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479 relations: A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, Abacus, Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Ada Lovelace, Al-Biruni, Alan Turing, Alfred North Whitehead, Algorithm, Allen Coombs, Allen Newell, Allies of World War II, Altair 8800, An Wang, Analog computer, Analytical Engine, Ancient Discoveries, Antikythera mechanism, APEXC, Apple I, Apple II, Arithmetic, Arithmetic logic unit, Arithmometer, Arthur Pollen, Assembly language, Astrolabe, Astronomical clock, Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world, AT&T Corporation, Atanasoff–Berry computer, Atlas (computer), Atlas Supervisor, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Automatic Computing Engine, Auxiliary memory, Babylonia, Ball-and-disk integrator, Ballistic Research Laboratory, BASIC, Basile Bouchon, Bell Punch, Bijection, Bill of lading, Binary data, Binary number, Binary-coded decimal, Bipolar junction transistor, Bit, Biuro Szyfrów, ..., Blaise Pascal, Bletchley Park, Bob Bemer, Bomba (cryptography), Bombe, Bombsight, Boolean algebra, Branch (computer science), Brian Randell, British Computer Society, British Tabulating Machine Company, Brookings Institution, Burroughs large systems, Bus (computing), Calculator, Cambridge University Press, Cathode ray tube, CDC 6600, CDC 7600, Celluloid, Census, Central processing unit, CERN, CERN httpd, Cf., Character encoding, Charles Babbage, Charles Sanders Peirce, Charles Xavier Thomas, Claude Shannon, Clock rate, Clock tower, CMOS, Colossus computer, Columbia University, Commodity, Commodore PET, Computation, Computer, Computer data storage, Computer hardware, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Computer memory, Computer program, Computer programming, Computer science, Computing, Content-addressable memory, Control Data Corporation, Control flow, Coriolis force, Cornell University, Counting house, Counting rods, Course Setting Bomb Sight, CPU cache, Cromemco, CSIRAC, Curt Herzstark, Curta, Datamation, DBLP, Decimal, Decision problem, Dehomag, Dekatron, Delay line memory, Diccionario enciclopédico hispano-americano de literatura, ciencias y artes, Difference engine, Differential analyser, Digital electronics, Diode, Disk pack, Disk storage, Divisor, Dollis Hill, Donald Hill, Donald Knuth, Drift Sight, Drum memory, Dynamic random-access memory, Earth, Edmund Gunter, EDSAC 2, EDVAC, Edwin Black, Egypt (Roman province), Electrical network, Electromechanics, Electronic circuit, Electronic component, Electronic delay storage automatic calculator, Electronic engineering, Electronics, Embedded system, Encryption, Engineering Research Associates, England, ENIAC, Enigma machine, Entscheidungsproblem, EPROM, Equatorium, Ernst Schröder, Expression (mathematics), Fairchild Semiconductor, Federico Faggin, Ferranti, Ferranti Mark 1, Fertile Crescent, Film stock, Finger-counting, Fire-control system, Firmware, First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, Flip-flop (electronics), Floating-point arithmetic, Floating-point unit, Floppy disk, FLOPS, Flowchart, Frederic Calland Williams, Friden Flexowriter, Friden, Inc., General Post Office, Genocide, Geoffrey Dummer, George Boole, George Stibitz, Germanium, Germany, Gordon Bell, Gordon Welchman, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Government Communications Headquarters, Gun laying, Halting problem, Hannover Messe, Hard disk drive, Harold Keen, Harry Wimperis, Harvard Mark I, Harwell CADET, Hellenistic period, Helmut Hölzer, Herman Hollerith, Hero of Alexandria, Hertz, History (U.S. TV network), History of China, History of computing, History of the Internet, Hot swapping, Human computer, Hybrid computer, Hybrid integrated circuit, Hydraulics, Hydropower, IBM, IBM 1401, IBM 650, IBM 701, IBM 702, IBM 7030 Stretch, IBM 704, IBM and the Holocaust, IBM Solid Logic Technology, IBM Standard Modular System, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, IEEE Spectrum, Imperial Russian Navy, Index register, Information Age, Information science, Input/output, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Instruction cycle, Instruction set architecture, Instructions per second, Insulator (electricity), Integer (computer science), Integrated circuit, Intel, Intel 4004, Intel 8008, Intel 8080, Ismail al-Jazari, IT History Society, J. Lyons and Co., J. Presper Eckert, Jack Copeland, Jack Kilby, Jacquard loom, James Thomson (engineer), Job (computing), John Mauchly, John Napier, John von Neumann, Joseph Desch, Joseph Marie Jacquard, Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, Journal of Contemporary History, Keypunch, Kibibyte, Kilobyte, KIM-1, Konrad Zuse, Kurt Gödel, Leibniz wheel, LEO (computer), Leslie Comrie, Lewis Fry Richardson, List of cryptographers, List of pioneers in computer science, Logarithm, Logic, Logic gate, Loom, Lord Byron, Lorenz cipher, Luigi Federico Menabrea, Magnetic core, Magnetic tape data storage, Mainframe computer, Manchester Baby, Manchester Mark 1, Marchant calculator, Marcian Hoff, Marian Rejewski, Mark XIV bomb sight, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mathematics, Maurice Wilkes, Max Newman, Mean time between failures, Mechanical calculator, Mechanical computer, Mechanical counter, Mechanics, Mersenne prime, Metropolitan-Vickers, Metrovick 950, Microcode, Microcomputer, Microcontroller, Microprocessor, Military intelligence, Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom), MIT Press, Mobile computing, Mobile phone, Monroe Calculating Machine Company, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Multi-core processor, Napier's bones, National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom), Navier–Stokes equations, Nazism, NCR Corporation, Negation, Nixie tube, Norden bombsight, Numerical analysis, Numerical control, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, Object-oriented programming, Olivetti, Olivetti P6060, Operand, Operating cost, Operating system, Oxford University Press, Parallel computing, Pascal's calculator, Patent, PDP-1, Peenemünde Army Research Center, Penguin Books, Percy Ludgate, Peripheral, Personal computer, Planisphere, Plasma display, Plessey, Plugboard, Point-contact transistor, Polish language, Polymath, Popular Electronics, Post Office Research Station, Prime number, Printed circuit board, Processor Technology, Programming language, Punched card, Punched tape, Pushdown automaton, Quantum supremacy, Qubit, RAF Bomber Command, Ramon Llull, RAND Corporation, Random House, Random-access memory, Raul Rojas, Read-only memory, Real number, Rectifier, Relay, Reliability engineering, Remote digital terminal, Reverse Polish notation, Robert Cailliau, Robert Noyce, Robert Taylor (computer scientist), Roman abacus, Royal Dutch Shell, Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Radar Establishment, S-100 bus, Scientific Memoirs, Scientific modelling, Secondary emission, Sequential access, Server farm, Sexagesimal, Seymour Cray, Shift register, Ship, Silicon, Slide rule, Smartphone, Social Security (United States), Solid-state electronics, Song dynasty, South-pointing chariot, SPICE, Square number, Square root, Stack machine, Stan Frankel, Standard Telephones and Cables, Stanley Mazor, Stepped reckoner, Stored-program computer, Su Song, Subroutine, Subtraction, Sumlock ANITA calculator, Sunway TaihuLight, Supercomputer, SWTPC, System on a chip, Systolic array, Tablet computer, Tabulating machine, Tally stick, Telegraphy, Telephone exchange, Teleprinter, Testbed, Texas Instruments, The Astronomical Journal, The Laws of Thought, Theory of computation, Thermal design power, Thermal printing, Three Roads to Quantum Gravity, Tianhe-2, Tide-predicting machine, Tim Berners-Lee, Time (magazine), Timeline of computing, Tom Kilburn, Tommy Flowers, TOP500, Torque amplifier, Transistor, Transistor computer, Transistor–transistor logic, TRS-80, Turing completeness, Turing machine, Unit record equipment, United States Air Force, United States Army, United States Army Air Forces, United States Census Bureau, United States Government Publishing Office, UNIVAC 1103, UNIVAC I, Universal Turing machine, University of Cambridge, University of Iowa, University of Manchester, University of Oxford, University of Pennsylvania, University of Texas Press, University of Toronto, Vacuum tube, Vacuum tube computer, Vannevar Bush, Victor Shestakov, Victoria University of Manchester, Von Neumann architecture, Wallace John Eckert, Washington, D.C., Web browser, Web server, Wehrmacht, Wilhelm Schickard, William Oughtred, William Stanley Jevons, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Williams tube, Wind speed, Winston Churchill, Word (computer architecture), Word processor, World War I, World War II, WorldWideWeb, Z1 (computer), Z2 (computer), Z3 (computer), Z4 (computer), 1890 United States Census, 8-bit. Expand index (429 more) »
A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits
A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits is the title of a master's thesis written by computer science pioneer Claude E. Shannon while attending the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937.
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Abacus
The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that was in use in Europe, China and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the written Hindu–Arabic numeral system.
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Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī
, also known as Al-Zarkali or Ibn Zarqala (1029–1087), was an Arab Muslim instrument maker, astrologer, and one of the leading astronomers of his time.
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Aberdeen Proving Ground
Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) (sometimes erroneously called Aberdeen Proving Grounds) is a United States Army facility located adjacent to Aberdeen, Maryland (in Harford County).
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Ada Lovelace
Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine.
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Al-Biruni
Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Bīrūnī (Chorasmian/ابوریحان بیرونی Abū Rayḥān Bērōnī; New Persian: Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī) (973–1050), known as Al-Biruni (البيروني) in English, was an IranianD.J. Boilot, "Al-Biruni (Beruni), Abu'l Rayhan Muhammad b. Ahmad", in Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden), New Ed., vol.1:1236–1238.
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Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.
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Alfred North Whitehead
Alfred North Whitehead (15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician and philosopher.
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Algorithm
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of problems.
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Allen Coombs
Allen William Mark (Doc) Coombs (23 October 1911 – 30 January 1995) was a British electronics engineer at the Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill.
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Allen Newell
Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 – July 19, 1992) was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND Corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology.
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Allies of World War II
The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945).
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Altair 8800
The Altair 8800 is a microcomputer designed in 1974 by MITS and based on the Intel 8080 CPU.
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An Wang
An Wang (February 7, 1920 – March 24, 1990) was a Chinese–American computer engineer and inventor, and co-founder of computer company Wang Laboratories, which was known primarily for its dedicated word processing machines.
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Analog computer
An analog computer or analogue computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.
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Analytical Engine
The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage.
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Ancient Discoveries
Ancient Discoveries is a television series that premiered on December 21, 2003, on The History Channel.
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Antikythera mechanism
The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient Greek analogue computer and orrery used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes decades in advance.
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APEXC
The APE(X)C, or All Purpose Electronic (X) Computer series was designed by Andrew Donald Booth at Birkbeck College, London in the early 1950s.
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Apple I
Apple Computer 1, also known later as the Apple I, or Apple-1, is a desktop computer released by the Apple Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) in 1976.
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Apple II
The Apple II (stylized as Apple.
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Arithmetic
Arithmetic (from the Greek ἀριθμός arithmos, "number") is a branch of mathematics that consists of the study of numbers, especially the properties of the traditional operations on them—addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
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Arithmetic logic unit
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers.
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Arithmometer
The Arithmometer or Arithmomètre was the first digital mechanical calculator strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment.
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Arthur Pollen
Arthur Joseph Hungerford Pollen (13 September 1866 – 28 January 1937) was a writer on naval affairs in the early 1900s who recognised the need for a computer-based fire-control system.
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Assembly language
An assembly (or assembler) language, often abbreviated asm, is a low-level programming language, in which there is a very strong (but often not one-to-one) correspondence between the assembly program statements and the architecture's machine code instructions.
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Astrolabe
An astrolabe (ἀστρολάβος astrolabos; ٱلأَسْطُرلاب al-Asturlāb; اَختِرِیاب Akhteriab) is an elaborate inclinometer, historically used by astronomers and navigators to measure the inclined position in the sky of a celestial body, day or night.
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Astronomical clock
An astronomical clock is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information, such as the relative positions of the sun, moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets.
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Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Islamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th–13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language.
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AT&T Corporation
AT&T Corp., originally the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, is the subsidiary of AT&T that provides voice, video, data, and Internet telecommunications and professional services to businesses, consumers, and government agencies.
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Atanasoff–Berry computer
The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) was the first automatic electronic digital computer, an early electronic digital computing device that has remained somewhat obscure.
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Atlas (computer)
The Atlas Computer was a joint development between the University of Manchester, Ferranti, and Plessey.
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Atlas Supervisor
The Atlas Supervisor was the program which managed the allocation of processing resources of Manchester University's Atlas Computer so that the machine was able to act on many tasks and user programs concurrently.
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Atomic Energy Research Establishment
The Atomic Energy Research Establishment, known as AERE or colloquially Harwell Laboratory, near Harwell, Oxfordshire, was the main centre for atomic energy research and development in the United Kingdom from the 1940s to the 1990s.
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Automatic Computing Engine
The Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) was an early electronic stored-program computer designed by Alan Turing.
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Auxiliary memory
Auxiliary memory, also known as auxiliary storage, secondary storage, secondary memory or external memory, is a non-volatile memory (does not lose stored data when the device is powered down) that is not directly accessible by the CPU, because it is not accessed via the input/output channels (it is an external device).
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Babylonia
Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).
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Ball-and-disk integrator
The ball-and-disk integrator is a key component of many advanced mechanical computers.
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Ballistic Research Laboratory
The Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland was the center for the United States Army's research efforts in ballistics (interior, exterior, and terminal) as well as vulnerability/lethality analysis.
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BASIC
BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use.
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Basile Bouchon
Basile Bouchon was a textile worker in the silk center in Lyon who invented a way to control a loom with a perforated paper tape in 1725.
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Bell Punch
The Bell Punch Company was a British company manufacturing a variety of business machines, most notably several generations of public transport ticket machines and the world's first desktop electronic calculator, the Sumlock ANITA.
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Bijection
In mathematics, a bijection, bijective function, or one-to-one correspondence is a function between the elements of two sets, where each element of one set is paired with exactly one element of the other set, and each element of the other set is paired with exactly one element of the first set.
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Bill of lading
A bill of lading (sometimes abbreviated as B/L or BoL) is a document issued by a carrier (or their agent) to acknowledge receipt of cargo for shipment.
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Binary data
Binary data is data whose unit can take on only two possible states, traditionally termed 0 and +1 in accordance with the binary numeral system and Boolean algebra.
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Binary number
In mathematics and digital electronics, a binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or binary numeral system, which uses only two symbols: typically 0 (zero) and 1 (one).
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Binary-coded decimal
In computing and electronic systems, binary-coded decimal (BCD) is a class of binary encodings of decimal numbers where each decimal digit is represented by a fixed number of bits, usually four or eight.
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Bipolar junction transistor
|- align.
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Bit
The bit (a portmanteau of binary digit) is a basic unit of information used in computing and digital communications.
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Biuro Szyfrów
The Biuro Szyfrów (Polish for "Cipher Bureau") was the interwar Polish General Staff's Second Department's unit charged with SIGINT and both cryptography (the use of ciphers and codes) and cryptanalysis (the study of ciphers and codes, for the purpose of "breaking" them).
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Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic theologian.
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Bletchley Park
Bletchley Park was the central site for British (and subsequently, Allied) codebreakers during World War II.
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Bob Bemer
Robert William Bemer (February 8, 1920 – June 22, 2004) was a computer scientist best known for his work at IBM during the late 1950s and early 1960s.
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Bomba (cryptography)
The bomba, or bomba kryptologiczna (Polish for "bomb" or "cryptologic bomb") was a special-purpose machine designed about October 1938 by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologist Marian Rejewski to break German Enigma-machine ciphers.
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Bombe
The bombe is an electro-mechanical device used by British cryptologists to help decipher German Enigma-machine-encrypted secret messages during World War II.
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Bombsight
A bombsight is a device used by military aircraft to accurately drop bombs.
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Boolean algebra
In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is the branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively.
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Branch (computer science)
A branch is an instruction in a computer program that can cause a computer to begin executing a different instruction sequence and thus deviate from its default behavior of executing instructions in order.
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Brian Randell
Brian Randell (born 1936) is a British computer scientist, and Emeritus Professor at the School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, UK He specialises in research into software fault tolerance and dependability, and is a noted authority on the early pre-1950 history of computers.
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British Computer Society
Sir Maurice Wilkes served as first President of BCS in 1957. The British Computer Society (BCS) is a professional body and a learned society that represents those working in Information Technology, both in the United Kingdom and internationally.
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British Tabulating Machine Company
The British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) was a firm which manufactured and sold Hollerith unit record equipment and other data-processing equipment.
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Brookings Institution
The Brookings Institution is a century-old American research group on Think Tank Row in Washington, D.C. It conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and development.
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Burroughs large systems
In the 1970s, Burroughs Corporation was organized into three divisions with very different product line architectures for high-end, mid-range, and entry-level business computer systems.
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Bus (computing)
In computer architecture, a bus (a contraction of the Latin omnibus) is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers.
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Calculator
An electronic calculator is typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics.
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.
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Cathode ray tube
The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen, and is used to display images.
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CDC 6600
The CDC 6600 was the flagship of the 6000 series of mainframe computer systems manufactured by Control Data Corporation.
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CDC 7600
The CDC 7600 was the Seymour Cray-designed successor to the CDC 6600, extending Control Data's dominance of the supercomputer field into the 1970s.
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Celluloid
Celluloids are a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor, with added dyes and other agents.
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Census
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population.
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Central processing unit
A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.
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CERN
The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire), known as CERN (derived from the name Conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire), is a European research organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world.
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CERN httpd
CERN httpd (later also known as W3C httpd) is an early, now discontinued, web server (HTTP) daemon originally developed at CERN from 1990 onwards by Tim Berners-Lee, Ari Luotonen and Henrik Frystyk Nielsen.
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Cf.
The abbreviation cf. (short for the confer/conferatur, both meaning "compare") is used in writing to refer the reader to other material to make a comparison with the topic being discussed.
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Character encoding
Character encoding is used to represent a repertoire of characters by some kind of encoding system.
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Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath.
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Charles Sanders Peirce
Charles Sanders Peirce ("purse"; 10 September 1839 – 19 April 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".
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Charles Xavier Thomas
Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (May 5, 1785 – March 12, 1870) was a French inventor and entrepreneur best known for designing, patenting and manufacturing the first commercially successful mechanical calculator, the Arithmometer, and for founding the insurance companies Le Soleil and L'aigle which, under his leadership, became the number one insurance group in France at the beginning of the Second Empire.
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Claude Shannon
Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as "the father of information theory".
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Clock rate
The clock rate typically refers to the frequency at which a chip like a central processing unit (CPU), one core of a multi-core processor, is running and is used as an indicator of the processor's speed.
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Clock tower
Clock towers are a specific type of building which houses a turret clock and has one or more clock faces on the upper exterior walls.
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CMOS
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor, abbreviated as CMOS, is a technology for constructing integrated circuits.
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Colossus computer
Colossus was a set of computers developed by British codebreakers in the years 1943–1945 to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher.
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Columbia University
Columbia University (Columbia; officially Columbia University in the City of New York), established in 1754, is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City.
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Commodity
In economics, a commodity is an economic good or service that has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.
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Commodore PET
The Commodore PET (Personal Electronic Transactor) is a line of home/personal computers produced starting in 1977 by Commodore International.
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Computation
Computation is any type of calculation that includes both arithmetical and non-arithmetical steps and follows a well-defined model, for example an algorithm.
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Computer
A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.
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Computer data storage
Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, is a technology consisting of computer components and recording media that are used to retain digital data.
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Computer hardware
Computer hardware includes the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphic card, sound card and motherboard.
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Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge
The Computer Laboratory is the computer science department of the University of Cambridge.
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Computer memory
In computing, memory refers to the computer hardware integrated circuits that store information for immediate use in a computer; it is synonymous with the term "primary storage".
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Computer program
A computer program is a collection of instructions for performing a specific task that is designed to solve a specific class of problems.
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Computer programming
Computer programming is the process of building and designing an executable computer program for accomplishing a specific computing task.
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Computer science
Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations.
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Computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers.
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Content-addressable memory
Content-addressable memory (CAM) is a special type of computer memory used in certain very-high-speed searching applications.
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Control Data Corporation
Control Data Corporation (CDC) was a mainframe and supercomputer firm.
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Control flow
In computer science, control flow (or flow of control) is the order in which individual statements, instructions or function calls of an imperative program are executed or evaluated.
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Coriolis force
In physics, the Coriolis force is an inertial force that acts on objects that are in motion relative to a rotating reference frame.
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Cornell University
Cornell University is a private and statutory Ivy League research university located in Ithaca, New York.
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Counting house
A counting house, or computing house is the building, room, office or suite in which a business firm carries on operations, particularly accounting.
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Counting rods
Counting rods are small bars, typically 3–14 cm long, that were used by mathematicians for calculation in ancient East Asia.
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Course Setting Bomb Sight
The Course Setting Bomb Sight (CSBS) is the canonical vector bombsight, the first practical system for properly accounting for the effects of wind during the dropping of bombs.
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CPU cache
A CPU cache is a hardware cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to reduce the average cost (time or energy) to access data from the main memory.
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Cromemco
Cromemco was a Mountain View, California microcomputer company known for its high-end Z80-based S-100 bus computers and peripherals in the early days of the personal computer revolution.
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CSIRAC
CSIRAC (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Automatic Computer), originally known as CSIR Mk 1, was Australia's first digital computer, and the fifth stored program computer in the world.
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Curt Herzstark
Curt Herzstark (July 26, 1902 – October 27, 1988) was an Austrian engineer.
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Curta
The Curta is a small mechanical calculator developed by Curt Herzstark.
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Datamation
Datamation is a computer magazine that was published in print form in the United States between 1957 and 1998,, Sharon Machlis // ComputerWorld, page 15, 19 January 1998 and has since continued publication on the web.
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DBLP
DBLP is a computer science bibliography website.
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Decimal
The decimal numeral system (also called base-ten positional numeral system, and occasionally called denary) is the standard system for denoting integer and non-integer numbers.
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Decision problem
In computability theory and computational complexity theory, a decision problem is a problem that can be posed as a yes-no question of the input values.
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Dehomag
Dehomag was a German subsidiary of IBM with monopoly in the German market before and during World War II.
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Dekatron
In electronics, a Dekatron (or Decatron, or generically three-phase gas counting tube or glow-transfer counting tube or cold cathode tube) is a gas-filled decade counting tube.
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Delay line memory
Delay line memory is a form of computer memory, now obsolete, that was used on some of the earliest digital computers.
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Diccionario enciclopédico hispano-americano de literatura, ciencias y artes
The Diccionario enciclopédico hispano-americano de literatura, ciencias y artes (1887-1899) was a Spanish language general encyclopedia produced by Montaner y Simón in Barcelona, Spain.
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Difference engine
A difference engine is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
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Differential analyser
The differential analyser is a mechanical analogue computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, using wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration.
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Digital electronics
Digital electronics or digital (electronic) circuits are electronics that operate on digital signals.
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Diode
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.
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Disk pack
Disk packs and disk cartridges were early forms of removable media for computer data storage, introduced in the 1960s.
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Disk storage
Disk storage (also sometimes called drive storage) is a general category of storage mechanisms where data is recorded by various electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to a surface layer of one or more rotating disks.
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Divisor
In mathematics, a divisor of an integer n, also called a factor of n, is an integer m that may be multiplied by some integer to produce n. In this case, one also says that n is a multiple of m. An integer n is divisible by another integer m if m is a divisor of n; this implies dividing n by m leaves no remainder.
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Dollis Hill
Dollis Hill is an area in northwest London, which consists of the streets surrounding the 35 hectares (86 acres) Gladstone Park.
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Donald Hill
Donald Routledge Hill (August 6, 1922 – May 30, 1994)D.
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Donald Knuth
Donald Ervin Knuth (born January 10, 1938) is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and professor emeritus at Stanford University.
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Drift Sight
The Drift Sight was a bombsight developed by Harry Wimperis in 1916 for the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS).
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Drum memory
Drum memory was a magnetic data storage device invented by Gustav Tauschek in 1932 in Austria.
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Dynamic random-access memory
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a type of random access semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a separate tiny capacitor within an integrated circuit.
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Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
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Edmund Gunter
Edmund Gunter (1581 – 10 December 1626), was an English clergyman, mathematician, geometer and astronomer of Welsh descent.
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EDSAC 2
EDSAC 2 was an early computer (operational in 1958), the successor to the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC).
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EDVAC
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest electronic computers.
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Edwin Black
Edwin Black is a Jewish-American syndicated columnist and investigative journalist.
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Egypt (Roman province)
The Roman province of Egypt (Aigyptos) was established in 30 BC after Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) defeated his rival Mark Antony, deposed Queen Cleopatra VII, and annexed the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt to the Roman Empire.
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Electrical network
An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical components (e.g. batteries, resistors, inductors, capacitors, switches) or a model of such an interconnection, consisting of electrical elements (e.g. voltage sources, current sources, resistances, inductances, capacitances).
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Electromechanics
In engineering, electromechanics combines processes and procedures drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering.
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Electronic circuit
An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic components, such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by conductive wires or traces through which electric current can flow.
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Electronic component
An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields.
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Electronic delay storage automatic calculator
The electronic delay storage automatic calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer.
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Electronic engineering
Electronic engineering (also called electronics and communications engineering) is an electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical components (such as semiconductor devices, especially transistors, diodes and integrated circuits) to design electronic circuits, devices, VLSI devices and their systems.
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Electronics
Electronics is the discipline dealing with the development and application of devices and systems involving the flow of electrons in a vacuum, in gaseous media, and in semiconductors.
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Embedded system
An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints.
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Encryption
In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding a message or information in such a way that only authorized parties can access it and those who are not authorized cannot.
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Engineering Research Associates
Engineering Research Associates, commonly known as ERA, was a pioneering computer firm from the 1950s.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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ENIAC
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was amongst the earliest electronic general-purpose computers made.
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Enigma machine
The Enigma machines were a series of electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication.
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Entscheidungsproblem
In mathematics and computer science, the Entscheidungsproblem (German for "decision problem") is a challenge posed by David Hilbert in 1928.
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EPROM
An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read-only memory, is a type of memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off.
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Equatorium
An equatorium (plural, equatoria) is an astronomical calculating instrument.
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Ernst Schröder
Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Ernst Schröder (25 November 1841 in Mannheim, Baden, Germany – 16 June 1902 in Karlsruhe, Germany) was a German mathematician mainly known for his work on algebraic logic.
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Expression (mathematics)
In mathematics, an expression or mathematical expression is a finite combination of symbols that is well-formed according to rules that depend on the context.
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Fairchild Semiconductor
Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. was an American semiconductor company based in San Jose, California.
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Federico Faggin
Federico Faggin (born 1 December 1941), is an Italian physicist, inventor and entrepreneur, widely known for designing the first commercial microprocessor.
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Ferranti
Ferranti or Ferranti International plc was a UK electrical engineering and equipment firm that operated for over a century from 1885 until it went bankrupt in 1993.
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Ferranti Mark 1
The Ferranti Mark 1, also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer in its sales literature, and thus sometimes called the Manchester Ferranti, was the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.
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Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent (also known as the "cradle of civilization") is a crescent-shaped region where agriculture and early human civilizations like the Sumer and Ancient Egypt flourished due to inundations from the surrounding Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris rivers.
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Film stock
Film stock is an analog medium that is used for recording motion pictures or animation.
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Finger-counting
Finger-counting, or dactylonomy, is the act of counting along one's fingers.
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Fire-control system
A fire-control system is a number of components working together, usually a gun data computer, a director, and radar, which is designed to assist a weapon system in hitting its target.
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Firmware
In electronic systems and computing, firmware is a specific class of computer software that provides the low-level control for the device's specific hardware.
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First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC
The First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (commonly shortened to First Draft) is an incomplete 101-page document written by John von Neumann and distributed on June 30, 1945 by Herman Goldstine, security officer on the classified ENIAC project.
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Flip-flop (electronics)
In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store state information.
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Floating-point arithmetic
In computing, floating-point arithmetic is arithmetic using formulaic representation of real numbers as an approximation so as to support a trade-off between range and precision.
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Floating-point unit
A floating-point unit (FPU, colloquially a math coprocessor) is a part of a computer system specially designed to carry out operations on floating point numbers.
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Floppy disk
A floppy disk, also called a floppy, diskette, or just disk, is a type of disk storage composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic enclosure lined with fabric that removes dust particles.
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FLOPS
In computing, floating point operations per second (FLOPS, flops or flop/s) is a measure of computer performance, useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point calculations.
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Flowchart
A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process.
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Frederic Calland Williams
Sir Frederic Calland Williams, (26 June 1911 – 11 August 1977), known as F.C. Williams or Freddie Williams, was an English engineer, a pioneer in radar and computer technology.
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Friden Flexowriter
The Friden Flexowriter was a teleprinter, a heavy-duty electric typewriter capable of being driven not only by a human typing, but also automatically by several methods, including direct attachment to a computer and by use of paper tape.
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Friden, Inc.
Friden Calculating Machine Company (Friden, Inc.) was an American manufacturer of typewriters and mechanical, later electronic calculators.
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General Post Office
The General Post Office (GPO) was officially established in England in 1660 by Charles II and it eventually grew to combine the functions of state postal system and telecommunications carrier.
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Genocide
Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part.
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Geoffrey Dummer
*Not to be confused with serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer. Geoffrey William Arnold Dummer, MBE (1945), C.Eng., IEE Premium Award, FIEEE, MIEE, USA Medal of Freedom with Bronze Palm (25 February 1909 – 9 September 2002) was an English electronics engineer and consultant who is credited as being the first person to conceptualise and build a prototype of the integrated circuit, commonly called the microchip, in the late-1940s and early 1950s.
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George Boole
George Boole (2 November 1815 – 8 December 1864) was a largely self-taught English mathematician, philosopher and logician, most of whose short career was spent as the first professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork in Ireland.
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George Stibitz
George Robert Stibitz (April 30, 1904 – January 31, 1995) was a Bell Labs researcher internationally recognized as one of the fathers of the modern first digital computer.
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Germanium
Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Gordon Bell
C.
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Gordon Welchman
William Gordon Welchman (15 June 1906 – 8 October 1985) was an English mathematician, university professor, Second World War codebreaker at Bletchley Park and author.
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.
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Government Communications Headquarters
The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) is an intelligence and security organisation responsible for providing signals intelligence (SIGINT) and information assurance to the government and armed forces of the United Kingdom.
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Gun laying
Gun laying is the process of aiming an artillery piece, such as a gun, howitzer or mortar, on land or at sea, against surface or air targets.
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Halting problem
In computability theory, the halting problem is the problem of determining, from a description of an arbitrary computer program and an input, whether the program will finish running (i.e., halt) or continue to run forever.
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Hannover Messe
The Hannover Messe (HM; Hanover Fair) is one of the world's largest trade fairs.
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Hard disk drive
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is an electromechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material.
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Harold Keen
Harold Hall "Doc" Keen (1894–1973) was a British engineer who produced the engineering design, and oversaw the construction of, the British bombe, a codebreaking machine used in World War II to read German messages sent using the Enigma machine.
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Harry Wimperis
Harry Egerton Wimperis (27 August 1876 – 16 July 1960) was a British aeronautical engineer who acted as the Director of Scientific Research at the UK's Air Ministry prior to World War II.
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Harvard Mark I
The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), called Mark I by Harvard University’s staff, was a general purpose electromechanical computer that was used in the war effort during the last part of World War II.
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Harwell CADET
The Harwell CADET was the first fully transistorized computer in Europe, and may have been the first fully transistorized computer in the world.
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Hellenistic period
The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year.
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Helmut Hölzer
Helmut Hoelzer was a Nazi Germany V-2 rocket engineer who was brought to the United States under Operation Paperclip.
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Herman Hollerith
Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was an American inventor who developed an electromechanical punched card tabulator to assist in summarizing information and, later, accounting.
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Hero of Alexandria
Hero of Alexandria (ἭρωνGenitive: Ἥρωνος., Heron ho Alexandreus; also known as Heron of Alexandria; c. 10 AD – c. 70 AD) was a mathematician and engineer who was active in his native city of Alexandria, Roman Egypt.
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Hertz
The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second.
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History (U.S. TV network)
History (originally The History Channel from 1995 to 2008) is a history-based digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by A&E Networks, a joint venture between the Hearst Communications and the Disney–ABC Television Group division of the Walt Disney Company.
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History of China
The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC,William G. Boltz, Early Chinese Writing, World Archaeology, Vol.
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History of computing
The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables.
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History of the Internet
The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s.
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Hot swapping
Hot swapping (frequently inaccurately called hot plugging) is replacing or adding components without stopping or shutting down the system.
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Human computer
The term "computer", in use from the early 17th century (the first known written reference dates from 1613), meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematical calculations, before electronic computers became commercially available.
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Hybrid computer
Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and Digital computers.
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Hybrid integrated circuit
A hybrid integrated circuit (HIC), hybrid microcircuit, hybrid circuit or simply hybrid is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual devices, such as semiconductor devices (e.g. transistors, diodes andor monolithic ICs) and passive components (e.g. resistors, inductors, transformers, and capacitors), bonded to a substrate or printed circuit board (PCB).
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Hydraulics
Hydraulics (from Greek: Υδραυλική) is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids.
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Hydropower
Hydropower or water power (from ύδωρ, "water") is power derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes.
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IBM
The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries.
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IBM 1401
The IBM 1401 is a variable wordlength decimal computer that was announced by IBM on October 5, 1959.
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IBM 650
The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine is one of IBM's early computers, and the world’s first mass-produced computer.
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IBM 701
The IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine, known as the Defense Calculator while in development, was IBM’s first commercial scientific computer, which was announced to the public on April 29, 1952.
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IBM 702
The IBM 702 was IBM's response to the UNIVAC—the first mainframe computer using magnetic tapes.
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IBM 7030 Stretch
The IBM 7030, also known as Stretch, was IBM's first transistorized supercomputer.
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IBM 704
The IBM 704, introduced by IBM in 1954, is the first mass-produced computer with floating-point arithmetic hardware.
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IBM and the Holocaust
IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation is a book by investigative journalist Edwin Black which details the business dealings of the American-based multinational corporation International Business Machines (IBM) and its German and other European subsidiaries with the government of Adolf Hitler during the 1930s and the years of World War II.
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IBM Solid Logic Technology
Solid Logic Technology (SLT) was IBM's method for packaging electronic circuitry introduced in 1964 with the IBM System/360 series and related machines.
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IBM Standard Modular System
The Standard Modular System (SMS) is a system of standard transistorized circuit boards and mounting racks developed by IBM in the late 1950s, originally for the IBM 7030 Stretch.
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IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
The IEEE Annals of the History of Computing is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the IEEE Computer Society.
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IEEE Spectrum
IEEE Spectrum is a magazine edited by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
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Imperial Russian Navy
The Imperial Russian Navy was the navy of the Russian Empire.
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Index register
An index register in a computer's CPU is a processor register used for modifying operand addresses during the run of a program, typically for doing vector/array operations.
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Information Age
The Information Age (also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age) is a 21st century period in human history characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information technology.
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Information science
Information science is a field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information.
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Input/output
In computing, input/output or I/O (or, informally, io or IO) is the communication between an information processing system, such as a computer, and the outside world, possibly a human or another information processing system.
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a professional association with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway, New Jersey.
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Instruction cycle
An instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle or the fetch-execute cycle) is the basic operational process of a computer.
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Instruction set architecture
An instruction set architecture (ISA) is an abstract model of a computer.
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Instructions per second
Instructions per second (IPS) is a measure of a computer's processor speed.
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Insulator (electricity)
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely; very little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field.
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Integer (computer science)
In computer science, an integer is a datum of integral data type, a data type that represents some range of mathematical integers.
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Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
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Intel
Intel Corporation (stylized as intel) is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, in the Silicon Valley.
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Intel 4004
The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971.
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Intel 8008
The Intel 8008 ("eight-thousand-eight" or "eighty-oh-eight") is an early byte-oriented microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel and introduced in April 1972.
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Intel 8080
The Intel 8080 ("eighty-eighty") was the second 8-bit microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel and was released in April 1974.
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Ismail al-Jazari
Badīʿ az-Zaman Abū l-ʿIzz ibn Ismāʿīl ibn ar-Razāz al-Jazarī (1136–1206, بديع الزمان أَبُو اَلْعِزِ بْنُ إسْماعِيلِ بْنُ الرِّزاز الجزري) was a Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, artisan, artist and mathematician.
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IT History Society
The IT History Society (ITHS) is an organization that supports the history and scholarship of information technology by encouraging, fostering, and facilitating archival and historical research.
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J. Lyons and Co.
J.
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J. Presper Eckert
John Adam Presper "Pres" Eckert Jr. (April 9, 1919 – June 3, 1995) was an American electrical engineer and computer pioneer.
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Jack Copeland
Brian Jack Copeland (born 1950) is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, and author of books on the computing pioneer Alan Turing.
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Jack Kilby
Jack St.
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Jacquard loom
The Jacquard machine is a device fitted to a power loom that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns as brocade, damask and matelassé.
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James Thomson (engineer)
Professor James Thomson FRS FRSE LLD (16 February 1822 – 8 May 1892) was an engineer and physicist whose reputation is substantial though it is overshadowed by that of his younger brother William Thomson (Lord Kelvin).
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Job (computing)
In computing, a job is a unit of work or unit of execution (that performs said work).
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John Mauchly
John William Mauchly (August 30, 1907 – January 8, 1980) was an American physicist who, along with J. Presper Eckert, designed ENIAC, the first general purpose electronic digital computer, as well as EDVAC, BINAC and UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer made in the United States.
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John Napier
John Napier of Merchiston (1550 – 4 April 1617); also signed as Neper, Nepair; nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston) was a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He was the 8th Laird of Merchiston. His Latinized name was Ioannes Neper. John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms. He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics. Napier's birthplace, Merchiston Tower in Edinburgh, is now part of the facilities of Edinburgh Napier University. Napier died from the effects of gout at home at Merchiston Castle and his remains were buried in the kirkyard of St Giles. Following the loss of the kirkyard there to build Parliament House, he was memorialised at St Cuthbert's at the west side of Edinburgh.
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John von Neumann
John von Neumann (Neumann János Lajos,; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath.
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Joseph Desch
Joseph Raymond Desch (23 May 1907 – August 3, 1987) was an American electrical engineer and inventor.
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Joseph Marie Jacquard
Joseph Marie Charles dit (called or nicknamed) Jacquard (7 July 1752 – 7 August 1834), was a French weaver and merchant.
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Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées
The Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées is a French monthly scientific journal of mathematics, founded in 1836 by Joseph Liouville (editor: 1836–1874).
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Journal of Contemporary History
The Journal of Contemporary History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the study of history in all parts of the world since the end of the First World War.
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Keypunch
A keypunch is a device for precisely punching holes into stiff paper cards at specific locations as determined by keys struck by a human operator.
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Kibibyte
The kibibyte is a multiple of the unit byte for quantities of digital information.
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Kilobyte
The kilobyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information.
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KIM-1
The KIM-1, short for Keyboard Input Monitor, is a small 6502-based single-board computer developed and produced by MOS Technology, Inc. and launched in 1976.
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Konrad Zuse
Konrad Zuse (22 June 1910 – 18 December 1995) was a German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer.
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Kurt Gödel
Kurt Friedrich Gödel (April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was an Austrian, and later American, logician, mathematician, and philosopher.
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Leibniz wheel
A Leibniz wheel or stepped drum is a cylinder with a set of teeth of incremental lengths which, when coupled to a counting wheel, can be used in the calculating engine of a class of mechanical calculators.
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LEO (computer)
The LEO I (Lyons Electronic Office I) was the first computer used for commercial business applications.
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Leslie Comrie
Leslie John Comrie FRS (15 August 1893 – 11 December 1950) was an astronomer and a pioneer in mechanical computation.
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Lewis Fry Richardson
Lewis Fry Richardson, FRS (11 October 1881 – 30 September 1953) was an English mathematician, physicist, meteorologist, psychologist and pacifist who pioneered modern mathematical techniques of weather forecasting, and the application of similar techniques to studying the causes of wars and how to prevent them.
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List of cryptographers
List of cryptographers.
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List of pioneers in computer science
This article presents a list of individuals who made transformative breakthroughs in the creation, development and imagining of what computers and electronics could do.
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Logarithm
In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation.
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Logic
Logic (from the logikḗ), originally meaning "the word" or "what is spoken", but coming to mean "thought" or "reason", is a subject concerned with the most general laws of truth, and is now generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of valid inference.
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Logic gate
In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function; that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output.
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Loom
A loom is a device used to weave cloth and tapestry.
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Lord Byron
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), known as Lord Byron, was an English nobleman, poet, peer, politician, and leading figure in the Romantic movement.
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Lorenz cipher
The Lorenz SZ40, SZ42a and SZ42b were German rotor stream cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II.
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Luigi Federico Menabrea
Luigi Federico Menabrea (4 September 1809 – 24 May 1896), later made 1st Count Menabrea and 1st Marquess of Valdora, was an Italian general, statesman and mathematician who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 1867 to 1869.
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Magnetic core
A magnetic core is a piece of magnetic material with a high magnetic permeability used to confine and guide magnetic fields in electrical, electromechanical and magnetic devices such as electromagnets, transformers, electric motors, generators, inductors, magnetic recording heads, and magnetic assemblies.
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Magnetic tape data storage
Magnetic tape data storage is a system for storing digital information on magnetic tape using digital recording.
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Mainframe computer
Mainframe computers (colloquially referred to as "big iron") are computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing.
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Manchester Baby
The Manchester Baby, also known as the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), was the world's first stored-program computer.
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Manchester Mark 1
The Manchester Mark 1 was one of the earliest stored-program computers, developed at the Victoria University of Manchester from the Manchester Baby (operational in June 1948).
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Marchant calculator
The Marchant Calculating Machine Co. was founded in 1911 by Rodney and Alfred Marchant in Oakland, California.
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Marcian Hoff
Marcian Edward "Ted" Hoff Jr. (born October 28, 1937 in Rochester, New York) is one of the inventors of the microprocessor.
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Marian Rejewski
Marian Adam Rejewski (16 August 1905 – 13 February 1980) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who reconstructed the Nazi German military Enigma cipher machine sight-unseen in 1932.
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Mark XIV bomb sight
The Mark XIV Computing Bomb Sight was a bombsight developed by Royal Air Force (RAF) Bomber Command during the Second World War.
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
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Mathematics
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change.
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Maurice Wilkes
Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes (26 June 1913 – 29 November 2010) was a British computer scientist who designed and helped build the electronic delay storage automatic calculator (EDSAC), one of the earliest stored program computers and invented microprogramming, a method for using stored-program logic to operate the control unit of a central processing unit's circuits.
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Max Newman
Maxwell Herman Alexander Newman, FRS, (7 February 1897 – 22 February 1984), generally known as Max Newman, was a British mathematician and codebreaker.
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Mean time between failures
Mean time between failures (MTBF) is the predicted elapsed time between inherent failures of a mechanical or electronic system, during normal system operation.
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Mechanical calculator
A mechanical calculator, or calculating machine, is a mechanical device used to perform automatically the basic operations of arithmetic.
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Mechanical computer
A mechanical computer is built from mechanical components such as levers and gears, rather than electronic components.
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Mechanical counter
File:Teller (3).jpg|Mechanical counter wheels showing both sides.
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Mechanics
Mechanics (Greek μηχανική) is that area of science concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment.
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Mersenne prime
In mathematics, a Mersenne prime is a prime number that is one less than a power of two.
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Metropolitan-Vickers
Metropolitan-Vickers, Metrovick, or Metrovicks, was a British heavy electrical engineering company of the early-to-mid 20th century formerly known as British Westinghouse.
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Metrovick 950
The Metrovick 950 was a transistorized computer, built from 1956 onwards by British company Metropolitan-Vickers, to the extent of sixDavid P. Anderson, Tom Kilburn: A Pioneer of Computer Design, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing - Volume 31, Number 2, April–June 2009, p. 84 or seven machines, which were "used commercially within the company" or "mainly for internal use".
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Microcode
Microcode is a computer hardware technique that imposes an interpreter between the CPU hardware and the programmer-visible instruction set architecture of the computer.
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Microcomputer
A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU).
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Microcontroller
A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit, or UC for μ-controller) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit.
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Microprocessor
A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits.
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Military intelligence
Military intelligence is a military discipline that uses information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to assist commanders in their decisions.
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Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)
The Ministry of Defence (MoD or MOD) is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty's Government and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces.
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MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States).
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Mobile computing
Mobile computing is human–computer interaction by which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage, which allows for transmission of data, voice and video.
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Mobile phone
A mobile phone, known as a cell phone in North America, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area.
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Monroe Calculating Machine Company
The Monroe Calculating Machine Company was a maker of adding machines and calculators founded in 1912 by Jay Randolph Monroe based on a machine designed by Frank Stephen Baldwin.
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Moore School of Electrical Engineering
The Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania came into existence as a result of an endowment from Alfred Fitler Moore on June 4, 1923.
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Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is a Burlington, Massachusetts (San Francisco, California until 2008) based publisher specializing in computer science and engineering content.
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Multi-core processor
A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent processing units called cores, which read and execute program instructions.
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Napier's bones
Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston for calculation of products and quotients of numbers.
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National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is the national measurement standards laboratory for the United Kingdom, based at Bushy Park in Teddington, London, England.
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Navier–Stokes equations
In physics, the Navier–Stokes equations, named after Claude-Louis Navier and George Gabriel Stokes, describe the motion of viscous fluid substances.
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Nazism
National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.
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NCR Corporation
The NCR Corporation (originally National Cash Register) is a company that makes self-service kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, automated teller machines, check processing systems, barcode scanners, and business consumables.
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Negation
In logic, negation, also called the logical complement, is an operation that takes a proposition P to another proposition "not P", written \neg P (¬P), which is interpreted intuitively as being true when P is false, and false when P is true.
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Nixie tube
A Nixie tube, or cold cathode display, is an electronic device for displaying numerals or other information using glow discharge.
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Norden bombsight
The Norden Mk.
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Numerical analysis
Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to general symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics).
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Numerical control
Computer numerical control (CNC) is the automation of machine tools by means of computers executing pre-programmed sequences of machine control commands.
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Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW, "High Command of the Armed Forces") was the High Command of the Wehrmacht (armed forces) of Nazi Germany during World War II.
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Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. A feature of objects is that an object's procedures can access and often modify the data fields of the object with which they are associated (objects have a notion of "this" or "self").
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Olivetti
Olivetti S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of typewriters, computers, tablets, smartphones, printers and other such business products as calculators and fax machines.
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Olivetti P6060
The Olivetti P6060 was the first personal computer with a built-in floppy disk.
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Operand
In mathematics an operand is the object of a mathematical operation, i.e. it is the quantity that is operated on.
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Operating cost
Operating (Operational) costs are the expenses which are related to the operation of a business, or to the operation of a device, component, piece of equipment or facility.
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Operating system
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Parallel computing
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out concurrently.
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Pascal's calculator
A Pascaline signed by Pascal in 1652 Top view and overview of the entire mechanism''Œuvres de Pascal'' in 5 volumes, ''La Haye'', 1779 Pascal's calculator (also known as the arithmetic machine or Pascaline) is a mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in the early 17th century.
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Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.
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PDP-1
The PDP-1 (Programmed Data Processor-1) is the first computer in Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP series and was first produced in 1959.
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Peenemünde Army Research Center
The Peenemünde Army Research Centre (Heeresversuchsanstalt Peenemünde, HVP) was founded in 1937 as one of five military proving grounds under the German Army Weapons Office (Heereswaffenamt).
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Penguin Books
Penguin Books is a British publishing house.
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Percy Ludgate
Percy Edwin Ludgate (2 August 1883 – 16 October 1922) was an accountant in Dublin and designer of an analytical engine.
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Peripheral
A peripheral device is "an ancillary device used to put information into and get information out of the computer." Three categories of peripheral devices exist based on their relationship with the computer.
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Personal computer
A personal computer (PC) is a multi-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use.
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Planisphere
In astronomy, a planisphere is a star chart analog computing instrument in the form of two adjustable disks that rotate on a common pivot.
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Plasma display
A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat panel display common to large TV displays or larger.
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Plessey
The Plessey Company plc was a British-based international electronics, defence and telecommunications company.
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Plugboard
A plugboard, or control panel (the term used depended on the application area), is an array of jacks, or sockets (often called hubs), into which patch cords can be inserted to complete an electrical circuit.
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Point-contact transistor
A point-contact transistor was the first type of solid-state electronic transistor ever constructed.
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Polish language
Polish (język polski or simply polski) is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles.
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Polymath
A polymath (πολυμαθής,, "having learned much,"The term was first recorded in written English in the early seventeenth century Latin: uomo universalis, "universal man") is a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas—such a person is known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.
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Popular Electronics
Popular Electronics is an American magazine published by John August Media, LLC, and hosted at TechnicaCuriosa.com.
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Post Office Research Station
The Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill, north west London, was first established in 1925 and opened by Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in 1933.
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Prime number
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers.
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Printed circuit board
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate.
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Processor Technology
Processor Technology Corporation was a personal computer company founded in April 1975 by Gary Ingram and Bob Marsh in Berkeley, California.
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Programming language
A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set of instructions that can be used to produce various kinds of output.
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Punched card
A punched card or punch card is a piece of stiff paper that can be used to contain digital data represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions.
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Punched tape
Punched tape or perforated paper tape is a form of data storage, consisting of a long strip of paper in which holes are punched to store data.
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Pushdown automaton
In the theory of computation, a branch of theoretical computer science, a pushdown automaton (PDA) is a type of automaton that employs a stack.
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Quantum supremacy
Quantum supremacy or "quantum advantage" is the potential ability of quantum computing devices to solve problems that classical computers practically cannot.
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Qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit or quantum bit (sometimes qbit) is a unit of quantum information—the quantum analogue of the classical binary bit.
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RAF Bomber Command
RAF Bomber Command controlled the RAF's bomber forces from 1936 to 1968.
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Ramon Llull
Ramon Llull, T.O.S.F. (c. 1232 – c. 1315; Anglicised Raymond Lully, Raymond Lull; in Latin Raimundus or Raymundus Lullus or Lullius) was a philosopher, logician, Franciscan tertiary and Spanish writer.
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RAND Corporation
RAND Corporation ("Research ANd Development") is an American nonprofit global policy think tank created in 1948 by Douglas Aircraft Company to offer research and analysis to the United States Armed Forces.
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Random House
Random House is an American book publisher and the largest general-interest paperback publisher in the world.
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Random-access memory
Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage that stores data and machine code currently being used.
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Raul Rojas
Raul Rojas (November 5, 1941 – May 20, 2012) was a Mexican American featherweight boxer.
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Read-only memory
Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices.
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Real number
In mathematics, a real number is a value of a continuous quantity that can represent a distance along a line.
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Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.
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Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch.
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Reliability engineering
Reliability engineering is a sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes dependability in the lifecycle management of a product.
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Remote digital terminal
In telecommunications, a remote digital terminal (RDT) typically accepts E1, T1 or OC-3 digital lines to communicate with a telephone Access network (AN) or telephone exchange (Local Digital Switch, LDS) on one side, and forms a local exchange (LE) on the other, which is connected to "plain old telephone service" (POTS) lines.
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Reverse Polish notation
Reverse Polish notation (RPN), also known as Polish postfix notation or simply postfix notation, is a mathematical notation in which operators follow their operands, in contrast to Polish notation (PN), in which operators precede their operands.
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Robert Cailliau
Robert Cailliau (born 26 January 1947) is a Belgian informatics engineer and computer scientist who created the first web browser for the Mac.
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Robert Noyce
Robert Norton Noyce (December 12, 1927 – June 3, 1990), nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley," was an American physicist who co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel Corporation in 1968.
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Robert Taylor (computer scientist)
Robert William Taylor (February 10, 1932 – April 13, 2017), known as Bob Taylor, was an American Internet pioneer, who led teams that made major contributions to the personal computer, and other related technologies.
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Roman abacus
The Ancient Romans developed the Roman hand abacus, a portable, but less capable, base-10 version of the previous Babylonian abacus.
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Royal Dutch Shell
Royal Dutch Shell plc, commonly known as Shell, is a British–Dutch multinational oil and gas company headquartered in the Netherlands and incorporated in the United Kingdom.
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Royal Naval Air Service
The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy, under the direction of the Admiralty's Air Department, and existed formally from 1 July 1914Admiralty Circular CW.13963/14, 1 July 1914: "Royal Naval Air Service – Organisation" to 1 April 1918, when it was merged with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps to form a new service, the Royal Air Force, the first of its kind in the world.
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Royal Radar Establishment
The Royal Radar Establishment is a research center in Malvern, Worcestershire in the United Kingdom.
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S-100 bus
The S-100 bus or Altair bus, IEEE696-1983 (withdrawn), was an early computer bus designed in 1974 as a part of the Altair 8800.
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Scientific Memoirs
Scientific Memoirs, Selected from the Transactions of Foreign Academies of science and Learned Societies and from Foreign Journals was a series of books edited and published by Richard Taylor (1781–1858) in London between 1837 and 1852.
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Scientific modelling
Scientific modelling is a scientific activity, the aim of which is to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate by referencing it to existing and usually commonly accepted knowledge.
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Secondary emission
Secondary emission in physics is a phenomenon where primary incident particles of sufficient energy, when hitting a surface or passing through some material, induce the emission of secondary particles.
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Sequential access
In computer science, sequential access means that a group of elements (such as data in a memory array or a disk file or on magnetic tape data storage) is accessed in a predetermined, ordered sequence.
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Server farm
A server farm or server cluster is a collection of computer servers – usually maintained by an organization to supply server functionality far beyond the capability of a single machine.
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Sexagesimal
Sexagesimal (base 60) is a numeral system with sixty as its base.
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Seymour Cray
Seymour Roger Cray (September 28, 1925 – October 5, 1996) was an American electrical engineer and supercomputer architect who designed a series of computers that were the fastest in the world for decades, and founded Cray Research which built many of these machines.
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Shift register
In digital circuits, a shift register is a cascade of flip flops, sharing the same clock, in which the output of each flip-flop is connected to the 'data' input of the next flip-flop in the chain, resulting in a circuit that shifts by one position the 'bit array' stored in it, 'shifting in' the data present at its input and 'shifting out' the last bit in the array, at each transition of the clock input.
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Ship
A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying passengers or goods, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing.
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Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.
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Slide rule
The slide rule, also known colloquially in the United States as a slipstick, is a mechanical analog computer.
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Smartphone
A smartphone is a handheld personal computer with a mobile operating system and an integrated mobile broadband cellular network connection for voice, SMS, and Internet data communication; most, if not all, smartphones also support Wi-Fi.
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Social Security (United States)
In the United States, Social Security is the commonly used term for the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program and is administered by the Social Security Administration.
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Solid-state electronics
Solid-state electronics means semiconductor electronics; electronic equipment using semiconductor devices such as semiconductor diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits (ICs).
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Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (960–1279) was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279.
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South-pointing chariot
The south-pointing chariot (or carriage) was an ancient Chinese two-wheeled vehicle that carried a movable pointer to indicate the south, no matter how the chariot turned.
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SPICE
SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis)Nagel, L. W, and Pederson, D. O., SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis), Memorandum No.
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Square number
In mathematics, a square number or perfect square is an integer that is the square of an integer; in other words, it is the product of some integer with itself.
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Square root
In mathematics, a square root of a number a is a number y such that; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or) is a. For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16 because.
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Stack machine
In computer science, computer engineering and programming language implementations, a stack machine is a type of computer.
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Stan Frankel
Stanley Phillips "Stan" Frankel (1919 – May, 1978) was an American computer scientist.
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Standard Telephones and Cables
Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd (later STC plc) was a British telephone, telegraph, radio, telecommunications, and related equipment R&D manufacturer.
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Stanley Mazor
Stanley Mazor is an American microelectronics engineer who was born on 22 October 1941 in Chicago, Illinois.
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Stepped reckoner
The step reckoner (or stepped reckoner) was a digital mechanical calculator invented by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694.
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Stored-program computer
A stored-program computer is a computer that stores program instructions in electronic memory.
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Su Song
Su Song (courtesy name: Zirong 子容) (1020–1101 AD) was a renowned Hokkien polymath who was described as a scientist, mathematician, statesman, astronomer, cartographer, horologist, medical doctor, pharmacologist, mineralogist, zoologist, botanist, mechanical and architectural engineer, poet, antiquarian, and ambassador of the Song Dynasty (960–1279).
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Subroutine
In computer programming, a subroutine is a sequence of program instructions that performs a specific task, packaged as a unit.
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Subtraction
Subtraction is an arithmetic operation that represents the operation of removing objects from a collection.
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Sumlock ANITA calculator
The ANITA Mark VII and ANITA Mark VIII calculators were launched simultaneously in late 1961 as the world's first all-electronic desktop calculators.
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Sunway TaihuLight
The Sunway TaihuLight (Shénwēi·tàihú zhī guāng) is a Chinese supercomputer which,, is ranked second in the TOP500 list, with a LINPACK benchmark rating of 93 petaflops.
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Supercomputer
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer.
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SWTPC
The U.S. company SWTPC started in 1964 as DEMCO (Daniel E. Meyer Company).
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System on a chip
A system on a chip or system on chip (SoC) is an integrated circuit (also known as an "IC" or "chip") that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic systems.
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Systolic array
In parallel computer architectures, a systolic array is a homogeneous network of tightly coupled data processing units (DPUs) called cells or nodes.
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Tablet computer
A tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is a portable personal computer, typically with a mobile operating system and LCD touchscreen display processing circuitry, and a rechargeable battery in a single thin, flat package.
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Tabulating machine
The tabulating machine was an electromechanical machine designed to assist in summarizing information stored on punched cards.
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Tally stick
A tally stick (or simply tally) was an ancient memory aid device used to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.
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Telegraphy
Telegraphy (from Greek: τῆλε têle, "at a distance" and γράφειν gráphein, "to write") is the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic (as opposed to verbal or audio) messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message.
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Telephone exchange
A telephone exchange is a telecommunications system used in the public switched telephone network or in large enterprises.
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Teleprinter
A teleprinter (teletypewriter, Teletype or TTY) is an electromechanical typewriter that can be used to send and receive typed messages through various communications channels, in both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint configurations.
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Testbed
A testbed (also spelled test bed) is a platform for conducting rigorous, transparent, and replicable testing of scientific theories, computational tools, and new technologies.
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Texas Instruments
Texas Instruments Inc. (TI) is an American technology company that designs and manufactures semiconductors and various integrated circuits, which it sells to electronics designers and manufacturers globally.
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The Astronomical Journal
The Astronomical Journal (often abbreviated AJ in scientific papers and references) is a peer-reviewed monthly scientific journal owned by the American Astronomical Society and currently published by IOP Publishing.
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The Laws of Thought
An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities by George Boole, published in 1854, is the second of Boole's two monographs on algebraic logic.
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Theory of computation
In theoretical computer science and mathematics, the theory of computation is the branch that deals with how efficiently problems can be solved on a model of computation, using an algorithm.
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Thermal design power
The thermal design power (TDP), sometimes called thermal design point, is the maximum amount of heat generated by a computer chip or component (often the CPU or GPU) that the cooling system in a computer is designed to dissipate under any workload.
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Thermal printing
Thermal printing (or direct thermal printing) is a digital printing process which produces a printed image by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper, or thermal paper as it is commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermal print head.
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Three Roads to Quantum Gravity
Three Roads to Quantum Gravity: A New Understanding of Space, Time and the Universe is the second non-fiction book by American theoretical physicist Lee Smolin.
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Tianhe-2
Tianhe-2 or TH-2 (that is, "Milky Way 2") is a 33.86-petaflop supercomputer located in National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou, China.
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Tide-predicting machine
A tide-predicting machine was a special-purpose mechanical analog computer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, constructed and set up to predict the ebb and flow of sea tides and the irregular variations in their heights – which change in mixtures of rhythms, that never (in the aggregate) repeat themselves exactly.
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Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (born 8 June 1955), also known as TimBL, is an English engineer and computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web.
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Time (magazine)
Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.
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Timeline of computing
Timeline of computing presents events in the history of computing organized by year and grouped into six topic areas: predictions and concepts, first use and inventions, hardware systems and processors, operating systems, programming languages, and new application areas.
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Tom Kilburn
Tom Kilburn (11 August 1921 – 17 January 2001) was an English mathematician and computer scientist.
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Tommy Flowers
Thomas Harold Flowers, MBE (22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998) was an English engineer with the British Post Office.
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TOP500
The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful non-distributed computer systems in the world.
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Torque amplifier
A torque amplifier is a mechanical device that amplifies the torque of a rotating shaft without affecting its rotational speed.
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Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.
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Transistor computer
A transistor computer, now often called a second generation computer, is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
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Transistor–transistor logic
Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a logic family built from bipolar junction transistors.
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TRS-80
The TRS-80 Micro Computer System (TRS-80, later renamed the Model I to distinguish it from successors) is a desktop microcomputer launched in 1977 and sold by Tandy Corporation through their Radio Shack stores.
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Turing completeness
In computability theory, a system of data-manipulation rules (such as a computer's instruction set, a programming language, or a cellular automaton) is said to be Turing complete or computationally universal if it can be used to simulate any Turing machine.
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Turing machine
A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation that defines an abstract machine, which manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules.
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Unit record equipment
Starting at the end of the nineteenth century, well before the advent of electronic computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical machines called unit record equipment, electric accounting machines (EAM) or tabulating machines.
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United States Air Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial and space warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces.
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United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces.
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United States Army Air Forces
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF), informally known as the Air Force, was the aerial warfare service of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II (1939/41–1945), successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today, one of the five uniformed military services.
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United States Census Bureau
The United States Census Bureau (USCB; officially the Bureau of the Census, as defined in Title) is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.
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United States Government Publishing Office
The United States Government Publishing Office (GPO) (formerly the Government Printing Office) is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government.
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UNIVAC 1103
The UNIVAC 1103 or ERA 1103, a successor to the UNIVAC 1101, was a computer system designed by Engineering Research Associates and built by the Remington Rand corporation in October 1953.
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UNIVAC I
The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) was the first commercial computer produced in the United States.
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Universal Turing machine
In computer science, a universal Turing machine (UTM) is a Turing machine that can simulate an arbitrary Turing machine on arbitrary input.
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University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.
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University of Iowa
The University of Iowa (also known as the UI, U of I, UIowa, or simply Iowa) is a flagship public research university in Iowa City, Iowa.
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University of Manchester
The University of Manchester is a public research university in Manchester, England, formed in 2004 by the merger of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and the Victoria University of Manchester.
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University of Oxford
The University of Oxford (formally The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England.
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University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania (commonly known as Penn or UPenn) is a private Ivy League research university located in University City section of West Philadelphia.
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University of Texas Press
The University of Texas Press (or UT Press) is a university press that is part of the University of Texas at Austin.
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University of Toronto
The University of Toronto (U of T, UToronto, or Toronto) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queen's Park.
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Vacuum tube
In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or just a tube (North America), or valve (Britain and some other regions) is a device that controls electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container.
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Vacuum tube computer
A vacuum tube computer, now termed a first-generation computer, is a computer which uses vacuum tubes for logic circuitry.
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Vannevar Bush
Vannevar Bush (March 11, 1890 – June 28, 1974) was an American engineer, inventor and science administrator, who during World War II headed the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), through which almost all wartime military R&D was carried out, including initiation and early administration of the Manhattan Project.
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Victor Shestakov
Victor Ivanovich Shestakov (1907–1987) was a Russian/Soviet logician and theoretician of electrical engineering.
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Victoria University of Manchester
The former Victoria University of Manchester, now the University of Manchester, was founded in 1851 as Owens College.
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Von Neumann architecture
The von Neumann architecture, which is also known as the von Neumann model and Princeton architecture, is a computer architecture based on the 1945 description by the mathematician and physicist John von Neumann and others in the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC.
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Wallace John Eckert
Wallace John Eckert (June 19, 1902 – August 24, 1971) was an American astronomer, who directed the Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau at Columbia University which evolved into the research division of IBM.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.
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Web browser
A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web.
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Web server
Web server refers to server software, or hardware dedicated to running said software, that can serve contents to the World Wide Web.
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Wehrmacht
The Wehrmacht (lit. "defence force")From wehren, "to defend" and Macht., "power, force".
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Wilhelm Schickard
Wilhelm Schickard (22 April 1592 – 24 October 1635) was a German professor of Hebrew and Astronomy who became famous in the second part of the 20th century after Dr.
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William Oughtred
William Oughtred (5 March 1574 – 30 June 1660) was an English mathematician and Anglican clergyman.
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William Stanley Jevons
William Stanley Jevons FRS (1 September 1835 – 13 August 1882) was an English economist and logician.
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William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (26 June 1824 – 17 December 1907) was a Scots-Irish mathematical physicist and engineer who was born in Belfast in 1824.
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Williams tube
The Williams tube, or the Williams–Kilburn tube after inventors Freddie Williams (26 June 1911 – 11 August 1977), and Tom Kilburn (11 August 1921 – 17 January 2001), is an early form of computer memory.
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Wind speed
Wind speed, or wind flow velocity, is a fundamental atmospheric quantity.
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Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.
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Word (computer architecture)
In computing, a word is the natural unit of data used by a particular processor design.
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Word processor
A word processor is a computer program or device that provides for input, editing, formatting and output of text, often plus other features.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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WorldWideWeb
WorldWideWeb (later renamed to Nexus to avoid confusion between the software and the World Wide Web) was the first web browser and editor.
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Z1 (computer)
The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938.
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Z2 (computer)
The Z2 was a mechanical and relay computer completed by Konrad Zuse in 1940.
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Z3 (computer)
The Z3 was a German electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse.
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Z4 (computer)
The Z4 was the world's first commercial digital computer, designed by German engineer Konrad Zuse and built by his company Zuse Apparatebau in 1945.
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1890 United States Census
The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2, 1890.
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8-bit
8-bit is also a generation of microcomputers in which 8-bit microprocessors were the norm.
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Redirects here:
Comparison of early computing machines, Computer development, Computer generation, Computer generations, Computer history, Creation of the computer, Earliest computer, Early computing devices, First computer, First generation computer, First-generation computer, Fourth generation computer, Fourth-generation computer, Generations of computers, History of computer, History of computer development, History of computer developments, History of computer hardware, History of computer harwdare, History of computers, History of computing technology, History of the computer, Interconnected era, Second-generation computer, The Five Generations of Computers, The third generation of computers, World first computer, World's first computer.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware
