realms: Life, Death, and the Realm of the Divine; e.g.: Christopaganism. See Christianity and Neopaganism.

New!!: History of Christianity and Resurrection of the dead · See more »

Revolutions of 1848

The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, People's Spring, Springtime of the Peoples, or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848.

New!!: History of Christianity and Revolutions of 1848 · See more »

Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of discourse, wherein a writer or speaker strives to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations.

New!!: History of Christianity and Rhetoric · See more »

Richard and Joan Ostling

Richard Ostling is an American author and journalist living in Ridgewood, New Jersey.

New!!: History of Christianity and Richard and Joan Ostling · See more »

Richard I of England

Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death.

New!!: History of Christianity and Richard I of England · See more »

Road to Canossa

The Road to Canossa, sometimes called the Walk to Canossa (Gang nach Canossa/Kanossa) or Humiliation of Canossa (L'umiliazione di Canossa), refers to Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV's trek to Canossa Castle, Italy, where Pope Gregory VII was staying as the guest of Margravine Matilda of Tuscany, at the height of the investiture controversy in January 1077 to seek absolution of his excommunication.

New!!: History of Christianity and Road to Canossa · See more »

Rodney Stark

Rodney William Stark (born July 8, 1934) is an American sociologist of religion who was a long time professor of sociology and of comparative religion at the University of Washington.

New!!: History of Christianity and Rodney Stark · See more »

Role of Christianity in civilization

The role of Christianity in civilization has been intricately intertwined with the history and formation of Western society.

New!!: History of Christianity and Role of Christianity in civilization · See more »

Roman aqueduct

The Romans constructed aqueducts throughout their Empire, to bring water from outside sources into cities and towns.

New!!: History of Christianity and Roman aqueduct · See more »

Roman Britain

Roman Britain (Britannia or, later, Britanniae, "the Britains") was the area of the island of Great Britain that was governed by the Roman Empire, from 43 to 410 AD.

New!!: History of Christianity and Roman Britain · See more »

Roman Catechism

The Roman Catechism (or Catechism of the Council of Trent, published 1566) was commissioned during the Catholic Counter-Reformation by the Council of Trent, to expound doctrine and to improve the theological understanding of the clergy.

New!!: History of Christianity and Roman Catechism · See more »

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.

New!!: History of Christianity and Roman Empire · See more »

Roman Inquisition

The Roman Inquisition, formally the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, was a system of tribunals developed by the Holy See of the Roman Catholic Church, during the second half of the 16th century, responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes relating to religious doctrine or alternate religious doctrine or alternate religious beliefs.

New!!: History of Christianity and Roman Inquisition · See more »

Rule of Saint Benedict

The Rule of Saint Benedict (Regula Benedicti) is a book of precepts written by Benedict of Nursia (AD 480–550) for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot.

New!!: History of Christianity and Rule of Saint Benedict · See more »

Rus' people

The Rus (Русь, Ῥῶς) were an early medieval group, who lived in a large area of what is now Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and other countries, and are the ancestors of modern East Slavic peoples.

New!!: History of Christianity and Rus' people · See more »

Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War (Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossiyi; November 1917 – October 1922) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.

New!!: History of Christianity and Russian Civil War · See more »

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

New!!: History of Christianity and Russian Empire · See more »

Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Rússkaya pravoslávnaya tsérkov), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskóvskiy patriarkhát), is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches, in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox patriarchates.

New!!: History of Christianity and Russian Orthodox Church · See more »

Russification

Russification (Русификация), or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities, voluntarily or not, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian one.

New!!: History of Christianity and Russification · See more »

Rusyns

Rusyns, also known as Ruthenes (Rusyn: Русины Rusynŷ; also sometimes referred to as Руснакы Rusnakŷ – Rusnaks), are a primarily diasporic ethnic group who speak an East Slavic language known as Rusyn.

New!!: History of Christianity and Rusyns · See more »

Sacrament

A sacrament is a Christian rite recognized as of particular importance and significance.

New!!: History of Christianity and Sacrament · See more »

Sacraments of the Catholic Church

There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Sacraments of the Catholic Church · See more »

Saint Boniface

Saint Boniface (Bonifatius; 675 – 5 June 754 AD), born Winfrid (also spelled Winifred, Wynfrith, Winfrith or Wynfryth) in the kingdom of Wessex in Anglo-Saxon England, was a leading figure in the Anglo-Saxon mission to the Germanic parts of the Frankish Empire during the 8th century.

New!!: History of Christianity and Saint Boniface · See more »

Saint Dominic

Saint Dominic (Santo Domingo), also known as Dominic of Osma and Dominic of Caleruega, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo Félix de Guzmán (8 August 1170 – 6 August 1221), was a Castilian priest and founder of the Dominican Order.

New!!: History of Christianity and Saint Dominic · See more »

Saint Naum

Saint Naum (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Свети Наум, Sveti Naum), also known as Naum of Ohrid or Naum of Preslav (c. 830 – December 23, 910) was a medieval Bulgarian writer, enlightener, one of the seven Apostles of the First Bulgarian Empire and missionary among the Slavs.

New!!: History of Christianity and Saint Naum · See more »

Saint Patrick

Saint Patrick (Patricius; Pádraig; Padrig) was a fifth-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland.

New!!: History of Christianity and Saint Patrick · See more »

Saint Peter

Saint Peter (Syriac/Aramaic: ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹ݁ܐܦ݂ܵܐ, Shemayon Keppa; שמעון בר יונה; Petros; Petros; Petrus; r. AD 30; died between AD 64 and 68), also known as Simon Peter, Simeon, or Simon, according to the New Testament, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, leaders of the early Christian Great Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Saint Peter · See more »

Saint Stephen

Stephen (Στέφανος Stéphanos, meaning "wreath, crown" and by extension "reward, honor", often given as a title rather than as a name), (c. AD 5 – c. AD 34) traditionally venerated as the protomartyr or first martyr of Christianity,, St.

New!!: History of Christianity and Saint Stephen · See more »

Saints Cyril and Methodius

Saints Cyril and Methodius (826–869, 815–885; Κύριλλος καὶ Μεθόδιος; Old Church Slavonic) were two brothers who were Byzantine Christian theologians and Christian missionaries.

New!!: History of Christianity and Saints Cyril and Methodius · See more »

Saladin

An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب / ALA-LC: Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb; سەلاحەدینی ئەییووبی / ALA-LC: Selahedînê Eyûbî), known as Salah ad-Din or Saladin (11374 March 1193), was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

New!!: History of Christianity and Saladin · See more »

Samizdat

Samizdat was a form of dissident activity across the Eastern bloc in which individuals reproduced censored and underground publications by hand and passed the documents from reader to reader.

New!!: History of Christianity and Samizdat · See more »

Sarcophagus

A sarcophagus (plural, sarcophagi) is a box-like funeral receptacle for a corpse, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried.

New!!: History of Christianity and Sarcophagus · See more »

Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire, also known as the Sassanian, Sasanid, Sassanid or Neo-Persian Empire (known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr in Middle Persian), was the last period of the Persian Empire (Iran) before the rise of Islam, named after the House of Sasan, which ruled from 224 to 651 AD. The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognised as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighbouring arch-rival the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 International Congress of Byzantine Studies Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1-3 pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 The Sasanian Empire was founded by Ardashir I, after the fall of the Parthian Empire and the defeat of the last Arsacid king, Artabanus V. At its greatest extent, the Sasanian Empire encompassed all of today's Iran, Iraq, Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatif, Qatar, UAE), the Levant (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan), the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan), Egypt, large parts of Turkey, much of Central Asia (Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), Yemen and Pakistan. According to a legend, the vexilloid of the Sasanian Empire was the Derafsh Kaviani.Khaleghi-Motlagh, The Sasanian Empire during Late Antiquity is considered to have been one of Iran's most important and influential historical periods and constituted the last great Iranian empire before the Muslim conquest and the adoption of Islam. In many ways, the Sasanian period witnessed the peak of ancient Iranian civilisation. The Sasanians' cultural influence extended far beyond the empire's territorial borders, reaching as far as Western Europe, Africa, China and India. It played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art. Much of what later became known as Islamic culture in art, architecture, music and other subject matter was transferred from the Sasanians throughout the Muslim world.

New!!: History of Christianity and Sasanian Empire · See more »

Saxons

The Saxons (Saxones, Sachsen, Seaxe, Sahson, Sassen, Saksen) were a Germanic people whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country (Old Saxony, Saxonia) near the North Sea coast of what is now Germany.

New!!: History of Christianity and Saxons · See more »

Scholasticism

Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics", or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context.

New!!: History of Christianity and Scholasticism · See more »

School of Edessa

The School of Edessa (ܐܣܟܘܠܐ ܕܐܘܪܗܝ), often confused with the School of Nisibis, was a theological school of great importance to the Syriac-speaking world.

New!!: History of Christianity and School of Edessa · See more »

Scotland

Scotland (Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain.

New!!: History of Christianity and Scotland · See more »

Second Coming

The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is a Christian and Islamic belief regarding the future (or past) return of Jesus Christ after his incarnation and ascension to heaven about two thousand years ago.

New!!: History of Christianity and Second Coming · See more »

Second Council of Lyon

The Second Council of Lyon was the fourteenth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, convoked on 31 March 1272 and convened in Lyon, France, in 1274.

New!!: History of Christianity and Second Council of Lyon · See more »

Second Council of Nicaea

The Second Council of Nicaea is recognized as the last of the first seven ecumenical councils by the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Second Council of Nicaea · See more »

Second Crusade

The Second Crusade (1147–1149) was the second major crusade launched from Europe.

New!!: History of Christianity and Second Crusade · See more »

Second Vatican Council

The Second Vatican Council, fully the Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican and informally known as addressed relations between the Catholic Church and the modern world.

New!!: History of Christianity and Second Vatican Council · See more »

Second War of Kappel

The Second War of Kappel (Zweiter Kappelerkrieg) was an armed conflict in 1531 between the Protestant and the Roman Catholic cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland.

New!!: History of Christianity and Second War of Kappel · See more »

Seljuq dynasty

The Seljuq dynasty, or Seljuqs (آل سلجوق Al-e Saljuq), was an Oghuz Turk Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became a Persianate society and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition in the medieval West and Central Asia.

New!!: History of Christianity and Seljuq dynasty · See more »

Semi-Arianism

Semi-Arianism was a position regarding the relationship between God the Father and the Son of God, adopted by some 4th century Christians.

New!!: History of Christianity and Semi-Arianism · See more »

Seminary

Seminary, school of theology, theological seminary, Early-Morning Seminary, and divinity school are educational institutions for educating students (sometimes called seminarians) in scripture, theology, generally to prepare them for ordination as clergy, academia, or ministry.

New!!: History of Christianity and Seminary · See more »

Septuagint

The Septuagint or LXX (from the septuāgintā literally "seventy"; sometimes called the Greek Old Testament) is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew.

New!!: History of Christianity and Septuagint · See more »

Serbs

The Serbs (Срби / Srbi) are a South Slavic ethnic group that formed in the Balkans.

New!!: History of Christianity and Serbs · See more »

Sharashka

The Experimental Design Bureau (Opytnoe konstruktorskoe bûro; ОКБ), commonly known as sharashka (шара́шка,; sometimes sharaga, sharazhka) was an informal name for secret research and development laboratories in the Soviet Gulag labor camp system.

New!!: History of Christianity and Sharashka · See more »

Sharia

Sharia, Sharia law, or Islamic law (شريعة) is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.

New!!: History of Christianity and Sharia · See more »

Sidereus Nuncius

Sidereus Nuncius (usually Sidereal Messenger, also Starry Messenger or Sidereal Message) is a short astronomical treatise (or pamphlet) published in New Latin by Galileo Galilei on March 13, 1610.

New!!: History of Christianity and Sidereus Nuncius · See more »

Simony

Simony is the act of selling church offices and roles.

New!!: History of Christianity and Simony · See more »

Slavic languages

The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the Indo-European languages spoken by the Slavic peoples.

New!!: History of Christianity and Slavic languages · See more »

Slavs

Slavs are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group who speak the various Slavic languages of the larger Balto-Slavic linguistic group.

New!!: History of Christianity and Slavs · See more »

Society of Jesus

The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.

New!!: History of Christianity and Society of Jesus · See more »

Sola fide

Sola fide (Latin: by faith alone), also known as justification by faith alone, is a Christian theological doctrine commonly held to distinguish many Protestant churches from the Catholic Church, as well as the Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches.

New!!: History of Christianity and Sola fide · See more »

Sola scriptura

Sola Scriptura (Latin: by scripture alone) is a theological doctrine held by some Christian denominations that the Christian scriptures are the sole infallible rule of faith and practice.

New!!: History of Christianity and Sola scriptura · See more »

Spanish mystics

The Spanish Mystics are major figures in the Catholic Reformation of 16th and 17th century Spain.

New!!: History of Christianity and Spanish mystics · See more »

Split of early Christianity and Judaism

The split of early Christianity and Judaism took place during the first centuries CE.

New!!: History of Christianity and Split of early Christianity and Judaism · See more »

St. Peter's Basilica

The Papal Basilica of St.

New!!: History of Christianity and St. Peter's Basilica · See more »

State atheism

State atheism, according to Oxford University Press's A Dictionary of Atheism, "is the name given to the incorporation of positive atheism or non-theism into political regimes, particularly associated with Soviet systems." In contrast, a secular state purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.

New!!: History of Christianity and State atheism · See more »

State church of the Roman Empire

Nicene Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire with the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD, when Emperor Theodosius I made it the Empire's sole authorized religion.

New!!: History of Christianity and State church of the Roman Empire · See more »

Sublime Porte

The Sublime Porte, also known as the Ottoman Porte or High Porte (باب عالی Bāb-ı Ālī or Babıali, from باب, bāb "gate" and عالي, alī "high"), is a synecdochic metonym for the central government of the Ottoman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Sublime Porte · See more »

Substitutionary atonement

Technically speaking, substitutionary atonement is the name given to a number of Christian models of the atonement that regard Jesus as dying as a substitute for others, 'instead of' them.

New!!: History of Christianity and Substitutionary atonement · See more »

Suleiman the Magnificent

|spouse.

New!!: History of Christianity and Suleiman the Magnificent · See more »

Sultan

Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.

New!!: History of Christianity and Sultan · See more »

Synagogue

A synagogue, also spelled synagog (pronounced; from Greek συναγωγή,, 'assembly', בית כנסת, 'house of assembly' or, "house of prayer", Yiddish: שול shul, Ladino: אסנוגה or קהל), is a Jewish house of prayer.

New!!: History of Christianity and Synagogue · See more »

Synod of Hippo

The Synod of Hippo refers to the synod of 393 which was hosted in Hippo Regius in northern Africa during the early Christian Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Synod of Hippo · See more »

Synod of Jerusalem (1672)

The Synod of Jerusalem was convened by Orthodox Patriarch Dositheos Notaras in March 1672.

New!!: History of Christianity and Synod of Jerusalem (1672) · See more »

Syriac Christianity

Syriac Christianity (ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ / mšiḥāiūṯā suryāiṯā) refers to Eastern Christian traditions that employs Syriac language in their liturgical rites.

New!!: History of Christianity and Syriac Christianity · See more »

Tacitus

Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (–) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Tacitus · See more »

Telescope

A telescope is an optical instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light).

New!!: History of Christianity and Telescope · See more »

Tertullian

Tertullian, full name Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, c. 155 – c. 240 AD, was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa.

New!!: History of Christianity and Tertullian · See more »

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), often informally known as the Mormon Church, is a nontrinitarian, Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ.

New!!: History of Christianity and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints · See more »

The Fundamentals

The Fundamentals: A Testimony To The Truth (generally referred to simply as The Fundamentals) is a set of ninety essays published between 1910 and 1915 by the Testimony Publishing Company of Chicago.

New!!: History of Christianity and The Fundamentals · See more »

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire is a six-volume work by the English historian Edward Gibbon.

New!!: History of Christianity and The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire · See more »

The Holocaust

The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.

New!!: History of Christianity and The Holocaust · See more »

The Reformation: A History

The Reformation: A History (2003) is a history book by English historian Diarmaid MacCulloch.

New!!: History of Christianity and The Reformation: A History · See more »

The Rise of Christianity

The Rise of Christianity (subtitled either A Sociologist Reconsiders History or How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries, depending on the edition), is a book by the sociologist Rodney Stark, which examines the rise of Christianity, from a small movement in Galilee and Judea at the (supposed) time of Jesus to the majority religion of the Roman Empire a few centuries later.

New!!: History of Christianity and The Rise of Christianity · See more »

Theodosius I

Theodosius I (Flavius Theodosius Augustus; Θεοδόσιος Αʹ; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also known as Theodosius the Great, was Roman Emperor from AD 379 to AD 395, as the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire. On accepting his elevation, he campaigned against Goths and other barbarians who had invaded the empire. His resources were not equal to destroy them, and by the treaty which followed his modified victory at the end of the Gothic War, they were established as Foederati, autonomous allies of the Empire, south of the Danube, in Illyricum, within the empire's borders. He was obliged to fight two destructive civil wars, successively defeating the usurpers Magnus Maximus and Eugenius, not without material cost to the power of the empire. He also issued decrees that effectively made Nicene Christianity the official state church of the Roman Empire."Edict of Thessalonica": See Codex Theodosianus XVI.1.2 He neither prevented nor punished the destruction of prominent Hellenistic temples of classical antiquity, including the Temple of Apollo in Delphi and the Serapeum in Alexandria. He dissolved the order of the Vestal Virgins in Rome. In 393, he banned the pagan rituals of the Olympics in Ancient Greece. After his death, Theodosius' young sons Arcadius and Honorius inherited the east and west halves respectively, and the Roman Empire was never again re-united, though Eastern Roman emperors after Zeno would claim the united title after Julius Nepos' death in 480 AD.

New!!: History of Christianity and Theodosius I · See more »

Theodosius II

Theodosius II (Flavius Theodosius Junior Augustus; Θεοδόσιος Βʹ; 10 April 401 – 28 July 450),"Theodosius II" in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, New York & Oxford, 1991, p. 2051.

New!!: History of Christianity and Theodosius II · See more »

Theology

Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine.

New!!: History of Christianity and Theology · See more »

Theology of John Calvin

The theology of John Calvin has been influential in both the development of the system of belief now known as Calvinism and in Protestant thought more generally.

New!!: History of Christianity and Theology of John Calvin · See more »

Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη, Thessaloníki), also familiarly known as Thessalonica, Salonica, or Salonika is the second-largest city in Greece, with over 1 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of Greek Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.

New!!: History of Christianity and Thessaloniki · See more »

Third Crusade

The Third Crusade (1189–1192), was an attempt by European Christian leaders to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan, Saladin, in 1187.

New!!: History of Christianity and Third Crusade · See more »

Third Great Awakening

The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period proposed by William G. McLoughlin that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century.

New!!: History of Christianity and Third Great Awakening · See more »

Third Rome

Third Rome is the hypothetical successor to the legacy of ancient Rome (the "first Rome").

New!!: History of Christianity and Third Rome · See more »

Thirty-nine Articles

The Thirty-nine Articles of Religion (commonly abbreviated as the Thirty-nine Articles or the XXXIX Articles) are the historically defining statements of doctrines and practices of the Church of England with respect to the controversies of the English Reformation.

New!!: History of Christianity and Thirty-nine Articles · See more »

Thomas Cajetan

Thomas Cajetan (20 February 1469 - 9 August 1534), also known as Gaetanus, commonly Tommaso de Vio or Thomas de Vio, was an Italian philosopher, theologian, cardinal (from 1517 until his death) and the Master of the Order of Preachers 1508-18.

New!!: History of Christianity and Thomas Cajetan · See more »

Thomas Cranmer

Thomas Cranmer (2 July 1489 – 21 March 1556) was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See.

New!!: History of Christianity and Thomas Cranmer · See more »

Thomism

Thomism is the philosophical school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church.

New!!: History of Christianity and Thomism · See more »

Timeline of Christian missions

This timeline of Christian missions chronicles the global expansion of Christianity through a listing of the most significant missionary outreach events.

New!!: History of Christianity and Timeline of Christian missions · See more »

Timeline of Christianity

The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Christianity from the beginning of the current era (AD) to the present.

New!!: History of Christianity and Timeline of Christianity · See more »

Timeline of the Catholic Church

As traditionally the oldest form of Christianity, along with the ancient or first millennial Orthodox Church, the non-Chalcedonian or Oriental Churches and the Church of the East, the history of the Roman Catholic Church is integral to the history of Christianity as a whole.

New!!: History of Christianity and Timeline of the Catholic Church · See more »

Totalitarianism

Benito Mussolini Totalitarianism is a political concept where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to control every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.

New!!: History of Christianity and Totalitarianism · See more »

Transubstantiation

Transubstantiation (Latin: transsubstantiatio; Greek: μετουσίωσις metousiosis) is, according to the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, the change of substance or essence by which the bread and wine offered in the sacrifice of the sacrament of the Eucharist during the Mass, become, in reality, the body and blood of Jesus Christ.

New!!: History of Christianity and Transubstantiation · See more »

Trinity

The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (from Greek τριάς and τριάδα, from "threefold") holds that God is one but three coeternal consubstantial persons or hypostases—the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit—as "one God in three Divine Persons".

New!!: History of Christianity and Trinity · See more »

Tsar

Tsar (Old Bulgarian / Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe.

New!!: History of Christianity and Tsar · See more »

Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ukraine · See more »

Ulfilas

Ulfilas (–383), also known as Ulphilas and Orphila, all Latinized forms of the Gothic Wulfila, literally "Little Wolf", was a Goth of Cappadocian Greek descent who served as a bishop and missionary, is credited with the translation of the Bible into the Gothic Bible, and participated in the Arian controversy.

New!!: History of Christianity and Ulfilas · See more »

Unconditional election

Unconditional election (also known as unconditional grace) is a Reformed doctrine relating to Predestination that describes the actions and motives of God in eternity past, before He created the world, where he predestinated some people to receive salvation, the elect, and the rest he left to continue in their sins and receive the just punishment, eternal damnation, for their transgressions of God's law as outlined in the old and new Testaments of the Bible.

New!!: History of Christianity and Unconditional election · See more »

United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany

The United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany (German: Vereinigte Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche Deutschlands) (VELKD) was founded on July 8, 1948, in Eisenach, Germany.

New!!: History of Christianity and United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany · See more »

Utrecht

Utrecht is a city and municipality in the Netherlands, capital and most populous city of the province of Utrecht.

New!!: History of Christianity and Utrecht · See more »

Venice

Venice (Venezia,; Venesia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

New!!: History of Christianity and Venice · See more »

Virgin birth of Jesus

The virgin birth of Jesus is the belief that Jesus was conceived in the womb of his mother Mary through the Holy Spirit without the agency of a human father and born while Mary was still a virgin.

New!!: History of Christianity and Virgin birth of Jesus · See more »

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

New!!: History of Christianity and Vladimir Lenin · See more »

Vladimir Lossky

Vladimir Nikolayevich Lossky (Влади́мир Никола́евич Ло́сский; – February 7, 1958) was an Orthodox Christian theologian in exile from Russia.

New!!: History of Christianity and Vladimir Lossky · See more »

Vladimir Paley

Prince Vladimir Pavlovich Paley (Владимир Павлович Палей.; 28 December 1896 – 18 July 1918) was a Russian aristocrat and poet, who was executed by the Bolsheviks when he was 21 years old.

New!!: History of Christianity and Vladimir Paley · See more »

Waldensians

The Waldensians (also known variously as Waldenses, Vallenses, Valdesi or Vaudois) are a pre-Protestant Christian movement founded by Peter Waldo in Lyon around 1173.

New!!: History of Christianity and Waldensians · See more »

Wales

Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain.

New!!: History of Christianity and Wales · See more »

Western Christianity

Western Christianity is the type of Christianity which developed in the areas of the former Western Roman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Western Christianity · See more »

Western Roman Empire

In historiography, the Western Roman Empire refers to the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any one time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court, coequal with that administering the eastern half, then referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire.

New!!: History of Christianity and Western Roman Empire · See more »

Western Schism

The Western Schism, also called Papal Schism, Great Occidental Schism and Schism of 1378, was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which two, since 1410 even three, men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope.

New!!: History of Christianity and Western Schism · See more »

Westminster Confession of Faith

The Westminster Confession of Faith is a Reformed confession of faith.

New!!: History of Christianity and Westminster Confession of Faith · See more »

White movement

The White movement (p) and its military arm the White Army (Бѣлая Армія/Белая Армия, Belaya Armiya), also known as the White Guard (Бѣлая Гвардія/Белая Гвардия, Belaya Gvardiya), the White Guardsmen (Белогвардейцы, Belogvardeytsi) or simply the Whites (Белые, Beliye), was a loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces that fought the Bolsheviks, also known as the Reds, in the Russian Civil War (1917–1922/3) and, to a lesser extent, continued operating as militarized associations both outside and within Russian borders until roughly the Second World War.

New!!: History of Christianity and White movement · See more »

Wilfrid

Wilfrid (c. 633 – c. 709) was an English bishop and saint.

New!!: History of Christianity and Wilfrid · See more »

William Laud

William Laud (7 October 1573 – 10 January 1645) was an English archbishop and academic.

New!!: History of Christianity and William Laud · See more »

Willibrord

Willibrord (658 – 7 November AD 739) was a Northumbrian missionary saint, known as the "Apostle to the Frisians" in the modern Netherlands.

New!!: History of Christianity and Willibrord · See more »

Zadar

Zadar (see other names) is the oldest continuously inhabited Croatian city.

New!!: History of Christianity and Zadar · See more »

Zürich

Zürich or Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich.

New!!: History of Christianity and Zürich · See more »

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism, or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest extant religions, which is monotheistic in having a single creator god, has dualistic cosmology in its concept of good and evil, and has an eschatology which predicts the ultimate destruction of evil.

New!!: History of Christianity and Zoroastrianism · See more »

Redirects here:

Christian conquests, Christianity and syncretism, Christianity in the Early Modern Era, Historian of Christianity, Historical Christianity, History of Christianity/Jesus, pre-4th century Christianity, and syncretism, History of christianity, History of the Christian Church, Jesus and syncretism, Jesus, pre-4th century Christianity, and syncretism, Spread of Christianity.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity

Unionpedia is a concept map or semantic network organized like an encyclopedia – dictionary. It gives a brief definition of each concept and its relationships.

This is a giant online mental map that serves as a basis for concept diagrams. It's free to use and each article or document can be downloaded. It's a tool, resource or reference for study, research, education, learning or teaching, that can be used by teachers, educators, pupils or students; for the academic world: for school, primary, secondary, high school, middle, technical degree, college, university, undergraduate, master's or doctoral degrees; for papers, reports, projects, ideas, documentation, surveys, summaries, or thesis. Here is the definition, explanation, description, or the meaning of each significant on which you need information, and a list of their associated concepts as a glossary. Available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Polish, Dutch, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Swedish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Catalan, Czech, Hebrew, Danish, Finnish, Indonesian, Norwegian, Romanian, Turkish, Vietnamese, Korean, Thai, Greek, Bulgarian, Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Filipino, Latvian, Estonian and Slovenian. More languages soon.

All the information was extracted from Wikipedia, and it's available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

Unionpedia is not endorsed by or affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation.

Google Play, Android and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc.

Privacy Policy

OutgoingIncoming