Table of Contents
893 relations: Aachen, Adalbert of Mainz, Adam Ries, Adolf Hitler, Aedui, Agadir Crisis, Age of Enlightenment, Agenda 2010, Ahrensburg, Ahrensburg culture, Alans, Albert Einstein, Albert, Duke of Prussia, Albertus Magnus, Albrecht Dürer, Albrecht von Roon, Alemanni, Alexander von Humboldt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Alfred von Tirpitz, Allied-occupied Germany, Alps, Alsace, Alsace–Lorraine, Altmark, American Revolutionary War, Anatolia, Ancient Rome, Angela Merkel, Anno Domini, Anti-Comintern Pact, Anti-Socialist Laws, Antisemitism, Appeasement, Arabic numerals, Archaeogenetics, Archaeology of Northern Europe, Arianism, Ariovistus, Aristocracy, Arminius, Armistice of 11 November 1918, Arthur Schopenhauer, Article 48 (Weimar Constitution), Artisan, Astronomy, Athanasius Kircher, Attack on Pearl Harbor, Attila, Augsburg, ... Expand index (843 more) »
Aachen
Aachen (French: Aix-la-Chapelle; Oche; Aquae Granni or Aquisgranum) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 261,000 inhabitants.
See History of Germany and Aachen
Adalbert of Mainz
Adalbert I von Saarbrücken (died June 23, 1137) was Archbishop-Elector of Mainz from 1111 until his death.
See History of Germany and Adalbert of Mainz
Adam Ries
Adam Ries (17 January 1492 – 30 March 1559) was a German mathematician.
See History of Germany and Adam Ries
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.
See History of Germany and Adolf Hitler
Aedui
The Aedui or Haedui (Gaulish: *Aiduoi, 'the Ardent'; Aἴδουοι) were a Gallic tribe dwelling in what is now the region of Burgundy during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
See History of Germany and Aedui
Agadir Crisis
The Agadir Crisis, Agadir Incident, or Second Moroccan Crisis was a brief crisis sparked by the deployment of a substantial force of French troops in the interior of Morocco in July 1911 and the deployment of the German gunboat to Agadir, a Moroccan Atlantic port.
See History of Germany and Agadir Crisis
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See History of Germany and Age of Enlightenment
Agenda 2010
The Agenda 2010 is a series of reforms planned and executed by the German government in the early 2000s, a Social Democrats/Greens coalition at that time, which aimed to reform the German welfare system and labour relations.
See History of Germany and Agenda 2010
Ahrensburg
Ahrensburg is a town in the district of Stormarn, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
See History of Germany and Ahrensburg
Ahrensburg culture
The Ahrensburg culture or Ahrensburgian (c. 12,900 to 11,700 BP) was a late Upper Paleolithic nomadic hunter culture (or technocomplex) in north-central Europe during the Younger Dryas, the last spell of cold at the end of the Weichsel glaciation resulting in deforestation and the formation of a tundra with bushy arctic white birch and rowan.
See History of Germany and Ahrensburg culture
Alans
The Alans (Latin: Alani) were an ancient and medieval Iranic nomadic pastoral people who migrated to what is today North Caucasus – while some continued on to Europe and later North-Africa.
See History of Germany and Alans
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".
See History of Germany and Albert Einstein
Albert, Duke of Prussia
Albert of Prussia (Albrecht von Preussen; 17 May 149020 March 1568) was a German prince who was the 37th grand master of the Teutonic Knights and, after converting to Lutheranism, became the first ruler of the Duchy of Prussia, the secularized state that emerged from the former Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.
See History of Germany and Albert, Duke of Prussia
Albertus Magnus
Albertus Magnus (– 15 November 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great, Albert of Swabia or Albert of Cologne, was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, scientist, and bishop, considered one of the greatest medieval philosophers and thinkers.
See History of Germany and Albertus Magnus
Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528),Müller, Peter O. (1993) Substantiv-Derivation in Den Schriften Albrecht Dürers, Walter de Gruyter.
See History of Germany and Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht von Roon
Albrecht Theodor Emil Graf von Roon (30 April 1803 – 23 February 1879) was a Prussian soldier and statesman.
See History of Germany and Albrecht von Roon
Alemanni
The Alemanni or Alamanni were a confederation of Germanic tribes.
See History of Germany and Alemanni
Alexander von Humboldt
Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 1769 – 6 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science.
See History of Germany and Alexander von Humboldt
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840 – December 1, 1914) was a United States naval officer and historian, whom John Keegan called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century." His book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 (1890) won immediate recognition, especially in Europe, and with its successor, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812 (1892), made him world-famous.
See History of Germany and Alfred Thayer Mahan
Alfred von Tirpitz
Alfred Peter Friedrich von Tirpitz (19 March 1849 – 6 March 1930) was a German grand admiral, State Secretary of the German Imperial Naval Office, the powerful administrative branch of the German Imperial Navy from 1897 until 1916.
See History of Germany and Alfred von Tirpitz
Allied-occupied Germany
The entirety of Germany was occupied and administered by the Allies of World War II from the Berlin Declaration on 5 June 1945 to the establishment of West Germany on 23 May 1949.
See History of Germany and Allied-occupied Germany
Alps
The Alps are one of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia.
See History of Germany and Alps
Alsace
Alsace (Low Alemannic German/Alsatian: Elsàss ˈɛlsɑs; German: Elsass (German spelling before 1996: Elsaß.) ˈɛlzas ⓘ; Latin: Alsatia) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland.
See History of Germany and Alsace
Alsace–Lorraine
Alsace–Lorraine (German: Elsaß–Lothringen), officially the Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß–Lothringen), was a former territory of the German Empire, located in modern day France.
See History of Germany and Alsace–Lorraine
Altmark
The Altmark (English: Old MarchHansard, The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time..., Volume 32. 1 February to 6 March 1816, T.C. Hansard, 1816.. Article XXIII of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna) is a historic region in Germany, comprising the northern third of Saxony-Anhalt.
See History of Germany and Altmark
American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.
See History of Germany and American Revolutionary War
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
See History of Germany and Anatolia
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
See History of Germany and Ancient Rome
Angela Merkel
Angela Dorothea Merkel (born 17 July 1954) is a German retired politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021 and was the first woman to hold that office.
See History of Germany and Angela Merkel
Anno Domini
The terms anno Domini. (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
See History of Germany and Anno Domini
Anti-Comintern Pact
The Anti-Comintern Pact, officially the Agreement against the Communist International was an anti-Communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan on 25 November 1936 and was directed against the Communist International (Comintern).
See History of Germany and Anti-Comintern Pact
Anti-Socialist Laws
The Anti-Socialist Laws or Socialist Laws (Sozialistengesetze; officially Gesetz gegen die gemeingefährlichen Bestrebungen der Sozialdemokratie, approximately "Law against the public danger of Social Democratic endeavours") were a series of acts of the parliament of the German Empire, the first of which was passed on 19 October 1878 by the Reichstag lasting until 31 March 1881 and extended four times (May 1880, May 1884, April 1886 and February 1888).
See History of Germany and Anti-Socialist Laws
Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.
See History of Germany and Antisemitism
Appeasement
Appeasement, in an international context, is a diplomatic negotiation policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power with intention to avoid conflict.
See History of Germany and Appeasement
Arabic numerals
The ten Arabic numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are the most commonly used symbols for writing numbers.
See History of Germany and Arabic numerals
Archaeogenetics
Archaeogenetics is the study of ancient DNA using various molecular genetic methods and DNA resources.
See History of Germany and Archaeogenetics
Archaeology of Northern Europe
The archaeology of Northern Europe studies the prehistory of Scandinavia and the adjacent North European Plain, roughly corresponding to the territories of modern Sweden, Norway, Denmark, northern Germany, Poland and the Netherlands.
See History of Germany and Archaeology of Northern Europe
Arianism
Arianism (Ἀρειανισμός) is a Christological doctrine considered heretical by all modern mainstream branches of Christianity.
See History of Germany and Arianism
Ariovistus
Ariovistus was a leader of the Suebi and other allied Germanic peoples in the second quarter of the 1st century BC.
See History of Germany and Ariovistus
Aristocracy
Aristocracy is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats.
See History of Germany and Aristocracy
Arminius
Arminius (18/17 BC–AD 21) was a chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe who is best known for commanding an alliance of Germanic tribes at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9, in which three Roman legions under the command of general and governor Publius Quinctilius Varus were destroyed.
See History of Germany and Arminius
Armistice of 11 November 1918
The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice signed at Le Francport near Compiègne that ended fighting on land, at sea, and in the air in World War I between the Entente and their last remaining opponent, Germany.
See History of Germany and Armistice of 11 November 1918
Arthur Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher.
See History of Germany and Arthur Schopenhauer
Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)
Article 48 of the constitution of the Weimar Republic of Germany (1919–1933) allowed the Reich president, under certain circumstances, to take emergency measures without the prior consent of the Reichstag.
See History of Germany and Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)
Artisan
An artisan (from artisan, artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates material objects partly or entirely by hand.
See History of Germany and Artisan
Astronomy
Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.
See History of Germany and Astronomy
Athanasius Kircher
Athanasius Kircher (2 May 1602 – 27 November 1680) was a German Jesuit scholar and polymath who published around 40 major works of comparative religion, geology, and medicine.
See History of Germany and Athanasius Kircher
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl HarborAlso known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, in the United States, just before 8:00a.m. (local time) on Sunday, December 7, 1941.
See History of Germany and Attack on Pearl Harbor
Attila
Attila, frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death, in early 453.
See History of Germany and Attila
Augsburg
Augsburg (label) is a city in the Bavarian part of Swabia, Germany, around west of the Bavarian capital Munich.
See History of Germany and Augsburg
August von Kotzebue
August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (–) was a German playwright, who had also worked as a Russian diplomat.
See History of Germany and August von Kotzebue
Augustus
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Augustus
Aulic Council
The Aulic Council (Consilium Aulicum; Reichshofrat; literally "Court Council of the Empire") was one of the two supreme courts of the Holy Roman Empire, the other being the Imperial Chamber Court.
See History of Germany and Aulic Council
Aurignacian
The Aurignacian is an archaeological industry of the Upper Paleolithic associated with Early European modern humans (EEMH) lasting from 43,000 to 26,000 years ago.
See History of Germany and Aurignacian
Australopithecus
Australopithecus is a genus of early hominins that existed in Africa during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene.
See History of Germany and Australopithecus
Austrasia
Austrasia was the northeastern kingdom within the core of the Frankish empire during the Early Middle Ages, centring on the Meuse, Middle Rhine and the Moselle rivers.
See History of Germany and Austrasia
Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a multinational European great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.
See History of Germany and Austrian Empire
Austro-Prussian War
The Austro-Prussian War, also by many variant names such as Seven Weeks' War, German Civil War, Brothers War or Fraternal War, known in Germany as Deutscher Krieg ("German War"), Deutscher Bruderkrieg ("German war of brothers") and by a variety of other names, was fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with each also being aided by various allies within the German Confederation.
See History of Germany and Austro-Prussian War
Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
The Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) was fought between Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire.
See History of Germany and Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
Édouard Daladier
Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French Radical-Socialist (centre-left) politician, and the Prime Minister of France who signed the Munich Agreement before the outbreak of World War II.
See History of Germany and Édouard Daladier
Únětice culture
The Únětice culture, Aunjetitz culture or Unetician culture (Únětická kultura, Aunjetitzer Kultur, Kultura unietycka, Únětická kultúra) is an archaeological culture at the start of the Central European Bronze Age, dated roughly to about 2300–1600BC.
See History of Germany and Únětice culture
Baiuvarii
The Baiuvarii, Bavarii, or Bavarians (Bajuwaren) were a Germanic people who lived in or near modern-day Bavaria (which is named after them), Austria, and South Tyrol.
See History of Germany and Baiuvarii
Balkans
The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.
See History of Germany and Balkans
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain.
See History of Germany and Baltic Sea
Balts
The Balts or Baltic peoples (baltai, balti) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea who speak Baltic languages.
See History of Germany and Balts
Bamberg
Bamberg (East Franconian: Bambärch) is a town in Upper Franconia district in Bavaria, Germany, on the river Regnitz close to its confluence with the river Main.
See History of Germany and Bamberg
BASF
BASF SE, an initialism of its original name, is a European multinational company and the largest chemical producer in the world.
See History of Germany and BASF
Basilica
In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica was a large public building with multiple functions that was typically built alongside the town's forum.
See History of Germany and Basilica
Battle of France
The Battle of France (bataille de France; 10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign (German: Westfeldzug), the French Campaign (Frankreichfeldzug, campagne de France) and the Fall of France, during the Second World War was the German invasion of France, that notably introduced tactics that are still used.
See History of Germany and Battle of France
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older spelling: Auerstädt) were fought on 14 October 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale in today's Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia.
See History of Germany and Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Battle of Königgrätz
The Battle of Königgrätz (or Sadowa) was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War in which the Kingdom of Prussia defeated the Austrian Empire.
See History of Germany and Battle of Königgrätz
Battle of Lechfeld
The Battle of Lechfeld also known as the Second battle of Lechfeld was a series of military engagements over the course of three days from 10–12 August 955 in which the Kingdom of Germany, led by King Otto I the Great, annihilated the Hungarian army led by Harka Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél and Súr.
See History of Germany and Battle of Lechfeld
Battle of Legnano
The battle of Legnano was a battle between the imperial army of Frederick Barbarossa and the troops of the Lombard League on May 29, 1176, near the town of Legnano, in present-day Lombardy, Italy.
See History of Germany and Battle of Legnano
Battle of Leipzig
The Battle of Leipzig (Bataille de Leipsick; Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig,; Slaget vid Leipzig), also known as the Battle of the Nations, was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony.
See History of Germany and Battle of Leipzig
Battle of Moscow
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See History of Germany and Battle of Moscow
Battle of Paris (1814)
The Battle of Paris (or the Storming of Paris) was fought on 30–31 March 1814 between the Sixth Coalition, consisting of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, and the French Empire.
See History of Germany and Battle of Paris (1814)
Battle of Sedan
The Battle of Sedan was fought during the Franco-Prussian War from 1 to 2 September 1870.
See History of Germany and Battle of Sedan
Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of StalingradSchlacht von Stalingrad see; p (17 July 19422 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, beginning when Nazi Germany and its Axis allies attacked and became locked in a protracted struggle with the Soviet Union for control over the Soviet city of Stalingrad in southern Russia.
See History of Germany and Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Tannenberg
The Battle of Tannenberg, also known as the Second Battle of Tannenberg, was fought between Russia and Germany between 23 and 30 August 1914, the first month of World War I. The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the half of Russian Second Army and the suicide of its commanding general, Alexander Samsonov.
See History of Germany and Battle of Tannenberg
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, described as the Varus Disaster or Varian Disaster (Clades Variana) by Roman historians, was a major battle between Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire that took place somewhere near modern Kalkriese from September 8–11, 9 AD, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed three Roman legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus and their auxiliaries.
See History of Germany and Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
Battle of Tolbiac
The Battle of Tolbiac was fought between the Franks, who were fighting under Clovis I, and the Alamanni, whose leader is not known.
See History of Germany and Battle of Tolbiac
Battle of Tours
The Battle of Tours, also called the Battle of Poitiers and the Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs (Maʿrakat Balāṭ ash-Shuhadā'), was fought on 10 October 732, and was an important battle during the Umayyad invasion of Gaul.
See History of Germany and Battle of Tours
Battle of Valmy
The Battle of Valmy, also known as the Cannonade of Valmy, was the first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution.
See History of Germany and Battle of Valmy
Battle of Vienna
The Battle of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 1683 after the city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months.
See History of Germany and Battle of Vienna
Battle of White Mountain
The Battle of White Mountain (Bitva na Bílé hoře; Schlacht am Weißen Berg) was an important battle in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War.
See History of Germany and Battle of White Mountain
Bear Island (Svalbard)
Bear Island (Bjørnøya) is the southernmost island of the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago.
See History of Germany and Bear Island (Svalbard)
Beer Hall Putsch
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch,Dan Moorhouse, ed.
See History of Germany and Beer Hall Putsch
Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.
See History of Germany and Belgium
Bell Beaker culture
The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age, arising from around 2800 BC.
See History of Germany and Bell Beaker culture
Benedictines
The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (Ordo Sancti Benedicti, abbreviated as OSB), are a mainly contemplative monastic order of the Catholic Church for men and for women who follow the Rule of Saint Benedict.
See History of Germany and Benedictines
Benevolent dictatorship
A benevolent dictatorship is a government in which an authoritarian leader exercises absolute political power over the state, but is perceived to do so with regard for the benefit of the population as a whole.
See History of Germany and Benevolent dictatorship
Bergen
Bergen, historically Bjørgvin, is a city and municipality in Vestland county on the west coast of Norway.
See History of Germany and Bergen
Berlin
Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.
See History of Germany and Berlin
Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 met on 15 November 1884 and, after an adjournment, concluded on 26 February 1885 with the signature of a General Act, by Keith, Arthur Berriedale, 1919, p. 52.
See History of Germany and Berlin Conference
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany).
See History of Germany and Berlin Wall
Berlin–Baghdad railway
The Baghdad railway, also known as the Berlin–Baghdad railway (Bağdat Demiryolu, Bagdadbahn, سكة حديد بغداد, Chemin de Fer Impérial Ottoman de Bagdad), was started in 1903 to connect Berlin with the then Ottoman city of Baghdad, from where the Germans wanted to establish a port on the Persian Gulf, with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq.
See History of Germany and Berlin–Baghdad railway
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.
See History of Germany and Bible
Bibliography
Bibliography (from and), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects" (or descriptive bibliography).
See History of Germany and Bibliography
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001.
See History of Germany and Bill Clinton
Bilzingsleben (Paleolithic site)
Bilzingsleben (Fundplatz Bilzingsleben, lit. discovery site Bilzingsleben) is a former stone quarry in Thuringia, Germany, notable for its wealth of palaeolithic human fossils and artifacts.
See History of Germany and Bilzingsleben (Paleolithic site)
Bismarck Archipelago
The Bismarck Archipelago is a group of islands off the northeastern coast of New Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean and is part of the Islands Region of Papua New Guinea.
See History of Germany and Bismarck Archipelago
Bizone
The Bizone or Bizonia was the combination of the American and the British occupation zones on 1 January 1947 during the occupation of Germany after World War II.
See History of Germany and Bizone
Black Death
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.
See History of Germany and Black Death
Bloomberg News
Bloomberg News (originally Bloomberg Business News) is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms.
See History of Germany and Bloomberg News
Bohemia
Bohemia (Čechy; Böhmen; Čěska; Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic.
See History of Germany and Bohemia
Bonn
Bonn is a federal city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, located on the banks of the Rhine.
See History of Germany and Bonn
Bosporus
The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait (Istanbul strait, colloquially Boğaz) is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul, Turkey.
See History of Germany and Bosporus
Bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.
See History of Germany and Bourgeoisie
Boxing Day
Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated after Christmas Day, occurring on the second day of Christmastide (26 December).
See History of Germany and Boxing Day
Boydell & Brewer
Boydell & Brewer is an academic press based in Martlesham, Suffolk, England, that specializes in publishing historical and critical works.
See History of Germany and Boydell & Brewer
Brandenburg
Brandenburg, officially the State of Brandenburg (see Names), is a state in northeastern Germany.
See History of Germany and Brandenburg
Brandenburg–Prussia
Brandenburg-Prussia (Brandenburg-Preußen) is the historiographic denomination for the early modern realm of the Brandenburgian Hohenzollerns between 1618 and 1701.
See History of Germany and Brandenburg–Prussia
Bremen-Verden
Bremen-Verden, formally the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden), were two territories and immediate fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, which emerged and gained imperial immediacy in 1180. By their original constitution they were prince-bishoprics of the Archdiocese of Bremen and Bishopric of Verden.
See History of Germany and Bremen-Verden
Brothers Grimm
The Brothers Grimm (die Brüder Grimm or die Gebrüder Grimm), Jacob (1785–1863) and Wilhelm (1786–1859), were German academics who together collected and published folklore.
See History of Germany and Brothers Grimm
Bundeswehr
The Bundeswehr (literally Federal Defence) is the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany.
See History of Germany and Bundeswehr
Bunsen burner
A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a kind of ambient air gas burner used as laboratory equipment; it produces a single open gas flame, and is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion.
See History of Germany and Bunsen burner
Burgundians
The Burgundians were an early Germanic tribe or group of tribes.
See History of Germany and Burgundians
Burgundy
Burgundy (Bourgogne; Burgundian: bourguignon) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France.
See History of Germany and Burgundy
Burschenschaft
A Burschenschaft (sometimes abbreviated B! in the German Burschenschaft jargon; plural: B!B!) is one of the traditional Studentenverbindungen (student associations) of Germany, Austria, and Chile (the latter due to German cultural influence).
See History of Germany and Burschenschaft
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See History of Germany and Cambridge University Press
Cardinal Richelieu
Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French statesman and prelate of the Catholic Church.
See History of Germany and Cardinal Richelieu
Carl Benz
Carl (or Karl) Friedrich Benz (born Karl Friedrich Michael Vaillant; 25 November 1844 – 4 April 1929) was a German engine designer and automotive engineer.
See History of Germany and Carl Benz
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß; Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science.
See History of Germany and Carl Friedrich Gauss
Carl Maria von Weber
Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber (5 June 1826) was a German composer, conductor, virtuoso pianist, guitarist, and critic of the early Romantic period.
See History of Germany and Carl Maria von Weber
Carloman (mayor of the palace)
Carloman (between 706 and 716 – 17 August 754) was the eldest son of Charles Martel, mayor of the palace and duke of the Franks, and his wife Chrotrud of Treves.
See History of Germany and Carloman (mayor of the palace)
Carlsbad Decrees
The Carlsbad Decrees (Karlsbader Beschlüsse) were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on 20 September 1819 after a conference held in the spa town of Carlsbad, Austrian Empire.
See History of Germany and Carlsbad Decrees
Carniola
Carniola (Kranjska;, Krain; Carniola; Krajna) is a historical region that comprised parts of present-day Slovenia.
See History of Germany and Carniola
Caroline Islands
The Caroline Islands (or the Carolines) are a widely scattered archipelago of tiny islands in the western Pacific Ocean, to the north of New Guinea.
See History of Germany and Caroline Islands
Carolingian dynasty
The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.
See History of Germany and Carolingian dynasty
Carolingian Empire
The Carolingian Empire (800–887) was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages.
See History of Germany and Carolingian Empire
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See History of Germany and Catholic Church
Catholic League (German)
The Catholic League (Liga Catholica, Katholische Liga) was a coalition of Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire formed 10 July 1609.
See History of Germany and Catholic League (German)
Catholic social teaching
Catholic social teaching (CST) is an area of Catholic doctrine which is concerned with human dignity and the common good in society.
See History of Germany and Catholic social teaching
Causes of World War I
The identification of the causes of World War I remains a debated issue.
See History of Germany and Causes of World War I
Celibacy
Celibacy (from Latin caelibatus) is the state of voluntarily being unmarried, sexually abstinent, or both, usually for religious reasons.
See History of Germany and Celibacy
Celts
The Celts (see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples.
See History of Germany and Celts
Central Europe
Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.
See History of Germany and Central Europe
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).
See History of Germany and Central Powers
Centre Party (Germany)
The Centre Party (Zentrum), officially the German Centre Party (Deutsche Zentrumspartei) and also known in English as the Catholic Centre Party, is a Christian democratic political party in Germany.
See History of Germany and Centre Party (Germany)
Chambers of Reunion
The Chambers of Reunion (Chambres des Réunions) were French courts established by King Louis XIV in the early 1680s.
See History of Germany and Chambers of Reunion
Charlemagne
Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.
See History of Germany and Charlemagne
Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden
Charles Frederick (22 November 1728 – 10 June 1811) was Margrave, Elector and later Grand Duke of Baden (initially only Margrave of Baden-Durlach) from 1738 until his death.
See History of Germany and Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles IV (Karel IV.; Karl IV.; Carolus IV; 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378Karl IV. In: (1960): Geschichte in Gestalten (History in figures), vol. 2: F–K. 38, Frankfurt 1963, p. 294), also known as Charles of Luxembourg, born Wenceslaus, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378.
See History of Germany and Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles Martel
Charles Martel (– 22 October 741), Martel being a sobriquet in Old French for "The Hammer", was a Frankish political and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of the Franks from 718 until his death.
See History of Germany and Charles Martel
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.
See History of Germany and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Chatti
The Chatti (also Chatthi or Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe whose homeland was near the upper Weser (Visurgis) river.
See History of Germany and Chatti
Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other chemicals.
See History of Germany and Chemical industry
Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.
See History of Germany and Chemistry
Cherusci
The Cherusci were a Germanic tribe that inhabited parts of the plains and forests of northwestern Germany in the area of the Weser River and present-day Hanover during the first centuries BC and AD.
See History of Germany and Cherusci
Chlothar I
Chlothar I, sometime called "the Old" (French: le Vieux), (died December 561) also anglicised as Clotaire, was a king of the Franks of the Merovingian dynasty and one of the four sons of Clovis I. With his eldest brother Theuderic (c. 485 – 533/34) being the son of Clovis I and his first wife, Chlothar followed his two elder brothers Chlodomer (495–524) and Childebert I (496–558) as third surviving son of Clovis I and his second wife Queen Clotilde, lastly followed by their sister Clotilde (500–531).
See History of Germany and Chlothar I
Christendom
Christendom refers to Christian states, Christian-majority countries or countries in which Christianity is dominant or prevails.
See History of Germany and Christendom
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands; CDU) is a Christian democratic and conservative political party in Germany.
See History of Germany and Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Christian IV of Denmark
Christian IV (12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648) was King of Denmark and Norway and Duke of Holstein and Schleswig from 1588 until his death in 1648.
See History of Germany and Christian IV of Denmark
Christian monasticism
Christian monasticism is a religious way of life of Christians who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship.
See History of Germany and Christian monasticism
Christian Social Union in Bavaria
The Christian Social Union in Bavaria (German:, CSU) is a Christian democratic and conservative political party in Germany.
See History of Germany and Christian Social Union in Bavaria
Christian Wolff (philosopher)
Christian Wolff (less correctly Wolf,; also known as Wolfius; ennobled as Christian Freiherr von Wolff in 1745; 24 January 1679 – 9 April 1754) was a German philosopher.
See History of Germany and Christian Wolff (philosopher)
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
See History of Germany and Christianity
Christmas
Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world.
See History of Germany and Christmas
Christoph Bernhard von Galen
Christoph Bernhard Freiherr von Galen (12 October 1606, in Drensteinfurt – 19 September 1678) was Prince-bishop of Münster.
See History of Germany and Christoph Bernhard von Galen
Christoph Martin Wieland
Christoph Martin Wieland (5 September 1733 – 20 January 1813) was a German poet and writer, representative of literary Rococo.
See History of Germany and Christoph Martin Wieland
Classical period (music)
The Classical Period was an era of classical music between roughly 1750 and 1820.
See History of Germany and Classical period (music)
Classicism
Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate.
See History of Germany and Classicism
Clergy
Clergy are formal leaders within established religions.
See History of Germany and Clergy
Clericalism
Clericalism is the application of the formal, church-based leadership or opinion of ordained clergy in matters of the church or in broader political and sociocultural contexts.
See History of Germany and Clericalism
Clovis I
Clovis (Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlōdowig; – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Franks under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of petty kings to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.
See History of Germany and Clovis I
Cluniac Reforms
The Cluniac Reforms (also called the Benedictine Reform) were a series of changes within medieval monasticism in the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor.
See History of Germany and Cluniac Reforms
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
See History of Germany and Cold War
College of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals, more formally called the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.
See History of Germany and College of Cardinals
Cologne
Cologne (Köln; Kölle) is the largest city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and over 3.1 million people in the Cologne Bonn urban region.
See History of Germany and Cologne
Cologne Cathedral
Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom,, officially Hohe Domkirche Sankt Petrus, English: Cathedral Church of Saint Peter) is a cathedral in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia belonging to the Catholic Church.
See History of Germany and Cologne Cathedral
Comecon
The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (English abbreviation COMECON, CMEA, CEMA, or CAME) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of socialist states elsewhere in the world.
See History of Germany and Comecon
Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Commentarii de Bello Gallico (italic), also Bellum Gallicum (italic), is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative.
See History of Germany and Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Communist Party of Germany
The Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands,, KPD) was a major far-left political party in the Weimar Republic during the interwar period, an underground resistance movement in Nazi Germany, and a minor party in West Germany during the postwar period until it was banned by the Federal Constitutional Court in 1956.
See History of Germany and Communist Party of Germany
Concordat of Worms
The Concordat of Worms, also referred to as the Pactum Callixtinum or Pactum Calixtinum, was an agreement between the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire which regulated the procedure for the appointment of bishops and abbots in the Empire.
See History of Germany and Concordat of Worms
Confederation of the Rhine
The Confederated States of the Rhine, simply known as the Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation, was a confederation of German client states established at the behest of Napoleon some months after he defeated Austria and Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz.
See History of Germany and Confederation of the Rhine
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a diplomatic conference to reorganise the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), which had been won by Russia against the Ottoman Empire.
See History of Germany and Congress of Berlin
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.
See History of Germany and Congress of Vienna
Conrad Celtes
Conrad Celtes (Konrad Celtes; Conradus Celtis (Protucius); 1 February 1459 – 4 February 1508) was a German Renaissance humanist scholar and poet of the German Renaissance born in Franconia (nowadays part of Bavaria).
See History of Germany and Conrad Celtes
Conrad III of Germany
Conrad III (Konrad; Corrado; 1093 or 1094 – 15 February 1152) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was from 1116 to 1120 Duke of Franconia, from 1127 to 1135 anti-king of his predecessor Lothair III, and from 1138 until his death in 1152 King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Conrad III of Germany
Constance, Queen of Sicily
Constance I (Costanza; 2 November 1154 – 27 November 1198) was reigning Queen of Sicily from 1194–98, jointly with her spouse from 1194 to 1197, and with her infant son Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1198.
See History of Germany and Constance, Queen of Sicily
Constantine the Great
Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.
See History of Germany and Constantine the Great
Constitution of the German Empire
The Constitution of the German Empire (Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches) was the basic law of the German Empire of 1871–1918, from 16 April 1871, coming into effect on 4 May 1871.
See History of Germany and Constitution of the German Empire
Corded Ware culture
The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe between – 2350 BC, thus from the late Neolithic, through the Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age.
See History of Germany and Corded Ware culture
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent (Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.
See History of Germany and Council of Trent
Count palatine
A count palatine (Latin comes palatinus), also count of the palace or palsgrave (from German Pfalzgraf), was originally an official attached to a royal or imperial palace or household and later a nobleman of a rank above that of an ordinary count.
See History of Germany and Count palatine
Counter-Reformation
The Counter-Reformation, also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time.
See History of Germany and Counter-Reformation
County of Burgundy
The Free County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne; Freigrafschaft Burgund) was a medieval feudal state ruled by a count from 982 to 1678.
See History of Germany and County of Burgundy
Cremation
Cremation is a method of final disposition of a dead body through burning.
See History of Germany and Cremation
Crisis of the late Middle Ages
The crisis of the Middle Ages was a series of events in the 14th and 15th centuries that ended centuries of European stability during the late Middle Ages.
See History of Germany and Crisis of the late Middle Ages
Crisis of the Third Century
The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (235–285), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration.
See History of Germany and Crisis of the Third Century
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.
See History of Germany and Crusades
Cuius regio, eius religio
Cuius regio, eius religio is a Latin phrase which literally means "whose realm, their religion" – meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled.
See History of Germany and Cuius regio, eius religio
Cyprus
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
See History of Germany and Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary.
See History of Germany and Czechoslovakia
Czechs
The Czechs (Češi,; singular Czech, masculine: Čech, singular feminine: Češka), or the Czech people (Český lid), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe, who share a common ancestry, culture, history, and the Czech language.
See History of Germany and Czechs
Dachau concentration camp
Dachau was one of the first concentration camps built by Nazi Germany and the longest running one, opening on 22 March 1933.
See History of Germany and Dachau concentration camp
David Hilbert
David Hilbert (23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician and one of the most influential mathematicians of his time.
See History of Germany and David Hilbert
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany.
See History of Germany and Düsseldorf
Death squad
A death squad is an armed group whose primary activity is carrying out extrajudicial killings, massacres, or enforced disappearances as part of political repression, genocide, ethnic cleansing, or revolutionary terror.
See History of Germany and Death squad
Declaration of Rhense
The Declaration of Rhens or Treaty of Rhens (Kurverein) was a decree or Kurverein of the Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire issued in 1338 and initiated by Baldwin of Luxembourg, the Archbishop of Trier and brother of the late Emperor Henry VII.
See History of Germany and Declaration of Rhense
Demographic transition
In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education and economic development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios.
See History of Germany and Demographic transition
Denazification
Denazification (Entnazifizierung) was an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society, culture, press, economy, judiciary, and politics of the Nazi ideology following the Second World War.
See History of Germany and Denazification
Dengizich
Dengizich (died in 469), was a Hunnic ruler and son of Attila.
See History of Germany and Dengizich
Der Ring des Nibelungen
(The Ring of the Nibelung), WWV 86, is a cycle of four German-language epic music dramas composed by Richard Wagner.
See History of Germany and Der Ring des Nibelungen
Deutsche Bank
Deutsche Bank AG is a German multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany, and dual-listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange.
See History of Germany and Deutsche Bank
Deutsche Mark
The Deutsche Mark (English: German mark), abbreviated "DM" or "D-Mark", was the official currency of West Germany from 1948 until 1990 and later the unified Germany from 1990 until the adoption of the euro in 2002.
See History of Germany and Deutsche Mark
Deutsche Physik
Deutsche Physik ("German Physics") or Aryan Physics (Arische Physik) was a nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s which had the support of many eminent physicists in Germany.
See History of Germany and Deutsche Physik
Deutsches Wörterbuch
The Deutsches Wörterbuch ("The German Dictionary"), abbreviated DWB, is the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of the German language in existence.
See History of Germany and Deutsches Wörterbuch
Dictatus papae
Dictatus papae is a compilation of 27 statements of authority claimed by the pope that was included in Pope Gregory VII's register under the year 1075.
See History of Germany and Dictatus papae
Diet of Worms
The Diet of Worms of 1521 (Reichstag zu Worms) was an imperial diet (a formal deliberative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire called by Emperor Charles V and conducted in the Imperial Free City of Worms.
See History of Germany and Diet of Worms
Dionysian Mysteries
The Dionysian Mysteries were a ritual of ancient Greece and Rome which sometimes used intoxicants and other trance-inducing techniques (like dance and music) to remove inhibitions and social constraints, liberating the individual to return to a natural state.
See History of Germany and Dionysian Mysteries
Divine right of kings
In European Christianity, the divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandation, is a political and religious doctrine of political legitimacy of a monarchy.
See History of Germany and Divine right of kings
Doctor of the Church
Doctor of the Church (Latin: doctor "teacher"), also referred to as Doctor of the Universal Church (Latin: Doctor Ecclesiae Universalis), is a title given by the Catholic Church to saints recognized as having made a significant contribution to theology or doctrine through their research, study, or writing.
See History of Germany and Doctor of the Church
Donation of Pepin
The Donation of Pepin in 756 provided a legal basis for the creation of the Papal States, thus extending the temporal rule of the popes beyond the duchy of Rome.
See History of Germany and Donation of Pepin
Dual Alliance (1879)
The Dual Alliance (Zweibund, Kettős Szövetség) was a defensive alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary, which was created by treaty on October 7, 1879, as part of Germany's Otto von Bismarck's system of alliances to prevent or limit war.
See History of Germany and Dual Alliance (1879)
Duchy of Bavaria
The Duchy of Bavaria was a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom from the sixth through the eighth century.
See History of Germany and Duchy of Bavaria
Duchy of Lorraine
The Duchy of Lorraine (Lorraine; Lothringen), originally Upper Lorraine, was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France.
See History of Germany and Duchy of Lorraine
Duchy of Prussia
The Duchy of Prussia (Herzogtum Preußen, Księstwo Pruskie, Prūsijos kunigaikštystė) or Ducal Prussia (Herzogliches Preußen; Prusy Książęce) was a duchy in the region of Prussia established as a result of secularization of the Monastic Prussia, the territory that remained under the control of the State of the Teutonic Order until the Protestant Reformation in 1525.
See History of Germany and Duchy of Prussia
Duchy of Saxony
The Duchy of Saxony (Hartogdom Sassen, Herzogtum Sachsen) was originally the area settled by the Saxons in the late Early Middle Ages, when they were subdued by Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars from 772 and incorporated into the Carolingian Empire (Francia) by 804.
See History of Germany and Duchy of Saxony
Duchy of Schleswig
The Duchy of Schleswig (Hertugdømmet Slesvig; Herzogtum Schleswig; Hartogdom Sleswig; Härtochduum Slaswik) was a duchy in Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland) covering the area between about 60 km (35 miles) north and 70 km (45 mi) south of the current border between Germany and Denmark.
See History of Germany and Duchy of Schleswig
Duchy of Swabia
The Duchy of Swabia (German: Herzogtum Schwaben; Latin: Ducatus Allemaniæ) was one of the five stem duchies of the medieval German Kingdom.
See History of Germany and Duchy of Swabia
Duchy of Warsaw
The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie; Duché de Varsovie; Herzogtum Warschau), also known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland, was a French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars.
See History of Germany and Duchy of Warsaw
Dutch West India Company
The Dutch West India Company or WIC (Westindische Compagnie) was a chartered company of Dutch merchants as well as foreign investors, formally known as GWC (Geoctrooieerde Westindische Compagnie; Chartered West India Company).
See History of Germany and Dutch West India Company
Dye
A dye is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied.
See History of Germany and Dye
Early New High German
Early New High German (ENHG) is a term for the period in the history of the German language generally defined, following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 to 1650, developing from Middle High German and into New High German.
See History of Germany and Early New High German
East Francia
East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (Regnum Francorum orientalium) was a successor state of Charlemagne's empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911.
See History of Germany and East Francia
East Germany
East Germany (Ostdeutschland), officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik,, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990.
See History of Germany and East Germany
Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).
See History of Germany and Eastern Bloc
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.
See History of Germany and Eastern Europe
Eastern Front (World War I)
The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (Ostfront; Frontul de răsărit; Vostochny front) was a theater of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between Russia and Romania on one side and Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and Germany on the other.
See History of Germany and Eastern Front (World War I)
Economic history of Germany
Until the early 19th century, Germany, a federation of numerous states of varying size and development, retained its pre-industrial character, where trade centered around a number of free cities.
See History of Germany and Economic history of Germany
Edict of Fontainebleau
The Edict of Fontainebleau (18 October 1685, published 22 October 1685) was an edict issued by French King Louis XIV and is also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
See History of Germany and Edict of Fontainebleau
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes was signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV and granted the minority Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights in the nation, which was predominantly Catholic.
See History of Germany and Edict of Nantes
Edict of Potsdam
The Edict of Potsdam (Edikt von Potsdam) was a proclamation issued by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, in Potsdam on 29 October 1685, as a response to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by the Edict of Fontainebleau.
See History of Germany and Edict of Potsdam
Edinburgh
Edinburgh (Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas.
See History of Germany and Edinburgh
Eichsfeld
The Eichsfeld (or; 'Oak-field') is a historical region in the southeast of the state of Lower Saxony (which is called Untereichsfeld, 'lower Eichsfeld') and northwest of the state of Thuringia (Obereichsfeld, 'upper Eichsfeld') in the south of the Harz mountains in Germany.
See History of Germany and Eichsfeld
Einsatzgruppen
Einsatzgruppen (also 'task forces') were Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass murder, primarily by shooting, during World War II (1939–1945) in German-occupied Europe.
See History of Germany and Einsatzgruppen
El Dorado
El Dorado (Spanish for "the golden") is commonly associated with the legend of a gold city, kingdom, or empire purportedly located somewhere in the Americas.
See History of Germany and El Dorado
Elbe
The Elbe (Labe; Ilv or Elv; Upper and Łobjo) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe.
See History of Germany and Elbe
Electoral Palatinate
The Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz) or the Palatinate (Pfalz), officially the Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurfürstentum Pfalz), was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Electoral Palatinate
Elisabeth of the Palatinate
Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 – 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia (Elisabeth von Böhmen), Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart.
See History of Germany and Elisabeth of the Palatinate
Emil Fischer
Hermann Emil Louis Fischer (9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
See History of Germany and Emil Fischer
Ems Dispatch
The Ems Dispatch (Dépêche d'Ems, Emser Depesche), sometimes called the Ems Telegram, was published on 13 July 1870; it incited the Second French Empire to declare war on the Kingdom of Prussia on 19 July 1870, starting the Franco-Prussian War.
See History of Germany and Ems Dispatch
Enabling Act of 1933
The Enabling Act of 1933 (German: Ermächtigungsgesetz), officially titled Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich, was a law that gave the German Cabinet – most importantly, the Chancellor – the power to make and enforce laws without the involvement of the Reichstag or Weimar President Paul von Hindenburg, leading to the rise of Nazi Germany.
See History of Germany and Enabling Act of 1933
Engraving
Engraving is the practice of incising a design on a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin.
See History of Germany and Engraving
Enlightened absolutism
Enlightened absolutism, also called enlightened despotism, refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and early 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, espousing them to enhance their power.
See History of Germany and Enlightened absolutism
Epic poetry
An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants.
See History of Germany and Epic poetry
Erfurt
Erfurt is the capital and largest city of the Central German state of Thuringia.
See History of Germany and Erfurt
Erich Honecker
Erich Ernst Paul Honecker (25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was a German communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 until shortly before the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989.
See History of Germany and Erich Honecker
Erlenmeyer flask
An Erlenmeyer flask, also known as a conical flask (British English) or a titration flask, is a type of laboratory flask with a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck.
See History of Germany and Erlenmeyer flask
Ernst Moritz Arndt
Ernst Moritz Arndt (26 December 1769 – 29 January 1860) was a German nationalist historian, writer and poet.
See History of Germany and Ernst Moritz Arndt
Ertebølle culture
The Ertebølle culture (BCE – 3,950 BCE) is a hunter-gatherer and fisher, pottery-making culture dating to the end of the Mesolithic period.
See History of Germany and Ertebølle culture
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic, racial, or religious groups from a given area, with the intent of making the society ethnically homogeneous.
See History of Germany and Ethnic cleansing
Ethnogenesis
Ethnogenesis is the formation and development of an ethnic group.
See History of Germany and Ethnogenesis
European Economic Community
The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union, as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty.
See History of Germany and European Economic Community
European integration
European integration is the process of industrial, economic, political, legal, social, and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in Europe, or nearby.
See History of Germany and European integration
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
See History of Germany and European Union
Eurozone
The euro area, commonly called the eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 20 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender, and have thus fully implemented EMU policies.
See History of Germany and Eurozone
Extermination camp
Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (Todeslager), or killing centers (Tötungszentren), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust.
See History of Germany and Extermination camp
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.
See History of Germany and Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Federation
A federation (also called a federal state) is an entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a federal government (federalism).
See History of Germany and Federation
Ferdinand Cohn
Ferdinand Julius Cohn (24 January 1828 – 25 June 1898) was a German biologist.
See History of Germany and Ferdinand Cohn
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1619 until his death in 1637.
See History of Germany and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Fief
A fief (feudum) was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law.
See History of Germany and Fief
Final Solution
The Final Solution (die Endlösung) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question (Endlösung der Judenfrage) was a Nazi plan for the genocide of individuals they defined as Jews during World War II.
See History of Germany and Final Solution
First Kohl cabinet
The First Kohl cabinet (German: Kabinett Kohl I) was the 13th Cabinet of the Federal Republic of Germany.
See History of Germany and First Kohl cabinet
First Moroccan Crisis
The First Moroccan Crisis or the Tangier Crisis was an international crisis between March 31, 1905, and April 7, 1906, over the status of Morocco.
See History of Germany and First Moroccan Crisis
Fleet in being
In naval warfare, a "fleet in being" is a naval force that extends a controlling influence without ever leaving port.
See History of Germany and Fleet in being
Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, Germans and fled and were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries, including Czechoslovakia, and from the former German provinces of Lower and Upper Silesia, East Prussia, and the eastern parts of Brandenburg (Neumark) and Pomerania (Hinterpommern), which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union.
See History of Germany and Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
Florian Geyer
Florian Geyer von Giebelstadt (also spelled Geier; 1490 – 10 June 1525) was a German nobleman, diplomat, and knight.
See History of Germany and Florian Geyer
Foederati
Foederati (singular: foederatus) were peoples and cities bound by a treaty, known as foedus, with Rome.
See History of Germany and Foederati
Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union
Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union was considered by the Soviet Union to be part of German war reparations for the damage inflicted by Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union during the Axis-Soviet campaigns (1941–1945) of World War II.
See History of Germany and Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union
France–Germany relations
Relations between France and Germany, or Franco-German relations form a part of the wider politics of Europe.
See History of Germany and France–Germany relations
Francia
The Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), also known as the Frankish Kingdom, the Frankish Empire (Imperium Francorum) or Francia, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.
See History of Germany and Francia
Franco-Dutch War
The Franco-Dutch War was a European conflict that lasted from 1672 to 1678.
See History of Germany and Franco-Dutch War
Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.
See History of Germany and Franco-Prussian War
Franco-Russian Alliance
The Franco-Russian Alliance (Alliance Franco-Russe, translit), also known as the Dual Entente or Russo-French Rapprochement (Rapprochement Franco-Russe, Русско-Французское Сближение; Russko-Frantsuzskoye Sblizheniye), was an alliance formed by the agreements of 1891–94; it lasted until 1917.
See History of Germany and Franco-Russian Alliance
Francoist Spain
Francoist Spain (España franquista), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (dictadura franquista), was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title Caudillo.
See History of Germany and Francoist Spain
Franconia
Franconia (Franken,; East Franconian: Franggn; Frankn) is a region of Germany, characterised by its culture and East Franconian dialect (German: Ostfränkisch).
See History of Germany and Franconia
Frank-Walter Steinmeier
Frank-Walter Steinmeier (born 5 January 1956) is a German politician who became president of Germany on 19 March 2017.
See History of Germany and Frank-Walter Steinmeier
Frankfurt
Frankfurt am Main ("Frank ford on the Main") is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse.
See History of Germany and Frankfurt
Frankfurt Parliament
The Frankfurt Parliament (Frankfurter Nationalversammlung, literally Frankfurt National Assembly) was the first freely elected parliament for all German states, including the German-populated areas of the Austrian Empire, elected on 1 May 1848 (see German federal election, 1848).
See History of Germany and Frankfurt Parliament
Frankfurt School
The Frankfurt School is a school of thought in sociology and critical philosophy.
See History of Germany and Frankfurt School
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials FDR, was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.
See History of Germany and Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franks
Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.
See History of Germany and Franks
Franz Schubert
Franz Peter Schubert (31 January 179719 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras.
See History of Germany and Franz Schubert
Franz von Papen
Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen, Erbsälzer zu Werl und Neuwerk (29 October 18792 May 1969) was a German politician, diplomat, Prussian nobleman and General Staff officer.
See History of Germany and Franz von Papen
Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
Frederick Augustus I (Friedrich August I.; Fryderyk August I; Frédéric-Auguste Ier; 23 December 1750 – 5 May 1827) was a member of the House of Wettin who reigned as the last Elector of Saxony from 1763 to 1806 (as Frederick Augustus III) and as the first King of Saxony from 1806 to 1827.
See History of Germany and Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
Frederick Barbarossa
Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (Friedrich I; Federico I), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later in 1190.
See History of Germany and Frederick Barbarossa
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II (German: Friedrich; Italian: Federico; Latin: Fridericus; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225.
See History of Germany and Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
Frederick II (Landgraf Friedrich II von Hessen-Kassel) (14 August 1720 – 31 October 1785) was Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) from 1760 to 1785.
See History of Germany and Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
Frederick III, German Emperor
Frederick III (Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl; 18 October 183115 June 1888) was German Emperor and King of Prussia for 99 days between March and June 1888, during the Year of the Three Emperors.
See History of Germany and Frederick III, German Emperor
Frederick the Great
Frederick II (Friedrich II.; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was the monarch of Prussia from 1740 until 1786.
See History of Germany and Frederick the Great
Frederick William I of Prussia
Frederick William I (Friedrich Wilhelm I.; 14 August 1688 – 31 May 1740), known as the Soldier King (Soldatenkönig), was King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 till his death in 1740, as well as Prince of Neuchâtel.
See History of Germany and Frederick William I of Prussia
Frederick William II of Prussia
Frederick William II (Friedrich Wilhelm II.; 25 September 1744 – 16 November 1797) was king of Prussia from 1786 until his death in 1797.
See History of Germany and Frederick William II of Prussia
Frederick William III of Prussia
Frederick William III (Friedrich Wilhelm III.; 3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was King of Prussia from 16 November 1797 until his death in 1840.
See History of Germany and Frederick William III of Prussia
Frederick William IV of Prussia
Frederick William IV (Friedrich Wilhelm IV.; 15 October 1795 – 2 January 1861), the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, was king of Prussia from 7 June 1840 until his death on 2 January 1861.
See History of Germany and Frederick William IV of Prussia
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
Frederick William (Friedrich Wilhelm; 16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688) was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia, from 1640 until his death in 1688.
See History of Germany and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
Free Democratic Party (Germany)
The Free Democratic Party (Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP) is a liberal political party in Germany.
See History of Germany and Free Democratic Party (Germany)
Free imperial city
In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, urbs imperialis libera), was used from the fifteenth century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.
See History of Germany and Free imperial city
Freikorps
Freikorps ("Free Corps" or "Volunteer Corps") were irregular German and other European paramilitary volunteer units that existed from the 18th to the early 20th centuries.
See History of Germany and Freikorps
French Consulate
The Consulate (Consulat) was the top-level government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799 until the start of the French Empire on 18 May 1804.
See History of Germany and French Consulate
French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
See History of Germany and French Revolution
French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars (Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts resulting from the French Revolution that lasted from 1792 until 1802.
See History of Germany and French Revolutionary Wars
Friedrich Ebert
Friedrich Ebert (4 February 187128 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the first president of Germany from 1919 until his death in office in 1925.
See History of Germany and Friedrich Ebert
Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, political theorist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.
See History of Germany and Friedrich Engels
Friedrich List
Daniel Friedrich List (6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was a German economist and political theorist who developed the nationalist theory of political economy in both Europe and the United States.
See History of Germany and Friedrich List
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers.
See History of Germany and Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Schiller
Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (short:; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German polymath and poet, playwright, historian, philosopher, physician, lawyer.
See History of Germany and Friedrich Schiller
Friedrich Schleiermacher
Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (21 November 1768 – 12 February 1834) was a German Reformed theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar known for his attempt to reconcile the criticisms of the Enlightenment with traditional Protestant Christianity.
See History of Germany and Friedrich Schleiermacher
Friedrich von Holstein
Friedrich August Karl Ferdinand Julius von Holstein (24 April 1837 – 8 May 1909) Brockhaus Geschichte Second Edition was a civil servant of the German Empire and served as the head of the political department of the German Foreign Office for more than thirty years.
See History of Germany and Friedrich von Holstein
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (27 January 1775 – 20 August 1854), later (after 1812) von Schelling, was a German philosopher.
See History of Germany and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
Fritz Haber
Fritz Haber (9 December 186829 January 1934) was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber–Bosch process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.
See History of Germany and Fritz Haber
Fugger family
The House of Fugger is a German family that was historically a prominent group of European bankers, members of the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century mercantile patriciate of Augsburg, international mercantile bankers, and venture capitalists.
See History of Germany and Fugger family
Funnelbeaker culture
The Funnel(-neck-)beaker culture, in short TRB or TBK (Trichter(-rand-)becherkultur, Trechterbekercultuur; Tragtbægerkultur), was an archaeological culture in north-central Europe.
See History of Germany and Funnelbeaker culture
Gallic Wars
The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland).
See History of Germany and Gallic Wars
Gastarbeiter
paren;; both singular and plural) are foreign or migrant workers, particularly those who had moved to West Germany between 1955 and 1973, seeking work as part of a formal guest worker program (Gastarbeiterprogramm). As a result, guestworkers are generally considered temporary migrants because their residency in the country of immigration is not yet determined to be permanent.
See History of Germany and Gastarbeiter
Gaul
Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.
See History of Germany and Gaul
Géza II of Hungary
Géza II (II.; Gejza II.; Gejza II.; 113031 May 1162) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1141 to 1162.
See History of Germany and Géza II of Hungary
Götz von Berlichingen
Gottfried "Götz" von Berlichingen (15 November 1480 – 23 July 1562), also known as Götz of the Iron Hand, was a German (Franconian) Imperial Knight (Reichsritter), mercenary and poet.
See History of Germany and Götz von Berlichingen
Genocide
Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.
See History of Germany and Genocide
Geology
Geology is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time.
See History of Germany and Geology
Georg Cantor
Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (– 6 January 1918) was a mathematician who played a pivotal role in the creation of set theory, which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics.
See History of Germany and Georg Cantor
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher and one of the most influential figures of German idealism and 19th-century philosophy.
See History of Germany and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
George III
George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820.
See History of Germany and George III
Georgius Agricola
Georgius Agricola (born Georg Bauer; 24 March 1494 – 21 November 1555) was a German Humanist scholar, mineralogist and metallurgist.
See History of Germany and Georgius Agricola
German Australians
German Australians (Deutsch-Australier) are Australians with German ancestry.
See History of Germany and German Australians
German Bight
The German Bight (Deutsche Bucht; tyske bugt; Duitse bocht; Dútske bocht;; sometimes also the German Bay) is the southeastern bight of the North Sea bounded by the Netherlands and Germany to the south, and Denmark and Germany to the east (the Jutland peninsula).
See History of Germany and German Bight
German colonial empire
The German colonial empire (Deutsches Kolonialreich) constituted the overseas colonies, dependencies, and territories of the German Empire.
See History of Germany and German colonial empire
German Confederation
The German Confederation was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe.
See History of Germany and German Confederation
German East Africa
German East Africa (GEA; Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozambique.
See History of Germany and German East Africa
German Emperor
The German Emperor (Deutscher Kaiser) was the official title of the head of state and hereditary ruler of the German Empire.
See History of Germany and German Emperor
German Empire
The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.
See History of Germany and German Empire
German Instrument of Surrender
The German Instrument of Surrender was a legal document effecting the unconditional surrender of the remaining German armed forces to the Allies, which ended World War II in Europe, with the surrender taking effect at 23:01 CET on the same day.
See History of Germany and German Instrument of Surrender
German language
German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.
See History of Germany and German language
German mark (1871)
The German mark (Goldmark; sign: ℳ︁) was the currency of the German Empire, which spanned from 1871 to 1918.
See History of Germany and German mark (1871)
German mediatisation
German mediatisation (deutsche Mediatisierung) was the major redistribution and reshaping of territorial holdings that took place between 1802 and 1814 in Germany by means of the subsumption and secularisation of a large number of Imperial Estates, prefiguring, precipitating, and continuing after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and German mediatisation
German National People's Party
The German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP) was a national-conservative and monarchist political party in Germany during the Weimar Republic.
See History of Germany and German National People's Party
German New Guinea
German New Guinea (Deutsch-Neuguinea) consisted of the northeastern part of the island of New Guinea and several nearby island groups and was the first part of the German colonial empire.
See History of Germany and German New Guinea
German Renaissance
The German Renaissance, part of the Northern Renaissance, was a cultural and artistic movement that spread among German thinkers in the 15th and 16th centuries, which developed from the Italian Renaissance.
See History of Germany and German Renaissance
German reunification
German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a single full sovereign state, which took place between 9 November 1989 and 15 March 1991.
See History of Germany and German reunification
German revolution of 1918–1919
The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (Novemberrevolution), was an uprising started by workers and soldiers in the final days of World War I. It quickly and almost bloodlessly brought down the German Empire, then in its more violent second stage, the supporters of a parliamentary republic were victorious over those who wanted a soviet-style council republic.
See History of Germany and German revolution of 1918–1919
German revolutions of 1848–1849
The German revolutions of 1848–1849 (Deutsche Revolution 1848/1849), the opening phase of which was also called the March Revolution (Märzrevolution), were initially part of the Revolutions of 1848 that broke out in many European countries.
See History of Germany and German revolutions of 1848–1849
German studies
German studies is the field of humanities that researches, documents and disseminates German language and literature in both its historic and present forms.
See History of Germany and German studies
Germania
Germania, also called Magna Germania (English: Great Germania), Germania Libera (English: Free Germania), or Germanic Barbaricum to distinguish it from the Roman province of the same name, was a historical region in north-central Europe during the Roman era, which was associated by Roman authors with the Germanic people.
See History of Germany and Germania
Germania (book)
The Germania, written by the Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus around 98 AD and originally entitled On the Origin and Situation of the Germans (De origine et situ Germanorum), is a historical and ethnographic work on the Germanic peoples outside the Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Germania (book)
Germania Inferior
Germania Inferior ("Lower Germania") was a Roman province from AD 85 until the province was renamed Germania Secunda in the 4th century AD, on the west bank of the Rhine bordering the North Sea.
See History of Germany and Germania Inferior
Germania Superior
Germania Superior ("Upper Germania") was an imperial province of the Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Germania Superior
Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.
See History of Germany and Germanic peoples
Germanicus
Germanicus Julius Caesar (24 May 15 BC – 10 October AD 19) was an ancient Roman general and politician most famously known for his campaigns in Germania.
See History of Germany and Germanicus
Germanisation
Germanisation, or Germanization, is the spread of the German language, people, and culture.
See History of Germany and Germanisation
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.
See History of Germany and Germany
Gestapo
The Geheime Staatspolizei, abbreviated Gestapo, was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
See History of Germany and Gestapo
Godesberg Program
The Godesberg Program (Godesberger Programm) of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was ratified in 1959 at a convention in the town of Bad Godesberg near Bonn.
See History of Germany and Godesberg Program
Golden Bull of 1356
The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg and Metz (Diet of Metz, 1356/57) headed by the Emperor Charles IV which fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Golden Bull of 1356
Golden Bull of Rimini
The Golden Bull of Rimini was a decree issued by Emperor Frederick II in Rimini in March 1226 that granted and confirmed the privilege of territorial conquest and acquisition for the Teutonic Order in Prussia.
See History of Germany and Golden Bull of Rimini
Goseck Circle
The Goseck Circle (German: Sonnenobservatorium Goseck) is a Neolithic structure in Goseck in the Burgenlandkreis district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
See History of Germany and Goseck Circle
Gothic art
Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture.
See History of Germany and Gothic art
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (– 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.
See History of Germany and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (22 January 1729 – 15 February 1781) was a German philosopher, dramatist, publicist and art critic, and a representative of the Enlightenment era.
See History of Germany and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
Government of National Defense
The Government of National Defense (Gouvernement de la Défense nationale) was the first government of the Third Republic of France from 4 September 1870 to 13 February 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War.
See History of Germany and Government of National Defense
Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)
The Grand Alliance, sometimes erroneously referred to as its precursor the League of Augsburg, was formed on 20 December 1689. Signed by William III on behalf of the Dutch Republic and England, and Emperor Leopold I for the Habsburg Monarchy, its primary purpose was to oppose the expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France.
See History of Germany and Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland–Lithuania.
See History of Germany and Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
The grand master of the Teutonic Order (Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens; Magister generalis Ordo Teutonicus) is the supreme head of the Teutonic Order.
See History of Germany and Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
Great Turkish War
The Great Turkish War (Großer Türkenkrieg), also called the Wars of the Holy League (Kutsal İttifak Savaşları), was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia, and the Kingdom of Hungary.
See History of Germany and Great Turkish War
Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.
See History of Germany and Greece
Gregorian Reform
The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, c. 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy.
See History of Germany and Gregorian Reform
Grimms' Fairy Tales
Grimms' Fairy Tales, originally known as the Children's and Household Tales (lead,, commonly abbreviated as KHM), is a German collection of fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, first published on 20 December 1812.
See History of Germany and Grimms' Fairy Tales
Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.
See History of Germany and Gross domestic product
Guelphs and Ghibellines
The Guelphs and Ghibellines (guelfi e ghibellini) were factions supporting respectively the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor in the Italian city-states of Central Italy and Northern Italy during the Middle Ages.
See History of Germany and Guelphs and Ghibellines
Guild
A guild is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory.
See History of Germany and Guild
Gustav Stresemann
Gustav Ernst Stresemann (10 May 1878 – 3 October 1929) was a German statesman who served as chancellor of Germany from August to November 1923, and as foreign minister from 1923 to 1929.
See History of Germany and Gustav Stresemann
Gutenberg Bible
The Gutenberg Bible, also known as the 42-line Bible, the Mazarin Bible or the B42, was the earliest major book printed in Europe using mass-produced metal movable type.
See History of Germany and Gutenberg Bible
Habsburg monarchy
The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg.
See History of Germany and Habsburg monarchy
Hall of Mirrors
The Hall of Mirrors (Grande Galerie, Galerie des Glaces, Galerie de Louis XIV) is a grand Baroque style gallery and one of the most emblematic rooms in the royal Palace of Versailles near Paris, France.
See History of Germany and Hall of Mirrors
Hallstatt culture
The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Western and Central European archaeological culture of the Late Bronze Age (Hallstatt A, Hallstatt B) from the 12th to 8th centuries BC and Early Iron Age Europe (Hallstatt C, Hallstatt D) from the 8th to 6th centuries BC, developing out of the Urnfield culture of the 12th century BC (Late Bronze Age) and followed in much of its area by the La Tène culture.
See History of Germany and Hallstatt culture
Hans Holbein the Younger
Hans Holbein the Younger (Hans Holbein der Jüngere; – between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German-Swiss painter and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style, and is considered one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century.
See History of Germany and Hans Holbein the Younger
Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen
Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen (1621/22 – 17 August 1676) was a German author.
See History of Germany and Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen
Hans Memling
Hans Memling (also spelled Memlinc; – 11 August 1494) was a German-Flemish painter who worked in the tradition of Early Netherlandish painting.
See History of Germany and Hans Memling
Hans-Ulrich Wehler
Hans-Ulrich Wehler (September 11, 1931 – July 5, 2014) was a German left-liberal historian known for his role in promoting social history through the "Bielefeld School", and for his critical studies of 19th-century Germany.
See History of Germany and Hans-Ulrich Wehler
Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe.
See History of Germany and Hanseatic League
Hartz concept
The Hartz concept, also known as Hartz reforms or the Hartz plan, is a set of recommendations submitted by a committee on reforms to the German labour market in 2002.
See History of Germany and Hartz concept
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
See History of Germany and Harvard University Press
Harz
The Harz is a highland area in northern Germany.
See History of Germany and Harz
Heinrich Brüning
Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning (26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German Centre Party politician and academic, who served as the chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932.
See History of Germany and Heinrich Brüning
Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was a German politician who was the 4th Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany, and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany, primarily known for being a main architect of the Holocaust.
See History of Germany and Heinrich Himmler
Heligoland
Heligoland (Helgoland,; Heligolandic Frisian: deät Lun,, Mooring Frisian: Hålilönj, Helgoland) is a small archipelago in the North Sea.
See History of Germany and Heligoland
Helmut Kohl
Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1982 to 1990, Chancellor of Germany from 1990 to 1998 and Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998.
See History of Germany and Helmut Kohl
Helmut Schmidt
Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (23 December 1918 – 10 November 2015) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), who served as the chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982.
See History of Germany and Helmut Schmidt
Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
Helmuth Karl Bernhard Graf von Moltke (26 October 180024 April 1891) was a Prussian field marshal.
See History of Germany and Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
Henry the Fowler
Henry the Fowler (Heinrich der Vogler or Heinrich der Finkler; Henricus Auceps) (c. 876 – 2 July 936) was the Duke of Saxony from 912 and the King of East Francia from 919 until his death in 936.
See History of Germany and Henry the Fowler
Henry the Lion
Henry the Lion (Heinrich der Löwe; 1129/1131 – 6 August 1195), also known as Henry III, Duke of Saxony (ruled 1142-1180) and Henry XII, Duke of Bavaria (ruled 1156-1180), was a member of the Welf dynasty.
See History of Germany and Henry the Lion
Henry X, Duke of Bavaria
Henry the Proud (Heinrich der Stolze) (20 October 1139), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Bavaria (as Henry X) from 1126 to 1138 and Duke of Saxony (as Henry II) as well as Margrave of Tuscany and Duke of Spoleto from 1137 until his death.
See History of Germany and Henry X, Duke of Bavaria
Herero and Nama genocide
The Herero and Nama genocide, formerly known also as the 'Herero and Namaqua genocide', was a campaign of ethnic extermination and collective punishment which was waged against the Herero (Ovaherero) and the Nama in German South West Africa (now Namibia) by the German Empire.
See History of Germany and Herero and Nama genocide
Herero people
The Herero (Ovaherero) are a Bantu ethnic group inhabiting parts of Southern Africa.
See History of Germany and Herero people
Hermann Hesse
Hermann Karl Hesse (2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter.
See History of Germany and Hermann Hesse
Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894) was a German physicist and physician who made significant contributions in several scientific fields, particularly hydrodynamic stability.
See History of Germany and Hermann von Helmholtz
Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος||; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy.
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Hessian (soldier)
Hessians were German soldiers who served as auxiliaries to the British Army in several major wars in the 18th century, most notably the American Revolutionary War.
See History of Germany and Hessian (soldier)
Heuneburg
The Heuneburg is a prehistoric Celtic hillfort by the river Danube in Hundersingen near Herbertingen, between Ulm and Sigmaringen, Baden-Württemberg, in the south of Germany, close to the modern borders with Switzerland and Austria.
See History of Germany and Heuneburg
High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300.
See History of Germany and High Middle Ages
Hildegard of Bingen
Hildegard of Bingen (Hildegard von Bingen,; Hildegardis Bingensis; 17 September 1179), also known as Saint Hildegard and the Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath active as a writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, and as a medical writer and practitioner during the High Middle Ages.
See History of Germany and Hildegard of Bingen
History of Baden-Württemberg
The history of Baden-Württemberg covers the area included in the historical state of Baden, the former Prussian Hohenzollern, and Württemberg, part of the region of Swabia since the 9th century.
See History of Germany and History of Baden-Württemberg
History of Berlin
The history of Berlin starts with its foundation in the 14th century.
See History of Germany and History of Berlin
History of Cologne
The History of Cologne covers over 2000 years of urban history.
See History of Germany and History of Cologne
History of Germany (1945–1990)
The history of Germany from 1945 to 1990 comprises the period following World War II.
See History of Germany and History of Germany (1945–1990)
History of Hanover (region)
Hanover (Hannover) is a territory that was at various times a principality within the Holy Roman Empire, an Electorate within the same, an independent Kingdom, and a subordinate Province within the Kingdom of Prussia.
See History of Germany and History of Hanover (region)
History of science
The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present.
See History of Germany and History of science
History of the Jews in Germany
The history of the Jews in Germany goes back at least to the year 321 CE, and continued through the Early Middle Ages (5th to 10th centuries CE) and High Middle Ages (circa 1000–1299 CE) when Jewish immigrants founded the Ashkenazi Jewish community.
See History of Germany and History of the Jews in Germany
Hohenstaufen
The Hohenstaufen dynasty, also known as the Staufer, was a noble family of unclear origin that rose to rule the Duchy of Swabia from 1079, and to royal rule in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages from 1138 until 1254.
See History of Germany and Hohenstaufen
Holt McDougal
Holt McDougal is an American publishing company, a division of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, that specializes in textbooks for use in high schools.
See History of Germany and Holt McDougal
Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.
See History of Germany and Holy Roman Empire
Holy See
The Holy See (url-status,; Santa Sede), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome.
See History of Germany and Holy See
House of Habsburg
The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.
See History of Germany and House of Habsburg
House of Welf
The House of Welf (also Guelf or Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th to 20th century and Emperor Ivan VI of Russia in the 18th century.
See History of Germany and House of Welf
House of Wittelsbach
The House of Wittelsbach is a former Bavarian dynasty, with branches that have ruled over territories including the Electorate of Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, the Electorate of Cologne, Holland, Zeeland, Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland), Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Bohemia, and Greece.
See History of Germany and House of Wittelsbach
Huguenots
The Huguenots were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism.
See History of Germany and Huguenots
Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
See History of Germany and Human
Humboldt University of Berlin
The Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany.
See History of Germany and Humboldt University of Berlin
Hungary
Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
See History of Germany and Hungary
Huns
The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th centuries AD.
See History of Germany and Huns
Hyperinflation
In economics, hyperinflation is a very high and typically accelerating inflation.
See History of Germany and Hyperinflation
Illuminated manuscript
An illuminated manuscript is a formally prepared document where the text is decorated with flourishes such as borders and miniature illustrations.
See History of Germany and Illuminated manuscript
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.
See History of Germany and Immanuel Kant
Imperial Estate
An Imperial Estate (Status Imperii; Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was a part of the Holy Roman Empire with representation and the right to vote in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag).
See History of Germany and Imperial Estate
Imperial Reform
Imperial Reform (Reformatio imperii, Reichsreform) is the name given to repeated attempts in the 15th and 16th centuries to adapt the structure and the constitutional order (Verfassungsordnung) of the Holy Roman Empire to the requirements of the early modern state and to give it a unified government under either the Imperial Estates or the emperor's supremacy.
See History of Germany and Imperial Reform
Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.
See History of Germany and Indo-European languages
Indulgence
In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence (from indulgeo, 'permit') is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for (forgiven) sins".
See History of Germany and Indulgence
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution.
See History of Germany and Industrial Revolution
Inflation
In economics, inflation is a general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy.
See History of Germany and Inflation
International Security Assistance Force
The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was a multinational military mission in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014.
See History of Germany and International Security Assistance Force
Invasion of Poland
The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, War of Poland of 1939, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II.
See History of Germany and Invasion of Poland
Investiture Controversy
The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest (Investiturstreit) was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) and abbots of monasteries and the pope himself.
See History of Germany and Investiture Controversy
Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.
See History of Germany and Isaac Newton
Isabella II
Isabella II (Isabel II, María Isabel Luisa de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until her deposition in 1868.
See History of Germany and Isabella II
Italic peoples
The concept of Italic peoples is widely used in linguistics and historiography of ancient Italy.
See History of Germany and Italic peoples
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
See History of Germany and Italy
Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland.
See History of Germany and Japan
Jesuits
The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.
See History of Germany and Jesuits
Jiaozhou Bay
Jiaozhou Bay (Kiautschou Bucht) is a bay located in the prefecture-level city of Qingdao (Tsingtau), Shandong Province, China.
See History of Germany and Jiaozhou Bay
Johann Gottfried Herder
Johann Gottfried von Herder (25 August 174418 December 1803) was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic.
See History of Germany and Johann Gottfried Herder
Johann Philipp von Schönborn
Johann Philipp von Schönborn (6 August 1605 – 12 February 1673) was the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz (1647–1673), the Bishop of Würzburg (1642–1673), and the Bishop of Worms (1663–1673).
See History of Germany and Johann Philipp von Schönborn
Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (– 3 February 1468) was a German inventor and craftsman who invented the movable-type printing press.
See History of Germany and Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music.
See History of Germany and Johannes Kepler
Johannes Stark
Johannes Stark (15 April 1874 – 21 June 1957) was a German physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1919 "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields".
See History of Germany and Johannes Stark
Johannes Trithemius
Johannes Trithemius (1 February 1462 – 13 December 1516), born Johann Heidenberg, was a German Benedictine abbot and a polymath who was active in the German Renaissance as a lexicographer, chronicler, cryptographer, and occultist.
See History of Germany and Johannes Trithemius
Joseph Goebbels
Paul Joseph Goebbels (29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician and philologist who was the Gauleiter (district leader) of Berlin, chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 1945.
See History of Germany and Joseph Goebbels
Joseph Haydn
Franz Joseph Haydn (31 March 173231 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period.
See History of Germany and Joseph Haydn
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.
See History of Germany and Joseph Stalin
Joseph von Fraunhofer
Joseph Ritter von Fraunhofer (6 March 1787 – 7 June 1826) was a German physicist and optical lens manufacturer.
See History of Germany and Joseph von Fraunhofer
Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.
See History of Germany and Julius Caesar
Justus von Liebig
Justus Freiherr (Baron) von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 20 April 1873) was a German scientist who made major contributions to the theory, practice, and pedagogy of chemistry, as well as to agricultural and biological chemistry; he is considered one of the principal founders of organic chemistry.
See History of Germany and Justus von Liebig
Kaliningrad Oblast
Kaliningrad Oblast (translit) is the westernmost federal subject of the Russian Federation, in Central and Eastern Europe.
See History of Germany and Kaliningrad Oblast
Kamerun
Kamerun was an African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1920 in the region of today's Republic of Cameroon.
See History of Germany and Kamerun
Kapp Putsch
The Kapp Putsch, also known as the Kapp–Lüttwitz Putsch, was an attempted coup against the German national government in Berlin on 13 March 1920.
See History of Germany and Kapp Putsch
Karl Marx
Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.
See History of Germany and Karl Marx
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, published by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619, describe the orbits of planets around the Sun.
See History of Germany and Kepler's laws of planetary motion
King of Italy
King of Italy (Re d'Italia; Rex Italiae) was the title given to the ruler of the Kingdom of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and King of Italy
Kingdom of Bavaria
The Kingdom of Bavaria (Königreich Bayern;; spelled Baiern until 1825) was a German state that succeeded the former Electorate of Bavaria in 1806 and continued to exist until 1918.
See History of Germany and Kingdom of Bavaria
Kingdom of Bohemia
The Kingdom of Bohemia (České království), sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe.
See History of Germany and Kingdom of Bohemia
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century.
See History of Germany and Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)
The Kingdom of Hungary between 1526 and 1867 existed as a state outside the Holy Roman Empire, but part of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy that became the Austrian Empire in 1804.
See History of Germany and Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)
Kingdom of Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was a monarchy in Central Europe during the medieval period from 1025 until 1385.
See History of Germany and Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) constituted the German state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.
See History of Germany and Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Westphalia
The Kingdom of Westphalia was a client state of France in present-day Germany that existed from 1807 to 1813.
See History of Germany and Kingdom of Westphalia
Klaipėda
Klaipėda (Memel) is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast.
See History of Germany and Klaipėda
Klaipėda Region
The Klaipėda Region (Klaipėdos kraštas) or Memel Territory (Memelland or Memelgebiet) was defined by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles in 1920 and refers to the northernmost part of the German province of East Prussia, when, as Memelland, it was put under the administration of the Entente's Council of Ambassadors.
See History of Germany and Klaipėda Region
Klemens von Metternich
Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein; Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein (15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859), known as Klemens von Metternich or Prince Metternich, was a conservative Austrian statesman and diplomat who was at the center of the European balance of power known as the Concert of Europe for three decades as the Austrian Empire's foreign minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal Revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation.
See History of Germany and Klemens von Metternich
Knights Templar
The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, mainly known as the Knights Templar, was a French military order of the Catholic faith, and one of the wealthiest and most popular military orders in Western Christianity.
See History of Germany and Knights Templar
Konrad Adenauer
Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1963.
See History of Germany and Konrad Adenauer
Konrad I of Masovia
Konrad I of Masovia (ca. 1187/88 – 31 August 1247), from the Polish Piast dynasty, was the sixth Duke of Masovia and Kuyavia from 1194 until his death as well as High Duke of Poland from 1229 to 1232 and again from 1241 to 1243.
See History of Germany and Konrad I of Masovia
Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (Novemberpogrome), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's nocat.
See History of Germany and Kristallnacht
Krupp
Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp (formerly Friedrich Krupp GmbH), trading as Krupp, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century as well as Germany's premier weapons manufacturer during both world wars.
See History of Germany and Krupp
Kulturkampf
In the history of Germany, the Kulturkampf (Cultural Struggle) was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878) between the Catholic Church in Germany, led by Pope Pius IX; and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by chancellor Otto von Bismarck.
See History of Germany and Kulturkampf
Kurt Georg Kiesinger
Kurt Georg Kiesinger (6 April 1904 – 9 March 1988) was a German politician who served as the chancellor of West Germany from 1 December 1966 to 21 October 1969.
See History of Germany and Kurt Georg Kiesinger
La Tène culture
The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture.
See History of Germany and La Tène culture
Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel), spelled Hesse-Cassel during its entire existence, also known as the Hessian Palatinate (Hessische Pfalz), was a state of the Holy Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
Landsknecht
The Landsknechte (singular: Landsknecht), also rendered as Landsknechts or Lansquenets, were German mercenaries used in pike and shot formations during the early modern period.
See History of Germany and Landsknecht
Late Middle Ages
The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500.
See History of Germany and Late Middle Ages
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums, shortened to Berufsbeamtengesetz), also known as Civil Service Law, Civil Service Restoration Act, and Law to Re-establish the Civil Service, was enacted by the Nazi regime in Germany on 7 April 1933.
See History of Germany and Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
Lübeck
Lübeck (Low German: Lübęk or Lübeek ˈlyːbeːk; Latin: Lubeca), officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (Hansestadt Lübeck), is a city in Northern Germany.
See History of Germany and Lübeck
League of Nations
The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
See History of Germany and League of Nations
League of Nations mandate
A League of Nations mandate represented a legal status under international law for specific territories following World War I, involving the transfer of control from one nation to another.
See History of Germany and League of Nations mandate
League of the Three Emperors
The League of the Three Emperors or Union of the Three Emperors (Dreikaiserbund) was an alliance between the German, Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires, from 1873 to 1887.
See History of Germany and League of the Three Emperors
Leopold von Ranke
Leopold von Ranke (21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian and a founder of modern source-based history.
See History of Germany and Leopold von Ranke
Liberalism in Germany
This article aims to give a historical outline of liberalism in Germany (Liberalismus).
See History of Germany and Liberalism in Germany
Limes (Roman Empire)
Limes (Latin;,: limites) is a term used primarily for the Germanic border defence or delimiting system of Ancient Rome marking the borders of the Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Limes (Roman Empire)
Limes Germanicus
The Limes Germanicus (Latin for Germanic frontier), or 'Germanic Limes', is the name given in modern times to a line of frontier (limes) fortifications that bounded the ancient Roman provinces of Germania Inferior, Germania Superior and Raetia, dividing the Roman Empire and the unsubdued Germanic tribes from the years 83 to about 260 AD.
See History of Germany and Limes Germanicus
Lion-man
The Löwenmensch figurine, also called the Lion-man of italic, is a prehistoric ivory sculpture discovered in Hohlenstein-Stadel, a German cave, part of the Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura UNESCO World Heritage Site, in 1939.
See History of Germany and Lion-man
List of German monarchs
This is a list of monarchs who ruled over East Francia, and the Kingdom of Germany (Regnum Teutonicum), from the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 and the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 until the collapse of the German Empire in 1918.
See History of Germany and List of German monarchs
List of monarchs of Bavaria
The following is a list of monarchs during the history of Bavaria.
See History of Germany and List of monarchs of Bavaria
List of Nobel laureates by country
This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates by country.
See History of Germany and List of Nobel laureates by country
List of rulers of Saxony
This article lists dukes, electors, and kings ruling over different territories named Saxony from the beginning of the Saxon Duchy in the 6th century to the end of the German monarchies in 1918.
See History of Germany and List of rulers of Saxony
List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
This list of states in the Holy Roman Empire includes any territory ruled by an authority that had been granted imperial immediacy, as well as many other feudal entities such as lordships, sous-fiefs, and allodial fiefs.
See History of Germany and List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
Lists of political office-holders in East Germany
These are lists of political office-holders in East Germany.
See History of Germany and Lists of political office-holders in East Germany
Literacy
Literacy is the ability to read and write.
See History of Germany and Literacy
Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.
See History of Germany and Lithuania
Liutprand, King of the Lombards
Liutprand was the king of the Lombards from 712 to 744 and is chiefly remembered for his multiple phases of law-giving, in fifteen separate sessions from 713 to 735 inclusive, and his long reign, which brought him into a series of conflicts, mostly successful, with most of Italy.
See History of Germany and Liutprand, King of the Lombards
Locarno Treaties
The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated in Locarno, Switzerland, from 5 to 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 1 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return for normalizing relations with the defeated German Reich (the Weimar Republic).
See History of Germany and Locarno Treaties
Lombard League
The Lombard League (Liga Lombarda in Lombard, Lega Lombarda in Italian) was a medieval alliance formed in 1167, supported by the popes, to counter the attempts by the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman emperors to assert influence over the Kingdom of Italy as a part of the Holy Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Lombard League
Lombards
The Lombards or Longobards (Longobardi) were a Germanic people who conquered most of the Italian Peninsula between 568 and 774.
See History of Germany and Lombards
London
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.
See History of Germany and London
Lorraine
Lorraine, also,,; Lorrain: Louréne; Lorraine Franconian: Lottringe; Lothringen; Loutrengen; Lotharingen is a cultural and historical region in Northeastern France, now located in the administrative region of Grand Est.
See History of Germany and Lorraine
Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor
Lothair III, sometimes numbered Lothair II and also known as Lothair of Supplinburg (1075 – 4 December 1137), was Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 until his death.
See History of Germany and Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor
Louis II of Hungary
Louis II (II.; Ludvík Jagellonský; Ludovik II.; Ľudovít II.; 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526.
See History of Germany and Louis II of Hungary
Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Louis IV (Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328 until his death in 1347.
See History of Germany and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Louis the German
Louis the German (c. 806/810 – 28 August 876), also known as Louis II of Germany, was the first king of East Francia, and ruled from 843 to 876 AD.
See History of Germany and Louis the German
Louis XIV
LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
See History of Germany and Louis XIV
Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony is a German state in northwestern Germany.
See History of Germany and Lower Saxony
Lucas Cranach the Elder
Lucas Cranach the Elder (Lucas Cranach der Ältere; – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving.
See History of Germany and Lucas Cranach the Elder
Ludwig Erhard
Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (4 February 1897 – 5 May 1977) was a German politician and economist affiliated with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), and chancellor of West Germany from 1963 until 1966.
See History of Germany and Ludwig Erhard
Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist.
See History of Germany and Ludwig van Beethoven
Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe was the aerial-warfare branch of the Wehrmacht before and during World War II.
See History of Germany and Luftwaffe
Lusatia
Lusatia (Łużyce, Łužica, Łužyca, Lužice) is a historical region in Central Europe, territorially split between Germany and modern-day Poland.
See History of Germany and Lusatia
Luther Bible
The Luther Bible (Lutherbibel) is a German language Bible translation by the Protestant reformer Martin Luther.
See History of Germany and Luther Bible
Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (LCMS), also known as the Missouri Synod, is an orthodox, traditional, confessional Lutheran denomination in the United States.
See History of Germany and Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
Luxembourg
Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxemburg; Luxembourg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe.
See History of Germany and Luxembourg
Magdeburg hemispheres
The Magdeburg hemispheres are a pair of large copper hemispheres with mating rims that were used in a famous 1654 experiment to demonstrate the power of atmospheric pressure.
See History of Germany and Magdeburg hemispheres
Mainz
Mainz (see below) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and with around 223,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 35th-largest city.
See History of Germany and Mainz
March (territory)
In medieval Europe, a march or mark was, in broad terms, any kind of borderland, as opposed to a state's "heartland".
See History of Germany and March (territory)
March 1933 German federal election
Federal elections were held in Germany on 5 March 1933, after the Nazi seizure of power on 30 January 1933 and just six days after the Reichstag fire.
See History of Germany and March 1933 German federal election
Margrave
Margrave was originally the medieval title for the military commander assigned to maintain the defence of one of the border provinces of the Holy Roman Empire or a kingdom.
See History of Germany and Margrave
Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure (in her own right).
See History of Germany and Maria Theresa
Mariana Islands
The Mariana Islands (Manislan Mariånas), also simply the Marianas, are a crescent-shaped archipelago comprising the summits of fifteen longitudinally oriented, mostly dormant volcanic mountains in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, between the 12th and 21st parallels north and along the 145th meridian east.
See History of Germany and Mariana Islands
Market economy
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.
See History of Germany and Market economy
Marne (river)
The Marne is a river in France, an eastern tributary of the Seine in the area east and southeast of Paris.
See History of Germany and Marne (river)
Marshall Islands
The Marshall Islands (Ṃajeḷ), officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (Aolepān Aorōkin Ṃajeḷ), is an island country west of the International Date Line and north of the equator in the Micronesia region in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean.
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Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe.
See History of Germany and Marshall Plan
Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger (26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism.
See History of Germany and Martin Heidegger
Martin Waldseemüller
Martin Waldseemüller (– 16 March 1520) was a German cartographer and humanist scholar.
See History of Germany and Martin Waldseemüller
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems.
See History of Germany and Mathematician
Matthias Grünewald
Matthias Grünewald (– 31 August 1528; also known as Mathis Gothart Nithart) was a German Renaissance painter of religious works who ignored Renaissance classicism to continue the style of late medieval Central European art into the 16th century.
See History of Germany and Matthias Grünewald
Matthias Ringmann
Matthias Ringmann (1482–1511), also known as Philesius Vogesigena was an Alsatian German humanist scholar and cosmographer.
See History of Germany and Matthias Ringmann
Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
Matthias (24 February 1557 – 20 March 1619) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1612 to 1619, Archduke of Austria from 1608 to 1619, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1608 to 1618 and King of Bohemia from 1611 to 1617.
See History of Germany and Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
Max Planck
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
See History of Germany and Max Planck
Max Scheler
Max Ferdinand Scheler (22 August 1874 – 19 May 1928) was a German philosopher known for his work in phenomenology, ethics, and philosophical anthropology.
See History of Germany and Max Scheler
Max Weber
Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (21 April 186414 June 1920) was a German sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economist who was one of the central figures in the development of sociology and the social sciences more generally.
See History of Germany and Max Weber
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519.
See History of Germany and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Mayor of the palace
Under the Merovingian dynasty, the mayor of the palace or majordomo.
See History of Germany and Mayor of the palace
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.
See History of Germany and Mediterranean Sea
Medium-range ballistic missile
A medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) is a type of ballistic missile with medium range, this last classification depending on the standards of certain organizations.
See History of Germany and Medium-range ballistic missile
Merchant
A merchant is a person who trades in commodities produced by other people, especially one who trades with foreign countries.
See History of Germany and Merchant
Merovingian dynasty
The Merovingian dynasty was the ruling family of the Franks from around the middle of the 5th century until 751.
See History of Germany and Merovingian dynasty
Middle class
The middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status.
See History of Germany and Middle class
Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
See History of Germany and Middle East
Middle Francia
Middle Francia (Francia media) was a short-lived Frankish kingdom which was created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun after an intermittent civil war between the grandsons of Charlemagne resulted in division of the united empire.
See History of Germany and Middle Francia
Middle High German
Middle High German (MHG; Mittelhochdeutsch (Mhdt., Mhd.)) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages.
See History of Germany and Middle High German
Migration Period
The Migration Period (circa 300 to 600 AD), also known as the Barbarian Invasions, was a period in European history marked by large-scale migrations that saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent settlement of its former territories by various tribes, and the establishment of the post-Roman kingdoms.
See History of Germany and Migration Period
Military history of Germany
The military history of Germany spans the period from ancient times to the present.
See History of Germany and Military history of Germany
Mineralogy
Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts.
See History of Germany and Mineralogy
Ministerialis
The ministeriales (singular: ministerialis) were a class of people raised up from serfdom and placed in positions of power and responsibility in the High Middle Ages in the Holy Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Ministerialis
Minnesang
("love song") was a tradition of lyric- and song-writing in Germany and Austria that flourished in the Middle High German period.
See History of Germany and Minnesang
Miracle of the House of Brandenburg
The Miracle of the House of Brandenburg is the name given by Frederick II of Prussia to the failure of Russia and Austria to follow up their victory over him at the Battle of Kunersdorf on 12 August 1759 during the Seven Years' War.
See History of Germany and Miracle of the House of Brandenburg
Morality play
The morality play is a genre of medieval and early Tudor drama.
See History of Germany and Morality play
Motion of no confidence
A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion of confidence and corresponding vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fit to continue to occupy their office.
See History of Germany and Motion of no confidence
Movable type
Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual alphanumeric characters or punctuation marks) usually on the medium of paper.
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Mozambique
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest.
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Munich
Munich (München) is the capital and most populous city of the Free State of Bavaria, Germany.
See History of Germany and Munich
Munich Agreement
The Munich Agreement was an agreement reached in Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, and Fascist Italy.
See History of Germany and Munich Agreement
Nama people
Nama (in older sources also called Namaqua) are an African ethnic group of South Africa, Namibia and Botswana.
See History of Germany and Nama people
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa.
See History of Germany and Namibia
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
See History of Germany and Napoleon
Napoleon III
Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first president of France from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as the second Emperor of the French from 1852 until he was deposed on 4 September 1870.
See History of Germany and Napoleon III
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.
See History of Germany and Napoleonic Wars
Natalism
Natalism (also called pronatalism or the pro-birth position) is a policy paradigm or personal value that promotes the reproduction of human life as an important objective of humanity and therefore advocates high birthrate.
See History of Germany and Natalism
National Liberal Party (Germany)
The National Liberal Party (Nationalliberale Partei, NLP) was a liberal party of the North German Confederation and the German Empire which flourished between 1867 and 1918.
See History of Germany and National Liberal Party (Germany)
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.
See History of Germany and NATO
Natural science
Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
See History of Germany and Nature (journal)
Nazi concentration camps
From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps (Konzentrationslager), including subcamps on its own territory and in parts of German-occupied Europe.
See History of Germany and Nazi concentration camps
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.
See History of Germany and Nazi Germany
Nazi Party
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.
See History of Germany and Nazi Party
Neander
Neander may refer to:;Surname.
See History of Germany and Neander
Nebra sky disc
The Nebra sky disc (Himmelsscheibe von Nebra) is a bronze disc of around diameter and a weight of, having a blue-green patina and inlaid with gold symbols.
See History of Germany and Nebra sky disc
Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe
Approximately 120–150 Neolithic earthworks enclosures are known in Central Europe.
See History of Germany and Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe
Neolithic Europe
The European Neolithic is the period from the arrival of Neolithic (New Stone Age) technology and the associated population of Early European Farmers in Europe, (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) until –1700 BC (the beginning of Bronze Age Europe with the Nordic Bronze Age).
See History of Germany and Neolithic Europe
Netherlands
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.
See History of Germany and Netherlands
Neustria
Neustria was the western part of the Kingdom of the Franks during the Early Middle Ages, in contrast to the eastern Frankish kingdom, Austrasia.
See History of Germany and Neustria
Neville Chamberlain
Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 18699 November 1940) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940 and Leader of the Conservative Party from May 1937 to October 1940.
See History of Germany and Neville Chamberlain
New Imperialism
In historical contexts, New Imperialism characterizes a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
See History of Germany and New Imperialism
New Testament
The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.
See History of Germany and New Testament
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's law of universal gravitation says that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
See History of Germany and Newton's law of universal gravitation
Night of the Long Knives
The Night of the Long Knives (Nacht der langen Messer), also called the Röhm purge or Operation Hummingbird (Unternehmen Kolibri), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from 30 June to 2 July 1934.
See History of Germany and Night of the Long Knives
Nine Years' War
The Nine Years' War was a European great power conflict from 1688 to 1697 between France and the Grand Alliance.
See History of Germany and Nine Years' War
Ninety-five Theses
The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany.
See History of Germany and Ninety-five Theses
Nordic Bronze Age
The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age, or Scandinavian Bronze Age) is a period of Scandinavian prehistory from.
See History of Germany and Nordic Bronze Age
Noricum
Noricum is the Latin name for the kingdom or federation of tribes that included most of modern Austria and part of Slovenia.
See History of Germany and Noricum
North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.
See History of Germany and North Africa
North African campaign
The North African campaign of World War II took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943, fought between the Allies and the Axis Powers.
See History of Germany and North African campaign
North German Confederation
The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund) was initially a German military alliance established in August 1866 under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was transformed in the subsequent year into a confederated state (a de facto federal state) that existed from July 1867 to December 1870.
See History of Germany and North German Confederation
North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia or North-Rhine/Westphalia, commonly shortened to NRW, is a state (Land) in Western Germany. With more than 18 million inhabitants, it is the most populous state in Germany. Apart from the city-states, it is also the most densely populated state in Germany. Covering an area of, it is the fourth-largest German state by size.
See History of Germany and North Rhine-Westphalia
North Sea
The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.
See History of Germany and North Sea
Northern March
The Northern March or North March (Nordmark) was created out of the division of the vast Marca Geronis in 965.
See History of Germany and Northern March
Northern Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance was the Renaissance that occurred in Europe north of the Alps.
See History of Germany and Northern Renaissance
Northern War of 1655–1660
The Northern War of 1655–1660, also known as the Second Northern War, First Northern War or Little Northern War, was fought between Sweden and its adversaries the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1655–60), the Tsardom of Russia (1656–58), Brandenburg-Prussia (1657–60), the Habsburg monarchy (1657–60) and Denmark–Norway (1657–58 and 1658–60).
See History of Germany and Northern War of 1655–1660
Norwegian campaign
The Norwegian campaign (8 April 10 June 1940) involved the attempt by Allied forces to defend northern Norway coupled with the resistance of the Norwegian military to the country's invasion by Nazi Germany in World War II.
See History of Germany and Norwegian campaign
Novgorod Republic
The Novgorod Republic (Novgorodskaya respublika) was a medieval state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in northern Russia, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the northern Ural Mountains in the east.
See History of Germany and Novgorod Republic
Nuremberg
Nuremberg (Nürnberg; in the local East Franconian dialect: Nämberch) is the largest city in Franconia, the second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria, and its 544,414 (2023) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany.
See History of Germany and Nuremberg
Nuremberg Chronicle
The Nuremberg Chronicle is an illustrated encyclopedia consisting of world historical accounts, as well as accounts told through biblical paraphrase.
See History of Germany and Nuremberg Chronicle
Nuremberg Laws
The Nuremberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party.
See History of Germany and Nuremberg Laws
Oceania
Oceania is a geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
See History of Germany and Oceania
Odilo, Duke of Bavaria
Odilo, also Oatilo or Uatilo (died 18 January 748) of the Agilolfing dynasty was Duke of Bavaria from 737 until his death in 748.
See History of Germany and Odilo, Duke of Bavaria
Odoacer
Odoacer (– 15 March 493 AD), also spelled Odovacer or Odovacar, was a barbarian soldier and statesman from the Middle Danube who deposed the Western Roman child emperor Romulus Augustulus and became the ruler of Italy (476–493).
See History of Germany and Odoacer
Old Prussians
Old Prussians, Baltic Prussians or simply Prussians were a Baltic people that inhabited the region of Prussia, on the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea between the Vistula Lagoon to the west and the Curonian Lagoon to the east.
See History of Germany and Old Prussians
Old Saxony
Old Saxony was the homeland of the Saxons during the Early Middle Ages.
See History of Germany and Old Saxony
Old Testament
The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites.
See History of Germany and Old Testament
Operation Bagration
Operation Bagration (Operatsiya Bagration) was the codename for the 1944 Soviet Byelorussian strategic offensive operation (Belorusskaya nastupatelnaya operatsiya "Bagration"), a military campaign fought between 22 June and 19 August 1944 in Soviet Byelorussia in the Eastern Front of World War II, just over two weeks after the start of Operation Overlord in the west, causing Nazi Germany to have to fight on two major fronts at the same time.
See History of Germany and Operation Bagration
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
See History of Germany and Operation Barbarossa
Ordoliberalism
Ordoliberalism is the German variant of economic liberalism that emphasizes the need for government to ensure that the free market produces results close to its theoretical potential but does not advocate for a welfare state and did not advocate against one either.
See History of Germany and Ordoliberalism
Oskar Lafontaine
Oskar Lafontaine (born 16 September 1943) is a German politician.
See History of Germany and Oskar Lafontaine
Ostpolitik
Neue Ostpolitik (German for "new eastern policy"), or Ostpolitik for short, was the normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany) and Eastern Europe, particularly the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) beginning in 1969.
See History of Germany and Ostpolitik
Ostrogoths
The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi, Austrogothi) were a Roman-era Germanic people.
See History of Germany and Ostrogoths
Oswald Spengler
Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (29 May 1880 – 8 May 1936) was a German polymath whose areas of interest included history, philosophy, mathematics, science, and art, as well as their relation to his organic theory of history.
See History of Germany and Oswald Spengler
Otto Graf Lambsdorff
Otto Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von der Wenge Graf Lambsdorff, known as Otto Graf Lambsdorff (20 December 1926 – 5 December 2009), was a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP).
See History of Germany and Otto Graf Lambsdorff
Otto Hahn
Otto Hahn (8 March 1879 – 28 July 1968) was a German chemist who was a pioneer in the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry.
See History of Germany and Otto Hahn
Otto I, Duke of Bavaria
Otto I (1117 – 11 July 1183), called the Redhead (der Rotkopf), was Duke of Bavaria from 1180 until his death.
See History of Germany and Otto I, Duke of Bavaria
Otto von Bismarck
Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898; born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck) was a Prussian statesman and diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany.
See History of Germany and Otto von Bismarck
Otto von Guericke
Otto von Guericke (spelled Gericke until 1666; –) was a German scientist, inventor, mathematician and physicist.
See History of Germany and Otto von Guericke
Otto von Habsburg
Otto von Habsburg (Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius, Ferenc József Ottó Róbert Mária Antal Károly Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Lajos Gaetan Pius Ignác; 20 November 1912 4 July 2011) was the last crown prince of Austria-Hungary from 1916 until the dissolution of the empire in November 1918.
See History of Germany and Otto von Habsburg
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
See History of Germany and Ottoman Empire
Ottonian dynasty
The Ottonian dynasty (Ottonen) was a Saxon dynasty of German monarchs (919–1024), named after three of its kings and Holy Roman Emperors named Otto, especially its first Emperor Otto I. It is also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin in the German stem duchy of Saxony.
See History of Germany and Ottonian dynasty
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See History of Germany and Oxford University Press
Paganism
Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.
See History of Germany and Paganism
Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles (château de Versailles) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France.
See History of Germany and Palace of Versailles
Palatine Chapel, Aachen
The Palatine Chapel in Aachen is an early medieval chapel and remaining component of Charlemagne's Palace of Aachen in what is now Germany.
See History of Germany and Palatine Chapel, Aachen
Paleoanthropology
Paleoanthropology or paleo-anthropology is a branch of paleontology and anthropology which seeks to understand the early development of anatomically modern humans, a process known as hominization, through the reconstruction of evolutionary kinship lines within the family Hominidae, working from biological evidence (such as petrified skeletal remains, bone fragments, footprints) and cultural evidence (such as stone tools, artifacts, and settlement localities).
See History of Germany and Paleoanthropology
Paleolithic
The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic, also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools, and which represents almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology.
See History of Germany and Paleolithic
Pandemic
A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has a sudden increase in cases and spreads across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals.
See History of Germany and Pandemic
Pannonian Avars
The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins.
See History of Germany and Pannonian Avars
Papal States
The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.
See History of Germany and Papal States
Partible inheritance
Partible inheritance, sometimes also called partitive, is a system of inheritance in which property is apportioned among heirs.
See History of Germany and Partible inheritance
Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
See History of Germany and Partitions of Poland
Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)
The Party of Democratic Socialism (Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus, PDS) was a left-wing populist political party in Germany active between 1989 and 2007.
See History of Germany and Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)
Patrician (post-Roman Europe)
Patricianship, the quality of belonging to a patriciate, began in the ancient world, where cities such as Ancient Rome had a social class of patrician families, whose members were initially the only people allowed to exercise many political functions.
See History of Germany and Patrician (post-Roman Europe)
Paul von Hindenburg
Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (abbreviated; 2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German field marshal and statesman who led the Imperial German Army during World War I. He later became president of Germany from 1925 until his death.
See History of Germany and Paul von Hindenburg
Pauperism
Pauperism is poverty or generally the state of being poor, or particularly the condition of being a "pauper", i.e. receiving relief administered under the English Poor Laws.
See History of Germany and Pauperism
Pavia
Pavia (Ticinum; Papia) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, in Northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino near its confluence with the Po.
See History of Germany and Pavia
Peace and Truce of God
The Peace and Truce of God (Pax et treuga Dei) was a movement in the Middle Ages led by the Catholic Church and was one of the most influential mass peace movements in history.
See History of Germany and Peace and Truce of God
Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg (Augsburger Frieden), also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 25 September 1555 in the German city of Augsburg.
See History of Germany and Peace of Augsburg
Peace of Ryswick
The Peace of Ryswick, or Rijswijk, was a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Rijswijk between 20 September and 30 October 1697.
See History of Germany and Peace of Ryswick
Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia (Westfälischer Friede) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster.
See History of Germany and Peace of Westphalia
Peaceful Revolution
Peaceful Revolution (Friedliche Revolution) was the process of sociopolitical change that led to the opening of East Germany's borders to the Western world as part of the Revolutions of 1989.
See History of Germany and Peaceful Revolution
Peasant
A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: non-free slaves, semi-free serfs, and free tenants.
See History of Germany and Peasant
Penguin Books
Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.
See History of Germany and Penguin Books
Pepin the Short
Pepin the Short (Pépin le Bref; – 24 September 768), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768.
See History of Germany and Pepin the Short
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.
See History of Germany and Persian Gulf
Petri dish
A Petri dish (alternatively known as a Petri plate or cell-culture dish) is a shallow transparent lidded dish that biologists use to hold growth medium in which cells can be cultured,R.
See History of Germany and Petri dish
Philipp Lenard
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (Lénárd Fülöp Eduárd Antal; 7 June 1862 – 20 May 1947) was a Hungarian-born German physicist and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his work on cathode rays and the discovery of many of their properties.
See History of Germany and Philipp Lenard
Philipp Scheidemann
Philipp Heinrich Scheidemann (26 July 1865 – 29 November 1939) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
See History of Germany and Philipp Scheidemann
Physician
A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.
See History of Germany and Physician
Pietism
Pietism, also known as Pietistic Lutheranism, is a movement within Lutheranism that combines its emphasis on biblical doctrine with an emphasis on individual piety and living a holy Christian life.
See History of Germany and Pietism
Pilgrimage
A pilgrimage is a journey to a holy place, which can lead to a personal transformation, after which the pilgrim returns to their daily life.
See History of Germany and Pilgrimage
Planned economy
A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services.
See History of Germany and Planned economy
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
See History of Germany and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Politburo
A politburo or political bureau is the highest political organ of the central committee in communist parties.
See History of Germany and Politburo
Politics of Germany
Germany is a democratic and federal parliamentary republic, where federal legislative power is vested in the Bundestag (the parliament of Germany) and the Bundesrat (the representative body of the Länder, Germany's regional states).
See History of Germany and Politics of Germany
Polymath
A polymath (lit; lit) or polyhistor (lit) is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.
See History of Germany and Polymath
Pomerania
Pomerania (Pomorze; Pommern; Kashubian: Pòmòrskô; Pommern) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Poland and Germany.
See History of Germany and Pomerania
Pope
The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.
See History of Germany and Pope
Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland (Rolando), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 September 1159 until his death in 1181.
See History of Germany and Pope Alexander III
Pope Gregory VII
Pope Gregory VII (Gregorius VII; 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085.
See History of Germany and Pope Gregory VII
Pope Innocent XI
Pope Innocent XI (Innocentius XI; Innocenzo XI; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 September 1676 until his death in 12 August 1689.
See History of Germany and Pope Innocent XI
Pope John XII
Pope John XII (Ioannes XII; 14 May 964), born Octavian, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 16 December 955 to his death in 964.
See History of Germany and Pope John XII
Pope Leo III
Pope Leo III (Leo III; died 12 June 816) was bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 26 December 795 to his death.
See History of Germany and Pope Leo III
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII (Leone XIII; born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 until his death in July 1903.
See History of Germany and Pope Leo XIII
Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XI (Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was the Bishop of Rome and supreme pontiff of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to 10 February 1939.
See History of Germany and Pope Pius XI
Pope Stephen II
Pope Stephen II (Stephanus II; 714 – 26 April 757) was born a Roman aristocrat and member of the Orsini family.
See History of Germany and Pope Stephen II
Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference was held at Potsdam in the Soviet occupation zone from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to allow the three leading Allies to plan the postwar peace, while avoiding the mistakes of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.
See History of Germany and Potsdam Conference
Pound sterling
Sterling (ISO code: GBP) is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories.
See History of Germany and Pound sterling
Prague offensive
The Prague offensive (lit) was the last major military operation of World War II in Europe.
See History of Germany and Prague offensive
President of the United States
The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.
See History of Germany and President of the United States
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom.
See History of Germany and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Primogeniture
Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent's entire or main estate in preference to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative.
See History of Germany and Primogeniture
Prince Eugene of Savoy
Prince Eugene Francis of Savoy-Carignano (18 October 1663 in Paris – 21 April 1736 in Vienna), better known as Prince Eugene, was a distinguished field marshal in the Army of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty during the 17th and 18th centuries.
See History of Germany and Prince Eugene of Savoy
Prince of the Holy Roman Empire
Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (princeps imperii, Reichsfürst, cf. Fürst) was a title attributed to a hereditary ruler, nobleman or prelate recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor.
See History of Germany and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire
Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
The Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg (Fürstbistum Würzburg; Hochstift Würzburg) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire located in Lower Franconia, west of the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg.
See History of Germany and Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
Prince-elector
The prince-electors (Kurfürst pl. Kurfürsten, Kurfiřt, Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college that elected the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Prince-elector
Principality of Bulgaria
The Principality of Bulgaria (Knyazhestvo Balgariya) was a vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.
See History of Germany and Principality of Bulgaria
Printing
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template.
See History of Germany and Printing
Printing press
A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.
See History of Germany and Printing press
Printmaking
Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces.
See History of Germany and Printmaking
Privilegium Minus
The Privilegium Minus was a deed issued by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa on 17 September 1156.
See History of Germany and Privilegium Minus
Propaganda in Nazi Germany
The propaganda used by the German Nazi Party in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's dictatorship of Germany from 1933 to 1945 was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of Nazi policies.
See History of Germany and Propaganda in Nazi Germany
Proportional representation
Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body.
See History of Germany and Proportional representation
Protectorate
A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law.
See History of Germany and Protectorate
Protestant Union
The Protestant Union (Protestantische Union), also known as the Evangelical Union, Union of Auhausen, German Union or the Protestant Action Party, was a coalition of Protestant German states.
See History of Germany and Protestant Union
Protestation at Speyer
On 19 April 1529, six princes and representatives of 14 Imperial Free Cities petitioned the Imperial Diet at Speyer against an imperial ban of Martin Luther, as well as the proscription of his works and teachings, and called for the unhindered spread of the evangelical faith.
See History of Germany and Protestation at Speyer
Province of Posen
The Province of Posen (Provinz Posen; Prowincja Poznańska) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1848 to 1920, occupying most of the historical Greater Poland.
See History of Germany and Province of Posen
Prussia
Prussia (Preußen; Old Prussian: Prūsa or Prūsija) was a German state located on most of the North European Plain, also occupying southern and eastern regions.
See History of Germany and Prussia
Prussian Union of Churches
The Prussian Union of Churches (known under multiple other names) was a major Protestant church body which emerged in 1817 from a series of decrees by Frederick William III of Prussia that united both Lutheran and Reformed denominations in Prussia.
See History of Germany and Prussian Union of Churches
Raetia
Raetia or Rhaetia was a province of the Roman Empire named after the Rhaetian people.
See History of Germany and Raetia
Rössen culture
The Rössen culture or Roessen culture (Rössener Kultur) is a Central European culture of the middle Neolithic (4,600–4,300 BC).
See History of Germany and Rössen culture
Reformation
The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.
See History of Germany and Reformation
Regensburg
Regensburg (historically known in English as Ratisbon) is a city in eastern Bavaria, at the confluence of the Danube, Naab and Regen rivers, Danube's northernmost point.
See History of Germany and Regensburg
Reichsführer-SS
Reichsführer-SS was a special title and rank that existed between the years of 1925 and 1945 for the commander of the Schutzstaffel (SS).
See History of Germany and Reichsführer-SS
Reichskammergericht
The;; Iudicium imperii) was one of the two highest judicial institutions in the Holy Roman Empire, the other one being the Aulic Council in Vienna. It was founded in 1495 by the Imperial Diet in Worms. All legal proceedings in the Holy Roman Empire could be brought to the Imperial Chamber Court, except if the ruler of the territory had a so-called privilegium de non appellando, in which case the highest judicial institution was found by the ruler of that territory.
See History of Germany and Reichskammergericht
Reichskonkordat
The Reichskonkordat ("Concordat between the Holy See and the German Reich") is a treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany.
See History of Germany and Reichskonkordat
Reichsmark
The Reichsmark (sign: ℛ︁ℳ︁; abbreviation: RM) was the currency of Germany from 1924 until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, and in the American, British and French occupied zones of Germany, until 20 June 1948.
See History of Germany and Reichsmark
Reichstag fire
The Reichstag fire (Reichstagsbrand) was an arson attack on the Reichstag building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, on Monday, 27 February 1933, precisely four weeks after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany.
See History of Germany and Reichstag fire
Reichstag Fire Decree
The Reichstag Fire Decree (Reichstagsbrandverordnung) is the common name of the Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State (Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat) issued by German President Paul von Hindenburg on the advice of Chancellor Adolf Hitler on 28 February 1933 in immediate response to the Reichstag fire.
See History of Germany and Reichstag Fire Decree
Reichswehr
Reichswehr was the official name of the German armed forces during the Weimar Republic and the first years of the Third Reich.
See History of Germany and Reichswehr
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror or the Mountain Republic was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.
See History of Germany and Reign of Terror
Reinsurance Treaty
The Reinsurance Treaty was a diplomatic agreement between the German Empire and the Russian Empire that was in effect from 1887 to 1890.
See History of Germany and Reinsurance Treaty
Religion in Germany
Christianity is the largest religion in Germany.
See History of Germany and Religion in Germany
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
See History of Germany and Renaissance
René Descartes
René Descartes (or;; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science.
See History of Germany and René Descartes
Rentenmark
The Rentenmark (RM) was a currency issued on 15 November 1923 to stop the hyperinflation of 1922 and 1923 in Weimar Germany, after the previously used "paper" Mark had become almost worthless.
See History of Germany and Rentenmark
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic with its capital in Venice.
See History of Germany and Republic of Venice
Republicanism
Republicanism is a Western political ideology that encompasses a range of ideas from civic virtue, political participation, harms of corruption, positives of mixed constitution, rule of law, and others.
See History of Germany and Republicanism
Rhine
--> The Rhine is one of the major European rivers.
See History of Germany and Rhine
Rhineland
The Rhineland (Rheinland; Rhénanie; Rijnland; Rhingland; Latinised name: Rhenania) is a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.
See History of Germany and Rhineland
Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas").
See History of Germany and Richard Wagner
Robert Koch
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist.
See History of Germany and Robert Koch
Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann (8 June 181029 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and music critic of the early Romantic era.
See History of Germany and Robert Schumann
Roman emperor
The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchical head of state of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC.
See History of Germany and Roman emperor
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
See History of Germany and Roman Empire
Roman numerals
Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages.
See History of Germany and Roman numerals
Roman province
The Roman provinces (pl.) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire.
See History of Germany and Roman province
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.
See History of Germany and Roman Republic
Romani people
The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma (Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle.
See History of Germany and Romani people
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.
See History of Germany and Romania
Romantic music
Romantic music is a stylistic movement in Western Classical music associated with the period of the 19th century commonly referred to as the Romantic era (or Romantic period).
See History of Germany and Romantic music
Romanticism
Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.
See History of Germany and Romanticism
Rome
Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.
See History of Germany and Rome
Rosa Luxemburg
Rosa Luxemburg (Róża Luksemburg,;; born Rozalia Luksenburg; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish and naturalised-German revolutionary socialist, orthodox Marxist, and anti-War activist during the First World War.
See History of Germany and Rosa Luxemburg
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
See History of Germany and Routledge
Rudolf Diesel
Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (18 March 1858 – 29 September 1913) was a German inventor and mechanical engineer who is famous for having invented the Diesel engine, which burns Diesel fuel; both are named after him.
See History of Germany and Rudolf Diesel
Rudolf Virchow
Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (also; 13 October 18215 September 1902) was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist, writer, editor, and politician.
See History of Germany and Rudolf Virchow
Ruhr
The Ruhr (Ruhrgebiet, also Ruhrpott), also referred to as the Ruhr area, sometimes Ruhr district, Ruhr region, or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
See History of Germany and Ruhr
Russell Weigley
Russell Frank Weigley (WY-glee) (July 2, 1930 – March 3, 2004) was the Distinguished University Professor of History at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and a noted military historian.
See History of Germany and Russell Weigley
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.
See History of Germany and Russia
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.
See History of Germany and Russian Revolution
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
The Russo-Turkish War (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Russko-turetskaya voyna, "Russian–Turkish war") was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
See History of Germany and Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Saale
The Saale, also known as the Saxon Saale (Sächsische Saale) and Thuringian Saale (Thüringische Saale), is a river in Germany and a left-bank tributary of the Elbe.
See History of Germany and Saale
Saarland
Saarland (Sarre) is a state of Germany in the southwest of the country.
See History of Germany and Saarland
Saint Boniface
Boniface (born Wynfreth; 675 – 5 June 754) was an English Benedictine monk and leading figure in the Anglo-Saxon mission to the Germanic parts of Francia during the eighth century.
See History of Germany and Saint Boniface
Salian dynasty
The Salian dynasty or Salic dynasty (Salier) was a dynasty in the High Middle Ages.
See History of Germany and Salian dynasty
Samoa
Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands (Manono and Apolima); and several smaller, uninhabited islands, including the Aleipata Islands (Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, Fanuatapu and Namua).
See History of Germany and Samoa
Saxon Wars
The Saxon Wars were the campaigns and insurrections of the thirty-three years from 772, when Charlemagne first entered Saxony with the intent to conquer, to 804, when the last rebellion of tribesmen was defeated.
See History of Germany and Saxon Wars
Saxons
The Saxons, sometimes called the Old Saxons, were the Germanic people of "Old" Saxony (Antiqua Saxonia) which became a Carolingian "stem duchy" in 804, in what is now northern Germany.
See History of Germany and Saxons
Saxony
Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic.
See History of Germany and Saxony
Schöningen
Schöningen is a town of about 11,000 inhabitants in the district of Helmstedt, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
See History of Germany and Schöningen
Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan (Schlieffen-Plan) is a name given after the First World War to German war plans, due to the influence of Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen and his thinking on an invasion of France and Belgium, which began on 4 August 1914.
See History of Germany and Schlieffen Plan
Schmalkaldic League
The Schmalkaldic League was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century.
See History of Germany and Schmalkaldic League
Schutzstaffel
The Schutzstaffel (SS; also stylised as ᛋᛋ with Armanen runes) was a major paramilitary organisation under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
See History of Germany and Schutzstaffel
Scientific method
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.
See History of Germany and Scientific method
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
See History of Germany and Scientific Revolution
Seamless robe of Jesus
The Seamless Robe of Jesus (also known as the Holy Robe, Holy Tunic, Holy Coat, Honorable Robe, and Chiton of the Lord) is the robe said to have been worn by Jesus during or shortly before his crucifixion.
See History of Germany and Seamless robe of Jesus
Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive
The second Jassy–Kishinev offensive, commonly referred to as the Jassy–Kishinev offensive named after the two major cities, Iași ("Jassy") and Chișinău ("Kishinev"), in the staging area, was a Soviet offensive against Axis forces, which took place in Eastern Romania from 20 to 29 August 1944 during World War II.
See History of Germany and Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive
Second Schleswig War
The Second Schleswig War (Den anden slesvigske krig; Deutsch-Dänischer Krieg or German Danish War), also sometimes known as the Dano-Prussian War or Prusso-Danish War, was the second military conflict over the Schleswig-Holstein Question of the nineteenth century.
See History of Germany and Second Schleswig War
Serfdom
Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems.
See History of Germany and Serfdom
Sibiu
Sibiu (Hermannstadt, Cibinium, Transylvanian Saxon: Härmeschtat or Hermestatt, Nagyszeben) is a middle-sized, well-preserved fortified medieval town in central Romania, situated in the historical region of Transylvania (Transilvania, Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien). Located some north-west of Bucharest, the town straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the Olt River.
See History of Germany and Sibiu
Sicambri
The Sicambri, also known as the Sugambri or Sicambrians, were a Germanic people who during Roman times lived on the east bank of the river Rhine, in what is now Germany, near the border with the Netherlands.
See History of Germany and Sicambri
Sicily
Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.
See History of Germany and Sicily
Siege of Paris (1870–1871)
The Siege of Paris took place from 19 September 1870 to 28 January 1871 and ended in the capture of the city by forces of the various states of the North German Confederation, led by the Kingdom of Prussia.
See History of Germany and Siege of Paris (1870–1871)
Siege of Pavia (773–774)
The siege or battle of Pavia was fought in 773–774 in northern Italy, near Ticinum (modern Pavia), and resulted in the victory of the Franks under Charlemagne against the Lombards under King Desiderius.
See History of Germany and Siege of Pavia (773–774)
Silesia
Silesia (see names below) is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within modern Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.
See History of Germany and Silesia
Silesian Wars
The Silesian Wars (Schlesische Kriege) were three wars fought in the mid-18th century between Prussia (under King Frederick the Great) and Habsburg Austria (under Empress Maria Theresa) for control of the Central European region of Silesia (now in south-western Poland).
See History of Germany and Silesian Wars
Simony
Simony is the act of selling church offices and roles or sacred things.
See History of Germany and Simony
Slavs
The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages.
See History of Germany and Slavs
Slovaks
The Slovaks (Slováci, singular: Slovák, feminine: Slovenka, plural: Slovenky) are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak the Slovak language.
See History of Germany and Slovaks
Smithsonian (magazine)
Smithsonian is a science and nature magazine (and associated website, SmithsonianMag.com), and is the official journal published by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., although editorially independent from its parent organization.
See History of Germany and Smithsonian (magazine)
Social change
Social change is the alteration of the social order of a society which may include changes in social institutions, social behaviours or social relations.
See History of Germany and Social change
Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands,; SPD) is a social democratic political party in Germany.
See History of Germany and Social Democratic Party of Germany
Social market economy
The social market economy (SOME; soziale Marktwirtschaft), also called Rhine capitalism, Rhine-Alpine capitalism, the Rhenish model, and social capitalism, is a socioeconomic model combining a free-market capitalist economic system alongside social policies and enough regulation to establish both fair competition within the market and generally a welfare state.
See History of Germany and Social market economy
Socialism
Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.
See History of Germany and Socialism
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (commonly abbreviated as SFRY or SFR Yugoslavia), commonly referred to as Socialist Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe.
See History of Germany and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands,; SED) was the founding and ruling party of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from the country's foundation in 1949 until its dissolution after the Peaceful Revolution in 1989.
See History of Germany and Socialist Unity Party of Germany
South Jutland County
South Jutland County (Danish: Sønderjyllands Amt) is a former county (Danish: amt) on the south-central portion of the Jutland Peninsula in southern Denmark.
See History of Germany and South Jutland County
Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical sub-region of Europe, consisting primarily of the region of the Balkans, as well as adjacent regions and archipelagos.
See History of Germany and Southeast Europe
Southern Europe
Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe.
See History of Germany and Southern Europe
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
See History of Germany and Soviet Union
Spanish flu
The 1918–1920 flu pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or by the common misnomer Spanish flu, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 subtype of the influenza A virus.
See History of Germany and Spanish flu
Stasi
The Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit,; abbreviated as "MfS"), commonly known as the italics, an abbreviation of Staatssicherheit, was the state security service and secret police of East Germany (the GDR) from 1950 to 1990.
See History of Germany and Stasi
State of the Teutonic Order
The State of the Teutonic Order (Civitas Ordinis Theutonici) was a theocratic state located along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea in northern Europe. It was formed by the knights of the Teutonic Order during the early 13th century Northern Crusades in the region of Prussia. In 1237, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword merged with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as its branch — the Livonian Order (while their state, Terra Mariana, covering present-day Estonia and Latvia, became part of the State of the Teutonic Order).
See History of Germany and State of the Teutonic Order
State Socialism (Germany)
State Socialism (Staatssozialismus) was a set of social programs implemented in the German Empire that were initiated by Otto von Bismarck in 1883 as remedial measures to appease the working class and detract support for socialism and the Social Democratic Party of Germany following earlier attempts to achieve the same objective through Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws.
See History of Germany and State Socialism (Germany)
States of Germany
The Federal Republic of Germany, as a federal state, consists of sixteen states.
See History of Germany and States of Germany
Steganography
Steganography is the practice of representing information within another message or physical object, in such a manner that the presence of the information is not evident to human inspection.
See History of Germany and Steganography
Stem duchy
A stem duchy (Stammesherzogtum, from Stamm, meaning "tribe", in reference to the Franks, Saxons, Bavarians and Swabians) was a constituent duchy of the Kingdom of Germany at the time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty (death of Louis the Child in 911) and through the transitional period leading to the formation of the Ottonian Empire.
See History of Germany and Stem duchy
Steven Ozment
Steven Edgar Ozment (February 21, 1939 – December 12, 2019) was an American historian of early modern and modern Germany, the European family, and the Protestant Reformation.
See History of Germany and Steven Ozment
Strasbourg
Strasbourg (Straßburg) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France, at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace.
See History of Germany and Strasbourg
Styria
Styria (Steiermark; Steiamårk, Štajerska, Stájerország) is an Austrian state in the southeast of the country, famed for its idyllic landscapes, as well as rich folk- and high culture.
See History of Germany and Styria
Sudeten Germans
German Bohemians (Deutschböhmen und Deutschmährer; čeští Němci a moravští Němci, i.e. German Bohemians and German Moravians), later known as Sudeten Germans (Sudetendeutsche; sudetští Němci), were ethnic Germans living in the Czech lands of the Bohemian Crown, which later became an integral part of Czechoslovakia.
See History of Germany and Sudeten Germans
Suebi
The Suebi (also spelled Suevi) or Suebians were a large group of Germanic peoples originally from the Elbe river region in what is now Germany and the Czech Republic.
See History of Germany and Suebi
Sustainable energy
Energy is sustainable if it "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Definitions of sustainable energy usually look at its effects on the environment, the economy and society.
See History of Germany and Sustainable energy
Swabia
Swabia; Schwaben, colloquially Schwabenland or Ländle; archaic English also Suabia or Svebia is a cultural, historic and linguistic region in southwestern Germany.
See History of Germany and Swabia
Swabians
Swabians (Schwaben, singular Schwabe) are a Germanic-speaking people who are native to the ethnocultural and linguistic region of Swabia, which is now mostly divided between the modern states of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, in southwestern Germany.
See History of Germany and Swabians
Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.
See History of Germany and Switzerland
Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II
At the end of World War II, Poland underwent major changes to the location of its international border.
See History of Germany and Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II
Teutonic Order
The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
See History of Germany and Teutonic Order
Thailand
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Indochinese Peninsula.
See History of Germany and Thailand
The Blitz
The Blitz was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom, in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War.
See History of Germany and The Blitz
The Decline of the West
The Decline of the West (Der Untergang des Abendlandes; more literally, The Downfall of the Occident) is a two-volume work by Oswald Spengler.
See History of Germany and The Decline of the West
The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich is a two-volume text edited by and, first published in German in 1985.
See History of Germany and The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
The Influence of Sea Power upon History
The Influence of Sea Power upon History: 1660–1783 is a history of naval warfare published in 1890 by the American naval officer and historian Alfred Thayer Mahan.
See History of Germany and The Influence of Sea Power upon History
The Teaching Company
The Teaching Company, doing business as "The Great Courses," formerly Wondrium, is a media production company that produces educational, video, and audio content in the form of courses, documentaries, and series under two content brands: The Great Courses Plus and The Great Courses.
See History of Germany and The Teaching Company
Theory
A theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking.
See History of Germany and Theory
Third Way
The Third Way, also known as Modernised Social Democracy, is a predominantly centrist political position that attempts to reconcile centre-right and centre-left politics by synthesising a combination of economically liberal and social democratic economic policies along with centre-left social policies.
See History of Germany and Third Way
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.
See History of Germany and Thirty Years' War
Thomas Mann
Paul Thomas Mann (6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate.
See History of Germany and Thomas Mann
Thomas Müntzer
Thomas Müntzer (– 27 May 1525) was a German preacher and theologian of the early Reformation whose opposition to both Martin Luther and the Catholic Church led to his open defiance of late-feudal authority in central Germany.
See History of Germany and Thomas Müntzer
Thuringia
Thuringia, officially the Free State of Thuringia, is a state of central Germany, covering, the sixth smallest of the sixteen German states.
See History of Germany and Thuringia
Thuringii
The Thuringii, or Thuringians were a Germanic people who lived in the kingdom of the Thuringians that appeared during the late Migration Period south of the Harz Mountains of central Germania, a region still known today as Thuringia.
See History of Germany and Thuringii
Thurn und Taxis
The Princely House of Thurn and Taxis (Fürstenhaus Thurn und Taxis) is a family of German nobility that is part of the Briefadel.
See History of Germany and Thurn und Taxis
Tilman Riemenschneider
Tilman Riemenschneider (1460 – 7 July 1531) was a German woodcarver and sculptor active in Würzburg from 1483.
See History of Germany and Tilman Riemenschneider
Timeline of German history
This is a timeline of German history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Germany and its predecessor states.
See History of Germany and Timeline of German history
Tirpitz Plan
Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz's design for Germany to achieve world power status through naval power, while at the same time addressing domestic issues, is referred to as the Tirpitz Plan.
See History of Germany and Tirpitz Plan
Togo
Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa.
See History of Germany and Togo
Tony Blair
Sir Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007.
See History of Germany and Tony Blair
Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.
See History of Germany and Totalitarianism
Transylvanian Saxons
The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: Siweberjer Såksen or simply Soxen, singularly Sox or Soax; Transylvanian Landler: Soxn or Soxisch; Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; erdélyi szászok) are a people of mainly German ethnicity and overall Germanic origin —mostly Luxembourgish and from the Low Countries initially during the medieval Ostsiedlung process, then also from other parts of present-day Germany— who settled in Transylvania (Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien, historically also Überwald, Transsilvania, Septem Castra or Septem Castrensis, Medieval Latin: Trānsylvānia) in various waves, starting from the mid and mid-late 12th century until the mid 19th century.
See History of Germany and Transylvanian Saxons
Treaties of Nijmegen
The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen (Traités de Paix de Nimègue; Friede von Nimwegen; Vrede van Nijmegen) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and October 1679.
See History of Germany and Treaties of Nijmegen
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I. The treaty, which followed months of negotiations after the armistice on the Eastern Front in December 1917, was signed at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus).
See History of Germany and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty of Hubertusburg
The Treaty of Hubertusburg (Frieden von Hubertusburg) was signed on 15 February 1763 at Hubertusburg Castle by Prussia, Austria and Saxony to end the Third Silesian War.
See History of Germany and Treaty of Hubertusburg
Treaty of Karlowitz
The Treaty of Karlowitz, concluding the Great Turkish War of 1683–1697, in which the Ottoman Empire was defeated by the Holy League at the Battle of Zenta, was signed in Karlowitz, in the Military Frontier of the Habsburg Monarchy (present-day Sremski Karlovci, Serbia), on 26 January 1699.
See History of Germany and Treaty of Karlowitz
Treaty of Passarowitz
The Treaty of Passarowitz, or Treaty of Požarevac, was the peace treaty signed in Požarevac (Пожаревац, Passarowitz), a town that was in the Ottoman Empire but is now in Serbia, on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire and Austria of the Habsburg monarchy and the Republic of Venice.
See History of Germany and Treaty of Passarowitz
Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
The Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement signed on 16 April 1922 between the German Reich and Soviet Russia under which both renounced all territorial and financial claims against each other and opened friendly diplomatic relations.
See History of Germany and Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
Treaty of San Stefano
The 1878 Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano (Сан-Стефанский мир; Peace of San-Stefano, Сан-Стефанский мирный договор; Peace treaty of San-Stefano, or Ayastefanos Antlaşması) was a treaty between the Russian and Ottoman empires at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.
See History of Germany and Treaty of San Stefano
Treaty of Verdun
The Treaty of Verdun, agreed in, divided the Frankish Empire into three kingdoms between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I, the son and successor of Charlemagne.
See History of Germany and Treaty of Verdun
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919.
See History of Germany and Treaty of Versailles
Trench warfare
Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied lines largely comprising military trenches, in which combatants are well-protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.
See History of Germany and Trench warfare
Trier
Trier (Tréier), formerly and traditionally known in English as Trèves and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle in Germany.
See History of Germany and Trier
Triple Alliance (1882)
The Triple Alliance was a defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
See History of Germany and Triple Alliance (1882)
Tumulus culture
The Tumulus culture (German: ''Hügelgräberkultur'') was the dominant material culture in Central Europe during the Middle Bronze Age (1600 to 1300 BC).
See History of Germany and Tumulus culture
Two-front war
According to military terminology, a two-front war occurs when opposing forces encounter on two geographically separate fronts.
See History of Germany and Two-front war
U.S. Steel
United States Steel Corporation, more commonly known as U.S. Steel, is an American integrated steel producer headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with production operations primarily in the United States of America and in Central Europe.
See History of Germany and U.S. Steel
Ubii
The Ubii around AD 30 The Ubii were a Germanic tribe first encountered dwelling on the east bank of the Rhine in the time of Julius Caesar, who formed an alliance with them in 55 BC in order to launch attacks across the river.
See History of Germany and Ubii
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism is a clerical political conception within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope.
See History of Germany and Ultramontanism
Unification of Germany
The unification of Germany was a process of building the first nation-state for Germans with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without Habsburgs' multi-ethnic Austria or its German-speaking part).
See History of Germany and Unification of Germany
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.
See History of Germany and United Kingdom
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
See History of Germany and United Nations
United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter.
See History of Germany and United Nations Security Council
United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.
See History of Germany and United States
University of Göttingen
The University of Göttingen, officially the Georg August University of Göttingen, (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, commonly referred to as Georgia Augusta) is a distinguished public research university in the city of Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany.
See History of Germany and University of Göttingen
Upper Silesia
Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk; Gůrny Ślůnsk, Gōrny Ślōnsk; Horní Slezsko;; Silesian German: Oberschläsing; Silesia Superior) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located today mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic.
See History of Germany and Upper Silesia
Urn
An urn is a vase, often with a cover, with a typically narrowed neck above a rounded body and a footed pedestal.
See History of Germany and Urn
Urnfield culture
The Urnfield culture was a late Bronze Age culture of Central Europe, often divided into several local cultures within a broader Urnfield tradition.
See History of Germany and Urnfield culture
Vandals
The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland.
See History of Germany and Vandals
Vienna
Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.
See History of Germany and Vienna
Visigoths
The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were a Germanic people united under the rule of a king and living within the Roman Empire during late antiquity.
See History of Germany and Visigoths
Voter turnout
In political science, voter turnout is the participation rate (often defined as those who cast a ballot) of a given election.
See History of Germany and Voter turnout
Waldseemüller map
The Waldseemüller map or Universalis Cosmographia ("Universal Cosmography") is a printed wall map of the world by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller, originally published in April 1507.
See History of Germany and Waldseemüller map
Wall Street Crash of 1929
The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash, Crash of '29, or Black Tuesday, was a major American stock market crash that occurred in the autumn of 1929.
See History of Germany and Wall Street Crash of 1929
Walter Ulbricht
Walter Ernst Paul Ulbricht (30 June 18931 August 1973) was a German communist politician.
See History of Germany and Walter Ulbricht
Walther von der Vogelweide
Walther von der Vogelweide was a Minnesänger who composed and performed love-songs and political songs (Sprüche) in Middle High German.
See History of Germany and Walther von der Vogelweide
War of the Austrian Succession
The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict fought between 1740 and 1748, primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.
See History of Germany and War of the Austrian Succession
War of the Fourth Coalition
The War of the Fourth Coalition (Guerre de la Quatrième Coalition) was a war spanning 1806–1807 that saw a multinational coalition fight against Napoleon's French Empire, subsequently being defeated.
See History of Germany and War of the Fourth Coalition
War of the Second Coalition
The War of the Second Coalition (Guerre de la Deuxième Coalition) (1798/9 – 1801/2, depending on periodisation) was the second war targeting revolutionary France by many European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples and various German monarchies.
See History of Germany and War of the Second Coalition
War of the Sixth Coalition
In the War of the Sixth Coalition (Guerre de la Sixième Coalition) (March 1813 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation (Befreiungskriege), a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, Great Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Sardinia, and a number of German States defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba.
See History of Germany and War of the Sixth Coalition
War of the Third Coalition
The War of the Third Coalition (Guerre de la Troisième Coalition) was a European conflict lasting from 1805 to 1806 and was the first conflict of the Napoleonic Wars.
See History of Germany and War of the Third Coalition
War reparations
War reparations are compensation payments made after a war by one side to the other.
See History of Germany and War reparations
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War.
See History of Germany and Warsaw Pact
Wartburg
The Wartburg is a castle originally built in the Middle Ages.
See History of Germany and Wartburg
Weil der Stadt
Weil der Stadt is a town of about 19,000 inhabitants in the Stuttgart Region of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
See History of Germany and Weil der Stadt
Weimar
Weimar is a city in the German state of Thuringia, in Central Germany between Erfurt to the west and Jena to the east, southwest of Leipzig, north of Nuremberg and west of Dresden.
See History of Germany and Weimar
Weimar Classicism
Weimar Classicism (Weimarer Klassik) was a German literary and cultural movement, whose practitioners established a new humanism from the synthesis of ideas from Romanticism, Classicism, and the Age of Enlightenment.
See History of Germany and Weimar Classicism
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.
See History of Germany and Weimar Republic
Welser family
Welser was a German banking and merchant family, originally a patrician family based in Augsburg and Nuremberg, that rose to great prominence in international high finance in the 16th century as bankers to the Habsburgs and financiers of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
See History of Germany and Welser family
Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist, one of the main pioneers of the theory of quantum mechanics, and a principal scientist in the Nazi nuclear weapons program during World War II.
See History of Germany and Werner Heisenberg
Werner von Siemens
Ernst Werner Siemens (von Siemens from 1888;;; 13 December 1816 – 6 December 1892) was a German electrical engineer, inventor and industrialist.
See History of Germany and Werner von Siemens
Wernher von Braun
Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (23 March 191216 June 1977) was a German-American aerospace engineer and space architect.
See History of Germany and Wernher von Braun
West Berlin
West Berlin (Berlin (West) or West-Berlin) was a political enclave which comprised the western part of Berlin from 1948 until 1990, during the Cold War.
See History of Germany and West Berlin
West Germanic languages
The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages).
See History of Germany and West Germanic languages
West Germany
West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until the reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. The Cold War-era country is sometimes known as the Bonn Republic (Bonner Republik) after its capital city of Bonn. During the Cold War, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin were parts of the Western Bloc.
See History of Germany and West Germany
West Prussia
The Province of West Prussia (Provinz Westpreußen; Zôpadné Prësë; Prusy Zachodnie) was a province of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and 1878 to 1919.
See History of Germany and West Prussia
Western Front (World War I)
The Western Front was one of the main theatres of war during the First World War.
See History of Germany and Western Front (World War I)
Western Roman Empire
In modern historiography, the Western Roman Empire was the western provinces of the Roman Empire, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court.
See History of Germany and Western Roman Empire
Western Schism
The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Great Occidental Schism, the Schism of 1378, or the Great Schism, was a split within the Roman Catholic Church lasting from 20 September 1378 to 11 November 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and were eventually joined by a third line of Pisan claimants in 1409.
See History of Germany and Western Schism
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
See History of Germany and Wiley (publisher)
Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until his abdication in 1918, which marked the end of the German Empire as well as the Hohenzollern dynasty's 300-year rule of Prussia.
See History of Germany and Wilhelm II
Wilhelm Röntgen
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 184510 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the inaugural Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
See History of Germany and Wilhelm Röntgen
Wilhelmshaven
Wilhelmshaven (Wilhelm's Harbour; Northern Low Saxon: Willemshaven) is a coastal town in Lower Saxony, Germany.
See History of Germany and Wilhelmshaven
William I, German Emperor
William I (Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig; 22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888), or Wilhelm I, was King of Prussia from 1861 and German Emperor from 1871 until his death in 1888.
See History of Germany and William I, German Emperor
Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German politician and statesman who was leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and served as the chancellor of West Germany from 1969 to 1974.
See History of Germany and Willy Brandt
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and 1951 to 1955.
See History of Germany and Winston Churchill
Wirtschaftswunder
The Wirtschaftswunder ("economic miracle"), also known as the Miracle on the Rhine, was the rapid reconstruction and development of the economies of West Germany and Austria after World War II (due to both the Marshall Plan and both governments adopting an ordoliberalism-based social market economy).
See History of Germany and Wirtschaftswunder
Wittenberg
Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is the fourth-largest town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
See History of Germany and Wittenberg
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 17565 December 1791) was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period.
See History of Germany and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfram von Eschenbach
Wolfram von Eschenbach (–) was a German knight, poet and composer, regarded as one of the greatest epic poets of medieval German literature.
See History of Germany and Wolfram von Eschenbach
World War I reparations
Following their defeat in World War I, the Central Powers agreed to pay war reparations to the Allied Powers.
See History of Germany and World War I reparations
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
See History of Germany and World War II
Yalta Conference
The Yalta Conference (Yaltinskaya konferentsiya), held 4–11 February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe.
See History of Germany and Yalta Conference
Zanzibar
Zanzibar is an insular semi-autonomous region which united with Tanganyika in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania.
See History of Germany and Zanzibar
Zollverein
The Zollverein, or German Customs Union, was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories.
See History of Germany and Zollverein
1871 German federal election
The first federal elections were held in Germany on 3 March 1871.
See History of Germany and 1871 German federal election
1920 Schleswig plebiscites
The Schleswig plebiscites were two plebiscites, organized according to section XII, articles 100 to 115 of the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, in order to determine the future border between Denmark and Germany through the former Duchy of Schleswig.
See History of Germany and 1920 Schleswig plebiscites
1925 German presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Germany on 29 March 1925, with a runoff on 26 April.
See History of Germany and 1925 German presidential election
1932 German presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Germany on 13 March 1932, with a runoff on 10 April.
See History of Germany and 1932 German presidential election
1936 Summer Olympics
The 1936 Summer Olympics (Olympische Sommerspiele 1936), officially the Games of the XI Olympiad (Spiele der XI.) and officially branded as Berlin 1936, was an international multi-sport event held from 1 to 16 August 1936 in Berlin, Germany.
See History of Germany and 1936 Summer Olympics
1998 German federal election
Federal elections were held in Germany on 27 September 1998 to elect the members of the 14th Bundestag.
See History of Germany and 1998 German federal election
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
On 26 December 2004, at 07:58:53 local time (UTC+7), a major earthquake with a magnitude of 9.2–9.3 struck with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia.
See History of Germany and 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
2005 German federal election
Federal elections were held in Germany on 18 September 2005 to elect the members of the 16th Bundestag.
See History of Germany and 2005 German federal election
References
Also known as 10th Century in Germany, 18th Century in Germany, 19th Century in Germany, 19th century Germany, 19th century history of Germany, 19th-century Germany, 19th-century history of Germany, 20th-century Germany, 3rd Century in Germany, 7th Century in Germany, 7th Century in the Holy Roman Empire, 9th Century in Germany, German History, German political history, Germany in the Middle Ages, Germany time line, Germany/History, Germanys history, Historical germany, History of German Politics, History of modern Germany, History of reunified Germany, HistoryGermany, Medieval Germany, Ottonian period, Political history of Germany, Prehistoric Germany, Prehistory of Germany.
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