OutgoingIncoming

🌟We've simplified our design for better navigation!

Table of Contents

1. 893 relations: Aachen, Adalbert of Mainz, Adam Ries, Adolf Hitler, Aedui, Agadir Crisis, Age of Enlightenment, Agenda 2010, Ahrensburg, Ahrensburg culture, Alans, Albert Einstein, Albert, Duke of Prussia, Albertus Magnus, Albrecht Dürer, Albrecht von Roon, Alemanni, Alexander von Humboldt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Alfred von Tirpitz, Allied-occupied Germany, Alps, Alsace, Alsace–Lorraine, Altmark, American Revolutionary War, Anatolia, Ancient Rome, Angela Merkel, Anno Domini, Anti-Comintern Pact, Anti-Socialist Laws, Antisemitism, Appeasement, Arabic numerals, Archaeogenetics, Archaeology of Northern Europe, Arianism, Ariovistus, Aristocracy, Arminius, Armistice of 11 November 1918, Arthur Schopenhauer, Article 48 (Weimar Constitution), Artisan, Astronomy, Athanasius Kircher, Attack on Pearl Harbor, Attila, Augsburg, ... Expand index (843 more) » « Shrink index

Aachen

Aachen (French: Aix-la-Chapelle; Oche; Aquae Granni or Aquisgranum) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 261,000 inhabitants.

See History of Germany and Aachen

Adalbert of Mainz

Adalbert I von Saarbrücken (died June 23, 1137) was Archbishop-Elector of Mainz from 1111 until his death.

See History of Germany and Adalbert of Mainz

Adam Ries

Adam Ries (17 January 1492 – 30 March 1559) was a German mathematician.

See History of Germany and Adam Ries

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

See History of Germany and Adolf Hitler

Aedui

The Aedui or Haedui (Gaulish: *Aiduoi, 'the Ardent'; Aἴδουοι) were a Gallic tribe dwelling in what is now the region of Burgundy during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

See History of Germany and Aedui

Agadir Crisis

The Agadir Crisis, Agadir Incident, or Second Moroccan Crisis was a brief crisis sparked by the deployment of a substantial force of French troops in the interior of Morocco in July 1911 and the deployment of the German gunboat to Agadir, a Moroccan Atlantic port.

See History of Germany and Agadir Crisis

Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

See History of Germany and Age of Enlightenment

Agenda 2010

The Agenda 2010 is a series of reforms planned and executed by the German government in the early 2000s, a Social Democrats/Greens coalition at that time, which aimed to reform the German welfare system and labour relations.

See History of Germany and Agenda 2010

Ahrensburg

Ahrensburg is a town in the district of Stormarn, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

See History of Germany and Ahrensburg

Ahrensburg culture

The Ahrensburg culture or Ahrensburgian (c. 12,900 to 11,700 BP) was a late Upper Paleolithic nomadic hunter culture (or technocomplex) in north-central Europe during the Younger Dryas, the last spell of cold at the end of the Weichsel glaciation resulting in deforestation and the formation of a tundra with bushy arctic white birch and rowan.

See History of Germany and Ahrensburg culture

Alans

The Alans (Latin: Alani) were an ancient and medieval Iranic nomadic pastoral people who migrated to what is today North Caucasus – while some continued on to Europe and later North-Africa.

See History of Germany and Alans

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".

See History of Germany and Albert Einstein

Albert, Duke of Prussia

Albert of Prussia (Albrecht von Preussen; 17 May 149020 March 1568) was a German prince who was the 37th grand master of the Teutonic Knights and, after converting to Lutheranism, became the first ruler of the Duchy of Prussia, the secularized state that emerged from the former Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.

See History of Germany and Albert, Duke of Prussia

Albertus Magnus

Albertus Magnus (– 15 November 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great, Albert of Swabia or Albert of Cologne, was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, scientist, and bishop, considered one of the greatest medieval philosophers and thinkers.

See History of Germany and Albertus Magnus

Albrecht Dürer

Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528),Müller, Peter O. (1993) Substantiv-Derivation in Den Schriften Albrecht Dürers, Walter de Gruyter.

See History of Germany and Albrecht Dürer

Albrecht von Roon

Albrecht Theodor Emil Graf von Roon (30 April 1803 – 23 February 1879) was a Prussian soldier and statesman.

See History of Germany and Albrecht von Roon

Alemanni

The Alemanni or Alamanni were a confederation of Germanic tribes.

See History of Germany and Alemanni

Alexander von Humboldt

Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 1769 – 6 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science.

See History of Germany and Alexander von Humboldt

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840 – December 1, 1914) was a United States naval officer and historian, whom John Keegan called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century." His book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 (1890) won immediate recognition, especially in Europe, and with its successor, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812 (1892), made him world-famous.

See History of Germany and Alfred Thayer Mahan

Alfred von Tirpitz

Alfred Peter Friedrich von Tirpitz (19 March 1849 – 6 March 1930) was a German grand admiral, State Secretary of the German Imperial Naval Office, the powerful administrative branch of the German Imperial Navy from 1897 until 1916.

See History of Germany and Alfred von Tirpitz

Allied-occupied Germany

The entirety of Germany was occupied and administered by the Allies of World War II from the Berlin Declaration on 5 June 1945 to the establishment of West Germany on 23 May 1949.

See History of Germany and Allied-occupied Germany

Alps

The Alps are one of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia.

See History of Germany and Alps

Alsace

Alsace (Low Alemannic German/Alsatian: Elsàss ˈɛlsɑs; German: Elsass (German spelling before 1996: Elsaß.) ˈɛlzas ⓘ; Latin: Alsatia) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland.

See History of Germany and Alsace

Alsace–Lorraine

Alsace–Lorraine (German: Elsaß–Lothringen), officially the Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß–Lothringen), was a former territory of the German Empire, located in modern day France.

See History of Germany and Alsace–Lorraine

Altmark

The Altmark (English: Old MarchHansard, The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time..., Volume 32. 1 February to 6 March 1816, T.C. Hansard, 1816.. Article XXIII of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna) is a historic region in Germany, comprising the northern third of Saxony-Anhalt.

See History of Germany and Altmark

American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.

See History of Germany and American Revolutionary War

Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

See History of Germany and Anatolia

Ancient Rome

In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.

See History of Germany and Ancient Rome

Angela Merkel

Angela Dorothea Merkel (born 17 July 1954) is a German retired politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021 and was the first woman to hold that office.

See History of Germany and Angela Merkel

Anno Domini

The terms anno Domini. (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.

See History of Germany and Anno Domini

Anti-Comintern Pact

The Anti-Comintern Pact, officially the Agreement against the Communist International was an anti-Communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan on 25 November 1936 and was directed against the Communist International (Comintern).

See History of Germany and Anti-Comintern Pact

Anti-Socialist Laws

The Anti-Socialist Laws or Socialist Laws (Sozialistengesetze; officially Gesetz gegen die gemeingefährlichen Bestrebungen der Sozialdemokratie, approximately "Law against the public danger of Social Democratic endeavours") were a series of acts of the parliament of the German Empire, the first of which was passed on 19 October 1878 by the Reichstag lasting until 31 March 1881 and extended four times (May 1880, May 1884, April 1886 and February 1888).

See History of Germany and Anti-Socialist Laws

Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.

See History of Germany and Antisemitism

Appeasement

Appeasement, in an international context, is a diplomatic negotiation policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power with intention to avoid conflict.

See History of Germany and Appeasement

Arabic numerals

The ten Arabic numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are the most commonly used symbols for writing numbers.

See History of Germany and Arabic numerals

Archaeogenetics

Archaeogenetics is the study of ancient DNA using various molecular genetic methods and DNA resources.

See History of Germany and Archaeogenetics

Archaeology of Northern Europe

The archaeology of Northern Europe studies the prehistory of Scandinavia and the adjacent North European Plain, roughly corresponding to the territories of modern Sweden, Norway, Denmark, northern Germany, Poland and the Netherlands.

See History of Germany and Archaeology of Northern Europe

Arianism

Arianism (Ἀρειανισμός) is a Christological doctrine considered heretical by all modern mainstream branches of Christianity.

See History of Germany and Arianism

Ariovistus

Ariovistus was a leader of the Suebi and other allied Germanic peoples in the second quarter of the 1st century BC.

See History of Germany and Ariovistus

Aristocracy

Aristocracy is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats.

See History of Germany and Aristocracy

Arminius

Arminius (18/17 BC–AD 21) was a chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe who is best known for commanding an alliance of Germanic tribes at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9, in which three Roman legions under the command of general and governor Publius Quinctilius Varus were destroyed.

See History of Germany and Arminius

Armistice of 11 November 1918

The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice signed at Le Francport near Compiègne that ended fighting on land, at sea, and in the air in World War I between the Entente and their last remaining opponent, Germany.

See History of Germany and Armistice of 11 November 1918

Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher.

See History of Germany and Arthur Schopenhauer

Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)

Article 48 of the constitution of the Weimar Republic of Germany (1919–1933) allowed the Reich president, under certain circumstances, to take emergency measures without the prior consent of the Reichstag.

See History of Germany and Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)

Artisan

An artisan (from artisan, artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates material objects partly or entirely by hand.

See History of Germany and Artisan

Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.

See History of Germany and Astronomy

Athanasius Kircher

Athanasius Kircher (2 May 1602 – 27 November 1680) was a German Jesuit scholar and polymath who published around 40 major works of comparative religion, geology, and medicine.

See History of Germany and Athanasius Kircher

Attack on Pearl Harbor

The attack on Pearl HarborAlso known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, in the United States, just before 8:00a.m. (local time) on Sunday, December 7, 1941.

See History of Germany and Attack on Pearl Harbor

Attila

Attila, frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death, in early 453.

See History of Germany and Attila

Augsburg

Augsburg (label) is a city in the Bavarian part of Swabia, Germany, around west of the Bavarian capital Munich.

See History of Germany and Augsburg

August von Kotzebue

August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (–) was a German playwright, who had also worked as a Russian diplomat.

See History of Germany and August von Kotzebue

Augustus

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Augustus

Aulic Council

The Aulic Council (Consilium Aulicum; Reichshofrat; literally "Court Council of the Empire") was one of the two supreme courts of the Holy Roman Empire, the other being the Imperial Chamber Court.

See History of Germany and Aulic Council

Aurignacian

The Aurignacian is an archaeological industry of the Upper Paleolithic associated with Early European modern humans (EEMH) lasting from 43,000 to 26,000 years ago.

See History of Germany and Aurignacian

Australopithecus

Australopithecus is a genus of early hominins that existed in Africa during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene.

See History of Germany and Australopithecus

Austrasia

Austrasia was the northeastern kingdom within the core of the Frankish empire during the Early Middle Ages, centring on the Meuse, Middle Rhine and the Moselle rivers.

See History of Germany and Austrasia

Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a multinational European great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.

See History of Germany and Austrian Empire

Austro-Prussian War

The Austro-Prussian War, also by many variant names such as Seven Weeks' War, German Civil War, Brothers War or Fraternal War, known in Germany as Deutscher Krieg ("German War"), Deutscher Bruderkrieg ("German war of brothers") and by a variety of other names, was fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with each also being aided by various allies within the German Confederation.

See History of Germany and Austro-Prussian War

Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)

The Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) was fought between Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire.

See History of Germany and Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)

Édouard Daladier

Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French Radical-Socialist (centre-left) politician, and the Prime Minister of France who signed the Munich Agreement before the outbreak of World War II.

See History of Germany and Édouard Daladier

Únětice culture

The Únětice culture, Aunjetitz culture or Unetician culture (Únětická kultura, Aunjetitzer Kultur, Kultura unietycka, Únětická kultúra) is an archaeological culture at the start of the Central European Bronze Age, dated roughly to about 2300–1600BC.

See History of Germany and Únětice culture

Baiuvarii

The Baiuvarii, Bavarii, or Bavarians (Bajuwaren) were a Germanic people who lived in or near modern-day Bavaria (which is named after them), Austria, and South Tyrol.

See History of Germany and Baiuvarii

Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

See History of Germany and Balkans

Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain.

See History of Germany and Baltic Sea

Balts

The Balts or Baltic peoples (baltai, balti) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea who speak Baltic languages.

See History of Germany and Balts

Bamberg

Bamberg (East Franconian: Bambärch) is a town in Upper Franconia district in Bavaria, Germany, on the river Regnitz close to its confluence with the river Main.

See History of Germany and Bamberg

BASF

BASF SE, an initialism of its original name, is a European multinational company and the largest chemical producer in the world.

See History of Germany and BASF

Basilica

In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica was a large public building with multiple functions that was typically built alongside the town's forum.

See History of Germany and Basilica

Battle of France

The Battle of France (bataille de France; 10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign (German: Westfeldzug), the French Campaign (Frankreichfeldzug, campagne de France) and the Fall of France, during the Second World War was the German invasion of France, that notably introduced tactics that are still used.

See History of Germany and Battle of France

Battle of Jena–Auerstedt

The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older spelling: Auerstädt) were fought on 14 October 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale in today's Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia.

See History of Germany and Battle of Jena–Auerstedt

Battle of Königgrätz

The Battle of Königgrätz (or Sadowa) was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War in which the Kingdom of Prussia defeated the Austrian Empire.

See History of Germany and Battle of Königgrätz

Battle of Lechfeld

The Battle of Lechfeld also known as the Second battle of Lechfeld was a series of military engagements over the course of three days from 10–12 August 955 in which the Kingdom of Germany, led by King Otto I the Great, annihilated the Hungarian army led by Harka Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél and Súr.

See History of Germany and Battle of Lechfeld

Battle of Legnano

The battle of Legnano was a battle between the imperial army of Frederick Barbarossa and the troops of the Lombard League on May 29, 1176, near the town of Legnano, in present-day Lombardy, Italy.

See History of Germany and Battle of Legnano

Battle of Leipzig

The Battle of Leipzig (Bataille de Leipsick; Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig,; Slaget vid Leipzig), also known as the Battle of the Nations, was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony.

See History of Germany and Battle of Leipzig

Battle of Moscow

| units1.

See History of Germany and Battle of Moscow

Battle of Paris (1814)

The Battle of Paris (or the Storming of Paris) was fought on 30–31 March 1814 between the Sixth Coalition, consisting of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, and the French Empire.

See History of Germany and Battle of Paris (1814)

Battle of Sedan

The Battle of Sedan was fought during the Franco-Prussian War from 1 to 2 September 1870.

See History of Germany and Battle of Sedan

Battle of Stalingrad

The Battle of StalingradSchlacht von Stalingrad see; p (17 July 19422 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, beginning when Nazi Germany and its Axis allies attacked and became locked in a protracted struggle with the Soviet Union for control over the Soviet city of Stalingrad in southern Russia.

See History of Germany and Battle of Stalingrad

Battle of Tannenberg

The Battle of Tannenberg, also known as the Second Battle of Tannenberg, was fought between Russia and Germany between 23 and 30 August 1914, the first month of World War I. The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the half of Russian Second Army and the suicide of its commanding general, Alexander Samsonov.

See History of Germany and Battle of Tannenberg

Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, described as the Varus Disaster or Varian Disaster (Clades Variana) by Roman historians, was a major battle between Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire that took place somewhere near modern Kalkriese from September 8–11, 9 AD, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed three Roman legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus and their auxiliaries.

See History of Germany and Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

Battle of Tolbiac

The Battle of Tolbiac was fought between the Franks, who were fighting under Clovis I, and the Alamanni, whose leader is not known.

See History of Germany and Battle of Tolbiac

Battle of Tours

The Battle of Tours, also called the Battle of Poitiers and the Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs (Maʿrakat Balāṭ ash-Shuhadā'), was fought on 10 October 732, and was an important battle during the Umayyad invasion of Gaul.

See History of Germany and Battle of Tours

Battle of Valmy

The Battle of Valmy, also known as the Cannonade of Valmy, was the first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution.

See History of Germany and Battle of Valmy

Battle of Vienna

The Battle of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 1683 after the city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months.

See History of Germany and Battle of Vienna

Battle of White Mountain

The Battle of White Mountain (Bitva na Bílé hoře; Schlacht am Weißen Berg) was an important battle in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War.

See History of Germany and Battle of White Mountain

Bear Island (Svalbard)

Bear Island (Bjørnøya) is the southernmost island of the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago.

See History of Germany and Bear Island (Svalbard)

Beer Hall Putsch

The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch,Dan Moorhouse, ed.

See History of Germany and Beer Hall Putsch

Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.

See History of Germany and Belgium

Bell Beaker culture

The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age, arising from around 2800 BC.

See History of Germany and Bell Beaker culture

Benedictines

The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (Ordo Sancti Benedicti, abbreviated as OSB), are a mainly contemplative monastic order of the Catholic Church for men and for women who follow the Rule of Saint Benedict.

See History of Germany and Benedictines

Benevolent dictatorship

A benevolent dictatorship is a government in which an authoritarian leader exercises absolute political power over the state, but is perceived to do so with regard for the benefit of the population as a whole.

See History of Germany and Benevolent dictatorship

Bergen

Bergen, historically Bjørgvin, is a city and municipality in Vestland county on the west coast of Norway.

See History of Germany and Bergen

Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

See History of Germany and Berlin

Berlin Conference

The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 met on 15 November 1884 and, after an adjournment, concluded on 26 February 1885 with the signature of a General Act, by Keith, Arthur Berriedale, 1919, p. 52.

See History of Germany and Berlin Conference

Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany).

See History of Germany and Berlin Wall

Berlin–Baghdad railway

The Baghdad railway, also known as the Berlin–Baghdad railway (Bağdat Demiryolu, Bagdadbahn, سكة حديد بغداد, Chemin de Fer Impérial Ottoman de Bagdad), was started in 1903 to connect Berlin with the then Ottoman city of Baghdad, from where the Germans wanted to establish a port on the Persian Gulf, with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq.

See History of Germany and Berlin–Baghdad railway

Bible

The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.

See History of Germany and Bible

Bibliography

Bibliography (from and), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects" (or descriptive bibliography).

See History of Germany and Bibliography

Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

See History of Germany and Bill Clinton

Bilzingsleben (Paleolithic site)

Bilzingsleben (Fundplatz Bilzingsleben, lit. discovery site Bilzingsleben) is a former stone quarry in Thuringia, Germany, notable for its wealth of palaeolithic human fossils and artifacts.

See History of Germany and Bilzingsleben (Paleolithic site)

Bismarck Archipelago

The Bismarck Archipelago is a group of islands off the northeastern coast of New Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean and is part of the Islands Region of Papua New Guinea.

See History of Germany and Bismarck Archipelago

Bizone

The Bizone or Bizonia was the combination of the American and the British occupation zones on 1 January 1947 during the occupation of Germany after World War II.

See History of Germany and Bizone

Black Death

The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.

See History of Germany and Black Death

Bloomberg News

Bloomberg News (originally Bloomberg Business News) is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms.

See History of Germany and Bloomberg News

Bohemia

Bohemia (Čechy; Böhmen; Čěska; Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic.

See History of Germany and Bohemia

Bonn

Bonn is a federal city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, located on the banks of the Rhine.

See History of Germany and Bonn

Bosporus

The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait (Istanbul strait, colloquially Boğaz) is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul, Turkey.

See History of Germany and Bosporus

Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.

See History of Germany and Bourgeoisie

Boxing Day

Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated after Christmas Day, occurring on the second day of Christmastide (26 December).

See History of Germany and Boxing Day

Boydell & Brewer

Boydell & Brewer is an academic press based in Martlesham, Suffolk, England, that specializes in publishing historical and critical works.

See History of Germany and Boydell & Brewer

Brandenburg

Brandenburg, officially the State of Brandenburg (see Names), is a state in northeastern Germany.

See History of Germany and Brandenburg

Brandenburg–Prussia

Brandenburg-Prussia (Brandenburg-Preußen) is the historiographic denomination for the early modern realm of the Brandenburgian Hohenzollerns between 1618 and 1701.

See History of Germany and Brandenburg–Prussia

Bremen-Verden

Bremen-Verden, formally the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden), were two territories and immediate fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, which emerged and gained imperial immediacy in 1180. By their original constitution they were prince-bishoprics of the Archdiocese of Bremen and Bishopric of Verden.

See History of Germany and Bremen-Verden

Brothers Grimm

The Brothers Grimm (die Brüder Grimm or die Gebrüder Grimm), Jacob (1785–1863) and Wilhelm (1786–1859), were German academics who together collected and published folklore.

See History of Germany and Brothers Grimm

Bundeswehr

The Bundeswehr (literally Federal Defence) is the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany.

See History of Germany and Bundeswehr

Bunsen burner

A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a kind of ambient air gas burner used as laboratory equipment; it produces a single open gas flame, and is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion.

See History of Germany and Bunsen burner

Burgundians

The Burgundians were an early Germanic tribe or group of tribes.

See History of Germany and Burgundians

Burgundy

Burgundy (Bourgogne; Burgundian: bourguignon) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France.

See History of Germany and Burgundy

Burschenschaft

A Burschenschaft (sometimes abbreviated B! in the German Burschenschaft jargon; plural: B!B!) is one of the traditional Studentenverbindungen (student associations) of Germany, Austria, and Chile (the latter due to German cultural influence).

See History of Germany and Burschenschaft

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

See History of Germany and Cambridge University Press

Cardinal Richelieu

Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French statesman and prelate of the Catholic Church.

See History of Germany and Cardinal Richelieu

Carl Benz

Carl (or Karl) Friedrich Benz (born Karl Friedrich Michael Vaillant; 25 November 1844 – 4 April 1929) was a German engine designer and automotive engineer.

See History of Germany and Carl Benz

Carl Friedrich Gauss

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß; Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science.

See History of Germany and Carl Friedrich Gauss

Carl Maria von Weber

Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber (5 June 1826) was a German composer, conductor, virtuoso pianist, guitarist, and critic of the early Romantic period.

See History of Germany and Carl Maria von Weber

Carloman (mayor of the palace)

Carloman (between 706 and 716 – 17 August 754) was the eldest son of Charles Martel, mayor of the palace and duke of the Franks, and his wife Chrotrud of Treves.

See History of Germany and Carloman (mayor of the palace)

Carlsbad Decrees

The Carlsbad Decrees (Karlsbader Beschlüsse) were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on 20 September 1819 after a conference held in the spa town of Carlsbad, Austrian Empire.

See History of Germany and Carlsbad Decrees

Carniola

Carniola (Kranjska;, Krain; Carniola; Krajna) is a historical region that comprised parts of present-day Slovenia.

See History of Germany and Carniola

Caroline Islands

The Caroline Islands (or the Carolines) are a widely scattered archipelago of tiny islands in the western Pacific Ocean, to the north of New Guinea.

See History of Germany and Caroline Islands

Carolingian dynasty

The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.

See History of Germany and Carolingian dynasty

Carolingian Empire

The Carolingian Empire (800–887) was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages.

See History of Germany and Carolingian Empire

Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

See History of Germany and Catholic Church

Catholic League (German)

The Catholic League (Liga Catholica, Katholische Liga) was a coalition of Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire formed 10 July 1609.

See History of Germany and Catholic League (German)

Catholic social teaching

Catholic social teaching (CST) is an area of Catholic doctrine which is concerned with human dignity and the common good in society.

See History of Germany and Catholic social teaching

Causes of World War I

The identification of the causes of World War I remains a debated issue.

See History of Germany and Causes of World War I

Celibacy

Celibacy (from Latin caelibatus) is the state of voluntarily being unmarried, sexually abstinent, or both, usually for religious reasons.

See History of Germany and Celibacy

Celts

The Celts (see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples.

See History of Germany and Celts

Central Europe

Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.

See History of Germany and Central Europe

Central Powers

The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).

See History of Germany and Central Powers

Centre Party (Germany)

The Centre Party (Zentrum), officially the German Centre Party (Deutsche Zentrumspartei) and also known in English as the Catholic Centre Party, is a Christian democratic political party in Germany.

See History of Germany and Centre Party (Germany)

Chambers of Reunion

The Chambers of Reunion (Chambres des Réunions) were French courts established by King Louis XIV in the early 1680s.

See History of Germany and Chambers of Reunion

Charlemagne

Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.

See History of Germany and Charlemagne

Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden

Charles Frederick (22 November 1728 – 10 June 1811) was Margrave, Elector and later Grand Duke of Baden (initially only Margrave of Baden-Durlach) from 1738 until his death.

See History of Germany and Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles IV (Karel IV.; Karl IV.; Carolus IV; 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378Karl IV. In: (1960): Geschichte in Gestalten (History in figures), vol. 2: F–K. 38, Frankfurt 1963, p. 294), also known as Charles of Luxembourg, born Wenceslaus, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378.

See History of Germany and Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles Martel

Charles Martel (– 22 October 741), Martel being a sobriquet in Old French for "The Hammer", was a Frankish political and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of the Franks from 718 until his death.

See History of Germany and Charles Martel

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

See History of Germany and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Chatti

The Chatti (also Chatthi or Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe whose homeland was near the upper Weser (Visurgis) river.

See History of Germany and Chatti

Chemical industry

The chemical industry comprises the companies and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other chemicals.

See History of Germany and Chemical industry

Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.

See History of Germany and Chemistry

Cherusci

The Cherusci were a Germanic tribe that inhabited parts of the plains and forests of northwestern Germany in the area of the Weser River and present-day Hanover during the first centuries BC and AD.

See History of Germany and Cherusci

Chlothar I

Chlothar I, sometime called "the Old" (French: le Vieux), (died December 561) also anglicised as Clotaire, was a king of the Franks of the Merovingian dynasty and one of the four sons of Clovis I. With his eldest brother Theuderic (c. 485 – 533/34) being the son of Clovis I and his first wife, Chlothar followed his two elder brothers Chlodomer (495–524) and Childebert I (496–558) as third surviving son of Clovis I and his second wife Queen Clotilde, lastly followed by their sister Clotilde (500–531).

See History of Germany and Chlothar I

Christendom

Christendom refers to Christian states, Christian-majority countries or countries in which Christianity is dominant or prevails.

See History of Germany and Christendom

Christian Democratic Union of Germany

The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands; CDU) is a Christian democratic and conservative political party in Germany.

See History of Germany and Christian Democratic Union of Germany

Christian IV of Denmark

Christian IV (12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648) was King of Denmark and Norway and Duke of Holstein and Schleswig from 1588 until his death in 1648.

See History of Germany and Christian IV of Denmark

Christian monasticism

Christian monasticism is a religious way of life of Christians who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship.

See History of Germany and Christian monasticism

Christian Social Union in Bavaria

The Christian Social Union in Bavaria (German:, CSU) is a Christian democratic and conservative political party in Germany.

See History of Germany and Christian Social Union in Bavaria

Christian Wolff (philosopher)

Christian Wolff (less correctly Wolf,; also known as Wolfius; ennobled as Christian Freiherr von Wolff in 1745; 24 January 1679 – 9 April 1754) was a German philosopher.

See History of Germany and Christian Wolff (philosopher)

Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

See History of Germany and Christianity

Christmas

Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world.

See History of Germany and Christmas

Christoph Bernhard von Galen

Christoph Bernhard Freiherr von Galen (12 October 1606, in Drensteinfurt – 19 September 1678) was Prince-bishop of Münster.

See History of Germany and Christoph Bernhard von Galen

Christoph Martin Wieland

Christoph Martin Wieland (5 September 1733 – 20 January 1813) was a German poet and writer, representative of literary Rococo.

See History of Germany and Christoph Martin Wieland

Classical period (music)

The Classical Period was an era of classical music between roughly 1750 and 1820.

See History of Germany and Classical period (music)

Classicism

Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate.

See History of Germany and Classicism

Clergy

Clergy are formal leaders within established religions.

See History of Germany and Clergy

Clericalism

Clericalism is the application of the formal, church-based leadership or opinion of ordained clergy in matters of the church or in broader political and sociocultural contexts.

See History of Germany and Clericalism

Clovis I

Clovis (Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlōdowig; – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Franks under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of petty kings to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.

See History of Germany and Clovis I

Cluniac Reforms

The Cluniac Reforms (also called the Benedictine Reform) were a series of changes within medieval monasticism in the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor.

See History of Germany and Cluniac Reforms

Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

See History of Germany and Cold War

College of Cardinals

The College of Cardinals, more formally called the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.

See History of Germany and College of Cardinals

Cologne

Cologne (Köln; Kölle) is the largest city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and over 3.1 million people in the Cologne Bonn urban region.

See History of Germany and Cologne

Cologne Cathedral

Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom,, officially Hohe Domkirche Sankt Petrus, English: Cathedral Church of Saint Peter) is a cathedral in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia belonging to the Catholic Church.

See History of Germany and Cologne Cathedral

Comecon

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (English abbreviation COMECON, CMEA, CEMA, or CAME) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of socialist states elsewhere in the world.

See History of Germany and Comecon

Commentarii de Bello Gallico

Commentarii de Bello Gallico (italic), also Bellum Gallicum (italic), is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative.

See History of Germany and Commentarii de Bello Gallico

Communist Party of Germany

The Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands,, KPD) was a major far-left political party in the Weimar Republic during the interwar period, an underground resistance movement in Nazi Germany, and a minor party in West Germany during the postwar period until it was banned by the Federal Constitutional Court in 1956.

See History of Germany and Communist Party of Germany

Concordat of Worms

The Concordat of Worms, also referred to as the Pactum Callixtinum or Pactum Calixtinum, was an agreement between the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire which regulated the procedure for the appointment of bishops and abbots in the Empire.

See History of Germany and Concordat of Worms

Confederation of the Rhine

The Confederated States of the Rhine, simply known as the Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation, was a confederation of German client states established at the behest of Napoleon some months after he defeated Austria and Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz.

See History of Germany and Confederation of the Rhine

Congress of Berlin

The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a diplomatic conference to reorganise the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), which had been won by Russia against the Ottoman Empire.

See History of Germany and Congress of Berlin

Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.

See History of Germany and Congress of Vienna

Conrad Celtes

Conrad Celtes (Konrad Celtes; Conradus Celtis (Protucius); 1 February 1459 – 4 February 1508) was a German Renaissance humanist scholar and poet of the German Renaissance born in Franconia (nowadays part of Bavaria).

See History of Germany and Conrad Celtes

Conrad III of Germany

Conrad III (Konrad; Corrado; 1093 or 1094 – 15 February 1152) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was from 1116 to 1120 Duke of Franconia, from 1127 to 1135 anti-king of his predecessor Lothair III, and from 1138 until his death in 1152 King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Conrad III of Germany

Constance, Queen of Sicily

Constance I (Costanza; 2 November 1154 – 27 November 1198) was reigning Queen of Sicily from 1194–98, jointly with her spouse from 1194 to 1197, and with her infant son Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1198.

See History of Germany and Constance, Queen of Sicily

Constantine the Great

Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.

See History of Germany and Constantine the Great

Constitution of the German Empire

The Constitution of the German Empire (Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches) was the basic law of the German Empire of 1871–1918, from 16 April 1871, coming into effect on 4 May 1871.

See History of Germany and Constitution of the German Empire

Corded Ware culture

The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe between – 2350 BC, thus from the late Neolithic, through the Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age.

See History of Germany and Corded Ware culture

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent (Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.

See History of Germany and Council of Trent

Count palatine

A count palatine (Latin comes palatinus), also count of the palace or palsgrave (from German Pfalzgraf), was originally an official attached to a royal or imperial palace or household and later a nobleman of a rank above that of an ordinary count.

See History of Germany and Count palatine

Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time.

See History of Germany and Counter-Reformation

County of Burgundy

The Free County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne; Freigrafschaft Burgund) was a medieval feudal state ruled by a count from 982 to 1678.

See History of Germany and County of Burgundy

Cremation

Cremation is a method of final disposition of a dead body through burning.

See History of Germany and Cremation

Crisis of the late Middle Ages

The crisis of the Middle Ages was a series of events in the 14th and 15th centuries that ended centuries of European stability during the late Middle Ages.

See History of Germany and Crisis of the late Middle Ages

Crisis of the Third Century

The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (235–285), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration.

See History of Germany and Crisis of the Third Century

Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.

See History of Germany and Crusades

Cuius regio, eius religio

Cuius regio, eius religio is a Latin phrase which literally means "whose realm, their religion" – meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled.

See History of Germany and Cuius regio, eius religio

Cyprus

Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

See History of Germany and Cyprus

Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary.

See History of Germany and Czechoslovakia

Czechs

The Czechs (Češi,; singular Czech, masculine: Čech, singular feminine: Češka), or the Czech people (Český lid), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe, who share a common ancestry, culture, history, and the Czech language.

See History of Germany and Czechs

Dachau concentration camp

Dachau was one of the first concentration camps built by Nazi Germany and the longest running one, opening on 22 March 1933.

See History of Germany and Dachau concentration camp

David Hilbert

David Hilbert (23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician and one of the most influential mathematicians of his time.

See History of Germany and David Hilbert

Düsseldorf

Düsseldorf is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany.

See History of Germany and Düsseldorf

Death squad

A death squad is an armed group whose primary activity is carrying out extrajudicial killings, massacres, or enforced disappearances as part of political repression, genocide, ethnic cleansing, or revolutionary terror.

See History of Germany and Death squad

Declaration of Rhense

The Declaration of Rhens or Treaty of Rhens (Kurverein) was a decree or Kurverein of the Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire issued in 1338 and initiated by Baldwin of Luxembourg, the Archbishop of Trier and brother of the late Emperor Henry VII.

See History of Germany and Declaration of Rhense

Demographic transition

In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education and economic development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios.

See History of Germany and Demographic transition

Denazification

Denazification (Entnazifizierung) was an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society, culture, press, economy, judiciary, and politics of the Nazi ideology following the Second World War.

See History of Germany and Denazification

Dengizich

Dengizich (died in 469), was a Hunnic ruler and son of Attila.

See History of Germany and Dengizich

Der Ring des Nibelungen

(The Ring of the Nibelung), WWV 86, is a cycle of four German-language epic music dramas composed by Richard Wagner.

See History of Germany and Der Ring des Nibelungen

Deutsche Bank

Deutsche Bank AG is a German multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany, and dual-listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange.

See History of Germany and Deutsche Bank

Deutsche Mark

The Deutsche Mark (English: German mark), abbreviated "DM" or "D-Mark", was the official currency of West Germany from 1948 until 1990 and later the unified Germany from 1990 until the adoption of the euro in 2002.

See History of Germany and Deutsche Mark

Deutsche Physik

Deutsche Physik ("German Physics") or Aryan Physics (Arische Physik) was a nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s which had the support of many eminent physicists in Germany.

See History of Germany and Deutsche Physik

Deutsches Wörterbuch

The Deutsches Wörterbuch ("The German Dictionary"), abbreviated DWB, is the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of the German language in existence.

See History of Germany and Deutsches Wörterbuch

Dictatus papae

Dictatus papae is a compilation of 27 statements of authority claimed by the pope that was included in Pope Gregory VII's register under the year 1075.

See History of Germany and Dictatus papae

Diet of Worms

The Diet of Worms of 1521 (Reichstag zu Worms) was an imperial diet (a formal deliberative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire called by Emperor Charles V and conducted in the Imperial Free City of Worms.

See History of Germany and Diet of Worms

Dionysian Mysteries

The Dionysian Mysteries were a ritual of ancient Greece and Rome which sometimes used intoxicants and other trance-inducing techniques (like dance and music) to remove inhibitions and social constraints, liberating the individual to return to a natural state.

See History of Germany and Dionysian Mysteries

Divine right of kings

In European Christianity, the divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandation, is a political and religious doctrine of political legitimacy of a monarchy.

See History of Germany and Divine right of kings

Doctor of the Church

Doctor of the Church (Latin: doctor "teacher"), also referred to as Doctor of the Universal Church (Latin: Doctor Ecclesiae Universalis), is a title given by the Catholic Church to saints recognized as having made a significant contribution to theology or doctrine through their research, study, or writing.

See History of Germany and Doctor of the Church

Donation of Pepin

The Donation of Pepin in 756 provided a legal basis for the creation of the Papal States, thus extending the temporal rule of the popes beyond the duchy of Rome.

See History of Germany and Donation of Pepin

Dual Alliance (1879)

The Dual Alliance (Zweibund, Kettős Szövetség) was a defensive alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary, which was created by treaty on October 7, 1879, as part of Germany's Otto von Bismarck's system of alliances to prevent or limit war.

See History of Germany and Dual Alliance (1879)

Duchy of Bavaria

The Duchy of Bavaria was a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom from the sixth through the eighth century.

See History of Germany and Duchy of Bavaria

Duchy of Lorraine

The Duchy of Lorraine (Lorraine; Lothringen), originally Upper Lorraine, was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France.

See History of Germany and Duchy of Lorraine

Duchy of Prussia

The Duchy of Prussia (Herzogtum Preußen, Księstwo Pruskie, Prūsijos kunigaikštystė) or Ducal Prussia (Herzogliches Preußen; Prusy Książęce) was a duchy in the region of Prussia established as a result of secularization of the Monastic Prussia, the territory that remained under the control of the State of the Teutonic Order until the Protestant Reformation in 1525.

See History of Germany and Duchy of Prussia

Duchy of Saxony

The Duchy of Saxony (Hartogdom Sassen, Herzogtum Sachsen) was originally the area settled by the Saxons in the late Early Middle Ages, when they were subdued by Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars from 772 and incorporated into the Carolingian Empire (Francia) by 804.

See History of Germany and Duchy of Saxony

Duchy of Schleswig

The Duchy of Schleswig (Hertugdømmet Slesvig; Herzogtum Schleswig; Hartogdom Sleswig; Härtochduum Slaswik) was a duchy in Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland) covering the area between about 60 km (35 miles) north and 70 km (45 mi) south of the current border between Germany and Denmark.

See History of Germany and Duchy of Schleswig

Duchy of Swabia

The Duchy of Swabia (German: Herzogtum Schwaben; Latin: Ducatus Allemaniæ) was one of the five stem duchies of the medieval German Kingdom.

See History of Germany and Duchy of Swabia

Duchy of Warsaw

The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie; Duché de Varsovie; Herzogtum Warschau), also known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland, was a French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars.

See History of Germany and Duchy of Warsaw

Dutch West India Company

The Dutch West India Company or WIC (Westindische Compagnie) was a chartered company of Dutch merchants as well as foreign investors, formally known as GWC (Geoctrooieerde Westindische Compagnie; Chartered West India Company).

See History of Germany and Dutch West India Company

Dye

A dye is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied.

See History of Germany and Dye

Early New High German

Early New High German (ENHG) is a term for the period in the history of the German language generally defined, following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 to 1650, developing from Middle High German and into New High German.

See History of Germany and Early New High German

East Francia

East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (Regnum Francorum orientalium) was a successor state of Charlemagne's empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911.

See History of Germany and East Francia

East Germany

East Germany (Ostdeutschland), officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik,, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990.

See History of Germany and East Germany

Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).

See History of Germany and Eastern Bloc

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.

See History of Germany and Eastern Europe

Eastern Front (World War I)

The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (Ostfront; Frontul de răsărit; Vostochny front) was a theater of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between Russia and Romania on one side and Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and Germany on the other.

See History of Germany and Eastern Front (World War I)

Economic history of Germany

Until the early 19th century, Germany, a federation of numerous states of varying size and development, retained its pre-industrial character, where trade centered around a number of free cities.

See History of Germany and Economic history of Germany

Edict of Fontainebleau

The Edict of Fontainebleau (18 October 1685, published 22 October 1685) was an edict issued by French King Louis XIV and is also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

See History of Germany and Edict of Fontainebleau

Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes was signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV and granted the minority Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights in the nation, which was predominantly Catholic.

See History of Germany and Edict of Nantes

Edict of Potsdam

The Edict of Potsdam (Edikt von Potsdam) was a proclamation issued by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, in Potsdam on 29 October 1685, as a response to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by the Edict of Fontainebleau.

See History of Germany and Edict of Potsdam

Edinburgh

Edinburgh (Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas.

See History of Germany and Edinburgh

Eichsfeld

The Eichsfeld (or; 'Oak-field') is a historical region in the southeast of the state of Lower Saxony (which is called Untereichsfeld, 'lower Eichsfeld') and northwest of the state of Thuringia (Obereichsfeld, 'upper Eichsfeld') in the south of the Harz mountains in Germany.

See History of Germany and Eichsfeld

Einsatzgruppen

Einsatzgruppen (also 'task forces') were Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass murder, primarily by shooting, during World War II (1939–1945) in German-occupied Europe.

See History of Germany and Einsatzgruppen

El Dorado

El Dorado (Spanish for "the golden") is commonly associated with the legend of a gold city, kingdom, or empire purportedly located somewhere in the Americas.

See History of Germany and El Dorado

Elbe

The Elbe (Labe; Ilv or Elv; Upper and Łobjo) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe.

See History of Germany and Elbe

Electoral Palatinate

The Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz) or the Palatinate (Pfalz), officially the Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurfürstentum Pfalz), was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Electoral Palatinate

Elisabeth of the Palatinate

Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 – 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia (Elisabeth von Böhmen), Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart.

See History of Germany and Elisabeth of the Palatinate

Emil Fischer

Hermann Emil Louis Fischer (9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

See History of Germany and Emil Fischer

Ems Dispatch

The Ems Dispatch (Dépêche d'Ems, Emser Depesche), sometimes called the Ems Telegram, was published on 13 July 1870; it incited the Second French Empire to declare war on the Kingdom of Prussia on 19 July 1870, starting the Franco-Prussian War.

See History of Germany and Ems Dispatch

Enabling Act of 1933

The Enabling Act of 1933 (German: Ermächtigungsgesetz), officially titled Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich, was a law that gave the German Cabinet – most importantly, the Chancellor – the power to make and enforce laws without the involvement of the Reichstag or Weimar President Paul von Hindenburg, leading to the rise of Nazi Germany.

See History of Germany and Enabling Act of 1933

Engraving

Engraving is the practice of incising a design on a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin.

See History of Germany and Engraving

Enlightened absolutism

Enlightened absolutism, also called enlightened despotism, refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and early 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, espousing them to enhance their power.

See History of Germany and Enlightened absolutism

Epic poetry

An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants.

See History of Germany and Epic poetry

Erfurt

Erfurt is the capital and largest city of the Central German state of Thuringia.

See History of Germany and Erfurt

Erich Honecker

Erich Ernst Paul Honecker (25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was a German communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 until shortly before the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989.

See History of Germany and Erich Honecker

Erlenmeyer flask

An Erlenmeyer flask, also known as a conical flask (British English) or a titration flask, is a type of laboratory flask with a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck.

See History of Germany and Erlenmeyer flask

Ernst Moritz Arndt

Ernst Moritz Arndt (26 December 1769 – 29 January 1860) was a German nationalist historian, writer and poet.

See History of Germany and Ernst Moritz Arndt

Ertebølle culture

The Ertebølle culture (BCE – 3,950 BCE) is a hunter-gatherer and fisher, pottery-making culture dating to the end of the Mesolithic period.

See History of Germany and Ertebølle culture

Ethnic cleansing

Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic, racial, or religious groups from a given area, with the intent of making the society ethnically homogeneous.

See History of Germany and Ethnic cleansing

Ethnogenesis

Ethnogenesis is the formation and development of an ethnic group.

See History of Germany and Ethnogenesis

European Economic Community

The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union, as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty.

See History of Germany and European Economic Community

European integration

European integration is the process of industrial, economic, political, legal, social, and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in Europe, or nearby.

See History of Germany and European integration

European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

See History of Germany and European Union

Eurozone

The euro area, commonly called the eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 20 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender, and have thus fully implemented EMU policies.

See History of Germany and Eurozone

Extermination camp

Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (Todeslager), or killing centers (Tötungszentren), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust.

See History of Germany and Extermination camp

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.

See History of Germany and Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Federation

A federation (also called a federal state) is an entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a federal government (federalism).

See History of Germany and Federation

Ferdinand Cohn

Ferdinand Julius Cohn (24 January 1828 – 25 June 1898) was a German biologist.

See History of Germany and Ferdinand Cohn

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1619 until his death in 1637.

See History of Germany and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

Fief

A fief (feudum) was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law.

See History of Germany and Fief

Final Solution

The Final Solution (die Endlösung) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question (Endlösung der Judenfrage) was a Nazi plan for the genocide of individuals they defined as Jews during World War II.

See History of Germany and Final Solution

First Kohl cabinet

The First Kohl cabinet (German: Kabinett Kohl I) was the 13th Cabinet of the Federal Republic of Germany.

See History of Germany and First Kohl cabinet

First Moroccan Crisis

The First Moroccan Crisis or the Tangier Crisis was an international crisis between March 31, 1905, and April 7, 1906, over the status of Morocco.

See History of Germany and First Moroccan Crisis

Fleet in being

In naval warfare, a "fleet in being" is a naval force that extends a controlling influence without ever leaving port.

See History of Germany and Fleet in being

Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)

During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, Germans and fled and were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries, including Czechoslovakia, and from the former German provinces of Lower and Upper Silesia, East Prussia, and the eastern parts of Brandenburg (Neumark) and Pomerania (Hinterpommern), which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union.

See History of Germany and Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)

Florian Geyer

Florian Geyer von Giebelstadt (also spelled Geier; 1490 – 10 June 1525) was a German nobleman, diplomat, and knight.

See History of Germany and Florian Geyer

Foederati

Foederati (singular: foederatus) were peoples and cities bound by a treaty, known as foedus, with Rome.

See History of Germany and Foederati

Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union

Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union was considered by the Soviet Union to be part of German war reparations for the damage inflicted by Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union during the Axis-Soviet campaigns (1941–1945) of World War II.

See History of Germany and Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union

France–Germany relations

Relations between France and Germany, or Franco-German relations form a part of the wider politics of Europe.

See History of Germany and France–Germany relations

Francia

The Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), also known as the Frankish Kingdom, the Frankish Empire (Imperium Francorum) or Francia, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.

See History of Germany and Francia

Franco-Dutch War

The Franco-Dutch War was a European conflict that lasted from 1672 to 1678.

See History of Germany and Franco-Dutch War

Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

See History of Germany and Franco-Prussian War

Franco-Russian Alliance

The Franco-Russian Alliance (Alliance Franco-Russe, translit), also known as the Dual Entente or Russo-French Rapprochement (Rapprochement Franco-Russe, Русско-Французское Сближение; Russko-Frantsuzskoye Sblizheniye), was an alliance formed by the agreements of 1891–94; it lasted until 1917.

See History of Germany and Franco-Russian Alliance

Francoist Spain

Francoist Spain (España franquista), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (dictadura franquista), was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title Caudillo.

See History of Germany and Francoist Spain

Franconia

Franconia (Franken,; East Franconian: Franggn; Frankn) is a region of Germany, characterised by its culture and East Franconian dialect (German: Ostfränkisch).

See History of Germany and Franconia

Frank-Walter Steinmeier

Frank-Walter Steinmeier (born 5 January 1956) is a German politician who became president of Germany on 19 March 2017.

See History of Germany and Frank-Walter Steinmeier

Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main ("Frank ford on the Main") is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse.

See History of Germany and Frankfurt

Frankfurt Parliament

The Frankfurt Parliament (Frankfurter Nationalversammlung, literally Frankfurt National Assembly) was the first freely elected parliament for all German states, including the German-populated areas of the Austrian Empire, elected on 1 May 1848 (see German federal election, 1848).

See History of Germany and Frankfurt Parliament

Frankfurt School

The Frankfurt School is a school of thought in sociology and critical philosophy.

See History of Germany and Frankfurt School

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials FDR, was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

See History of Germany and Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franks

Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.

See History of Germany and Franks

Franz Schubert

Franz Peter Schubert (31 January 179719 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras.

See History of Germany and Franz Schubert

Franz von Papen

Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen, Erbsälzer zu Werl und Neuwerk (29 October 18792 May 1969) was a German politician, diplomat, Prussian nobleman and General Staff officer.

See History of Germany and Franz von Papen

Frederick Augustus I of Saxony

Frederick Augustus I (Friedrich August I.; Fryderyk August I; Frédéric-Auguste Ier; 23 December 1750 – 5 May 1827) was a member of the House of Wettin who reigned as the last Elector of Saxony from 1763 to 1806 (as Frederick Augustus III) and as the first King of Saxony from 1806 to 1827.

See History of Germany and Frederick Augustus I of Saxony

Frederick Barbarossa

Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (Friedrich I; Federico I), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later in 1190.

See History of Germany and Frederick Barbarossa

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II (German: Friedrich; Italian: Federico; Latin: Fridericus; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225.

See History of Germany and Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel

Frederick II (Landgraf Friedrich II von Hessen-Kassel) (14 August 1720 – 31 October 1785) was Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) from 1760 to 1785.

See History of Germany and Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel

Frederick III, German Emperor

Frederick III (Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl; 18 October 183115 June 1888) was German Emperor and King of Prussia for 99 days between March and June 1888, during the Year of the Three Emperors.

See History of Germany and Frederick III, German Emperor

Frederick the Great

Frederick II (Friedrich II.; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was the monarch of Prussia from 1740 until 1786.

See History of Germany and Frederick the Great

Frederick William I of Prussia

Frederick William I (Friedrich Wilhelm I.; 14 August 1688 – 31 May 1740), known as the Soldier King (Soldatenkönig), was King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 till his death in 1740, as well as Prince of Neuchâtel.

See History of Germany and Frederick William I of Prussia

Frederick William II of Prussia

Frederick William II (Friedrich Wilhelm II.; 25 September 1744 – 16 November 1797) was king of Prussia from 1786 until his death in 1797.

See History of Germany and Frederick William II of Prussia

Frederick William III of Prussia

Frederick William III (Friedrich Wilhelm III.; 3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was King of Prussia from 16 November 1797 until his death in 1840.

See History of Germany and Frederick William III of Prussia

Frederick William IV of Prussia

Frederick William IV (Friedrich Wilhelm IV.; 15 October 1795 – 2 January 1861), the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, was king of Prussia from 7 June 1840 until his death on 2 January 1861.

See History of Germany and Frederick William IV of Prussia

Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg

Frederick William (Friedrich Wilhelm; 16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688) was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia, from 1640 until his death in 1688.

See History of Germany and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg

Free Democratic Party (Germany)

The Free Democratic Party (Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP) is a liberal political party in Germany.

See History of Germany and Free Democratic Party (Germany)

Free imperial city

In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, urbs imperialis libera), was used from the fifteenth century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.

See History of Germany and Free imperial city

Freikorps

Freikorps ("Free Corps" or "Volunteer Corps") were irregular German and other European paramilitary volunteer units that existed from the 18th to the early 20th centuries.

See History of Germany and Freikorps

French Consulate

The Consulate (Consulat) was the top-level government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799 until the start of the French Empire on 18 May 1804.

See History of Germany and French Consulate

French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

See History of Germany and French Revolution

French Revolutionary Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars (Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts resulting from the French Revolution that lasted from 1792 until 1802.

See History of Germany and French Revolutionary Wars

Friedrich Ebert

Friedrich Ebert (4 February 187128 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the first president of Germany from 1919 until his death in office in 1925.

See History of Germany and Friedrich Ebert

Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, political theorist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

See History of Germany and Friedrich Engels

Friedrich List

Daniel Friedrich List (6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was a German economist and political theorist who developed the nationalist theory of political economy in both Europe and the United States.

See History of Germany and Friedrich List

Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers.

See History of Germany and Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Schiller

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (short:; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German polymath and poet, playwright, historian, philosopher, physician, lawyer.

See History of Germany and Friedrich Schiller

Friedrich Schleiermacher

Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (21 November 1768 – 12 February 1834) was a German Reformed theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar known for his attempt to reconcile the criticisms of the Enlightenment with traditional Protestant Christianity.

See History of Germany and Friedrich Schleiermacher

Friedrich von Holstein

Friedrich August Karl Ferdinand Julius von Holstein (24 April 1837 – 8 May 1909) Brockhaus Geschichte Second Edition was a civil servant of the German Empire and served as the head of the political department of the German Foreign Office for more than thirty years.

See History of Germany and Friedrich von Holstein

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (27 January 1775 – 20 August 1854), later (after 1812) von Schelling, was a German philosopher.

See History of Germany and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling

Fritz Haber

Fritz Haber (9 December 186829 January 1934) was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber–Bosch process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.

See History of Germany and Fritz Haber

Fugger family

The House of Fugger is a German family that was historically a prominent group of European bankers, members of the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century mercantile patriciate of Augsburg, international mercantile bankers, and venture capitalists.

See History of Germany and Fugger family

Funnelbeaker culture

The Funnel(-neck-)beaker culture, in short TRB or TBK (Trichter(-rand-)becherkultur, Trechterbekercultuur; Tragtbægerkultur), was an archaeological culture in north-central Europe.

See History of Germany and Funnelbeaker culture

Gallic Wars

The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland).

See History of Germany and Gallic Wars

Gastarbeiter

paren;; both singular and plural) are foreign or migrant workers, particularly those who had moved to West Germany between 1955 and 1973, seeking work as part of a formal guest worker program (Gastarbeiterprogramm). As a result, guestworkers are generally considered temporary migrants because their residency in the country of immigration is not yet determined to be permanent.

See History of Germany and Gastarbeiter

Gaul

Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.

See History of Germany and Gaul

Géza II of Hungary

Géza II (II.; Gejza II.; Gejza II.; 113031 May 1162) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1141 to 1162.

See History of Germany and Géza II of Hungary

Götz von Berlichingen

Gottfried "Götz" von Berlichingen (15 November 1480 – 23 July 1562), also known as Götz of the Iron Hand, was a German (Franconian) Imperial Knight (Reichsritter), mercenary and poet.

See History of Germany and Götz von Berlichingen

Genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.

See History of Germany and Genocide

Geology

Geology is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time.

See History of Germany and Geology

Georg Cantor

Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (– 6 January 1918) was a mathematician who played a pivotal role in the creation of set theory, which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics.

See History of Germany and Georg Cantor

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher and one of the most influential figures of German idealism and 19th-century philosophy.

See History of Germany and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

George III

George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820.

See History of Germany and George III

Georgius Agricola

Georgius Agricola (born Georg Bauer; 24 March 1494 – 21 November 1555) was a German Humanist scholar, mineralogist and metallurgist.

See History of Germany and Georgius Agricola

German Australians

German Australians (Deutsch-Australier) are Australians with German ancestry.

See History of Germany and German Australians

German Bight

The German Bight (Deutsche Bucht; tyske bugt; Duitse bocht; Dútske bocht;; sometimes also the German Bay) is the southeastern bight of the North Sea bounded by the Netherlands and Germany to the south, and Denmark and Germany to the east (the Jutland peninsula).

See History of Germany and German Bight

German colonial empire

The German colonial empire (Deutsches Kolonialreich) constituted the overseas colonies, dependencies, and territories of the German Empire.

See History of Germany and German colonial empire

German Confederation

The German Confederation was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe.

See History of Germany and German Confederation

German East Africa

German East Africa (GEA; Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozambique.

See History of Germany and German East Africa

German Emperor

The German Emperor (Deutscher Kaiser) was the official title of the head of state and hereditary ruler of the German Empire.

See History of Germany and German Emperor

German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.

See History of Germany and German Empire

German Instrument of Surrender

The German Instrument of Surrender was a legal document effecting the unconditional surrender of the remaining German armed forces to the Allies, which ended World War II in Europe, with the surrender taking effect at 23:01 CET on the same day.

See History of Germany and German Instrument of Surrender

German language

German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.

See History of Germany and German language

German mark (1871)

The German mark (Goldmark; sign: ℳ&#xfe01) was the currency of the German Empire, which spanned from 1871 to 1918.

See History of Germany and German mark (1871)

German mediatisation

German mediatisation (deutsche Mediatisierung) was the major redistribution and reshaping of territorial holdings that took place between 1802 and 1814 in Germany by means of the subsumption and secularisation of a large number of Imperial Estates, prefiguring, precipitating, and continuing after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and German mediatisation

German National People's Party

The German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP) was a national-conservative and monarchist political party in Germany during the Weimar Republic.

See History of Germany and German National People's Party

German New Guinea

German New Guinea (Deutsch-Neuguinea) consisted of the northeastern part of the island of New Guinea and several nearby island groups and was the first part of the German colonial empire.

See History of Germany and German New Guinea

German Renaissance

The German Renaissance, part of the Northern Renaissance, was a cultural and artistic movement that spread among German thinkers in the 15th and 16th centuries, which developed from the Italian Renaissance.

See History of Germany and German Renaissance

German reunification

German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a single full sovereign state, which took place between 9 November 1989 and 15 March 1991.

See History of Germany and German reunification

German revolution of 1918–1919

The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (Novemberrevolution), was an uprising started by workers and soldiers in the final days of World War I. It quickly and almost bloodlessly brought down the German Empire, then in its more violent second stage, the supporters of a parliamentary republic were victorious over those who wanted a soviet-style council republic.

See History of Germany and German revolution of 1918–1919

German revolutions of 1848–1849

The German revolutions of 1848–1849 (Deutsche Revolution 1848/1849), the opening phase of which was also called the March Revolution (Märzrevolution), were initially part of the Revolutions of 1848 that broke out in many European countries.

See History of Germany and German revolutions of 1848–1849

German studies

German studies is the field of humanities that researches, documents and disseminates German language and literature in both its historic and present forms.

See History of Germany and German studies

Germania

Germania, also called Magna Germania (English: Great Germania), Germania Libera (English: Free Germania), or Germanic Barbaricum to distinguish it from the Roman province of the same name, was a historical region in north-central Europe during the Roman era, which was associated by Roman authors with the Germanic people.

See History of Germany and Germania

Germania (book)

The Germania, written by the Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus around 98 AD and originally entitled On the Origin and Situation of the Germans (De origine et situ Germanorum), is a historical and ethnographic work on the Germanic peoples outside the Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Germania (book)

Germania Inferior

Germania Inferior ("Lower Germania") was a Roman province from AD 85 until the province was renamed Germania Secunda in the 4th century AD, on the west bank of the Rhine bordering the North Sea.

See History of Germany and Germania Inferior

Germania Superior

Germania Superior ("Upper Germania") was an imperial province of the Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Germania Superior

Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.

See History of Germany and Germanic peoples

Germanicus

Germanicus Julius Caesar (24 May 15 BC – 10 October AD 19) was an ancient Roman general and politician most famously known for his campaigns in Germania.

See History of Germany and Germanicus

Germanisation

Germanisation, or Germanization, is the spread of the German language, people, and culture.

See History of Germany and Germanisation

Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

See History of Germany and Germany

Gestapo

The Geheime Staatspolizei, abbreviated Gestapo, was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.

See History of Germany and Gestapo

Godesberg Program

The Godesberg Program (Godesberger Programm) of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was ratified in 1959 at a convention in the town of Bad Godesberg near Bonn.

See History of Germany and Godesberg Program

Golden Bull of 1356

The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg and Metz (Diet of Metz, 1356/57) headed by the Emperor Charles IV which fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Golden Bull of 1356

Golden Bull of Rimini

The Golden Bull of Rimini was a decree issued by Emperor Frederick II in Rimini in March 1226 that granted and confirmed the privilege of territorial conquest and acquisition for the Teutonic Order in Prussia.

See History of Germany and Golden Bull of Rimini

Goseck Circle

The Goseck Circle (German: Sonnenobservatorium Goseck) is a Neolithic structure in Goseck in the Burgenlandkreis district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

See History of Germany and Goseck Circle

Gothic art

Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture.

See History of Germany and Gothic art

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (– 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.

See History of Germany and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (22 January 1729 – 15 February 1781) was a German philosopher, dramatist, publicist and art critic, and a representative of the Enlightenment era.

See History of Germany and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

Government of National Defense

The Government of National Defense (Gouvernement de la Défense nationale) was the first government of the Third Republic of France from 4 September 1870 to 13 February 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War.

See History of Germany and Government of National Defense

Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)

The Grand Alliance, sometimes erroneously referred to as its precursor the League of Augsburg, was formed on 20 December 1689. Signed by William III on behalf of the Dutch Republic and England, and Emperor Leopold I for the Habsburg Monarchy, its primary purpose was to oppose the expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France.

See History of Germany and Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland–Lithuania.

See History of Germany and Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Grand Master of the Teutonic Order

The grand master of the Teutonic Order (Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens; Magister generalis Ordo Teutonicus) is the supreme head of the Teutonic Order.

See History of Germany and Grand Master of the Teutonic Order

Great Turkish War

The Great Turkish War (Großer Türkenkrieg), also called the Wars of the Holy League (Kutsal İttifak Savaşları), was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia, and the Kingdom of Hungary.

See History of Germany and Great Turkish War

Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

See History of Germany and Greece

Gregorian Reform

The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, c. 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy.

See History of Germany and Gregorian Reform

Grimms' Fairy Tales

Grimms' Fairy Tales, originally known as the Children's and Household Tales (lead,, commonly abbreviated as KHM), is a German collection of fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, first published on 20 December 1812.

See History of Germany and Grimms' Fairy Tales

Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.

See History of Germany and Gross domestic product

Guelphs and Ghibellines

The Guelphs and Ghibellines (guelfi e ghibellini) were factions supporting respectively the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor in the Italian city-states of Central Italy and Northern Italy during the Middle Ages.

See History of Germany and Guelphs and Ghibellines

Guild

A guild is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory.

See History of Germany and Guild

Gustav Stresemann

Gustav Ernst Stresemann (10 May 1878 – 3 October 1929) was a German statesman who served as chancellor of Germany from August to November 1923, and as foreign minister from 1923 to 1929.

See History of Germany and Gustav Stresemann

Gutenberg Bible

The Gutenberg Bible, also known as the 42-line Bible, the Mazarin Bible or the B42, was the earliest major book printed in Europe using mass-produced metal movable type.

See History of Germany and Gutenberg Bible

Habsburg monarchy

The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg.

See History of Germany and Habsburg monarchy

Hall of Mirrors

The Hall of Mirrors (Grande Galerie, Galerie des Glaces, Galerie de Louis XIV) is a grand Baroque style gallery and one of the most emblematic rooms in the royal Palace of Versailles near Paris, France.

See History of Germany and Hall of Mirrors

Hallstatt culture

The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Western and Central European archaeological culture of the Late Bronze Age (Hallstatt A, Hallstatt B) from the 12th to 8th centuries BC and Early Iron Age Europe (Hallstatt C, Hallstatt D) from the 8th to 6th centuries BC, developing out of the Urnfield culture of the 12th century BC (Late Bronze Age) and followed in much of its area by the La Tène culture.

See History of Germany and Hallstatt culture

Hans Holbein the Younger

Hans Holbein the Younger (Hans Holbein der Jüngere; – between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German-Swiss painter and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style, and is considered one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century.

See History of Germany and Hans Holbein the Younger

Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen

Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen (1621/22 – 17 August 1676) was a German author.

See History of Germany and Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen

Hans Memling

Hans Memling (also spelled Memlinc; – 11 August 1494) was a German-Flemish painter who worked in the tradition of Early Netherlandish painting.

See History of Germany and Hans Memling

Hans-Ulrich Wehler

Hans-Ulrich Wehler (September 11, 1931 – July 5, 2014) was a German left-liberal historian known for his role in promoting social history through the "Bielefeld School", and for his critical studies of 19th-century Germany.

See History of Germany and Hans-Ulrich Wehler

Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe.

See History of Germany and Hanseatic League

Hartz concept

The Hartz concept, also known as Hartz reforms or the Hartz plan, is a set of recommendations submitted by a committee on reforms to the German labour market in 2002.

See History of Germany and Hartz concept

Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

See History of Germany and Harvard University Press

Harz

The Harz is a highland area in northern Germany.

See History of Germany and Harz

Heinrich Brüning

Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning (26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German Centre Party politician and academic, who served as the chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932.

See History of Germany and Heinrich Brüning

Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was a German politician who was the 4th Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany, and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany, primarily known for being a main architect of the Holocaust.

See History of Germany and Heinrich Himmler

Heligoland

Heligoland (Helgoland,; Heligolandic Frisian: deät Lun,, Mooring Frisian: Hålilönj, Helgoland) is a small archipelago in the North Sea.

See History of Germany and Heligoland

Helmut Kohl

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1982 to 1990, Chancellor of Germany from 1990 to 1998 and Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998.

See History of Germany and Helmut Kohl

Helmut Schmidt

Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (23 December 1918 – 10 November 2015) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), who served as the chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982.

See History of Germany and Helmut Schmidt

Helmuth von Moltke the Elder

Helmuth Karl Bernhard Graf von Moltke (26 October 180024 April 1891) was a Prussian field marshal.

See History of Germany and Helmuth von Moltke the Elder

Henry the Fowler

Henry the Fowler (Heinrich der Vogler or Heinrich der Finkler; Henricus Auceps) (c. 876 – 2 July 936) was the Duke of Saxony from 912 and the King of East Francia from 919 until his death in 936.

See History of Germany and Henry the Fowler

Henry the Lion

Henry the Lion (Heinrich der Löwe; 1129/1131 – 6 August 1195), also known as Henry III, Duke of Saxony (ruled 1142-1180) and Henry XII, Duke of Bavaria (ruled 1156-1180), was a member of the Welf dynasty.

See History of Germany and Henry the Lion

Henry X, Duke of Bavaria

Henry the Proud (Heinrich der Stolze) (20 October 1139), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Bavaria (as Henry X) from 1126 to 1138 and Duke of Saxony (as Henry II) as well as Margrave of Tuscany and Duke of Spoleto from 1137 until his death.

See History of Germany and Henry X, Duke of Bavaria

Herero and Nama genocide

The Herero and Nama genocide, formerly known also as the 'Herero and Namaqua genocide', was a campaign of ethnic extermination and collective punishment which was waged against the Herero (Ovaherero) and the Nama in German South West Africa (now Namibia) by the German Empire.

See History of Germany and Herero and Nama genocide

Herero people

The Herero (Ovaherero) are a Bantu ethnic group inhabiting parts of Southern Africa.

See History of Germany and Herero people

Hermann Hesse

Hermann Karl Hesse (2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter.

See History of Germany and Hermann Hesse

Hermann von Helmholtz

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894) was a German physicist and physician who made significant contributions in several scientific fields, particularly hydrodynamic stability.

See History of Germany and Hermann von Helmholtz

Herodotus

Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος||; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy.

See History of Germany and Herodotus

Hessian (soldier)

Hessians were German soldiers who served as auxiliaries to the British Army in several major wars in the 18th century, most notably the American Revolutionary War.

See History of Germany and Hessian (soldier)

Heuneburg

The Heuneburg is a prehistoric Celtic hillfort by the river Danube in Hundersingen near Herbertingen, between Ulm and Sigmaringen, Baden-Württemberg, in the south of Germany, close to the modern borders with Switzerland and Austria.

See History of Germany and Heuneburg

High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300.

See History of Germany and High Middle Ages

Hildegard of Bingen

Hildegard of Bingen (Hildegard von Bingen,; Hildegardis Bingensis; 17 September 1179), also known as Saint Hildegard and the Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath active as a writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, and as a medical writer and practitioner during the High Middle Ages.

See History of Germany and Hildegard of Bingen

History of Baden-Württemberg

The history of Baden-Württemberg covers the area included in the historical state of Baden, the former Prussian Hohenzollern, and Württemberg, part of the region of Swabia since the 9th century.

See History of Germany and History of Baden-Württemberg

History of Berlin

The history of Berlin starts with its foundation in the 14th century.

See History of Germany and History of Berlin

History of Cologne

The History of Cologne covers over 2000 years of urban history.

See History of Germany and History of Cologne

History of Germany (1945–1990)

The history of Germany from 1945 to 1990 comprises the period following World War II.

See History of Germany and History of Germany (1945–1990)

History of Hanover (region)

Hanover (Hannover) is a territory that was at various times a principality within the Holy Roman Empire, an Electorate within the same, an independent Kingdom, and a subordinate Province within the Kingdom of Prussia.

See History of Germany and History of Hanover (region)

History of science

The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present.

See History of Germany and History of science

History of the Jews in Germany

The history of the Jews in Germany goes back at least to the year 321 CE, and continued through the Early Middle Ages (5th to 10th centuries CE) and High Middle Ages (circa 1000–1299 CE) when Jewish immigrants founded the Ashkenazi Jewish community.

See History of Germany and History of the Jews in Germany

Hohenstaufen

The Hohenstaufen dynasty, also known as the Staufer, was a noble family of unclear origin that rose to rule the Duchy of Swabia from 1079, and to royal rule in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages from 1138 until 1254.

See History of Germany and Hohenstaufen

Holt McDougal

Holt McDougal is an American publishing company, a division of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, that specializes in textbooks for use in high schools.

See History of Germany and Holt McDougal

Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

See History of Germany and Holy Roman Empire

Holy See

The Holy See (url-status,; Santa Sede), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome.

See History of Germany and Holy See

House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.

See History of Germany and House of Habsburg

House of Welf

The House of Welf (also Guelf or Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th to 20th century and Emperor Ivan VI of Russia in the 18th century.

See History of Germany and House of Welf

House of Wittelsbach

The House of Wittelsbach is a former Bavarian dynasty, with branches that have ruled over territories including the Electorate of Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, the Electorate of Cologne, Holland, Zeeland, Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland), Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Bohemia, and Greece.

See History of Germany and House of Wittelsbach

Huguenots

The Huguenots were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism.

See History of Germany and Huguenots

Human

Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.

See History of Germany and Human

Humboldt University of Berlin

The Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany.

See History of Germany and Humboldt University of Berlin

Hungary

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See History of Germany and Hungary

Huns

The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th centuries AD.

See History of Germany and Huns

Hyperinflation

In economics, hyperinflation is a very high and typically accelerating inflation.

See History of Germany and Hyperinflation

Illuminated manuscript

An illuminated manuscript is a formally prepared document where the text is decorated with flourishes such as borders and miniature illustrations.

See History of Germany and Illuminated manuscript

Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.

See History of Germany and Immanuel Kant

Imperial Estate

An Imperial Estate (Status Imperii; Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was a part of the Holy Roman Empire with representation and the right to vote in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag).

See History of Germany and Imperial Estate

Imperial Reform

Imperial Reform (Reformatio imperii, Reichsreform) is the name given to repeated attempts in the 15th and 16th centuries to adapt the structure and the constitutional order (Verfassungsordnung) of the Holy Roman Empire to the requirements of the early modern state and to give it a unified government under either the Imperial Estates or the emperor's supremacy.

See History of Germany and Imperial Reform

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

See History of Germany and Indo-European languages

Indulgence

In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence (from indulgeo, 'permit') is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for (forgiven) sins".

See History of Germany and Indulgence

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution.

See History of Germany and Industrial Revolution

Inflation

In economics, inflation is a general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy.

See History of Germany and Inflation

International Security Assistance Force

The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was a multinational military mission in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014.

See History of Germany and International Security Assistance Force

Invasion of Poland

The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, War of Poland of 1939, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II.

See History of Germany and Invasion of Poland

Investiture Controversy

The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest (Investiturstreit) was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) and abbots of monasteries and the pope himself.

See History of Germany and Investiture Controversy

Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.

See History of Germany and Isaac Newton

Isabella II

Isabella II (Isabel II, María Isabel Luisa de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until her deposition in 1868.

See History of Germany and Isabella II

Italic peoples

The concept of Italic peoples is widely used in linguistics and historiography of ancient Italy.

See History of Germany and Italic peoples

Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

See History of Germany and Italy

Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland.

See History of Germany and Japan

Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

See History of Germany and Jesuits

Jiaozhou Bay

Jiaozhou Bay (Kiautschou Bucht) is a bay located in the prefecture-level city of Qingdao (Tsingtau), Shandong Province, China.

See History of Germany and Jiaozhou Bay

Johann Gottfried Herder

Johann Gottfried von Herder (25 August 174418 December 1803) was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic.

See History of Germany and Johann Gottfried Herder

Johann Philipp von Schönborn

Johann Philipp von Schönborn (6 August 1605 – 12 February 1673) was the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz (1647–1673), the Bishop of Würzburg (1642–1673), and the Bishop of Worms (1663–1673).

See History of Germany and Johann Philipp von Schönborn

Johannes Gutenberg

Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (– 3 February 1468) was a German inventor and craftsman who invented the movable-type printing press.

See History of Germany and Johannes Gutenberg

Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music.

See History of Germany and Johannes Kepler

Johannes Stark

Johannes Stark (15 April 1874 – 21 June 1957) was a German physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1919 "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields".

See History of Germany and Johannes Stark

Johannes Trithemius

Johannes Trithemius (1 February 1462 – 13 December 1516), born Johann Heidenberg, was a German Benedictine abbot and a polymath who was active in the German Renaissance as a lexicographer, chronicler, cryptographer, and occultist.

See History of Germany and Johannes Trithemius

Joseph Goebbels

Paul Joseph Goebbels (29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician and philologist who was the Gauleiter (district leader) of Berlin, chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 1945.

See History of Germany and Joseph Goebbels

Joseph Haydn

Franz Joseph Haydn (31 March 173231 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period.

See History of Germany and Joseph Haydn

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.

See History of Germany and Joseph Stalin

Joseph von Fraunhofer

Joseph Ritter von Fraunhofer (6 March 1787 – 7 June 1826) was a German physicist and optical lens manufacturer.

See History of Germany and Joseph von Fraunhofer

Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

See History of Germany and Julius Caesar

Justus von Liebig

Justus Freiherr (Baron) von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 20 April 1873) was a German scientist who made major contributions to the theory, practice, and pedagogy of chemistry, as well as to agricultural and biological chemistry; he is considered one of the principal founders of organic chemistry.

See History of Germany and Justus von Liebig

Kaliningrad Oblast

Kaliningrad Oblast (translit) is the westernmost federal subject of the Russian Federation, in Central and Eastern Europe.

See History of Germany and Kaliningrad Oblast

Kamerun

Kamerun was an African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1920 in the region of today's Republic of Cameroon.

See History of Germany and Kamerun

Kapp Putsch

The Kapp Putsch, also known as the Kapp–Lüttwitz Putsch, was an attempted coup against the German national government in Berlin on 13 March 1920.

See History of Germany and Kapp Putsch

Karl Marx

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

See History of Germany and Karl Marx

Kepler's laws of planetary motion

In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, published by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619, describe the orbits of planets around the Sun.

See History of Germany and Kepler's laws of planetary motion

King of Italy

King of Italy (Re d'Italia; Rex Italiae) was the title given to the ruler of the Kingdom of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and King of Italy

Kingdom of Bavaria

The Kingdom of Bavaria (Königreich Bayern;; spelled Baiern until 1825) was a German state that succeeded the former Electorate of Bavaria in 1806 and continued to exist until 1918.

See History of Germany and Kingdom of Bavaria

Kingdom of Bohemia

The Kingdom of Bohemia (České království), sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe.

See History of Germany and Kingdom of Bohemia

Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century.

See History of Germany and Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)

The Kingdom of Hungary between 1526 and 1867 existed as a state outside the Holy Roman Empire, but part of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy that became the Austrian Empire in 1804.

See History of Germany and Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)

Kingdom of Poland

The Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was a monarchy in Central Europe during the medieval period from 1025 until 1385.

See History of Germany and Kingdom of Poland

Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) constituted the German state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.

See History of Germany and Kingdom of Prussia

Kingdom of Westphalia

The Kingdom of Westphalia was a client state of France in present-day Germany that existed from 1807 to 1813.

See History of Germany and Kingdom of Westphalia

Klaipėda

Klaipėda (Memel) is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast.

See History of Germany and Klaipėda

Klaipėda Region

The Klaipėda Region (Klaipėdos kraštas) or Memel Territory (Memelland or Memelgebiet) was defined by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles in 1920 and refers to the northernmost part of the German province of East Prussia, when, as Memelland, it was put under the administration of the Entente's Council of Ambassadors.

See History of Germany and Klaipėda Region

Klemens von Metternich

Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein; Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein (15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859), known as Klemens von Metternich or Prince Metternich, was a conservative Austrian statesman and diplomat who was at the center of the European balance of power known as the Concert of Europe for three decades as the Austrian Empire's foreign minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal Revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation.

See History of Germany and Klemens von Metternich

Knights Templar

The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, mainly known as the Knights Templar, was a French military order of the Catholic faith, and one of the wealthiest and most popular military orders in Western Christianity.

See History of Germany and Knights Templar

Konrad Adenauer

Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1963.

See History of Germany and Konrad Adenauer

Konrad I of Masovia

Konrad I of Masovia (ca. 1187/88 – 31 August 1247), from the Polish Piast dynasty, was the sixth Duke of Masovia and Kuyavia from 1194 until his death as well as High Duke of Poland from 1229 to 1232 and again from 1241 to 1243.

See History of Germany and Konrad I of Masovia

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (Novemberpogrome), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's nocat.

See History of Germany and Kristallnacht

Krupp

Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp (formerly Friedrich Krupp GmbH), trading as Krupp, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century as well as Germany's premier weapons manufacturer during both world wars.

See History of Germany and Krupp

Kulturkampf

In the history of Germany, the Kulturkampf (Cultural Struggle) was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878) between the Catholic Church in Germany, led by Pope Pius IX; and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by chancellor Otto von Bismarck.

See History of Germany and Kulturkampf

Kurt Georg Kiesinger

Kurt Georg Kiesinger (6 April 1904 – 9 March 1988) was a German politician who served as the chancellor of West Germany from 1 December 1966 to 21 October 1969.

See History of Germany and Kurt Georg Kiesinger

La Tène culture

The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture.

See History of Germany and La Tène culture

Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel

The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel), spelled Hesse-Cassel during its entire existence, also known as the Hessian Palatinate (Hessische Pfalz), was a state of the Holy Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel

Landsknecht

The Landsknechte (singular: Landsknecht), also rendered as Landsknechts or Lansquenets, were German mercenaries used in pike and shot formations during the early modern period.

See History of Germany and Landsknecht

Late Middle Ages

The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500.

See History of Germany and Late Middle Ages

Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service

The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums, shortened to Berufsbeamtengesetz), also known as Civil Service Law, Civil Service Restoration Act, and Law to Re-establish the Civil Service, was enacted by the Nazi regime in Germany on 7 April 1933.

See History of Germany and Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service

Lübeck

Lübeck (Low German: Lübęk or Lübeek ˈlyːbeːk; Latin: Lubeca), officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (Hansestadt Lübeck), is a city in Northern Germany.

See History of Germany and Lübeck

League of Nations

The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

See History of Germany and League of Nations

League of Nations mandate

A League of Nations mandate represented a legal status under international law for specific territories following World War I, involving the transfer of control from one nation to another.

See History of Germany and League of Nations mandate

League of the Three Emperors

The League of the Three Emperors or Union of the Three Emperors (Dreikaiserbund) was an alliance between the German, Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires, from 1873 to 1887.

See History of Germany and League of the Three Emperors

Leopold von Ranke

Leopold von Ranke (21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian and a founder of modern source-based history.

See History of Germany and Leopold von Ranke

Liberalism in Germany

This article aims to give a historical outline of liberalism in Germany (Liberalismus).

See History of Germany and Liberalism in Germany

Limes (Roman Empire)

Limes (Latin;,: limites) is a term used primarily for the Germanic border defence or delimiting system of Ancient Rome marking the borders of the Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Limes (Roman Empire)

Limes Germanicus

The Limes Germanicus (Latin for Germanic frontier), or 'Germanic Limes', is the name given in modern times to a line of frontier (limes) fortifications that bounded the ancient Roman provinces of Germania Inferior, Germania Superior and Raetia, dividing the Roman Empire and the unsubdued Germanic tribes from the years 83 to about 260 AD.

See History of Germany and Limes Germanicus

Lion-man

The Löwenmensch figurine, also called the Lion-man of italic, is a prehistoric ivory sculpture discovered in Hohlenstein-Stadel, a German cave, part of the Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura UNESCO World Heritage Site, in 1939.

See History of Germany and Lion-man

List of German monarchs

This is a list of monarchs who ruled over East Francia, and the Kingdom of Germany (Regnum Teutonicum), from the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 and the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 until the collapse of the German Empire in 1918.

See History of Germany and List of German monarchs

List of monarchs of Bavaria

The following is a list of monarchs during the history of Bavaria.

See History of Germany and List of monarchs of Bavaria

List of Nobel laureates by country

This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates by country.

See History of Germany and List of Nobel laureates by country

List of rulers of Saxony

This article lists dukes, electors, and kings ruling over different territories named Saxony from the beginning of the Saxon Duchy in the 6th century to the end of the German monarchies in 1918.

See History of Germany and List of rulers of Saxony

List of states in the Holy Roman Empire

This list of states in the Holy Roman Empire includes any territory ruled by an authority that had been granted imperial immediacy, as well as many other feudal entities such as lordships, sous-fiefs, and allodial fiefs.

See History of Germany and List of states in the Holy Roman Empire

Lists of political office-holders in East Germany

These are lists of political office-holders in East Germany.

See History of Germany and Lists of political office-holders in East Germany

Literacy

Literacy is the ability to read and write.

See History of Germany and Literacy

Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.

See History of Germany and Lithuania

Liutprand, King of the Lombards

Liutprand was the king of the Lombards from 712 to 744 and is chiefly remembered for his multiple phases of law-giving, in fifteen separate sessions from 713 to 735 inclusive, and his long reign, which brought him into a series of conflicts, mostly successful, with most of Italy.

See History of Germany and Liutprand, King of the Lombards

Locarno Treaties

The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated in Locarno, Switzerland, from 5 to 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 1 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return for normalizing relations with the defeated German Reich (the Weimar Republic).

See History of Germany and Locarno Treaties

Lombard League

The Lombard League (Liga Lombarda in Lombard, Lega Lombarda in Italian) was a medieval alliance formed in 1167, supported by the popes, to counter the attempts by the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman emperors to assert influence over the Kingdom of Italy as a part of the Holy Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Lombard League

Lombards

The Lombards or Longobards (Longobardi) were a Germanic people who conquered most of the Italian Peninsula between 568 and 774.

See History of Germany and Lombards

London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

See History of Germany and London

Lorraine

Lorraine, also,,; Lorrain: Louréne; Lorraine Franconian: Lottringe; Lothringen; Loutrengen; Lotharingen is a cultural and historical region in Northeastern France, now located in the administrative region of Grand Est.

See History of Germany and Lorraine

Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor

Lothair III, sometimes numbered Lothair II and also known as Lothair of Supplinburg (1075 – 4 December 1137), was Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 until his death.

See History of Germany and Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor

Louis II of Hungary

Louis II (II.; Ludvík Jagellonský; Ludovik II.; Ľudovít II.; 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526.

See History of Germany and Louis II of Hungary

Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Louis IV (Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328 until his death in 1347.

See History of Germany and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Louis the German

Louis the German (c. 806/810 – 28 August 876), also known as Louis II of Germany, was the first king of East Francia, and ruled from 843 to 876 AD.

See History of Germany and Louis the German

Louis XIV

LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

See History of Germany and Louis XIV

Lower Saxony

Lower Saxony is a German state in northwestern Germany.

See History of Germany and Lower Saxony

Lucas Cranach the Elder

Lucas Cranach the Elder (Lucas Cranach der Ältere; – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving.

See History of Germany and Lucas Cranach the Elder

Ludwig Erhard

Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (4 February 1897 – 5 May 1977) was a German politician and economist affiliated with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), and chancellor of West Germany from 1963 until 1966.

See History of Germany and Ludwig Erhard

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist.

See History of Germany and Ludwig van Beethoven

Luftwaffe

The Luftwaffe was the aerial-warfare branch of the Wehrmacht before and during World War II.

See History of Germany and Luftwaffe

Lusatia

Lusatia (Łużyce, Łužica, Łužyca, Lužice) is a historical region in Central Europe, territorially split between Germany and modern-day Poland.

See History of Germany and Lusatia

Luther Bible

The Luther Bible (Lutherbibel) is a German language Bible translation by the Protestant reformer Martin Luther.

See History of Germany and Luther Bible

Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod

The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (LCMS), also known as the Missouri Synod, is an orthodox, traditional, confessional Lutheran denomination in the United States.

See History of Germany and Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod

Luxembourg

Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxemburg; Luxembourg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe.

See History of Germany and Luxembourg

Magdeburg hemispheres

The Magdeburg hemispheres are a pair of large copper hemispheres with mating rims that were used in a famous 1654 experiment to demonstrate the power of atmospheric pressure.

See History of Germany and Magdeburg hemispheres

Mainz

Mainz (see below) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and with around 223,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 35th-largest city.

See History of Germany and Mainz

March (territory)

In medieval Europe, a march or mark was, in broad terms, any kind of borderland, as opposed to a state's "heartland".

See History of Germany and March (territory)

March 1933 German federal election

Federal elections were held in Germany on 5 March 1933, after the Nazi seizure of power on 30 January 1933 and just six days after the Reichstag fire.

See History of Germany and March 1933 German federal election

Margrave

Margrave was originally the medieval title for the military commander assigned to maintain the defence of one of the border provinces of the Holy Roman Empire or a kingdom.

See History of Germany and Margrave

Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure (in her own right).

See History of Germany and Maria Theresa

Mariana Islands

The Mariana Islands (Manislan Mariånas), also simply the Marianas, are a crescent-shaped archipelago comprising the summits of fifteen longitudinally oriented, mostly dormant volcanic mountains in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, between the 12th and 21st parallels north and along the 145th meridian east.

See History of Germany and Mariana Islands

Market economy

A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.

See History of Germany and Market economy

Marne (river)

The Marne is a river in France, an eastern tributary of the Seine in the area east and southeast of Paris.

See History of Germany and Marne (river)

Marshall Islands

The Marshall Islands (Ṃajeḷ), officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (Aolepān Aorōkin Ṃajeḷ), is an island country west of the International Date Line and north of the equator in the Micronesia region in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean.

See History of Germany and Marshall Islands

Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe.

See History of Germany and Marshall Plan

Martin Heidegger

Martin Heidegger (26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism.

See History of Germany and Martin Heidegger

Martin Waldseemüller

Martin Waldseemüller (– 16 March 1520) was a German cartographer and humanist scholar.

See History of Germany and Martin Waldseemüller

Mathematician

A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems.

See History of Germany and Mathematician

Matthias Grünewald

Matthias Grünewald (– 31 August 1528; also known as Mathis Gothart Nithart) was a German Renaissance painter of religious works who ignored Renaissance classicism to continue the style of late medieval Central European art into the 16th century.

See History of Germany and Matthias Grünewald

Matthias Ringmann

Matthias Ringmann (1482–1511), also known as Philesius Vogesigena was an Alsatian German humanist scholar and cosmographer.

See History of Germany and Matthias Ringmann

Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor

Matthias (24 February 1557 – 20 March 1619) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1612 to 1619, Archduke of Austria from 1608 to 1619, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1608 to 1618 and King of Bohemia from 1611 to 1617.

See History of Germany and Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor

Max Planck

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.

See History of Germany and Max Planck

Max Scheler

Max Ferdinand Scheler (22 August 1874 – 19 May 1928) was a German philosopher known for his work in phenomenology, ethics, and philosophical anthropology.

See History of Germany and Max Scheler

Max Weber

Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (21 April 186414 June 1920) was a German sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economist who was one of the central figures in the development of sociology and the social sciences more generally.

See History of Germany and Max Weber

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519.

See History of Germany and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Mayor of the palace

Under the Merovingian dynasty, the mayor of the palace or majordomo.

See History of Germany and Mayor of the palace

Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.

See History of Germany and Mediterranean Sea

Medium-range ballistic missile

A medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) is a type of ballistic missile with medium range, this last classification depending on the standards of certain organizations.

See History of Germany and Medium-range ballistic missile

Merchant

A merchant is a person who trades in commodities produced by other people, especially one who trades with foreign countries.

See History of Germany and Merchant

Merovingian dynasty

The Merovingian dynasty was the ruling family of the Franks from around the middle of the 5th century until 751.

See History of Germany and Merovingian dynasty

Middle class

The middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status.

See History of Germany and Middle class

Middle East

The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.

See History of Germany and Middle East

Middle Francia

Middle Francia (Francia media) was a short-lived Frankish kingdom which was created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun after an intermittent civil war between the grandsons of Charlemagne resulted in division of the united empire.

See History of Germany and Middle Francia

Middle High German

Middle High German (MHG; Mittelhochdeutsch (Mhdt., Mhd.)) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages.

See History of Germany and Middle High German

Migration Period

The Migration Period (circa 300 to 600 AD), also known as the Barbarian Invasions, was a period in European history marked by large-scale migrations that saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent settlement of its former territories by various tribes, and the establishment of the post-Roman kingdoms.

See History of Germany and Migration Period

Military history of Germany

The military history of Germany spans the period from ancient times to the present.

See History of Germany and Military history of Germany

Mineralogy

Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts.

See History of Germany and Mineralogy

Ministerialis

The ministeriales (singular: ministerialis) were a class of people raised up from serfdom and placed in positions of power and responsibility in the High Middle Ages in the Holy Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Ministerialis

Minnesang

("love song") was a tradition of lyric- and song-writing in Germany and Austria that flourished in the Middle High German period.

See History of Germany and Minnesang

Miracle of the House of Brandenburg

The Miracle of the House of Brandenburg is the name given by Frederick II of Prussia to the failure of Russia and Austria to follow up their victory over him at the Battle of Kunersdorf on 12 August 1759 during the Seven Years' War.

See History of Germany and Miracle of the House of Brandenburg

Morality play

The morality play is a genre of medieval and early Tudor drama.

See History of Germany and Morality play

Motion of no confidence

A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion of confidence and corresponding vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fit to continue to occupy their office.

See History of Germany and Motion of no confidence

Movable type

Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual alphanumeric characters or punctuation marks) usually on the medium of paper.

See History of Germany and Movable type

Mozambique

Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest.

See History of Germany and Mozambique

Munich

Munich (München) is the capital and most populous city of the Free State of Bavaria, Germany.

See History of Germany and Munich

Munich Agreement

The Munich Agreement was an agreement reached in Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, and Fascist Italy.

See History of Germany and Munich Agreement

Nama people

Nama (in older sources also called Namaqua) are an African ethnic group of South Africa, Namibia and Botswana.

See History of Germany and Nama people

Namibia

Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa.

See History of Germany and Namibia

Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

See History of Germany and Napoleon

Napoleon III

Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first president of France from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as the second Emperor of the French from 1852 until he was deposed on 4 September 1870.

See History of Germany and Napoleon III

Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.

See History of Germany and Napoleonic Wars

Natalism

Natalism (also called pronatalism or the pro-birth position) is a policy paradigm or personal value that promotes the reproduction of human life as an important objective of humanity and therefore advocates high birthrate.

See History of Germany and Natalism

National Liberal Party (Germany)

The National Liberal Party (Nationalliberale Partei, NLP) was a liberal party of the North German Confederation and the German Empire which flourished between 1867 and 1918.

See History of Germany and National Liberal Party (Germany)

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.

See History of Germany and NATO

Natural science

Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.

See History of Germany and Natural science

Nature (journal)

Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.

See History of Germany and Nature (journal)

Nazi concentration camps

From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps (Konzentrationslager), including subcamps on its own territory and in parts of German-occupied Europe.

See History of Germany and Nazi concentration camps

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

See History of Germany and Nazi Germany

Nazi Party

The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.

See History of Germany and Nazi Party

Neander

Neander may refer to:;Surname.

See History of Germany and Neander

Nebra sky disc

The Nebra sky disc (Himmelsscheibe von Nebra) is a bronze disc of around diameter and a weight of, having a blue-green patina and inlaid with gold symbols.

See History of Germany and Nebra sky disc

Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe

Approximately 120–150 Neolithic earthworks enclosures are known in Central Europe.

See History of Germany and Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe

Neolithic Europe

The European Neolithic is the period from the arrival of Neolithic (New Stone Age) technology and the associated population of Early European Farmers in Europe, (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) until –1700 BC (the beginning of Bronze Age Europe with the Nordic Bronze Age).

See History of Germany and Neolithic Europe

Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

See History of Germany and Netherlands

Neustria

Neustria was the western part of the Kingdom of the Franks during the Early Middle Ages, in contrast to the eastern Frankish kingdom, Austrasia.

See History of Germany and Neustria

Neville Chamberlain

Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 18699 November 1940) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940 and Leader of the Conservative Party from May 1937 to October 1940.

See History of Germany and Neville Chamberlain

New Imperialism

In historical contexts, New Imperialism characterizes a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

See History of Germany and New Imperialism

New Testament

The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.

See History of Germany and New Testament

Newton's law of universal gravitation

Newton's law of universal gravitation says that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

See History of Germany and Newton's law of universal gravitation

Night of the Long Knives

The Night of the Long Knives (Nacht der langen Messer), also called the Röhm purge or Operation Hummingbird (Unternehmen Kolibri), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from 30 June to 2 July 1934.

See History of Germany and Night of the Long Knives

Nine Years' War

The Nine Years' War was a European great power conflict from 1688 to 1697 between France and the Grand Alliance.

See History of Germany and Nine Years' War

Ninety-five Theses

The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany.

See History of Germany and Ninety-five Theses

Nordic Bronze Age

The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age, or Scandinavian Bronze Age) is a period of Scandinavian prehistory from.

See History of Germany and Nordic Bronze Age

Noricum

Noricum is the Latin name for the kingdom or federation of tribes that included most of modern Austria and part of Slovenia.

See History of Germany and Noricum

North Africa

North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.

See History of Germany and North Africa

North African campaign

The North African campaign of World War II took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943, fought between the Allies and the Axis Powers.

See History of Germany and North African campaign

North German Confederation

The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund) was initially a German military alliance established in August 1866 under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was transformed in the subsequent year into a confederated state (a de facto federal state) that existed from July 1867 to December 1870.

See History of Germany and North German Confederation

North Rhine-Westphalia

North Rhine-Westphalia or North-Rhine/Westphalia, commonly shortened to NRW, is a state (Land) in Western Germany. With more than 18 million inhabitants, it is the most populous state in Germany. Apart from the city-states, it is also the most densely populated state in Germany. Covering an area of, it is the fourth-largest German state by size.

See History of Germany and North Rhine-Westphalia

North Sea

The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.

See History of Germany and North Sea

Northern March

The Northern March or North March (Nordmark) was created out of the division of the vast Marca Geronis in 965.

See History of Germany and Northern March

Northern Renaissance

The Northern Renaissance was the Renaissance that occurred in Europe north of the Alps.

See History of Germany and Northern Renaissance

Northern War of 1655–1660

The Northern War of 1655–1660, also known as the Second Northern War, First Northern War or Little Northern War, was fought between Sweden and its adversaries the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1655–60), the Tsardom of Russia (1656–58), Brandenburg-Prussia (1657–60), the Habsburg monarchy (1657–60) and Denmark–Norway (1657–58 and 1658–60).

See History of Germany and Northern War of 1655–1660

Norwegian campaign

The Norwegian campaign (8 April 10 June 1940) involved the attempt by Allied forces to defend northern Norway coupled with the resistance of the Norwegian military to the country's invasion by Nazi Germany in World War II.

See History of Germany and Norwegian campaign

Novgorod Republic

The Novgorod Republic (Novgorodskaya respublika) was a medieval state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in northern Russia, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the northern Ural Mountains in the east.

See History of Germany and Novgorod Republic

Nuremberg

Nuremberg (Nürnberg; in the local East Franconian dialect: Nämberch) is the largest city in Franconia, the second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria, and its 544,414 (2023) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany.

See History of Germany and Nuremberg

Nuremberg Chronicle

The Nuremberg Chronicle is an illustrated encyclopedia consisting of world historical accounts, as well as accounts told through biblical paraphrase.

See History of Germany and Nuremberg Chronicle

Nuremberg Laws

The Nuremberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party.

See History of Germany and Nuremberg Laws

Oceania

Oceania is a geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.

See History of Germany and Oceania

Odilo, Duke of Bavaria

Odilo, also Oatilo or Uatilo (died 18 January 748) of the Agilolfing dynasty was Duke of Bavaria from 737 until his death in 748.

See History of Germany and Odilo, Duke of Bavaria

Odoacer

Odoacer (– 15 March 493 AD), also spelled Odovacer or Odovacar, was a barbarian soldier and statesman from the Middle Danube who deposed the Western Roman child emperor Romulus Augustulus and became the ruler of Italy (476–493).

See History of Germany and Odoacer

Old Prussians

Old Prussians, Baltic Prussians or simply Prussians were a Baltic people that inhabited the region of Prussia, on the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea between the Vistula Lagoon to the west and the Curonian Lagoon to the east.

See History of Germany and Old Prussians

Old Saxony

Old Saxony was the homeland of the Saxons during the Early Middle Ages.

See History of Germany and Old Saxony

Old Testament

The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites.

See History of Germany and Old Testament

Operation Bagration

Operation Bagration (Operatsiya Bagration) was the codename for the 1944 Soviet Byelorussian strategic offensive operation (Belorusskaya nastupatelnaya operatsiya "Bagration"), a military campaign fought between 22 June and 19 August 1944 in Soviet Byelorussia in the Eastern Front of World War II, just over two weeks after the start of Operation Overlord in the west, causing Nazi Germany to have to fight on two major fronts at the same time.

See History of Germany and Operation Bagration

Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.

See History of Germany and Operation Barbarossa

Ordoliberalism

Ordoliberalism is the German variant of economic liberalism that emphasizes the need for government to ensure that the free market produces results close to its theoretical potential but does not advocate for a welfare state and did not advocate against one either.

See History of Germany and Ordoliberalism

Oskar Lafontaine

Oskar Lafontaine (born 16 September 1943) is a German politician.

See History of Germany and Oskar Lafontaine

Ostpolitik

Neue Ostpolitik (German for "new eastern policy"), or Ostpolitik for short, was the normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany) and Eastern Europe, particularly the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) beginning in 1969.

See History of Germany and Ostpolitik

Ostrogoths

The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi, Austrogothi) were a Roman-era Germanic people.

See History of Germany and Ostrogoths

Oswald Spengler

Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (29 May 1880 – 8 May 1936) was a German polymath whose areas of interest included history, philosophy, mathematics, science, and art, as well as their relation to his organic theory of history.

See History of Germany and Oswald Spengler

Otto Graf Lambsdorff

Otto Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von der Wenge Graf Lambsdorff, known as Otto Graf Lambsdorff (20 December 1926 – 5 December 2009), was a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP).

See History of Germany and Otto Graf Lambsdorff

Otto Hahn

Otto Hahn (8 March 1879 – 28 July 1968) was a German chemist who was a pioneer in the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry.

See History of Germany and Otto Hahn

Otto I, Duke of Bavaria

Otto I (1117 – 11 July 1183), called the Redhead (der Rotkopf), was Duke of Bavaria from 1180 until his death.

See History of Germany and Otto I, Duke of Bavaria

Otto von Bismarck

Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898; born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck) was a Prussian statesman and diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany.

See History of Germany and Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Guericke

Otto von Guericke (spelled Gericke until 1666; –) was a German scientist, inventor, mathematician and physicist.

See History of Germany and Otto von Guericke

Otto von Habsburg

Otto von Habsburg (Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius, Ferenc József Ottó Róbert Mária Antal Károly Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Lajos Gaetan Pius Ignác; 20 November 1912 4 July 2011) was the last crown prince of Austria-Hungary from 1916 until the dissolution of the empire in November 1918.

See History of Germany and Otto von Habsburg

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

See History of Germany and Ottoman Empire

Ottonian dynasty

The Ottonian dynasty (Ottonen) was a Saxon dynasty of German monarchs (919–1024), named after three of its kings and Holy Roman Emperors named Otto, especially its first Emperor Otto I. It is also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin in the German stem duchy of Saxony.

See History of Germany and Ottonian dynasty

Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

See History of Germany and Oxford University Press

Paganism

Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.

See History of Germany and Paganism

Palace of Versailles

The Palace of Versailles (château de Versailles) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France.

See History of Germany and Palace of Versailles

Palatine Chapel, Aachen

The Palatine Chapel in Aachen is an early medieval chapel and remaining component of Charlemagne's Palace of Aachen in what is now Germany.

See History of Germany and Palatine Chapel, Aachen

Paleoanthropology

Paleoanthropology or paleo-anthropology is a branch of paleontology and anthropology which seeks to understand the early development of anatomically modern humans, a process known as hominization, through the reconstruction of evolutionary kinship lines within the family Hominidae, working from biological evidence (such as petrified skeletal remains, bone fragments, footprints) and cultural evidence (such as stone tools, artifacts, and settlement localities).

See History of Germany and Paleoanthropology

Paleolithic

The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic, also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools, and which represents almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology.

See History of Germany and Paleolithic

Pandemic

A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has a sudden increase in cases and spreads across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals.

See History of Germany and Pandemic

Pannonian Avars

The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins.

See History of Germany and Pannonian Avars

Papal States

The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.

See History of Germany and Papal States

Partible inheritance

Partible inheritance, sometimes also called partitive, is a system of inheritance in which property is apportioned among heirs.

See History of Germany and Partible inheritance

Partitions of Poland

The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.

See History of Germany and Partitions of Poland

Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)

The Party of Democratic Socialism (Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus, PDS) was a left-wing populist political party in Germany active between 1989 and 2007.

See History of Germany and Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)

Patrician (post-Roman Europe)

Patricianship, the quality of belonging to a patriciate, began in the ancient world, where cities such as Ancient Rome had a social class of patrician families, whose members were initially the only people allowed to exercise many political functions.

See History of Germany and Patrician (post-Roman Europe)

Paul von Hindenburg

Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (abbreviated; 2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German field marshal and statesman who led the Imperial German Army during World War I. He later became president of Germany from 1925 until his death.

See History of Germany and Paul von Hindenburg

Pauperism

Pauperism is poverty or generally the state of being poor, or particularly the condition of being a "pauper", i.e. receiving relief administered under the English Poor Laws.

See History of Germany and Pauperism

Pavia

Pavia (Ticinum; Papia) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, in Northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino near its confluence with the Po.

See History of Germany and Pavia

Peace and Truce of God

The Peace and Truce of God (Pax et treuga Dei) was a movement in the Middle Ages led by the Catholic Church and was one of the most influential mass peace movements in history.

See History of Germany and Peace and Truce of God

Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg (Augsburger Frieden), also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 25 September 1555 in the German city of Augsburg.

See History of Germany and Peace of Augsburg

Peace of Ryswick

The Peace of Ryswick, or Rijswijk, was a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Rijswijk between 20 September and 30 October 1697.

See History of Germany and Peace of Ryswick

Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia (Westfälischer Friede) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster.

See History of Germany and Peace of Westphalia

Peaceful Revolution

Peaceful Revolution (Friedliche Revolution) was the process of sociopolitical change that led to the opening of East Germany's borders to the Western world as part of the Revolutions of 1989.

See History of Germany and Peaceful Revolution

Peasant

A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: non-free slaves, semi-free serfs, and free tenants.

See History of Germany and Peasant

Penguin Books

Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.

See History of Germany and Penguin Books

Pepin the Short

Pepin the Short (Pépin le Bref; – 24 September 768), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768.

See History of Germany and Pepin the Short

Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.

See History of Germany and Persian Gulf

Petri dish

A Petri dish (alternatively known as a Petri plate or cell-culture dish) is a shallow transparent lidded dish that biologists use to hold growth medium in which cells can be cultured,R.

See History of Germany and Petri dish

Philipp Lenard

Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (Lénárd Fülöp Eduárd Antal; 7 June 1862 – 20 May 1947) was a Hungarian-born German physicist and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his work on cathode rays and the discovery of many of their properties.

See History of Germany and Philipp Lenard

Philipp Scheidemann

Philipp Heinrich Scheidemann (26 July 1865 – 29 November 1939) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

See History of Germany and Philipp Scheidemann

Physician

A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.

See History of Germany and Physician

Pietism

Pietism, also known as Pietistic Lutheranism, is a movement within Lutheranism that combines its emphasis on biblical doctrine with an emphasis on individual piety and living a holy Christian life.

See History of Germany and Pietism

Pilgrimage

A pilgrimage is a journey to a holy place, which can lead to a personal transformation, after which the pilgrim returns to their daily life.

See History of Germany and Pilgrimage

Planned economy

A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services.

See History of Germany and Planned economy

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

See History of Germany and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Politburo

A politburo or political bureau is the highest political organ of the central committee in communist parties.

See History of Germany and Politburo

Politics of Germany

Germany is a democratic and federal parliamentary republic, where federal legislative power is vested in the Bundestag (the parliament of Germany) and the Bundesrat (the representative body of the Länder, Germany's regional states).

See History of Germany and Politics of Germany

Polymath

A polymath (lit; lit) or polyhistor (lit) is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.

See History of Germany and Polymath

Pomerania

Pomerania (Pomorze; Pommern; Kashubian: Pòmòrskô; Pommern) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Poland and Germany.

See History of Germany and Pomerania

Pope

The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.

See History of Germany and Pope

Pope Alexander III

Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland (Rolando), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 September 1159 until his death in 1181.

See History of Germany and Pope Alexander III

Pope Gregory VII

Pope Gregory VII (Gregorius VII; 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085.

See History of Germany and Pope Gregory VII

Pope Innocent XI

Pope Innocent XI (Innocentius XI; Innocenzo XI; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 September 1676 until his death in 12 August 1689.

See History of Germany and Pope Innocent XI

Pope John XII

Pope John XII (Ioannes XII; 14 May 964), born Octavian, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 16 December 955 to his death in 964.

See History of Germany and Pope John XII

Pope Leo III

Pope Leo III (Leo III; died 12 June 816) was bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 26 December 795 to his death.

See History of Germany and Pope Leo III

Pope Leo XIII

Pope Leo XIII (Leone XIII; born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 until his death in July 1903.

See History of Germany and Pope Leo XIII

Pope Pius XI

Pope Pius XI (Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was the Bishop of Rome and supreme pontiff of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to 10 February 1939.

See History of Germany and Pope Pius XI

Pope Stephen II

Pope Stephen II (Stephanus II; 714 – 26 April 757) was born a Roman aristocrat and member of the Orsini family.

See History of Germany and Pope Stephen II

Potsdam Conference

The Potsdam Conference was held at Potsdam in the Soviet occupation zone from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to allow the three leading Allies to plan the postwar peace, while avoiding the mistakes of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

See History of Germany and Potsdam Conference

Pound sterling

Sterling (ISO code: GBP) is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories.

See History of Germany and Pound sterling

Prague offensive

The Prague offensive (lit) was the last major military operation of World War II in Europe.

See History of Germany and Prague offensive

President of the United States

The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.

See History of Germany and President of the United States

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom.

See History of Germany and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Primogeniture

Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent's entire or main estate in preference to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative.

See History of Germany and Primogeniture

Prince Eugene of Savoy

Prince Eugene Francis of Savoy-Carignano (18 October 1663 in Paris – 21 April 1736 in Vienna), better known as Prince Eugene, was a distinguished field marshal in the Army of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty during the 17th and 18th centuries.

See History of Germany and Prince Eugene of Savoy

Prince of the Holy Roman Empire

Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (princeps imperii, Reichsfürst, cf. Fürst) was a title attributed to a hereditary ruler, nobleman or prelate recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor.

See History of Germany and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire

Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg

The Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg (Fürstbistum Würzburg; Hochstift Würzburg) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire located in Lower Franconia, west of the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg.

See History of Germany and Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg

Prince-elector

The prince-electors (Kurfürst pl. Kurfürsten, Kurfiřt, Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college that elected the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Prince-elector

Principality of Bulgaria

The Principality of Bulgaria (Knyazhestvo Balgariya) was a vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.

See History of Germany and Principality of Bulgaria

Printing

Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template.

See History of Germany and Printing

Printing press

A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.

See History of Germany and Printing press

Printmaking

Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces.

See History of Germany and Printmaking

Privilegium Minus

The Privilegium Minus was a deed issued by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa on 17 September 1156.

See History of Germany and Privilegium Minus

Propaganda in Nazi Germany

The propaganda used by the German Nazi Party in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's dictatorship of Germany from 1933 to 1945 was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of Nazi policies.

See History of Germany and Propaganda in Nazi Germany

Proportional representation

Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body.

See History of Germany and Proportional representation

Protectorate

A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law.

See History of Germany and Protectorate

Protestant Union

The Protestant Union (Protestantische Union), also known as the Evangelical Union, Union of Auhausen, German Union or the Protestant Action Party, was a coalition of Protestant German states.

See History of Germany and Protestant Union

Protestation at Speyer

On 19 April 1529, six princes and representatives of 14 Imperial Free Cities petitioned the Imperial Diet at Speyer against an imperial ban of Martin Luther, as well as the proscription of his works and teachings, and called for the unhindered spread of the evangelical faith.

See History of Germany and Protestation at Speyer

Province of Posen

The Province of Posen (Provinz Posen; Prowincja Poznańska) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1848 to 1920, occupying most of the historical Greater Poland.

See History of Germany and Province of Posen

Prussia

Prussia (Preußen; Old Prussian: Prūsa or Prūsija) was a German state located on most of the North European Plain, also occupying southern and eastern regions.

See History of Germany and Prussia

Prussian Union of Churches

The Prussian Union of Churches (known under multiple other names) was a major Protestant church body which emerged in 1817 from a series of decrees by Frederick William III of Prussia that united both Lutheran and Reformed denominations in Prussia.

See History of Germany and Prussian Union of Churches

Raetia

Raetia or Rhaetia was a province of the Roman Empire named after the Rhaetian people.

See History of Germany and Raetia

Rössen culture

The Rössen culture or Roessen culture (Rössener Kultur) is a Central European culture of the middle Neolithic (4,600–4,300 BC).

See History of Germany and Rössen culture

Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

See History of Germany and Reformation

Regensburg

Regensburg (historically known in English as Ratisbon) is a city in eastern Bavaria, at the confluence of the Danube, Naab and Regen rivers, Danube's northernmost point.

See History of Germany and Regensburg

Reichsführer-SS

Reichsführer-SS was a special title and rank that existed between the years of 1925 and 1945 for the commander of the Schutzstaffel (SS).

See History of Germany and Reichsführer-SS

Reichskammergericht

The;; Iudicium imperii) was one of the two highest judicial institutions in the Holy Roman Empire, the other one being the Aulic Council in Vienna. It was founded in 1495 by the Imperial Diet in Worms. All legal proceedings in the Holy Roman Empire could be brought to the Imperial Chamber Court, except if the ruler of the territory had a so-called privilegium de non appellando, in which case the highest judicial institution was found by the ruler of that territory.

See History of Germany and Reichskammergericht

Reichskonkordat

The Reichskonkordat ("Concordat between the Holy See and the German Reich") is a treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany.

See History of Germany and Reichskonkordat

Reichsmark

The Reichsmark (sign: ℛ︁ℳ︁; abbreviation: RM) was the currency of Germany from 1924 until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, and in the American, British and French occupied zones of Germany, until 20 June 1948.

See History of Germany and Reichsmark

Reichstag fire

The Reichstag fire (Reichstagsbrand) was an arson attack on the Reichstag building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, on Monday, 27 February 1933, precisely four weeks after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany.

See History of Germany and Reichstag fire

Reichstag Fire Decree

The Reichstag Fire Decree (Reichstagsbrandverordnung) is the common name of the Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State (Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat) issued by German President Paul von Hindenburg on the advice of Chancellor Adolf Hitler on 28 February 1933 in immediate response to the Reichstag fire.

See History of Germany and Reichstag Fire Decree

Reichswehr

Reichswehr was the official name of the German armed forces during the Weimar Republic and the first years of the Third Reich.

See History of Germany and Reichswehr

Reign of Terror

The Reign of Terror or the Mountain Republic was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.

See History of Germany and Reign of Terror

Reinsurance Treaty

The Reinsurance Treaty was a diplomatic agreement between the German Empire and the Russian Empire that was in effect from 1887 to 1890.

See History of Germany and Reinsurance Treaty

Religion in Germany

Christianity is the largest religion in Germany.

See History of Germany and Religion in Germany

Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

See History of Germany and Renaissance

René Descartes

René Descartes (or;; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science.

See History of Germany and René Descartes

Rentenmark

The Rentenmark (RM) was a currency issued on 15 November 1923 to stop the hyperinflation of 1922 and 1923 in Weimar Germany, after the previously used "paper" Mark had become almost worthless.

See History of Germany and Rentenmark

Republic of Venice

The Republic of Venice, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic with its capital in Venice.

See History of Germany and Republic of Venice

Republicanism

Republicanism is a Western political ideology that encompasses a range of ideas from civic virtue, political participation, harms of corruption, positives of mixed constitution, rule of law, and others.

See History of Germany and Republicanism

Rhine

--> The Rhine is one of the major European rivers.

See History of Germany and Rhine

Rhineland

The Rhineland (Rheinland; Rhénanie; Rijnland; Rhingland; Latinised name: Rhenania) is a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.

See History of Germany and Rhineland

Richard Wagner

Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas").

See History of Germany and Richard Wagner

Robert Koch

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist.

See History of Germany and Robert Koch

Robert Schumann

Robert Schumann (8 June 181029 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and music critic of the early Romantic era.

See History of Germany and Robert Schumann

Roman emperor

The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchical head of state of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC.

See History of Germany and Roman emperor

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

See History of Germany and Roman Empire

Roman numerals

Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages.

See History of Germany and Roman numerals

Roman province

The Roman provinces (pl.) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire.

See History of Germany and Roman province

Roman Republic

The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.

See History of Germany and Roman Republic

Romani people

The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma (Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle.

See History of Germany and Romani people

Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

See History of Germany and Romania

Romantic music

Romantic music is a stylistic movement in Western Classical music associated with the period of the 19th century commonly referred to as the Romantic era (or Romantic period).

See History of Germany and Romantic music

Romanticism

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.

See History of Germany and Romanticism

Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

See History of Germany and Rome

Rosa Luxemburg

Rosa Luxemburg (Róża Luksemburg,;; born Rozalia Luksenburg; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish and naturalised-German revolutionary socialist, orthodox Marxist, and anti-War activist during the First World War.

See History of Germany and Rosa Luxemburg

Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

See History of Germany and Routledge

Rudolf Diesel

Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (18 March 1858 – 29 September 1913) was a German inventor and mechanical engineer who is famous for having invented the Diesel engine, which burns Diesel fuel; both are named after him.

See History of Germany and Rudolf Diesel

Rudolf Virchow

Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (also; 13 October 18215 September 1902) was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist, writer, editor, and politician.

See History of Germany and Rudolf Virchow

Ruhr

The Ruhr (Ruhrgebiet, also Ruhrpott), also referred to as the Ruhr area, sometimes Ruhr district, Ruhr region, or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

See History of Germany and Ruhr

Russell Weigley

Russell Frank Weigley (WY-glee) (July 2, 1930 – March 3, 2004) was the Distinguished University Professor of History at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and a noted military historian.

See History of Germany and Russell Weigley

Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

See History of Germany and Russia

Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.

See History of Germany and Russian Revolution

Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

The Russo-Turkish War (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Russko-turetskaya voyna, "Russian–Turkish war") was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.

See History of Germany and Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

Saale

The Saale, also known as the Saxon Saale (Sächsische Saale) and Thuringian Saale (Thüringische Saale), is a river in Germany and a left-bank tributary of the Elbe.

See History of Germany and Saale

Saarland

Saarland (Sarre) is a state of Germany in the southwest of the country.

See History of Germany and Saarland

Saint Boniface

Boniface (born Wynfreth; 675 – 5 June 754) was an English Benedictine monk and leading figure in the Anglo-Saxon mission to the Germanic parts of Francia during the eighth century.

See History of Germany and Saint Boniface

Salian dynasty

The Salian dynasty or Salic dynasty (Salier) was a dynasty in the High Middle Ages.

See History of Germany and Salian dynasty

Samoa

Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands (Manono and Apolima); and several smaller, uninhabited islands, including the Aleipata Islands (Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, Fanuatapu and Namua).

See History of Germany and Samoa

Saxon Wars

The Saxon Wars were the campaigns and insurrections of the thirty-three years from 772, when Charlemagne first entered Saxony with the intent to conquer, to 804, when the last rebellion of tribesmen was defeated.

See History of Germany and Saxon Wars

Saxons

The Saxons, sometimes called the Old Saxons, were the Germanic people of "Old" Saxony (Antiqua Saxonia) which became a Carolingian "stem duchy" in 804, in what is now northern Germany.

See History of Germany and Saxons

Saxony

Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic.

See History of Germany and Saxony

Schöningen

Schöningen is a town of about 11,000 inhabitants in the district of Helmstedt, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

See History of Germany and Schöningen

Schlieffen Plan

The Schlieffen Plan (Schlieffen-Plan) is a name given after the First World War to German war plans, due to the influence of Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen and his thinking on an invasion of France and Belgium, which began on 4 August 1914.

See History of Germany and Schlieffen Plan

Schmalkaldic League

The Schmalkaldic League was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century.

See History of Germany and Schmalkaldic League

Schutzstaffel

The Schutzstaffel (SS; also stylised as ᛋᛋ with Armanen runes) was a major paramilitary organisation under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.

See History of Germany and Schutzstaffel

Scientific method

The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.

See History of Germany and Scientific method

Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.

See History of Germany and Scientific Revolution

Seamless robe of Jesus

The Seamless Robe of Jesus (also known as the Holy Robe, Holy Tunic, Holy Coat, Honorable Robe, and Chiton of the Lord) is the robe said to have been worn by Jesus during or shortly before his crucifixion.

See History of Germany and Seamless robe of Jesus

Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive

The second Jassy–Kishinev offensive, commonly referred to as the Jassy–Kishinev offensive named after the two major cities, Iași ("Jassy") and Chișinău ("Kishinev"), in the staging area, was a Soviet offensive against Axis forces, which took place in Eastern Romania from 20 to 29 August 1944 during World War II.

See History of Germany and Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive

Second Schleswig War

The Second Schleswig War (Den anden slesvigske krig; Deutsch-Dänischer Krieg or German Danish War), also sometimes known as the Dano-Prussian War or Prusso-Danish War, was the second military conflict over the Schleswig-Holstein Question of the nineteenth century.

See History of Germany and Second Schleswig War

Serfdom

Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems.

See History of Germany and Serfdom

Sibiu

Sibiu (Hermannstadt, Cibinium, Transylvanian Saxon: Härmeschtat or Hermestatt, Nagyszeben) is a middle-sized, well-preserved fortified medieval town in central Romania, situated in the historical region of Transylvania (Transilvania, Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien). Located some north-west of Bucharest, the town straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the Olt River.

See History of Germany and Sibiu

Sicambri

The Sicambri, also known as the Sugambri or Sicambrians, were a Germanic people who during Roman times lived on the east bank of the river Rhine, in what is now Germany, near the border with the Netherlands.

See History of Germany and Sicambri

Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

See History of Germany and Sicily

Siege of Paris (1870–1871)

The Siege of Paris took place from 19 September 1870 to 28 January 1871 and ended in the capture of the city by forces of the various states of the North German Confederation, led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

See History of Germany and Siege of Paris (1870–1871)

Siege of Pavia (773–774)

The siege or battle of Pavia was fought in 773–774 in northern Italy, near Ticinum (modern Pavia), and resulted in the victory of the Franks under Charlemagne against the Lombards under King Desiderius.

See History of Germany and Siege of Pavia (773–774)

Silesia

Silesia (see names below) is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within modern Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

See History of Germany and Silesia

Silesian Wars

The Silesian Wars (Schlesische Kriege) were three wars fought in the mid-18th century between Prussia (under King Frederick the Great) and Habsburg Austria (under Empress Maria Theresa) for control of the Central European region of Silesia (now in south-western Poland).

See History of Germany and Silesian Wars

Simony

Simony is the act of selling church offices and roles or sacred things.

See History of Germany and Simony

Slavs

The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages.

See History of Germany and Slavs

Slovaks

The Slovaks (Slováci, singular: Slovák, feminine: Slovenka, plural: Slovenky) are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak the Slovak language.

See History of Germany and Slovaks

Smithsonian (magazine)

Smithsonian is a science and nature magazine (and associated website, SmithsonianMag.com), and is the official journal published by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., although editorially independent from its parent organization.

See History of Germany and Smithsonian (magazine)

Social change

Social change is the alteration of the social order of a society which may include changes in social institutions, social behaviours or social relations.

See History of Germany and Social change

Social Democratic Party of Germany

The Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands,; SPD) is a social democratic political party in Germany.

See History of Germany and Social Democratic Party of Germany

Social market economy

The social market economy (SOME; soziale Marktwirtschaft), also called Rhine capitalism, Rhine-Alpine capitalism, the Rhenish model, and social capitalism, is a socioeconomic model combining a free-market capitalist economic system alongside social policies and enough regulation to establish both fair competition within the market and generally a welfare state.

See History of Germany and Social market economy

Socialism

Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

See History of Germany and Socialism

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (commonly abbreviated as SFRY or SFR Yugoslavia), commonly referred to as Socialist Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe.

See History of Germany and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Socialist Unity Party of Germany

The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands,; SED) was the founding and ruling party of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from the country's foundation in 1949 until its dissolution after the Peaceful Revolution in 1989.

See History of Germany and Socialist Unity Party of Germany

South Jutland County

South Jutland County (Danish: Sønderjyllands Amt) is a former county (Danish: amt) on the south-central portion of the Jutland Peninsula in southern Denmark.

See History of Germany and South Jutland County

Southeast Europe

Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical sub-region of Europe, consisting primarily of the region of the Balkans, as well as adjacent regions and archipelagos.

See History of Germany and Southeast Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe.

See History of Germany and Southern Europe

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

See History of Germany and Soviet Union

Spanish flu

The 1918–1920 flu pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or by the common misnomer Spanish flu, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 subtype of the influenza A virus.

See History of Germany and Spanish flu

Stasi

The Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit,; abbreviated as "MfS"), commonly known as the italics, an abbreviation of Staatssicherheit, was the state security service and secret police of East Germany (the GDR) from 1950 to 1990.

See History of Germany and Stasi

State of the Teutonic Order

The State of the Teutonic Order (Civitas Ordinis Theutonici) was a theocratic state located along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea in northern Europe. It was formed by the knights of the Teutonic Order during the early 13th century Northern Crusades in the region of Prussia. In 1237, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword merged with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as its branch — the Livonian Order (while their state, Terra Mariana, covering present-day Estonia and Latvia, became part of the State of the Teutonic Order).

See History of Germany and State of the Teutonic Order

State Socialism (Germany)

State Socialism (Staatssozialismus) was a set of social programs implemented in the German Empire that were initiated by Otto von Bismarck in 1883 as remedial measures to appease the working class and detract support for socialism and the Social Democratic Party of Germany following earlier attempts to achieve the same objective through Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws.

See History of Germany and State Socialism (Germany)

States of Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany, as a federal state, consists of sixteen states.

See History of Germany and States of Germany

Steganography

Steganography is the practice of representing information within another message or physical object, in such a manner that the presence of the information is not evident to human inspection.

See History of Germany and Steganography

Stem duchy

A stem duchy (Stammesherzogtum, from Stamm, meaning "tribe", in reference to the Franks, Saxons, Bavarians and Swabians) was a constituent duchy of the Kingdom of Germany at the time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty (death of Louis the Child in 911) and through the transitional period leading to the formation of the Ottonian Empire.

See History of Germany and Stem duchy

Steven Ozment

Steven Edgar Ozment (February 21, 1939 – December 12, 2019) was an American historian of early modern and modern Germany, the European family, and the Protestant Reformation.

See History of Germany and Steven Ozment

Strasbourg

Strasbourg (Straßburg) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France, at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace.

See History of Germany and Strasbourg

Styria

Styria (Steiermark; Steiamårk, Štajerska, Stájerország) is an Austrian state in the southeast of the country, famed for its idyllic landscapes, as well as rich folk- and high culture.

See History of Germany and Styria

Sudeten Germans

German Bohemians (Deutschböhmen und Deutschmährer; čeští Němci a moravští Němci, i.e. German Bohemians and German Moravians), later known as Sudeten Germans (Sudetendeutsche; sudetští Němci), were ethnic Germans living in the Czech lands of the Bohemian Crown, which later became an integral part of Czechoslovakia.

See History of Germany and Sudeten Germans

Suebi

The Suebi (also spelled Suevi) or Suebians were a large group of Germanic peoples originally from the Elbe river region in what is now Germany and the Czech Republic.

See History of Germany and Suebi

Sustainable energy

Energy is sustainable if it "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Definitions of sustainable energy usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy and society.

See History of Germany and Sustainable energy

Swabia

Swabia; Schwaben, colloquially Schwabenland or Ländle; archaic English also Suabia or Svebia is a cultural, historic and linguistic region in southwestern Germany.

See History of Germany and Swabia

Swabians

Swabians (Schwaben, singular Schwabe) are a Germanic-speaking people who are native to the ethnocultural and linguistic region of Swabia, which is now mostly divided between the modern states of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, in southwestern Germany.

See History of Germany and Swabians

Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.

See History of Germany and Switzerland

Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II

At the end of World War II, Poland underwent major changes to the location of its international border.

See History of Germany and Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II

Teutonic Order

The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

See History of Germany and Teutonic Order

Thailand

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Indochinese Peninsula.

See History of Germany and Thailand

The Blitz

The Blitz was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom, in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War.

See History of Germany and The Blitz

The Decline of the West

The Decline of the West (Der Untergang des Abendlandes; more literally, The Downfall of the Occident) is a two-volume work by Oswald Spengler.

See History of Germany and The Decline of the West

The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich

The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich is a two-volume text edited by and, first published in German in 1985.

See History of Germany and The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich

The Influence of Sea Power upon History

The Influence of Sea Power upon History: 1660–1783 is a history of naval warfare published in 1890 by the American naval officer and historian Alfred Thayer Mahan.

See History of Germany and The Influence of Sea Power upon History

The Teaching Company

The Teaching Company, doing business as "The Great Courses," formerly Wondrium, is a media production company that produces educational, video, and audio content in the form of courses, documentaries, and series under two content brands: The Great Courses Plus and The Great Courses.

See History of Germany and The Teaching Company

Theory

A theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking.

See History of Germany and Theory

Third Way

The Third Way, also known as Modernised Social Democracy, is a predominantly centrist political position that attempts to reconcile centre-right and centre-left politics by synthesising a combination of economically liberal and social democratic economic policies along with centre-left social policies.

See History of Germany and Third Way

Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.

See History of Germany and Thirty Years' War

Thomas Mann

Paul Thomas Mann (6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate.

See History of Germany and Thomas Mann

Thomas Müntzer

Thomas Müntzer (– 27 May 1525) was a German preacher and theologian of the early Reformation whose opposition to both Martin Luther and the Catholic Church led to his open defiance of late-feudal authority in central Germany.

See History of Germany and Thomas Müntzer

Thuringia

Thuringia, officially the Free State of Thuringia, is a state of central Germany, covering, the sixth smallest of the sixteen German states.

See History of Germany and Thuringia

Thuringii

The Thuringii, or Thuringians were a Germanic people who lived in the kingdom of the Thuringians that appeared during the late Migration Period south of the Harz Mountains of central Germania, a region still known today as Thuringia.

See History of Germany and Thuringii

Thurn und Taxis

The Princely House of Thurn and Taxis (Fürstenhaus Thurn und Taxis) is a family of German nobility that is part of the Briefadel.

See History of Germany and Thurn und Taxis

Tilman Riemenschneider

Tilman Riemenschneider (1460 – 7 July 1531) was a German woodcarver and sculptor active in Würzburg from 1483.

See History of Germany and Tilman Riemenschneider

Timeline of German history

This is a timeline of German history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Germany and its predecessor states.

See History of Germany and Timeline of German history

Tirpitz Plan

Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz's design for Germany to achieve world power status through naval power, while at the same time addressing domestic issues, is referred to as the Tirpitz Plan.

See History of Germany and Tirpitz Plan

Togo

Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa.

See History of Germany and Togo

Tony Blair

Sir Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007.

See History of Germany and Tony Blair

Totalitarianism

Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.

See History of Germany and Totalitarianism

Transylvanian Saxons

The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: Siweberjer Såksen or simply Soxen, singularly Sox or Soax; Transylvanian Landler: Soxn or Soxisch; Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; erdélyi szászok) are a people of mainly German ethnicity and overall Germanic origin —mostly Luxembourgish and from the Low Countries initially during the medieval Ostsiedlung process, then also from other parts of present-day Germany— who settled in Transylvania (Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien, historically also Überwald, Transsilvania, Septem Castra or Septem Castrensis, Medieval Latin: Trānsylvānia) in various waves, starting from the mid and mid-late 12th century until the mid 19th century.

See History of Germany and Transylvanian Saxons

Treaties of Nijmegen

The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen (Traités de Paix de Nimègue; Friede von Nimwegen; Vrede van Nijmegen) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and October 1679.

See History of Germany and Treaties of Nijmegen

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I. The treaty, which followed months of negotiations after the armistice on the Eastern Front in December 1917, was signed at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus).

See History of Germany and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty of Hubertusburg

The Treaty of Hubertusburg (Frieden von Hubertusburg) was signed on 15 February 1763 at Hubertusburg Castle by Prussia, Austria and Saxony to end the Third Silesian War.

See History of Germany and Treaty of Hubertusburg

Treaty of Karlowitz

The Treaty of Karlowitz, concluding the Great Turkish War of 1683–1697, in which the Ottoman Empire was defeated by the Holy League at the Battle of Zenta, was signed in Karlowitz, in the Military Frontier of the Habsburg Monarchy (present-day Sremski Karlovci, Serbia), on 26 January 1699.

See History of Germany and Treaty of Karlowitz

Treaty of Passarowitz

The Treaty of Passarowitz, or Treaty of Požarevac, was the peace treaty signed in Požarevac (Пожаревац, Passarowitz), a town that was in the Ottoman Empire but is now in Serbia, on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire and Austria of the Habsburg monarchy and the Republic of Venice.

See History of Germany and Treaty of Passarowitz

Treaty of Rapallo (1922)

The Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement signed on 16 April 1922 between the German Reich and Soviet Russia under which both renounced all territorial and financial claims against each other and opened friendly diplomatic relations.

See History of Germany and Treaty of Rapallo (1922)

Treaty of San Stefano

The 1878 Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano (Сан-Стефанский мир; Peace of San-Stefano, Сан-Стефанский мирный договор; Peace treaty of San-Stefano, or Ayastefanos Antlaşması) was a treaty between the Russian and Ottoman empires at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.

See History of Germany and Treaty of San Stefano

Treaty of Verdun

The Treaty of Verdun, agreed in, divided the Frankish Empire into three kingdoms between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I, the son and successor of Charlemagne.

See History of Germany and Treaty of Verdun

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919.

See History of Germany and Treaty of Versailles

Trench warfare

Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied lines largely comprising military trenches, in which combatants are well-protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.

See History of Germany and Trench warfare

Trier

Trier (Tréier), formerly and traditionally known in English as Trèves and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle in Germany.

See History of Germany and Trier

Triple Alliance (1882)

The Triple Alliance was a defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

See History of Germany and Triple Alliance (1882)

Tumulus culture

The Tumulus culture (German: ''Hügelgräberkultur'') was the dominant material culture in Central Europe during the Middle Bronze Age (1600 to 1300 BC).

See History of Germany and Tumulus culture

Two-front war

According to military terminology, a two-front war occurs when opposing forces encounter on two geographically separate fronts.

See History of Germany and Two-front war

U.S. Steel

United States Steel Corporation, more commonly known as U.S. Steel, is an American integrated steel producer headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with production operations primarily in the United States of America and in Central Europe.

See History of Germany and U.S. Steel

Ubii

The Ubii around AD 30 The Ubii were a Germanic tribe first encountered dwelling on the east bank of the Rhine in the time of Julius Caesar, who formed an alliance with them in 55 BC in order to launch attacks across the river.

See History of Germany and Ubii

Ultramontanism

Ultramontanism is a clerical political conception within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope.

See History of Germany and Ultramontanism

Unification of Germany

The unification of Germany was a process of building the first nation-state for Germans with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without Habsburgs' multi-ethnic Austria or its German-speaking part).

See History of Germany and Unification of Germany

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

See History of Germany and United Kingdom

United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

See History of Germany and United Nations

United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter.

See History of Germany and United Nations Security Council

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

See History of Germany and United States

University of Göttingen

The University of Göttingen, officially the Georg August University of Göttingen, (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, commonly referred to as Georgia Augusta) is a distinguished public research university in the city of Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany.

See History of Germany and University of Göttingen

Upper Silesia

Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk; Gůrny Ślůnsk, Gōrny Ślōnsk; Horní Slezsko;; Silesian German: Oberschläsing; Silesia Superior) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located today mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic.

See History of Germany and Upper Silesia

Urn

An urn is a vase, often with a cover, with a typically narrowed neck above a rounded body and a footed pedestal.

See History of Germany and Urn

Urnfield culture

The Urnfield culture was a late Bronze Age culture of Central Europe, often divided into several local cultures within a broader Urnfield tradition.

See History of Germany and Urnfield culture

Vandals

The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland.

See History of Germany and Vandals

Vienna

Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.

See History of Germany and Vienna

Visigoths

The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were a Germanic people united under the rule of a king and living within the Roman Empire during late antiquity.

See History of Germany and Visigoths

Voter turnout

In political science, voter turnout is the participation rate (often defined as those who cast a ballot) of a given election.

See History of Germany and Voter turnout

Waldseemüller map

The Waldseemüller map or Universalis Cosmographia ("Universal Cosmography") is a printed wall map of the world by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller, originally published in April 1507.

See History of Germany and Waldseemüller map

Wall Street Crash of 1929

The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash, Crash of '29, or Black Tuesday, was a major American stock market crash that occurred in the autumn of 1929.

See History of Germany and Wall Street Crash of 1929

Walter Ulbricht

Walter Ernst Paul Ulbricht (30 June 18931 August 1973) was a German communist politician.

See History of Germany and Walter Ulbricht

Walther von der Vogelweide

Walther von der Vogelweide was a Minnesänger who composed and performed love-songs and political songs (Sprüche) in Middle High German.

See History of Germany and Walther von der Vogelweide

War of the Austrian Succession

The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict fought between 1740 and 1748, primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

See History of Germany and War of the Austrian Succession

War of the Fourth Coalition

The War of the Fourth Coalition (Guerre de la Quatrième Coalition) was a war spanning 1806–1807 that saw a multinational coalition fight against Napoleon's French Empire, subsequently being defeated.

See History of Germany and War of the Fourth Coalition

War of the Second Coalition

The War of the Second Coalition (Guerre de la Deuxième Coalition) (1798/9 – 1801/2, depending on periodisation) was the second war targeting revolutionary France by many European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples and various German monarchies.

See History of Germany and War of the Second Coalition

War of the Sixth Coalition

In the War of the Sixth Coalition (Guerre de la Sixième Coalition) (March 1813 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation (Befreiungskriege), a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, Great Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Sardinia, and a number of German States defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba.

See History of Germany and War of the Sixth Coalition

War of the Third Coalition

The War of the Third Coalition (Guerre de la Troisième Coalition) was a European conflict lasting from 1805 to 1806 and was the first conflict of the Napoleonic Wars.

See History of Germany and War of the Third Coalition

War reparations

War reparations are compensation payments made after a war by one side to the other.

See History of Germany and War reparations

Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War.

See History of Germany and Warsaw Pact

Wartburg

The Wartburg is a castle originally built in the Middle Ages.

See History of Germany and Wartburg

Weil der Stadt

Weil der Stadt is a town of about 19,000 inhabitants in the Stuttgart Region of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

See History of Germany and Weil der Stadt

Weimar

Weimar is a city in the German state of Thuringia, in Central Germany between Erfurt to the west and Jena to the east, southwest of Leipzig, north of Nuremberg and west of Dresden.

See History of Germany and Weimar

Weimar Classicism

Weimar Classicism (Weimarer Klassik) was a German literary and cultural movement, whose practitioners established a new humanism from the synthesis of ideas from Romanticism, Classicism, and the Age of Enlightenment.

See History of Germany and Weimar Classicism

Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.

See History of Germany and Weimar Republic

Welser family

Welser was a German banking and merchant family, originally a patrician family based in Augsburg and Nuremberg, that rose to great prominence in international high finance in the 16th century as bankers to the Habsburgs and financiers of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

See History of Germany and Welser family

Werner Heisenberg

Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist, one of the main pioneers of the theory of quantum mechanics, and a principal scientist in the Nazi nuclear weapons program during World War II.

See History of Germany and Werner Heisenberg

Werner von Siemens

Ernst Werner Siemens (von Siemens from 1888;;; 13 December 1816 – 6 December 1892) was a German electrical engineer, inventor and industrialist.

See History of Germany and Werner von Siemens

Wernher von Braun

Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (23 March 191216 June 1977) was a German-American aerospace engineer and space architect.

See History of Germany and Wernher von Braun

West Berlin

West Berlin (Berlin (West) or West-Berlin) was a political enclave which comprised the western part of Berlin from 1948 until 1990, during the Cold War.

See History of Germany and West Berlin

West Germanic languages

The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages).

See History of Germany and West Germanic languages

West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until the reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. The Cold War-era country is sometimes known as the Bonn Republic (Bonner Republik) after its capital city of Bonn. During the Cold War, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin were parts of the Western Bloc.

See History of Germany and West Germany

West Prussia

The Province of West Prussia (Provinz Westpreußen; Zôpadné Prësë; Prusy Zachodnie) was a province of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and 1878 to 1919.

See History of Germany and West Prussia

Western Front (World War I)

The Western Front was one of the main theatres of war during the First World War.

See History of Germany and Western Front (World War I)

Western Roman Empire

In modern historiography, the Western Roman Empire was the western provinces of the Roman Empire, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court.

See History of Germany and Western Roman Empire

Western Schism

The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Great Occidental Schism, the Schism of 1378, or the Great Schism, was a split within the Roman Catholic Church lasting from 20 September 1378 to 11 November 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and were eventually joined by a third line of Pisan claimants in 1409.

See History of Germany and Western Schism

Wiley (publisher)

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.

See History of Germany and Wiley (publisher)

Wilhelm II

Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until his abdication in 1918, which marked the end of the German Empire as well as the Hohenzollern dynasty's 300-year rule of Prussia.

See History of Germany and Wilhelm II

Wilhelm Röntgen

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 184510 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the inaugural Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

See History of Germany and Wilhelm Röntgen

Wilhelmshaven

Wilhelmshaven (Wilhelm's Harbour; Northern Low Saxon: Willemshaven) is a coastal town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

See History of Germany and Wilhelmshaven

William I, German Emperor

William I (Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig; 22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888), or Wilhelm I, was King of Prussia from 1861 and German Emperor from 1871 until his death in 1888.

See History of Germany and William I, German Emperor

Willy Brandt

Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German politician and statesman who was leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and served as the chancellor of West Germany from 1969 to 1974.

See History of Germany and Willy Brandt

Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and 1951 to 1955.

See History of Germany and Winston Churchill

Wirtschaftswunder

The Wirtschaftswunder ("economic miracle"), also known as the Miracle on the Rhine, was the rapid reconstruction and development of the economies of West Germany and Austria after World War II (due to both the Marshall Plan and both governments adopting an ordoliberalism-based social market economy).

See History of Germany and Wirtschaftswunder

Wittenberg

Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is the fourth-largest town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

See History of Germany and Wittenberg

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 17565 December 1791) was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period.

See History of Germany and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfram von Eschenbach

Wolfram von Eschenbach (–) was a German knight, poet and composer, regarded as one of the greatest epic poets of medieval German literature.

See History of Germany and Wolfram von Eschenbach

World War I reparations

Following their defeat in World War I, the Central Powers agreed to pay war reparations to the Allied Powers.

See History of Germany and World War I reparations

World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

See History of Germany and World War II

Yalta Conference

The Yalta Conference (Yaltinskaya konferentsiya), held 4–11 February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe.

See History of Germany and Yalta Conference

Zanzibar

Zanzibar is an insular semi-autonomous region which united with Tanganyika in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania.

See History of Germany and Zanzibar

Zollverein

The Zollverein, or German Customs Union, was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories.

See History of Germany and Zollverein

1871 German federal election

The first federal elections were held in Germany on 3 March 1871.

See History of Germany and 1871 German federal election

1920 Schleswig plebiscites

The Schleswig plebiscites were two plebiscites, organized according to section XII, articles 100 to 115 of the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, in order to determine the future border between Denmark and Germany through the former Duchy of Schleswig.

See History of Germany and 1920 Schleswig plebiscites

1925 German presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Germany on 29 March 1925, with a runoff on 26 April.

See History of Germany and 1925 German presidential election

1932 German presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Germany on 13 March 1932, with a runoff on 10 April.

See History of Germany and 1932 German presidential election

1936 Summer Olympics

The 1936 Summer Olympics (Olympische Sommerspiele 1936), officially the Games of the XI Olympiad (Spiele der XI.) and officially branded as Berlin 1936, was an international multi-sport event held from 1 to 16 August 1936 in Berlin, Germany.

See History of Germany and 1936 Summer Olympics

1998 German federal election

Federal elections were held in Germany on 27 September 1998 to elect the members of the 14th Bundestag.

See History of Germany and 1998 German federal election

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

On 26 December 2004, at 07:58:53 local time (UTC+7), a major earthquake with a magnitude of 9.2–9.3 struck with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia.

See History of Germany and 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

2005 German federal election

Federal elections were held in Germany on 18 September 2005 to elect the members of the 16th Bundestag.

See History of Germany and 2005 German federal election

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany

Also known as 10th Century in Germany, 18th Century in Germany, 19th Century in Germany, 19th century Germany, 19th century history of Germany, 19th-century Germany, 19th-century history of Germany, 20th-century Germany, 3rd Century in Germany, 7th Century in Germany, 7th Century in the Holy Roman Empire, 9th Century in Germany, German History, German political history, Germany in the Middle Ages, Germany time line, Germany/History, Germanys history, Historical germany, History of German Politics, History of modern Germany, History of reunified Germany, HistoryGermany, Medieval Germany, Ottonian period, Political history of Germany, Prehistoric Germany, Prehistory of Germany.

, August von Kotzebue, Augustus, Aulic Council, Aurignacian, Australopithecus, Austrasia, Austrian Empire, Austro-Prussian War, Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718), Édouard Daladier, Únětice culture, Baiuvarii, Balkans, Baltic Sea, Balts, Bamberg, BASF, Basilica, Battle of France, Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, Battle of Königgrätz, Battle of Lechfeld, Battle of Legnano, Battle of Leipzig, Battle of Moscow, Battle of Paris (1814), Battle of Sedan, Battle of Stalingrad, Battle of Tannenberg, Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, Battle of Tolbiac, Battle of Tours, Battle of Valmy, Battle of Vienna, Battle of White Mountain, Bear Island (Svalbard), Beer Hall Putsch, Belgium, Bell Beaker culture, Benedictines, Benevolent dictatorship, Bergen, Berlin, Berlin Conference, Berlin Wall, Berlin–Baghdad railway, Bible, Bibliography, Bill Clinton, Bilzingsleben (Paleolithic site), Bismarck Archipelago, Bizone, Black Death, Bloomberg News, Bohemia, Bonn, Bosporus, Bourgeoisie, Boxing Day, Boydell & Brewer, Brandenburg, Brandenburg–Prussia, Bremen-Verden, Brothers Grimm, Bundeswehr, Bunsen burner, Burgundians, Burgundy, Burschenschaft, Cambridge University Press, Cardinal Richelieu, Carl Benz, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Carl Maria von Weber, Carloman (mayor of the palace), Carlsbad Decrees, Carniola, Caroline Islands, Carolingian dynasty, Carolingian Empire, Catholic Church, Catholic League (German), Catholic social teaching, Causes of World War I, Celibacy, Celts, Central Europe, Central Powers, Centre Party (Germany), Chambers of Reunion, Charlemagne, Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles Martel, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Chatti, Chemical industry, Chemistry, Cherusci, Chlothar I, Christendom, Christian Democratic Union of Germany, Christian IV of Denmark, Christian monasticism, Christian Social Union in Bavaria, Christian Wolff (philosopher), Christianity, Christmas, Christoph Bernhard von Galen, Christoph Martin Wieland, Classical period (music), Classicism, Clergy, Clericalism, Clovis I, Cluniac Reforms, Cold War, College of Cardinals, Cologne, Cologne Cathedral, Comecon, Commentarii de Bello Gallico, Communist Party of Germany, Concordat of Worms, Confederation of the Rhine, Congress of Berlin, Congress of Vienna, Conrad Celtes, Conrad III of Germany, Constance, Queen of Sicily, Constantine the Great, Constitution of the German Empire, Corded Ware culture, Council of Trent, Count palatine, Counter-Reformation, County of Burgundy, Cremation, Crisis of the late Middle Ages, Crisis of the Third Century, Crusades, Cuius regio, eius religio, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Czechs, Dachau concentration camp, David Hilbert, Düsseldorf, Death squad, Declaration of Rhense, Demographic transition, Denazification, Dengizich, Der Ring des Nibelungen, Deutsche Bank, Deutsche Mark, Deutsche Physik, Deutsches Wörterbuch, Dictatus papae, Diet of Worms, Dionysian Mysteries, Divine right of kings, Doctor of the Church, Donation of Pepin, Dual Alliance (1879), Duchy of Bavaria, Duchy of Lorraine, Duchy of Prussia, Duchy of Saxony, Duchy of Schleswig, Duchy of Swabia, Duchy of Warsaw, Dutch West India Company, Dye, Early New High German, East Francia, East Germany, Eastern Bloc, Eastern Europe, Eastern Front (World War I), Economic history of Germany, Edict of Fontainebleau, Edict of Nantes, Edict of Potsdam, Edinburgh, Eichsfeld, Einsatzgruppen, El Dorado, Elbe, Electoral Palatinate, Elisabeth of the Palatinate, Emil Fischer, Ems Dispatch, Enabling Act of 1933, Engraving, Enlightened absolutism, Epic poetry, Erfurt, Erich Honecker, Erlenmeyer flask, Ernst Moritz Arndt, Ertebølle culture, Ethnic cleansing, Ethnogenesis, European Economic Community, European integration, European Union, Eurozone, Extermination camp, Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Federation, Ferdinand Cohn, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, Fief, Final Solution, First Kohl cabinet, First Moroccan Crisis, Fleet in being, Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950), Florian Geyer, Foederati, Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union, France–Germany relations, Francia, Franco-Dutch War, Franco-Prussian War, Franco-Russian Alliance, Francoist Spain, Franconia, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Frankfurt, Frankfurt Parliament, Frankfurt School, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Franks, Franz Schubert, Franz von Papen, Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, Frederick Barbarossa, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, Frederick III, German Emperor, Frederick the Great, Frederick William I of Prussia, Frederick William II of Prussia, Frederick William III of Prussia, Frederick William IV of Prussia, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, Free Democratic Party (Germany), Free imperial city, Freikorps, French Consulate, French Revolution, French Revolutionary Wars, Friedrich Ebert, Friedrich Engels, Friedrich List, Friedrich Nietzsche, Friedrich Schiller, Friedrich Schleiermacher, Friedrich von Holstein, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Fritz Haber, Fugger family, Funnelbeaker culture, Gallic Wars, Gastarbeiter, Gaul, Géza II of Hungary, Götz von Berlichingen, Genocide, Geology, Georg Cantor, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, George III, Georgius Agricola, German Australians, German Bight, German colonial empire, German Confederation, German East Africa, German Emperor, German Empire, German Instrument of Surrender, German language, German mark (1871), German mediatisation, German National People's Party, German New Guinea, German Renaissance, German reunification, German revolution of 1918–1919, German revolutions of 1848–1849, German studies, Germania, Germania (book), Germania Inferior, Germania Superior, Germanic peoples, Germanicus, Germanisation, Germany, Gestapo, Godesberg Program, Golden Bull of 1356, Golden Bull of Rimini, Goseck Circle, Gothic art, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Government of National Defense, Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Great Turkish War, Greece, Gregorian Reform, Grimms' Fairy Tales, Gross domestic product, Guelphs and Ghibellines, Guild, Gustav Stresemann, Gutenberg Bible, Habsburg monarchy, Hall of Mirrors, Hallstatt culture, Hans Holbein the Younger, Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, Hans Memling, Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Hanseatic League, Hartz concept, Harvard University Press, Harz, Heinrich Brüning, Heinrich Himmler, Heligoland, Helmut Kohl, Helmut Schmidt, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Henry the Fowler, Henry the Lion, Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, Herero and Nama genocide, Herero people, Hermann Hesse, Hermann von Helmholtz, Herodotus, Hessian (soldier), Heuneburg, High Middle Ages, Hildegard of Bingen, History of Baden-Württemberg, History of Berlin, History of Cologne, History of Germany (1945–1990), History of Hanover (region), History of science, History of the Jews in Germany, Hohenstaufen, Holt McDougal, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Empire, Holy See, House of Habsburg, House of Welf, House of Wittelsbach, Huguenots, Human, Humboldt University of Berlin, Hungary, Huns, Hyperinflation, Illuminated manuscript, Immanuel Kant, Imperial Estate, Imperial Reform, Indo-European languages, Indulgence, Industrial Revolution, Inflation, International Security Assistance Force, Invasion of Poland, Investiture Controversy, Isaac Newton, Isabella II, Italic peoples, Italy, Japan, Jesuits, Jiaozhou Bay, Johann Gottfried Herder, Johann Philipp von Schönborn, Johannes Gutenberg, Johannes Kepler, Johannes Stark, Johannes Trithemius, Joseph Goebbels, Joseph Haydn, Joseph Stalin, Joseph von Fraunhofer, Julius Caesar, Justus von Liebig, Kaliningrad Oblast, Kamerun, Kapp Putsch, Karl Marx, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, King of Italy, Kingdom of Bavaria, Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867), Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Westphalia, Klaipėda, Klaipėda Region, Klemens von Metternich, Knights Templar, Konrad Adenauer, Konrad I of Masovia, Kristallnacht, Krupp, Kulturkampf, Kurt Georg Kiesinger, La Tène culture, Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, Landsknecht, Late Middle Ages, Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, Lübeck, League of Nations, League of Nations mandate, League of the Three Emperors, Leopold von Ranke, Liberalism in Germany, Limes (Roman Empire), Limes Germanicus, Lion-man, List of German monarchs, List of monarchs of Bavaria, List of Nobel laureates by country, List of rulers of Saxony, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire, Lists of political office-holders in East Germany, Literacy, Lithuania, Liutprand, King of the Lombards, Locarno Treaties, Lombard League, Lombards, London, Lorraine, Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis II of Hungary, Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis the German, Louis XIV, Lower Saxony, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Ludwig Erhard, Ludwig van Beethoven, Luftwaffe, Lusatia, Luther Bible, Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod, Luxembourg, Magdeburg hemispheres, Mainz, March (territory), March 1933 German federal election, Margrave, Maria Theresa, Mariana Islands, Market economy, Marne (river), Marshall Islands, Marshall Plan, Martin Heidegger, Martin Waldseemüller, Mathematician, Matthias Grünewald, Matthias Ringmann, Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, Max Planck, Max Scheler, Max Weber, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Mayor of the palace, Mediterranean Sea, Medium-range ballistic missile, Merchant, Merovingian dynasty, Middle class, Middle East, Middle Francia, Middle High German, Migration Period, Military history of Germany, Mineralogy, Ministerialis, Minnesang, Miracle of the House of Brandenburg, Morality play, Motion of no confidence, Movable type, Mozambique, Munich, Munich Agreement, Nama people, Namibia, Napoleon, Napoleon III, Napoleonic Wars, Natalism, National Liberal Party (Germany), NATO, Natural science, Nature (journal), Nazi concentration camps, Nazi Germany, Nazi Party, Neander, Nebra sky disc, Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe, Neolithic Europe, Netherlands, Neustria, Neville Chamberlain, New Imperialism, New Testament, Newton's law of universal gravitation, Night of the Long Knives, Nine Years' War, Ninety-five Theses, Nordic Bronze Age, Noricum, North Africa, North African campaign, North German Confederation, North Rhine-Westphalia, North Sea, Northern March, Northern Renaissance, Northern War of 1655–1660, Norwegian campaign, Novgorod Republic, Nuremberg, Nuremberg Chronicle, Nuremberg Laws, Oceania, Odilo, Duke of Bavaria, Odoacer, Old Prussians, Old Saxony, Old Testament, Operation Bagration, Operation Barbarossa, Ordoliberalism, Oskar Lafontaine, Ostpolitik, Ostrogoths, Oswald Spengler, Otto Graf Lambsdorff, Otto Hahn, Otto I, Duke of Bavaria, Otto von Bismarck, Otto von Guericke, Otto von Habsburg, Ottoman Empire, Ottonian dynasty, Oxford University Press, Paganism, Palace of Versailles, Palatine Chapel, Aachen, Paleoanthropology, Paleolithic, Pandemic, Pannonian Avars, Papal States, Partible inheritance, Partitions of Poland, Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany), Patrician (post-Roman Europe), Paul von Hindenburg, Pauperism, Pavia, Peace and Truce of God, Peace of Augsburg, Peace of Ryswick, Peace of Westphalia, Peaceful Revolution, Peasant, Penguin Books, Pepin the Short, Persian Gulf, Petri dish, Philipp Lenard, Philipp Scheidemann, Physician, Pietism, Pilgrimage, Planned economy, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Politburo, Politics of Germany, Polymath, Pomerania, Pope, Pope Alexander III, Pope Gregory VII, Pope Innocent XI, Pope John XII, Pope Leo III, Pope Leo XIII, Pope Pius XI, Pope Stephen II, Potsdam Conference, Pound sterling, Prague offensive, President of the United States, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Primogeniture, Prince Eugene of Savoy, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg, Prince-elector, Principality of Bulgaria, Printing, Printing press, Printmaking, Privilegium Minus, Propaganda in Nazi Germany, Proportional representation, Protectorate, Protestant Union, Protestation at Speyer, Province of Posen, Prussia, Prussian Union of Churches, Raetia, Rössen culture, Reformation, Regensburg, Reichsführer-SS, Reichskammergericht, Reichskonkordat, Reichsmark, Reichstag fire, Reichstag Fire Decree, Reichswehr, Reign of Terror, Reinsurance Treaty, Religion in Germany, Renaissance, René Descartes, Rentenmark, Republic of Venice, Republicanism, Rhine, Rhineland, Richard Wagner, Robert Koch, Robert Schumann, Roman emperor, Roman Empire, Roman numerals, Roman province, Roman Republic, Romani people, Romania, Romantic music, Romanticism, Rome, Rosa Luxemburg, Routledge, Rudolf Diesel, Rudolf Virchow, Ruhr, Russell Weigley, Russia, Russian Revolution, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Saale, Saarland, Saint Boniface, Salian dynasty, Samoa, Saxon Wars, Saxons, Saxony, Schöningen, Schlieffen Plan, Schmalkaldic League, Schutzstaffel, Scientific method, Scientific Revolution, Seamless robe of Jesus, Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive, Second Schleswig War, Serfdom, Sibiu, Sicambri, Sicily, Siege of Paris (1870–1871), Siege of Pavia (773–774), Silesia, Silesian Wars, Simony, Slavs, Slovaks, Smithsonian (magazine), Social change, Social Democratic Party of Germany, Social market economy, Socialism, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Socialist Unity Party of Germany, South Jutland County, Southeast Europe, Southern Europe, Soviet Union, Spanish flu, Stasi, State of the Teutonic Order, State Socialism (Germany), States of Germany, Steganography, Stem duchy, Steven Ozment, Strasbourg, Styria, Sudeten Germans, Suebi, Sustainable energy, Swabia, Swabians, Switzerland, Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II, Teutonic Order, Thailand, The Blitz, The Decline of the West, The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, The Teaching Company, Theory, Third Way, Thirty Years' War, Thomas Mann, Thomas Müntzer, Thuringia, Thuringii, Thurn und Taxis, Tilman Riemenschneider, Timeline of German history, Tirpitz Plan, Togo, Tony Blair, Totalitarianism, Transylvanian Saxons, Treaties of Nijmegen, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of Hubertusburg, Treaty of Karlowitz, Treaty of Passarowitz, Treaty of Rapallo (1922), Treaty of San Stefano, Treaty of Verdun, Treaty of Versailles, Trench warfare, Trier, Triple Alliance (1882), Tumulus culture, Two-front war, U.S. Steel, Ubii, Ultramontanism, Unification of Germany, United Kingdom, United Nations, United Nations Security Council, United States, University of Göttingen, Upper Silesia, Urn, Urnfield culture, Vandals, Vienna, Visigoths, Voter turnout, Waldseemüller map, Wall Street Crash of 1929, Walter Ulbricht, Walther von der Vogelweide, War of the Austrian Succession, War of the Fourth Coalition, War of the Second Coalition, War of the Sixth Coalition, War of the Third Coalition, War reparations, Warsaw Pact, Wartburg, Weil der Stadt, Weimar, Weimar Classicism, Weimar Republic, Welser family, Werner Heisenberg, Werner von Siemens, Wernher von Braun, West Berlin, West Germanic languages, West Germany, West Prussia, Western Front (World War I), Western Roman Empire, Western Schism, Wiley (publisher), Wilhelm II, Wilhelm Röntgen, Wilhelmshaven, William I, German Emperor, Willy Brandt, Winston Churchill, Wirtschaftswunder, Wittenberg, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Wolfram von Eschenbach, World War I reparations, World War II, Yalta Conference, Zanzibar, Zollverein, 1871 German federal election, 1920 Schleswig plebiscites, 1925 German presidential election, 1932 German presidential election, 1936 Summer Olympics, 1998 German federal election, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, 2005 German federal election.

Unionpedia is a concept map or semantic network organized like an encyclopedia – dictionary. It gives a brief definition of each concept and its relationships.

This is a giant online mental map that serves as a basis for concept diagrams. It's free to use and each article or document can be downloaded. It's a tool, resource or reference for study, research, education, learning or teaching, that can be used by teachers, educators, pupils or students; for the academic world: for school, primary, secondary, high school, middle, technical degree, college, university, undergraduate, master's or doctoral degrees; for papers, reports, projects, ideas, documentation, surveys, summaries, or thesis. Here is the definition, explanation, description, or the meaning of each significant on which you need information, and a list of their associated concepts as a glossary. Available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Polish, Dutch, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Swedish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Catalan, Czech, Hebrew, Danish, Finnish, Indonesian, Norwegian, Romanian, Turkish, Vietnamese, Korean, Thai, Greek, Bulgarian, Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Filipino, Latvian, Estonian and Slovenian. More languages soon.

The information is based on Wikipedia articles and other Wikimedia projects, and it's available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

Unionpedia is not endorsed by or affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation.

Google Play, Android and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc.

Privacy Policy