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Table of Contents

1. 477 relations: Aachen, Abbot, Adelaide of Italy, Adolf, King of the Romans, Aftermath of World War I, Al-Kamil, Albert I of Germany, Albert II of Germany, Alfonso X of Castile, Amberley Publishing, Amish, Anabaptism, Ancient Greek philosophy, Annexation, Antipope, Antipope John XVI, Antwerp, Aragon, Archduchy of Austria, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Arminianism, Army of the Holy Roman Empire, Augsburg, Aulic Council, Austria, Austrian Netherlands, Austro-Prussian rivalry, Bad Lippspringe, Baldwin of Luxembourg, Baltic Sea, Bamberg, Barbara of Cilli, Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger, Battle of Austerlitz, Battle of Lechfeld, Battle of Riade, Battle of Vienna, Bavaria, Berengar I of Italy, Berlin, Berthold von Henneberg, Bishop, Bloomsbury Publishing, Bologna, Bourgeoisie, Bremen, Brunswick–Lüneburg, Brussels, Burgher (social class), Burgundian Circle, ... Expand index (427 more) » « Shrink index

2. 1806 disestablishments in Europe
3. 1806 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
4. 960s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
5. 962 establishments
6. Christendom
7. History of Catholicism in Europe
8. History of Central Europe
9. Middle Ages
10. States and territories disestablished in 1806
11. States and territories established in 800
12. States and territories established in 962
13. Western Christianity

Aachen

Aachen (French: Aix-la-Chapelle; Oche; Aquae Granni or Aquisgranum) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 261,000 inhabitants.

See Holy Roman Empire and Aachen

Abbot

Abbot is an ecclesiastical title given to the head of an independent monastery for men in various Western Christian traditions.

See Holy Roman Empire and Abbot

Adelaide of Italy

Adelaide of Italy (Adelheid; 931 – 16 December 999 AD), also called Adelaide of Burgundy, was Holy Roman Empress by marriage to Emperor Otto the Great.

See Holy Roman Empire and Adelaide of Italy

Adolf, King of the Romans

Adolf (c. 1255 – 2 July 1298) was the count of Nassau from about 1276 and the elected king of Germany from 1292 until his deposition by the prince-electors in 1298.

See Holy Roman Empire and Adolf, King of the Romans

Aftermath of World War I

The aftermath of World War I saw far-reaching and wide-ranging cultural, economic, and social change across Europe, Asia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.

See Holy Roman Empire and Aftermath of World War I

Al-Kamil

Al-Kamil (الكامل; full name: al-Malik al-Kamil Naser ad-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammad; – 6 March 1238) was a Kurdish Muslim ruler and the fourth Ayyubid sultan of Egypt.

See Holy Roman Empire and Al-Kamil

Albert I of Germany

Albert I of Habsburg (Albrecht I.) (July 12551 May 1308) was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination.

See Holy Roman Empire and Albert I of Germany

Albert II of Germany

Albert the Magnanimous, elected King of the Romans as Albert II (10 August 139727 October 1439), was emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and a member of the House of Habsburg.

See Holy Roman Empire and Albert II of Germany

Alfonso X of Castile

Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, el Sabio; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1 June 1252 until his death in 1284.

See Holy Roman Empire and Alfonso X of Castile

Amberley Publishing

Amberley Publishing are a firm of publishers in Stroud, Gloucestershire, who specialise in non-fiction transport and history books.

See Holy Roman Empire and Amberley Publishing

Amish

The Amish (Amisch; Amische), formally the Old Order Amish, are a group of traditionalist Anabaptist Christian church fellowships with Swiss and Alsatian origins.

See Holy Roman Empire and Amish

Anabaptism

Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin anabaptista, from the Greek ἀναβαπτισμός: ἀνά 're-' and βαπτισμός 'baptism'; Täufer, earlier also Wiedertäufer)Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term Wiedertäufer (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased. Holy Roman Empire and anabaptism are Christian terminology.

See Holy Roman Empire and Anabaptism

Ancient Greek philosophy

Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ancient Greek philosophy

Annexation

Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.

See Holy Roman Empire and Annexation

Antipope

An antipope (antipapa) is a person who claims to be Bishop of Rome and leader of the Roman Catholic Church in opposition to the legitimately elected pope.

See Holy Roman Empire and Antipope

Antipope John XVI

John XVI (born Ιωάννης Φιλάγαθος, Ioannis Philagathos; Giovanni Filagato; Johannes Philagathus) was an antipope from 997 to 998.

See Holy Roman Empire and Antipope John XVI

Antwerp

Antwerp (Antwerpen; Anvers) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

See Holy Roman Empire and Antwerp

Aragon

Aragon (Spanish and Aragón; Aragó) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon.

See Holy Roman Empire and Aragon

Archduchy of Austria

The Archduchy of Austria (Erzherzogtum Österreich) was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire and the nucleus of the Habsburg monarchy. Holy Roman Empire and Archduchy of Austria are 1806 disestablishments in Europe, former monarchies of Europe and states and territories disestablished in 1806.

See Holy Roman Empire and Archduchy of Austria

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Middle Armenian: Կիլիկիոյ Հայոց Թագաւորութիւն), also known as Cilician Armenia (Կիլիկեան Հայաստան,, Հայկական Կիլիկիա), Lesser Armenia, Little Armenia or New Armenia, and formerly known as the Armenian Principality of Cilicia (Կիլիկիայի հայկական իշխանութիւն), was an Armenian state formed during the High Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. Holy Roman Empire and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia are Christian states.

See Holy Roman Empire and Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

Arminianism

Arminianism is a movement of Protestantism initiated in the early 17th century, based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius and his historic supporters known as Remonstrants. Holy Roman Empire and Arminianism are Christian terminology.

See Holy Roman Empire and Arminianism

Army of the Holy Roman Empire

The Army of the Holy Roman Empire (Armée du Saint-Empire; Reichsarmee, Reichsheer, or Reichsarmatur; Exercitus Imperii) was created in 1422 and came to an end when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.

See Holy Roman Empire and Army of the Holy Roman Empire

Augsburg

Augsburg (label) is a city in the Bavarian part of Swabia, Germany, around west of the Bavarian capital Munich.

See Holy Roman Empire and Augsburg

Aulic Council

The Aulic Council (Consilium Aulicum; Reichshofrat; literally "Court Council of the Empire") was one of the two supreme courts of the Holy Roman Empire, the other being the Imperial Chamber Court.

See Holy Roman Empire and Aulic Council

Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

See Holy Roman Empire and Austria

Austrian Netherlands

The Austrian Netherlands Oostenrijkse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas Autrichiens; Österreichische Niederlande; Belgium Austriacum.

See Holy Roman Empire and Austrian Netherlands

Austro-Prussian rivalry

Austria and Prussia were the most powerful German states in the Holy Roman Empire by the 18th and 19th centuries and had engaged in a struggle for supremacy among smaller German kingdoms. Holy Roman Empire and Austro-Prussian rivalry are history of Central Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Austro-Prussian rivalry

Bad Lippspringe

Bad Lippspringe is a town in the district of Paderborn, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Bad Lippspringe

Baldwin of Luxembourg

Baldwin of Luxembourg (c. 1285 – 21 January 1354) was the archbishop and elector of Trier and archchancellor of Burgundy from 1307 to his death.

See Holy Roman Empire and Baldwin of Luxembourg

Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain.

See Holy Roman Empire and Baltic Sea

Bamberg

Bamberg (East Franconian: Bambärch) is a town in Upper Franconia district in Bavaria, Germany, on the river Regnitz close to its confluence with the river Main.

See Holy Roman Empire and Bamberg

Barbara of Cilli

Barbara of Cilli or Barbara of Celje (Hungarian: Cillei Borbála, German: Barbara von Cilli, Slovenian and Croatian: Barbara Celjska, 1392 – 11 July 1451), was the Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia by marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund.

See Holy Roman Empire and Barbara of Cilli

Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger

Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger FBA (born 17 July 1955 in Bergisch Gladbach) is a German historian.

See Holy Roman Empire and Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger

Battle of Austerlitz

The Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805/11 Frimaire An XIV FRC), also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important military engagements of the Napoleonic Wars.

See Holy Roman Empire and Battle of Austerlitz

Battle of Lechfeld

The Battle of Lechfeld also known as the Second battle of Lechfeld was a series of military engagements over the course of three days from 10–12 August 955 in which the Kingdom of Germany, led by King Otto I the Great, annihilated the Hungarian army led by Harka Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél and Súr.

See Holy Roman Empire and Battle of Lechfeld

Battle of Riade

The Battle of Riade or Battle of Merseburg was fought between the troops of East Francia under King Henry I and the Magyars at an unidentified location in northern Thuringia along the river Unstrut on 15 March 933.

See Holy Roman Empire and Battle of Riade

Battle of Vienna

The Battle of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna on 1683 after the city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months.

See Holy Roman Empire and Battle of Vienna

Bavaria

Bavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a state in the southeast of Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Bavaria

Berengar I of Italy

Berengar I (Berengarius, Perngarius; Berengario; 845 – 7 April 924) was the king of Italy from 887.

See Holy Roman Empire and Berengar I of Italy

Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

See Holy Roman Empire and Berlin

Berthold von Henneberg

Bertold von Henneberg-Römhild (1442–1504) was Archbishop of Mainz and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 1484, imperial chancellor from 1486, and leader of the reform faction within the Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Berthold von Henneberg

Bishop

A bishop is an ordained member of the clergy who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. Holy Roman Empire and bishop are Christian terminology.

See Holy Roman Empire and Bishop

Bloomsbury Publishing

Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction.

See Holy Roman Empire and Bloomsbury Publishing

Bologna

Bologna (Bulåggna; Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region, in northern Italy.

See Holy Roman Empire and Bologna

Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.

See Holy Roman Empire and Bourgeoisie

Bremen

Bremen (Low German also: Breem or Bräm), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (Stadtgemeinde Bremen), is the capital of the German state of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen), a two-city-state consisting of the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven.

See Holy Roman Empire and Bremen

Brunswick–Lüneburg

The Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg (Herzogtum Braunschweig und Lüneburg), commonly known as the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg or Brunswick-Lüneburg, was an imperial principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the territory of present day Lower Saxony. Holy Roman Empire and Brunswick–Lüneburg are 1806 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire and former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Brunswick–Lüneburg

Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.

See Holy Roman Empire and Brussels

Burgher (social class)

Bürgher was a rank or title of a privileged citizen of a medieval to early modern European town.

See Holy Roman Empire and Burgher (social class)

Burgundian Circle

The Burgundian Circle (Burgundischer Kreis, Bourgondische Kreits, Cercle de Bourgogne) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire created in 1512 and significantly enlarged in 1548.

See Holy Roman Empire and Burgundian Circle

Burgundian Netherlands

In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands (Burgundiae Belgicae, Pays-Bas bourguignons., Bourgondische Nederlanden, Burgundesch Nidderlanden, Bas Payis borguignons) or the Burgundian Age is the period between 1384 and 1482, during which a growing part of the Low Countries was ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy. Holy Roman Empire and Burgundian Netherlands are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Burgundian Netherlands

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Holy Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire are Christendom, Christian states, former empires and former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Iconoclasm

The Byzantine Iconoclasm (lit) were two periods in the history of the Byzantine Empire when the use of religious images or icons was opposed by religious and imperial authorities within the Ecumenical Patriarchate (at the time still comprising the Roman-Latin and the Eastern-Orthodox traditions) and the temporal imperial hierarchy.

See Holy Roman Empire and Byzantine Iconoclasm

Byzantine Papacy

The Byzantine Papacy was a period of Byzantine domination of the Roman Papacy from 537 to 752, when popes required the approval of the Byzantine Emperor for episcopal consecration, and many popes were chosen from the apocrisiarii (liaisons from the pope to the emperor) or the inhabitants of Byzantine-ruled Greece, Syria, or Sicily.

See Holy Roman Empire and Byzantine Papacy

Cabinet wars

Cabinet wars, derived from the German expression Kabinettskriege (singular Kabinettskrieg), is a historical term to describe the shift from the regular, limited, aristocratic conflicts of the eighteenth century to total war following the French Revolution.

See Holy Roman Empire and Cabinet wars

Cadet branch

A cadet branch consists of the male-line descendants of a monarch's or patriarch's younger sons (cadets).

See Holy Roman Empire and Cadet branch

Capital city

A capital city or just capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country, state, province, department, or other subnational division, usually as its seat of the government.

See Holy Roman Empire and Capital city

Cardinal (Catholic Church)

A cardinal (Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis) is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church.

See Holy Roman Empire and Cardinal (Catholic Church)

Carolingian dynasty

The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.

See Holy Roman Empire and Carolingian dynasty

Carolingian Empire

The Carolingian Empire (800–887) was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. Holy Roman Empire and Carolingian Empire are Christendom, former empires and former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Carolingian Empire

Carolingian Renaissance

The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Carolingian Renaissance

Castile (historical region)

Castile or Castille is a territory of imprecise limits located in Spain.

See Holy Roman Empire and Castile (historical region)

Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

See Holy Roman Empire and Catholic Church

Charlemagne

Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.

See Holy Roman Empire and Charlemagne

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles IV (Karel IV.; Karl IV.; Carolus IV; 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378Karl IV. In: (1960): Geschichte in Gestalten (History in figures), vol. 2: F–K. 38, Frankfurt 1963, p. 294), also known as Charles of Luxembourg, born Wenceslaus, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378.

See Holy Roman Empire and Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles Martel

Charles Martel (– 22 October 741), Martel being a sobriquet in Old French for "The Hammer", was a Frankish political and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of the Franks from 718 until his death.

See Holy Roman Empire and Charles Martel

Charles the Bald

Charles the Bald (Charles le Chauve; 13 June 823 – 6 October 877), also known as Charles II, was a 9th-century king of West Francia (843–877), King of Italy (875–877) and emperor of the Carolingian Empire (875–877).

See Holy Roman Empire and Charles the Bald

Charles the Bold

Charles Martin (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), called The Bold, was the last Duke of Burgundy from the Burgundian cadet branch of the House of Valois from 1467 to 1477.

See Holy Roman Empire and Charles the Bold

Charles the Fat

Charles III (839 – 13 January 888), also known as Charles the Fat, was the emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 881 to 887.

See Holy Roman Empire and Charles the Fat

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

See Holy Roman Empire and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles VII (6 August 1697 – 20 January 1745) was Prince-Elector of Bavaria from 26 February 1726 and Holy Roman Emperor from 24 January 1742 to his death.

See Holy Roman Empire and Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles, Count of Valois

Charles of Valois (12 March 1270 – 16 December 1325), the fourth son of King Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon, was a member of the House of Capet and founder of the House of Valois, whose rule over France would start in 1328.

See Holy Roman Empire and Charles, Count of Valois

Cheb

Cheb (Eger) is a town in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic.

See Holy Roman Empire and Cheb

Christendom

Christendom refers to Christian states, Christian-majority countries or countries in which Christianity is dominant or prevails. Holy Roman Empire and Christendom are Christian terminology.

See Holy Roman Empire and Christendom

Clovis I

Clovis (Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlōdowig; – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Franks under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of petty kings to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.

See Holy Roman Empire and Clovis I

Cluniac Reforms

The Cluniac Reforms (also called the Benedictine Reform) were a series of changes within medieval monasticism in the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor.

See Holy Roman Empire and Cluniac Reforms

Coining (mint)

Minting, coining or coinage is the process of manufacturing coins using a kind of stamping, the process used in both hammered coinage and milled coinage.

See Holy Roman Empire and Coining (mint)

Cologne

Cologne (Köln; Kölle) is the largest city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and over 3.1 million people in the Cologne Bonn urban region.

See Holy Roman Empire and Cologne

Cologne War

The Cologne War (Kölner Krieg, Kölnischer Krieg, Truchsessischer Krieg; 1583–1588) was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne, a historical ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, within present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Cologne War

Concordat of Worms

The Concordat of Worms, also referred to as the Pactum Callixtinum or Pactum Calixtinum, was an agreement between the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire which regulated the procedure for the appointment of bishops and abbots in the Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Concordat of Worms

Confederation of the Rhine

The Confederated States of the Rhine, simply known as the Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation, was a confederation of German client states established at the behest of Napoleon some months after he defeated Austria and Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz. Holy Roman Empire and confederation of the Rhine are former confederations.

See Holy Roman Empire and Confederation of the Rhine

Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis

The Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis ("Treaty with the princes of the church") was decreed on 26 April 1220 by Frederick II as a concession to the German bishops in return for their co-operation in the election of his son Henry as King.

See Holy Roman Empire and Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis

Conrad I of Germany

Conrad I (c. 881 – 23 December 918), called the Younger, was the king of East Francia from 911 to 918.

See Holy Roman Empire and Conrad I of Germany

Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor

Conrad II (Konrad II, – 4 June 1039), also known as and, was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1027 until his death in 1039.

See Holy Roman Empire and Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor

Conrad III of Germany

Conrad III (Konrad; Corrado; 1093 or 1094 – 15 February 1152) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was from 1116 to 1120 Duke of Franconia, from 1127 to 1135 anti-king of his predecessor Lothair III, and from 1138 until his death in 1152 King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Conrad III of Germany

Conrad IV of Germany

Conrad (25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was the only son of Emperor Frederick II from his second marriage with Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem.

See Holy Roman Empire and Conrad IV of Germany

Constance, Queen of Sicily

Constance I (Costanza; 2 November 1154 – 27 November 1198) was reigning Queen of Sicily from 1194–98, jointly with her spouse from 1194 to 1197, and with her infant son Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1198.

See Holy Roman Empire and Constance, Queen of Sicily

Constantine VI

Constantine VI (Κωνσταντῖνος; Constantinus, 14 January 771 – before 805), sometimes called the Blind, was Byzantine emperor from 780 to 797.

See Holy Roman Empire and Constantine VI

Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor received the imperial regalia from the hands of the Pope, symbolizing both the pope's right to crown Christian sovereigns and also the emperor's role as protector of the Catholic Church.

See Holy Roman Empire and Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor

Corpus Juris Civilis

The Corpus Juris (or Iuris) Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, enacted from 529 to 534 by order of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. It is also sometimes referred to metonymically after one of its parts, the Code of Justinian.

See Holy Roman Empire and Corpus Juris Civilis

Council of Constance

The Council of Constance was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church that was held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance (Konstanz) in present-day Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Council of Constance

Count

Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility.

See Holy Roman Empire and Count

Cremona

Cremona (also;; Cremùna; Carmona) is a city and comune in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po river in the middle of the Pianura Padana (Po Valley).

See Holy Roman Empire and Cremona

Crescentius the Younger

Crescentius the Younger (or Crescentius II; died 29 April 998), son of Crescentius the Elder, was a leader of the aristocracy of medieval Rome.

See Holy Roman Empire and Crescentius the Younger

Cuius regio, eius religio

Cuius regio, eius religio is a Latin phrase which literally means "whose realm, their religion" – meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled.

See Holy Roman Empire and Cuius regio, eius religio

Czech language

Czech (čeština), historically also known as Bohemian (lingua Bohemica), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.

See Holy Roman Empire and Czech language

De facto

De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.

See Holy Roman Empire and De facto

Deliberative assembly

A deliberative assembly is a meeting of members who use parliamentary procedure.

See Holy Roman Empire and Deliberative assembly

Diet of Worms (1495)

At the Diet of Worms (Reichstag zu Worms) in 1495, the foundation stone was laid for a comprehensive reform (Reichsreform) of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Diet of Worms (1495)

Diocese

In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. Holy Roman Empire and diocese are Christian terminology.

See Holy Roman Empire and Diocese

Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire

The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire occurred de facto on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, abdicated his title and released all Imperial states and officials from their oaths and obligations to the empire. Holy Roman Empire and dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire are 1806 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire

Dortmund

Dortmund (Düörpm; Tremonia) is the third-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, after Cologne and Düsseldorf, and the ninth-largest city in Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Dortmund

Duchy of Bavaria

The Duchy of Bavaria was a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom from the sixth through the eighth century. Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Bavaria are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Bavaria

Duchy of Bohemia

The Duchy of Bohemia, also later referred to in English as the Czech Duchy, (České knížectví) was a monarchy and a principality of the Holy Roman Empire in Central Europe during the Early and High Middle Ages.

See Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Bohemia

Duchy of Franconia

The Duchy of Franconia (Herzogtum Franken) was one of the five stem duchies of East Francia and the medieval Kingdom of Germany emerging in the early 10th century.

See Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Franconia

Duchy of Lorraine

The Duchy of Lorraine (Lorraine; Lothringen), originally Upper Lorraine, was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France.

See Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Lorraine

Duchy of Milan

The Duchy of Milan (Ducato di Milano; Ducaa de Milan) was a state in Northern Italy, created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then the lord of Milan, and a member of the important Visconti family, which had been ruling the city since 1277. Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Milan are Christian states and former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Milan

Duchy of Pomerania

The Duchy of Pomerania (Herzogtum Pommern; Księstwo pomorskie; Latin: Ducatus Pomeraniae) was a duchy in Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, ruled by dukes of the House of Pomerania (Griffins). Holy Roman Empire and duchy of Pomerania are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Pomerania

Duchy of Prussia

The Duchy of Prussia (Herzogtum Preußen, Księstwo Pruskie, Prūsijos kunigaikštystė) or Ducal Prussia (Herzogliches Preußen; Prusy Książęce) was a duchy in the region of Prussia established as a result of secularization of the Monastic Prussia, the territory that remained under the control of the State of the Teutonic Order until the Protestant Reformation in 1525. Holy Roman Empire and duchy of Prussia are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Prussia

Duchy of Saxony

The Duchy of Saxony (Hartogdom Sassen, Herzogtum Sachsen) was originally the area settled by the Saxons in the late Early Middle Ages, when they were subdued by Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars from 772 and incorporated into the Carolingian Empire (Francia) by 804.

See Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Saxony

Duchy of Styria

The Duchy of Styria (Herzogtum Steiermark; Vojvodina Štajerska) was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia.

See Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Styria

Duchy of Swabia

The Duchy of Swabia (German: Herzogtum Schwaben; Latin: Ducatus Allemaniæ) was one of the five stem duchies of the medieval German Kingdom. Holy Roman Empire and duchy of Swabia are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Duchy of Swabia

Duke

Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility.

See Holy Roman Empire and Duke

Dutch language

Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.

See Holy Roman Empire and Dutch language

Eadgyth

Edith of England, also spelt Eadgyth or Ædgyth (Ēadgȳð, Edgitha; 910–946), a member of the House of Wessex, was a German queen from 936, by her marriage to King Otto I.

See Holy Roman Empire and Eadgyth

Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century. Holy Roman Empire and early Middle Ages are middle Ages.

See Holy Roman Empire and Early Middle Ages

Early modern period

The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity.

See Holy Roman Empire and Early modern period

East Francia

East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (Regnum Francorum orientalium) was a successor state of Charlemagne's empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911. Holy Roman Empire and East Francia are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and East Francia

Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople

The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople (translit) is the archbishop of Constantinople and primus inter pares (first among equals) among the heads of the several autocephalous churches that compose the Eastern Orthodox Church. Holy Roman Empire and ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople are Christian terminology.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople

Elbe

The Elbe (Labe; Ilv or Elv; Upper and Łobjo) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Elbe

Elective monarchy

An elective monarchy is a monarchy ruled by a monarch who is elected, in contrast to a hereditary monarchy in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance.

See Holy Roman Empire and Elective monarchy

Electorate of Cologne

The Electorate of Cologne (Kurfürstentum Köln), sometimes referred to as Electoral Cologne (Kurköln), was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from the 10th to the early 19th century. Holy Roman Empire and Electorate of Cologne are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Electorate of Cologne

Electorate of Mainz

The Electorate of Mainz (Kurfürstentum Mainz or Kurmainz, Electoratus Moguntinus), previously known in English as Mentz and by its French name Mayence, was one of the most prestigious and influential states of the Holy Roman Empire. Holy Roman Empire and Electorate of Mainz are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Electorate of Mainz

Elizabeth of Luxembourg

Elizabeth of Luxembourg (Luxemburgi Erzsébet; 7 October 1409 – 19 December 1442) was queen consort of Hungary, queen consort of Germany and Bohemia.

See Holy Roman Empire and Elizabeth of Luxembourg

Emperor of Austria

The emperor of Austria (Österreich) was the ruler of the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Emperor of Austria

Emperor of the French

Emperor of the French (French: Empereur des Français) was the title of the monarch and supreme ruler of the First and the Second French Empires.

See Holy Roman Empire and Emperor of the French

Empire of Charles V

The Empire of Charles V, also known by the umbrella term Habsburg Empire, included the Holy Roman Empire, the Spanish Empire, the Burgundian inheritance, the Austrian lands, and all the territories and dominions ruled in personal union by Charles V from 1519 to 1556.

See Holy Roman Empire and Empire of Charles V

Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

See Holy Roman Empire and Encyclopædia Britannica

Erfurt

Erfurt is the capital and largest city of the Central German state of Thuringia.

See Holy Roman Empire and Erfurt

Esslingen am Neckar

Esslingen am Neckar (Swabian: Esslenga am Neckor; until 16 October 1964 officially Eßlingen am Neckar) is a town in the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany, seat of the District of Esslingen as well as the largest town in the district.

See Holy Roman Empire and Esslingen am Neckar

Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

See Holy Roman Empire and Europe

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.

See Holy Roman Empire and Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Family tree of German monarchs

The following image is a family tree of every prince, king, queen, monarch, confederation president and emperor of Germany, from Charlemagne in 800 over Louis the German in 843 through to Wilhelm II in 1918.

See Holy Roman Empire and Family tree of German monarchs

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand II of Aragon

Ferdinand II (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was King of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ferdinand II of Aragon

Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand III (Ferdinand Ernest; 13 July 1608 – 2 April 1657) was Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1625, King of Bohemia from 1627 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1637 to his death.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor

Feudalism

Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries. Holy Roman Empire and Feudalism are middle Ages.

See Holy Roman Empire and Feudalism

First Crusade

The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages.

See Holy Roman Empire and First Crusade

Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria

In the period 1482–1492, the cities of the County of Flanders revolted twice against Maximilian of Austria (from 1486, King of the Romans), who ruled the county as regent for his son, Philip the Handsome.

See Holy Roman Empire and Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria

Florence

Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Florence

Forchheim

Forchheim is a town in Upper Franconia (Oberfranken) in northern Bavaria, and also the seat of the administrative district of Forchheim.

See Holy Roman Empire and Forchheim

France in the Middle Ages

The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 10th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the expansion of royal control by the House of Capet (987–1328), including their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the Norman and Angevin regions), and the creation and extension of administrative/state control (notably under Philip II Augustus and Louis IX) in the 13th century; and the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589), including the protracted dynastic crisis against the House of Plantagenet and their Angevin Empire, culminating in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) (compounded by the catastrophic Black Death in 1348), which laid the seeds for a more centralized and expanded state in the early modern period and the creation of a sense of French identity. Holy Roman Empire and France in the Middle Ages are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and France in the Middle Ages

Franche-Comté

Franche-Comté (Frainc-Comtou: Fraintche-Comtè; Franche-Comtât; also Freigrafschaft; Franco Condado; all) is a cultural and historical region of eastern France.

See Holy Roman Empire and Franche-Comté

Francia

The Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), also known as the Frankish Kingdom, the Frankish Empire (Imperium Francorum) or Francia, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe. Holy Roman Empire and Francia are former empires and former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Francia

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis II and I (Franz II.; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor as Francis II from 1792 to 1806, and the first Emperor of Austria as Francis I from 1804 to 1835.

See Holy Roman Empire and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

Franconia

Franconia (Franken,; East Franconian: Franggn; Frankn) is a region of Germany, characterised by its culture and East Franconian dialect (German: Ostfränkisch).

See Holy Roman Empire and Franconia

Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main ("Frank ford on the Main") is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse.

See Holy Roman Empire and Frankfurt

Franks

Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.

See Holy Roman Empire and Franks

Frederick Barbarossa

Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (Friedrich I; Federico I), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later in 1190.

See Holy Roman Empire and Frederick Barbarossa

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II (German: Friedrich; Italian: Federico; Latin: Fridericus; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225.

See Holy Roman Empire and Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick III, Elector of Saxony

Frederick III (17 January 1463 – 5 May 1525), also known as Frederick the Wise (German: Friedrich der Weise), was Prince-elector of Saxony from 1486 to 1525, who is mostly remembered for the protection given to his subject Martin Luther, the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation.

See Holy Roman Empire and Frederick III, Elector of Saxony

Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick III (German: Friedrich III, 21 September 1415 – 19 August 1493) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 until his death in 1493.

See Holy Roman Empire and Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor

Free imperial city

In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, urbs imperialis libera), was used from the fifteenth century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.

See Holy Roman Empire and Free imperial city

Freiburg im Breisgau

Freiburg im Breisgau (Alemannic: Friburg im Brisgau; Fribourg-en-Brisgau; Freecastle in the Breisgau; mostly called simply Freiburg) is the fourth-largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart, Mannheim and Karlsruhe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Freiburg im Breisgau

French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

See Holy Roman Empire and French language

French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

See Holy Roman Empire and French Revolution

French Revolutionary Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars (Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts resulting from the French Revolution that lasted from 1792 until 1802.

See Holy Roman Empire and French Revolutionary Wars

Friesland (district)

Friesland is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Friesland (district)

Frisian languages

The Frisian languages are a closely related group of West Germanic languages, spoken by about 400,000 Frisian people, who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Frisian languages

Fritzlar

Fritzlar is a small town (pop. 15,000) in the Schwalm-Eder district in northern Hesse, Germany, north of Frankfurt, with a storied history.

See Holy Roman Empire and Fritzlar

Fugger family

The House of Fugger is a German family that was historically a prominent group of European bankers, members of the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century mercantile patriciate of Augsburg, international mercantile bankers, and venture capitalists. Holy Roman Empire and Fugger family are states and territories disestablished in 1806.

See Holy Roman Empire and Fugger family

Gaul

Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.

See Holy Roman Empire and Gaul

Göttingen

Göttingen (Chöttingen) is a university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the capital of the eponymous district.

See Holy Roman Empire and Göttingen

Gdańsk

Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

See Holy Roman Empire and Gdańsk

Gelnhausen

Gelnhausen is a town, and the capital of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Gelnhausen

Genoa

Genoa (Genova,; Zêna) is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria, and the sixth-largest city in Italy.

See Holy Roman Empire and Genoa

German Confederation

The German Confederation was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe. Holy Roman Empire and German Confederation are former confederations.

See Holy Roman Empire and German Confederation

German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic. Holy Roman Empire and German Empire are former empires and former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and German Empire

German language

German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.

See Holy Roman Empire and German language

German mediatisation

German mediatisation (deutsche Mediatisierung) was the major redistribution and reshaping of territorial holdings that took place between 1802 and 1814 in Germany by means of the subsumption and secularisation of a large number of Imperial Estates, prefiguring, precipitating, and continuing after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and German mediatisation

German Reich

German Reich (lit. German Realm, German Empire, from Deutsches Reich) was the constitutional name for the German nation state that existed from 18 January 1871 to 5 June 1945.

See Holy Roman Empire and German Reich

Germania (book)

The Germania, written by the Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus around 98 AD and originally entitled On the Origin and Situation of the Germans (De origine et situ Germanorum), is a historical and ethnographic work on the Germanic peoples outside the Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Germania (book)

Germania (personification)

Germania is the personification of the German nation or the Germans as a whole.

See Holy Roman Empire and Germania (personification)

Germanisation

Germanisation, or Germanization, is the spread of the German language, people, and culture.

See Holy Roman Empire and Germanisation

Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Germany

Golden Bull of 1356

The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg and Metz (Diet of Metz, 1356/57) headed by the Emperor Charles IV which fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Golden Bull of 1356

Golden Bull of Sicily

The Golden Bull of Sicily (Zlatá bula sicilská; Bulla Aurea Siciliæ) was a decree issued by the King of Sicily and future Emperor Frederick II in Basel on 26 September 1212 that confirmed the royal title obtained by Ottokar I of Bohemia in 1198, declaring him and his heirs kings of Bohemia.

See Holy Roman Empire and Golden Bull of Sicily

Goslar

Goslar (Eastphalian: Goslär) is a historic town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Goslar

Grand Duchy of Tuscany

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana; Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860, replacing the Republic of Florence. Holy Roman Empire and Grand Duchy of Tuscany are Christian states and former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Grand Duchy of Tuscany

Groschen

Groschen (from grossus "thick", via Old Czech groš) is the (sometimes colloquial) name for various coins, especially a silver coin used in parts of Europe such as France, some of the Italian states, England, various states of the Holy Roman Empire, among others.

See Holy Roman Empire and Groschen

Guelphs and Ghibellines

The Guelphs and Ghibellines (guelfi e ghibellini) were factions supporting respectively the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor in the Italian city-states of Central Italy and Northern Italy during the Middle Ages.

See Holy Roman Empire and Guelphs and Ghibellines

Guild

A guild is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory.

See Holy Roman Empire and Guild

Guilder

Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch and German gulden, originally shortened from Middle High German guldin pfenninc ("gold penny").

See Holy Roman Empire and Guilder

Hamburg

Hamburg (Hamborg), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg,.

See Holy Roman Empire and Hamburg

Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe. Holy Roman Empire and Hanseatic League are former confederations.

See Holy Roman Empire and Hanseatic League

Heinrich II of Virneburg

Count Heinrich II of Virneburg (Graf Heinrich II.; 1244 or 1246 – 5 January 1332) was Archbishop of Cologne from 1304 to his death in 1332.

See Holy Roman Empire and Heinrich II of Virneburg

Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry II (Heinrich II; Enrico II; 6 May 973 – 13 July 1024), also known as Saint Henry, Obl. S. B., was Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014.

See Holy Roman Empire and Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry IV (Heinrich IV; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 to 1105, King of Germany from 1054 to 1105, King of Italy and Burgundy from 1056 to 1105, and Duke of Bavaria from 1052 to 1054.

See Holy Roman Empire and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry the Fowler

Henry the Fowler (Heinrich der Vogler or Heinrich der Finkler; Henricus Auceps) (c. 876 – 2 July 936) was the Duke of Saxony from 912 and the King of East Francia from 919 until his death in 936.

See Holy Roman Empire and Henry the Fowler

Henry the Lion

Henry the Lion (Heinrich der Löwe; 1129/1131 – 6 August 1195), also known as Henry III, Duke of Saxony (ruled 1142-1180) and Henry XII, Duke of Bavaria (ruled 1156-1180), was a member of the Welf dynasty.

See Holy Roman Empire and Henry the Lion

Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry V (Heinrich V.; probably 11 August 1081 or 1086 – 23 May 1125) was King of Germany (from 1099 to 1125) and Holy Roman Emperor (from 1111 to 1125), as the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty.

See Holy Roman Empire and Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry VI (German: Heinrich VI.; November 1165 – 28 September 1197), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1169 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death.

See Holy Roman Empire and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry VII (German: Heinrich; Vulgar Latin: Arrigo; c. 1273 – 24 August 1313),Kleinhenz, pg.

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Henry X, Duke of Bavaria

Henry the Proud (Heinrich der Stolze) (20 October 1139), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Bavaria (as Henry X) from 1126 to 1138 and Duke of Saxony (as Henry II) as well as Margrave of Tuscany and Duke of Spoleto from 1137 until his death.

See Holy Roman Empire and Henry X, Duke of Bavaria

High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. Holy Roman Empire and High Middle Ages are middle Ages.

See Holy Roman Empire and High Middle Ages

History of the Palace of Westminster

The history of the Palace of Westminster began in the Middle Ages – in the early eighth century – when there was an Anglo-Saxon church dedicated to St.

See Holy Roman Empire and History of the Palace of Westminster

Hofburg

The Hofburg is the former principal imperial palace of the Habsburg dynasty in Austria.

See Holy Roman Empire and Hofburg

Hohenstaufen

The Hohenstaufen dynasty, also known as the Staufer, was a noble family of unclear origin that rose to rule the Duchy of Swabia from 1079, and to royal rule in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages from 1138 until 1254.

See Holy Roman Empire and Hohenstaufen

Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Holy Roman Emperor

House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.

See Holy Roman Empire and House of Habsburg

House of Lorraine

The House of Lorraine (Haus Lothringen) originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz.

See Holy Roman Empire and House of Lorraine

House of Luxembourg

The House of Luxembourg (D'Lëtzebuerger Haus; Maison de Luxembourg; Haus Luxemburg) or Luxembourg dynasty was a royal family of the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Middle Ages, whose members between 1308 and 1437 ruled as kings of Germany and Holy Roman emperors as well as kings of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia. Holy Roman Empire and House of Luxembourg are history of Central Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and House of Luxembourg

House of Welf

The House of Welf (also Guelf or Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th to 20th century and Emperor Ivan VI of Russia in the 18th century.

See Holy Roman Empire and House of Welf

House of Wittelsbach

The House of Wittelsbach is a former Bavarian dynasty, with branches that have ruled over territories including the Electorate of Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, the Electorate of Cologne, Holland, Zeeland, Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland), Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Bohemia, and Greece.

See Holy Roman Empire and House of Wittelsbach

Hungarians

Hungarians, also known as Magyars (magyarok), are a Central European nation and an ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands (i.e. belonging to the former Kingdom of Hungary) who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language.

See Holy Roman Empire and Hungarians

Hussites

Catholic crusaders in the 15th century The Lands of the Bohemian Crown during the Hussite Wars. The movement began in Prague and quickly spread south and then through the rest of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Eventually, it expanded into the remaining domains of the Bohemian Crown as well. The Hussites (Czech: Husité or Kališníci, "Chalice People"; Latin: Hussitae) were a Czech proto-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of reformer Jan Hus (fl.

See Holy Roman Empire and Hussites

Hutterites

Hutterites (Hutterer), also called Hutterian Brethren (German), are a communal ethnoreligious branch of Anabaptists, who, like the Amish and Mennonites, trace their roots to the Radical Reformation of the early 16th century and have formed intentional communities.

See Holy Roman Empire and Hutterites

Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)

Imperial Army (Latin: Exercitus Imperatoris, Kaiserliche Armee) or Imperial Troops (Kaiserliche Truppen or Kaiserliche) was a name used for several centuries, especially to describe soldiers recruited for the Holy Roman Emperor during the early modern period.

See Holy Roman Empire and Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)

Imperial castle

An imperial castle or Reichsburg was a castle built by order of (or acquired by) the King of the Romans or the Holy Roman Emperor on land that was owned by the crown (Reichsgut).

See Holy Roman Empire and Imperial castle

Imperial circle

During the early modern period, the Holy Roman Empire was divided into imperial circles (Circuli imperii, Reichskreise; singular: Circulus imperii, Reichskreis), administrative groupings whose primary purposes were the organization of common defensive structure and the collection of imperial taxes.

See Holy Roman Empire and Imperial circle

Imperial Count

Imperial Count (Reichsgraf) was a title in the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Imperial Count

Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)

The Imperial Diet (or Comitium Imperiale; Reichstag) was the deliberative body of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)

Imperial election

The election of a Holy Roman Emperor was generally a two-stage process whereby the King of the Romans was elected by a small body of the greatest princes of the realm, the prince-electors.

See Holy Roman Empire and Imperial election

Imperial Estate

An Imperial Estate (Status Imperii; Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was a part of the Holy Roman Empire with representation and the right to vote in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag).

See Holy Roman Empire and Imperial Estate

Imperial Government

The name imperial government (Reichsregiment) denotes two organs, created in 1500 and 1521, in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation to enable a unified political leadership, with input from the Princes.

See Holy Roman Empire and Imperial Government

Imperial Knight

The Free Imperial Knights (Reichsritter Eques imperii) were free nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, whose direct overlord was the Emperor.

See Holy Roman Empire and Imperial Knight

Imperial Reform

Imperial Reform (Reformatio imperii, Reichsreform) is the name given to repeated attempts in the 15th and 16th centuries to adapt the structure and the constitutional order (Verfassungsordnung) of the Holy Roman Empire to the requirements of the early modern state and to give it a unified government under either the Imperial Estates or the emperor's supremacy.

See Holy Roman Empire and Imperial Reform

Imperial Village

The imperial villages (Reichsdörfer, singular Reichsdorf) were the smallest component entities of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Imperial Village

Ingelheim am Rhein

Ingelheim, officially Ingelheim am Rhein (Ingelheim upon Rhine), is a town in the Mainz-Bingen district in the Rhineland-Palatinate state of Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ingelheim am Rhein

Innsbruck

Innsbruck (Austro-Bavarian) is the capital of Tyrol and the fifth-largest city in Austria.

See Holy Roman Empire and Innsbruck

International Studies Quarterly

International Studies Quarterly is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of international studies and an official journal of the International Studies Association.

See Holy Roman Empire and International Studies Quarterly

Interregnum

An interregnum (plural interregna or interregnums) is a period of discontinuity or "gap" in a government, organization, or social order.

See Holy Roman Empire and Interregnum

Investiture Controversy

The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest (Investiturstreit) was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) and abbots of monasteries and the pope himself. Holy Roman Empire and Investiture Controversy are Christian terminology.

See Holy Roman Empire and Investiture Controversy

Irene of Athens

Irene of Athens (Εἰρήνη, Eirḗnē; 750/756 – 9 August 803), surname Sarantapechaena (Σαρανταπήχαινα, Sarantapḗchaina), was Byzantine empress consort to Emperor Leo IV from 775 to 780, regent during the childhood of their son Constantine VI from 780 until 790, co-ruler from 792 until 797, and finally empress regnant and sole ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire from 797 to 802.

See Holy Roman Empire and Irene of Athens

Isabella II of Jerusalem

Isabella II (12124 May 1228), sometimes erroneously called Yolanda, was a princess of French origin, the daughter of Maria, the queen-regnant of Jerusalem, and her husband, John of Brienne.

See Holy Roman Empire and Isabella II of Jerusalem

Italian language

Italian (italiano,, or lingua italiana) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Italian language

Itinerant court

An itinerant court was a migratory form of government shared in European kingdoms during the Early Middle Ages.

See Holy Roman Empire and Itinerant court

James Tracy (historian)

James Donald Tracy is an American historian.

See Holy Roman Empire and James Tracy (historian)

Jérôme Bonaparte

Jérôme-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Girolamo Buonaparte; 15 November 1784 – 24 June 1860) was the youngest brother of Napoleon I and reigned as Jerome Napoleon I (formally Hieronymus Napoleon in German), King of Westphalia, between 1807 and 1813.

See Holy Roman Empire and Jérôme Bonaparte

Joanna of Castile

Joanna (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), historically known as Joanna the Mad (Juana la Loca), was the nominal queen of Castile from 1504 and queen of Aragon from 1516 to her death in 1555.

See Holy Roman Empire and Joanna of Castile

John III Sobieski

John III Sobieski (Jan III Sobieski; Jonas III Sobieskis; Ioannes III Sobiscius 17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death in 1696.

See Holy Roman Empire and John III Sobieski

Justinian I

Justinian I (Iūstīniānus,; Ioustinianós,; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.

See Holy Roman Empire and Justinian I

Kaiser

Kaiser is the German word for "emperor".

See Holy Roman Empire and Kaiser

Kaiserliche Reichspost

Kaiserliche Reichspost (Imperial Mail), originally named Niederländische Postkurs (Low Countries' postal route), was the name of the international postal service of the Holy Roman Empire, founded in 1490. Holy Roman Empire and Kaiserliche Reichspost are 1806 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Kaiserliche Reichspost

Kaiserpfalz

The term Kaiserpfalz ("imperial palace") or Königspfalz ("royal palace", from Middle High German phalze to Old High German phalanza from Middle Latin palatia to Latin palatium "palace") refers to a number of palaces and castles across the Holy Roman Empire that served as temporary seats of power for the Holy Roman Emperor in the Early and High Middle Ages.

See Holy Roman Empire and Kaiserpfalz

King

King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts.

See Holy Roman Empire and King

King of Hungary

The King of Hungary (magyar király) was the ruling head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 (or 1001) to 1918.

See Holy Roman Empire and King of Hungary

King of the Romans

King of the Romans (Rex Romanorum; König der Römer) was the title used by the king of East Francia following his election by the princes from the reign of Henry II (1002–1024) onward.

See Holy Roman Empire and King of the Romans

Kingdom of Arles

The Kingdom of Burgundy, known from the 12th century as the Kingdom of Arles, also referred to in various context as Arelat, the Kingdom of Arles and Vienne, or Kingdom of Burgundy-Provence, was a realm established in 933 by the merger of the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Burgundy under King Rudolf II. Holy Roman Empire and kingdom of Arles are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of Arles

Kingdom of Bohemia

The Kingdom of Bohemia (České království), sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe. Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of Bohemia are Christian states and former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of Bohemia

Kingdom of Burgundy

Kingdom of Burgundy was a name given to various states located in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of Burgundy are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of Burgundy

Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 886, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom. Holy Roman Empire and kingdom of England are Christian states and former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of England

Kingdom of Germany

The Kingdom of Germany or German Kingdom (regnum Teutonicorum 'kingdom of the Germans', regnum Teutonicum 'German kingdom', regnum Alamanie "kingdom of Germany") was the mostly Germanic language-speaking East Frankish kingdom, which was formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. Holy Roman Empire and kingdom of Germany are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of Germany

Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

The Kingdom of Italy (Regnum Italiae or Regnum Italicum; Regno d'Italia; Königreich Italien), also called Imperial Italy (Italia Imperiale, Reichsitalien), was one of the constituent kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire, along with the kingdoms of Germany, Bohemia, and Burgundy.

See Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Kingdom of Jerusalem, also known as the Latin Kingdom, was a Crusader state that was established in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade.

See Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of Jerusalem

Kleinstaaterei

The word Kleinstaaterei ("small-state-ery") is a pejorative term coined in the early nineteenth century to denote the territorial fragmentation of Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Kleinstaaterei

Kohlhammer Verlag

W.

See Holy Roman Empire and Kohlhammer Verlag

Konrad I of Masovia

Konrad I of Masovia (ca. 1187/88 – 31 August 1247), from the Polish Piast dynasty, was the sixth Duke of Masovia and Kuyavia from 1194 until his death as well as High Duke of Poland from 1229 to 1232 and again from 1241 to 1243.

See Holy Roman Empire and Konrad I of Masovia

Konstanz

Konstanz (also), also known as Constance in English, is a university city with approximately 83,000 inhabitants located at the western end of Lake Constance in the south of Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Konstanz

Landfrieden

Under the law of the Holy Roman Empire, a Landfrieden or Landfriede (Latin: constitutio pacis, pax instituta or pax jurata, variously translated as "land peace", or "public peace") was a contractual waiver of the use of legitimate force, by rulers of specified territories, to assert their own legal claims.

See Holy Roman Empire and Landfrieden

Lands of the Bohemian Crown

The Lands of the Bohemian Crown were the states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods with feudal obligations to the Bohemian kings. Holy Roman Empire and Lands of the Bohemian Crown are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Lands of the Bohemian Crown

Landsknecht

The Landsknechte (singular: Landsknecht), also rendered as Landsknechts or Lansquenets, were German mercenaries used in pike and shot formations during the early modern period.

See Holy Roman Empire and Landsknecht

Late Middle Ages

The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500. Holy Roman Empire and late Middle Ages are middle Ages.

See Holy Roman Empire and Late Middle Ages

Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Holy Roman Empire and Latin

Lübeck

Lübeck (Low German: Lübęk or Lübeek ˈlyːbeːk; Latin: Lubeca), officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (Hansestadt Lübeck), is a city in Northern Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Lübeck

Left Bank of the Rhine

The Left Bank of the Rhine (Linkes Rheinufer, Rive gauche du Rhin) was the region north of Lauterbourg that is now in western Germany and was conquered during the War of the First Coalition and annexed by the First French Republic.

See Holy Roman Empire and Left Bank of the Rhine

Leo III the Isaurian

Leo III the Isaurian (Leōn ho Isauros; Leo Isaurus; 685 – 18 June 741), also known as the Syrian, was Byzantine Emperor from 717 until his death in 741 and founder of the Isaurian dynasty.

See Holy Roman Empire and Leo III the Isaurian

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in the Central European Alps, between Austria in the east and north and Switzerland in the west and south. Holy Roman Empire and Liechtenstein are Christian states.

See Holy Roman Empire and Liechtenstein

Lindau

Lindau (Lindau (Bodensee), Lindau am Bodensee;; Low Alemannic: Lindou) is a major town and island on the eastern side of Lake Constance (Bodensee in German) in Bavaria, Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Lindau

List of Bohemian monarchs

The Duchy of Bohemia was established in 870 and raised to the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of Bohemian monarchs

List of counts palatine of the Rhine

This article lists counts palatine of Lotharingia, counts palatine of the Rhine, and electors of the Palatinate (Kurfürst von der Pfalz), the titles of three counts palatine who ruled some part of the Rhine region in the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire between 915 to 1803.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of counts palatine of the Rhine

List of Frankish kings

The Franks, Germanic-speaking peoples that invaded the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, were first led by individuals called dukes and reguli.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of Frankish kings

List of German monarchs

This is a list of monarchs who ruled over East Francia, and the Kingdom of Germany (Regnum Teutonicum), from the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 and the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 until the collapse of the German Empire in 1918.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of German monarchs

List of Imperial Diet participants (1792)

The Holy Roman Empire was a highly decentralized state for most of its history, composed of hundreds of smaller states, most of which operated with some degree of independent sovereignty.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of Imperial Diet participants (1792)

List of margraves and electors of Brandenburg

This article lists the Margraves and Electors of Brandenburg during the period of time that Brandenburg was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of margraves and electors of Brandenburg

List of monarchs of Bavaria

The following is a list of monarchs during the history of Bavaria.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of monarchs of Bavaria

List of royal and imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire

The following is a list of imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of royal and imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire

List of rulers of Saxony

This article lists dukes, electors, and kings ruling over different territories named Saxony from the beginning of the Saxon Duchy in the 6th century to the end of the German monarchies in 1918.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of rulers of Saxony

List of Sicilian monarchs

The monarchs of Sicily ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130 until the "perfect fusion" in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of Sicilian monarchs

List of state leaders in the 10th-century Holy Roman Empire

This is a list of state leaders in the 10th century (901–1000) AD, of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of state leaders in the 10th-century Holy Roman Empire

List of state leaders in the 11th-century Holy Roman Empire

This is a list of state leaders in the 11th century (1001–1100) AD, of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of state leaders in the 11th-century Holy Roman Empire

List of state leaders in the 12th-century Holy Roman Empire

This is a list of state leaders in the 12th century (1101–1200) AD, of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of state leaders in the 12th-century Holy Roman Empire

List of state leaders in the 13th-century Holy Roman Empire

This is a list of state leaders in the 13th century (1201–1300) AD, of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of state leaders in the 13th-century Holy Roman Empire

List of state leaders in the 14th-century Holy Roman Empire

This is a list of state leaders in the 14th century (1301–1400) AD, of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of state leaders in the 14th-century Holy Roman Empire

List of state leaders in the 15th-century Holy Roman Empire

This is a list of state leaders in the 15th century (1401–1500) AD, of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of state leaders in the 15th-century Holy Roman Empire

List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

This is a list of state leaders in the 16th century (1501–1600) AD, of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

List of state leaders in the 17th-century Holy Roman Empire

This is a list of state leaders in the 17th century (1601–1700) AD, of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of state leaders in the 17th-century Holy Roman Empire

List of state leaders in the 18th-century Holy Roman Empire

This is a list of state leaders in the 18th century (1701–1800) AD, of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of state leaders in the 18th-century Holy Roman Empire

List of state leaders in the 19th-century Holy Roman Empire

This is a list of state leaders in the 19th century from the Holy Roman Empire up to the time of German mediatisation (1801–1806) AD.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of state leaders in the 19th-century Holy Roman Empire

List of states in the Holy Roman Empire

This list of states in the Holy Roman Empire includes any territory ruled by an authority that had been granted imperial immediacy, as well as many other feudal entities such as lordships, sous-fiefs, and allodial fiefs.

See Holy Roman Empire and List of states in the Holy Roman Empire

List of wars involving the Holy Roman Empire

This is a list of wars involving the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) (962–1806), since 1512 also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation, Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicæ).

See Holy Roman Empire and List of wars involving the Holy Roman Empire

Lombards

The Lombards or Longobards (Longobardi) were a Germanic people who conquered most of the Italian Peninsula between 568 and 774.

See Holy Roman Empire and Lombards

Lothair I

Lothair I (Dutch and Medieval Latin: Lotharius; German: Lothar; French: Lothaire; Italian: Lotario; 795 – 29 September 855) was a 9th-century Carolingian emperor (817–855, with his father until 840) and king of Italy (818–855) and Middle Francia (843–855).

See Holy Roman Empire and Lothair I

Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor

Lothair III, sometimes numbered Lothair II and also known as Lothair of Supplinburg (1075 – 4 December 1137), was Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 until his death.

See Holy Roman Empire and Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor

Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Louis IV (Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328 until his death in 1347.

See Holy Roman Empire and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Louis the Child

Louis the Child (893 – 20/24 September 911), sometimes called Louis III or Louis IV, was the king of East Francia from 899 until his death and was also recognized as king of Lotharingia after 900.

See Holy Roman Empire and Louis the Child

Louis the Pious

Louis the Pious (Ludwig der Fromme; Louis le Pieux; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair and the Debonaire, was King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813.

See Holy Roman Empire and Louis the Pious

Louis XIV

LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

See Holy Roman Empire and Louis XIV

Low Countries

The Low Countries (de Lage Landen; les Pays-Bas), historically also known as the Netherlands (de Nederlanden), is a coastal lowland region in Northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting today of the three modern "Benelux" countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Nederland, which is singular).

See Holy Roman Empire and Low Countries

Low German

Low German is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands.

See Holy Roman Empire and Low German

Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that identifies primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church ended the Middle Ages and, in 1517, launched the Reformation. Holy Roman Empire and Lutheranism are Christian terminology.

See Holy Roman Empire and Lutheranism

Luxembourg

Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxemburg; Luxembourg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Luxembourg

Lyon

Lyon (Franco-Provençal: Liyon), formerly spelled in English as Lyons, is the second largest city of France by urban area It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the French Alps, southeast of Paris, north of Marseille, southwest of Geneva, northeast of Saint-Étienne.

See Holy Roman Empire and Lyon

Magdeburg

Magdeburg is the capital of the German state Saxony-Anhalt.

See Holy Roman Empire and Magdeburg

Mainz

Mainz (see below) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and with around 223,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 35th-largest city.

See Holy Roman Empire and Mainz

Mantua

Mantua (Mantova; Lombard and Mantua) is a comune (municipality) in the Italian region of Lombardy, and capital of the province of the same name.

See Holy Roman Empire and Mantua

Marseille

Marseille or Marseilles (Marseille; Marselha; see below) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

See Holy Roman Empire and Marseille

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (10 November 1483– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar.

See Holy Roman Empire and Martin Luther

Mary of Burgundy

Mary of Burgundy (Marie de Bourgogne; Maria van Bourgondië; 13 February 1457 – 27 March 1482), nicknamed the Rich, was a member of the House of Valois-Burgundy who ruled a collection of states that included the duchies of Limburg, Brabant, Luxembourg, the counties of Namur, Holland, Hainaut and other territories, from 1477 until her death in 1482.

See Holy Roman Empire and Mary of Burgundy

Mary, Queen of Hungary

Mary, also known as Maria of Anjou (137117 May 1395), reigned as Queen of Hungary and Croatia between 1382 and 1385, and from 1386 until her death.

See Holy Roman Empire and Mary, Queen of Hungary

Matilda of Ringelheim

Matilda of Ringelheim (– 14 March 968), also known as Saint Matilda, was a Saxon noblewoman.

See Holy Roman Empire and Matilda of Ringelheim

Matilda, Abbess of Quedlinburg

Matilda (December 955 – 999), also known as Mathilda and Mathilde, was a German regent, and the first Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg.

See Holy Roman Empire and Matilda, Abbess of Quedlinburg

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519.

See Holy Roman Empire and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian II (31 July 1527 – 12 October 1576) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death in 1576.

See Holy Roman Empire and Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor

Medieval Latin

Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages.

See Holy Roman Empire and Medieval Latin

Mennonites

Mennonites are a group of Anabaptist Christian communities tracing their roots to the epoch of the Radical Reformation.

See Holy Roman Empire and Mennonites

Merovingian dynasty

The Merovingian dynasty was the ruling family of the Franks from around the middle of the 5th century until 751. Holy Roman Empire and Merovingian dynasty are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Merovingian dynasty

Merseburg

Merseburg is a town in central Germany in southern Saxony-Anhalt, situated on the river Saale, and approximately 14 km south of Halle (Saale) and 30 km west of Leipzig.

See Holy Roman Empire and Merseburg

Metz

Metz (Divodurum Mediomatricorum, then Mettis) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.

See Holy Roman Empire and Metz

Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

See Holy Roman Empire and Middle Ages

Milan

Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.

See Holy Roman Empire and Milan

Minden

Minden is a middle-sized town in the very north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the largest town in population between Bielefeld and Hanover.

See Holy Roman Empire and Minden

Ministerialis

The ministeriales (singular: ministerialis) were a class of people raised up from serfdom and placed in positions of power and responsibility in the High Middle Ages in the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ministerialis

Mixed government

Mixed government (or a mixed constitution) is a form of government that combines elements of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy, ostensibly making impossible their respective degenerations which are conceived in Aristotle's ''Politics'' as anarchy, oligarchy and tyranny.

See Holy Roman Empire and Mixed government

Modena

Modena (Mòdna; Mutna; Mutina) is a city and comune (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy.

See Holy Roman Empire and Modena

Monarchy of Spain

The monarchy of Spain or Spanish monarchy (Monarquía Española) is the constitutional form of government of Spain.

See Holy Roman Empire and Monarchy of Spain

Munich

Munich (München) is the capital and most populous city of the Free State of Bavaria, Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Munich

Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

See Holy Roman Empire and Napoleon

Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.

See Holy Roman Empire and Napoleonic Wars

Nation state

A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.

See Holy Roman Empire and Nation state

Nationalism

Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.

See Holy Roman Empire and Nationalism

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship. Holy Roman Empire and Nazi Germany are former empires.

See Holy Roman Empire and Nazi Germany

Nazi Party

The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.

See Holy Roman Empire and Nazi Party

Nikephoros I

Nikephoros I (Νικηφόρος; Nicephorus; 750 – 26 July 811) was Byzantine emperor from 802 to 811.

See Holy Roman Empire and Nikephoros I

North German Confederation

The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund) was initially a German military alliance established in August 1866 under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was transformed in the subsequent year into a confederated state (a de facto federal state) that existed from July 1867 to December 1870. Holy Roman Empire and North German Confederation are former confederations.

See Holy Roman Empire and North German Confederation

North Sea

The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.

See Holy Roman Empire and North Sea

Nuremberg

Nuremberg (Nürnberg; in the local East Franconian dialect: Nämberch) is the largest city in Franconia, the second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria, and its 544,414 (2023) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Nuremberg

Old Prussians

Old Prussians, Baltic Prussians or simply Prussians were a Baltic people that inhabited the region of Prussia, on the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea between the Vistula Lagoon to the west and the Curonian Lagoon to the east.

See Holy Roman Empire and Old Prussians

Old Swiss Confederacy

The Old Swiss Confederacy, also known as Switzerland or the Swiss Confederacy, was a loose confederation of independent small states (cantons, German or), initially within the Holy Roman Empire. Holy Roman Empire and Old Swiss Confederacy are former confederations.

See Holy Roman Empire and Old Swiss Confederacy

Ostsiedlung

Ostsiedlung is the term for the Early Medieval and High Medieval migration of ethnic Germans and Germanization of the areas populated by Slavic, Baltic and Finnic peoples, the most settled area was known as Germania Slavica.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ostsiedlung

Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto II (955 – 7 December 983), called the Red, was Holy Roman Emperor from 973 until his death in 983.

See Holy Roman Empire and Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto III (June/July 980 – 23 January 1002) was the Holy Roman Emperor from 996 until his death in 1002.

See Holy Roman Empire and Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto IV (1175 – 19 May 1218) was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 until his death in 1218.

See Holy Roman Empire and Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto the Great

Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (Otto der Große Ottone il Grande), or Otto of Saxony (Otto von Sachsen Ottone di Sassonia), was East Frankish king from 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death in 973.

See Holy Roman Empire and Otto the Great

Ottokar I of Bohemia

Ottokar I (Přemysl Otakar I.; c. 1155 – 1230) was Duke of Bohemia periodically beginning in 1192, then acquired the title of King of Bohemia, first in 1198 from Philip of Swabia, later in 1203 from Otto IV of Brunswick and in 1212 (as hereditary) from Frederick II.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ottokar I of Bohemia

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. Holy Roman Empire and Ottoman Empire are former empires and former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ottoman Empire

Ottonian dynasty

The Ottonian dynasty (Ottonen) was a Saxon dynasty of German monarchs (919–1024), named after three of its kings and Holy Roman Emperors named Otto, especially its first Emperor Otto I. It is also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin in the German stem duchy of Saxony.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ottonian dynasty

Ottonian Renaissance

The Ottonian Renaissance was a renaissance of Byzantine and Late Antique art in Central and Southern Europe that accompanied the reigns of the first three Holy Roman Emperors of the Ottonian (or Saxon) dynasty: Otto I (936–973), Otto II (973–983), and Otto III (983–1002), and which in large part depended upon their patronage.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ottonian Renaissance

Paderborn

Paderborn (Westphalian: Patterbuorn, also Paterboärn) is a city in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the Paderborn district.

See Holy Roman Empire and Paderborn

Padua

Padua (Padova; Pàdova, Pàdoa or Pàoa) is a city and comune (municipality) in Veneto, northern Italy, and the capital of the province of Padua.

See Holy Roman Empire and Padua

Palais de la Cité

The Palais de la Cité, located on the Île de la Cité in the Seine River in the centre of Paris, is a major historic building that was the residence of the Kings of France from the sixth century until the 14th century, and has been the center of the French justice system ever since, thus often referred to as the Palais de Justice.

See Holy Roman Empire and Palais de la Cité

Palermo

Palermo (Palermu, locally also Paliemmu or Palèimmu) is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province.

See Holy Roman Empire and Palermo

Parma

Parma (Pärma) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture, music, art, prosciutto (ham), cheese and surrounding countryside.

See Holy Roman Empire and Parma

Patchwork

Patchwork or "pieced work" is a form of needlework that involves sewing together pieces of fabric into a larger design.

See Holy Roman Empire and Patchwork

Pavia

Pavia (Ticinum; Papia) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, in Northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino near its confluence with the Po.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pavia

Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg (Augsburger Frieden), also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 25 September 1555 in the German city of Augsburg.

See Holy Roman Empire and Peace of Augsburg

Peace of Pressburg (1805)

The Peace of Pressburg was signed in Pressburg (today Bratislava) on 26 December 1805 between French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, as a consequence of the French victory over the Russians and Austrians at the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December).

See Holy Roman Empire and Peace of Pressburg (1805)

Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia (Westfälischer Friede) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster.

See Holy Roman Empire and Peace of Westphalia

Pepin the Short

Pepin the Short (Pépin le Bref; – 24 September 768), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pepin the Short

Perpetual Diet of Regensburg

The Perpetual Diet of Regensburg or the Eternal Diet of Regensburg, (Immerwährender Reichstag) also commonly called in English the Perpetual Diet of Ratisbon, from the city's Latin name, was a session of the Imperial Diet (Reichstag) of the Holy Roman Empire that sat continuously from 1663 to 1806 in Regensburg in present-day Bavaria, Germany. Holy Roman Empire and Perpetual Diet of Regensburg are 1806 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Perpetual Diet of Regensburg

Personal union

A personal union is a combination of two or more monarchical states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.

See Holy Roman Empire and Personal union

Philip II of Spain

Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598.

See Holy Roman Empire and Philip II of Spain

Philip IV of France

Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (Philippe le Bel), was King of France from 1285 to 1314.

See Holy Roman Empire and Philip IV of France

Philip of Swabia

Philip of Swabia (February/March 1177 – 21 June 1208), styled Philip II in his charters, was a member of the House of Hohenstaufen and King of Germany from 1198 until his assassination.

See Holy Roman Empire and Philip of Swabia

Piast dynasty

The House of Piast was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland.

See Holy Roman Empire and Piast dynasty

Polish language

Polish (język polski,, polszczyzna or simply polski) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group within the Indo-European language family written in the Latin script.

See Holy Roman Empire and Polish language

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Holy Roman Empire and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth are Christian states and former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Polity

A polity is a group of people with a collective identity, who are organized by some form of political institutionalized social relations, and have a capacity to mobilize resources.

See Holy Roman Empire and Polity

Pomerania

Pomerania (Pomorze; Pommern; Kashubian: Pòmòrskô; Pommern) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Poland and Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pomerania

Pope

The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pope

Pope Alexander III

Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland (Rolando), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 September 1159 until his death in 1181.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pope Alexander III

Pope Clement V

Pope Clement V (Clemens Quintus; c. 1264 – 20 April 1314), born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled de Guoth and de Goth), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 June 1305 to his death, in April 1314.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pope Clement V

Pope Gregory II

Pope Gregory II (Gregorius II; 669 – 11 February 731) was the bishop of Rome from 19 May 715 to his death.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pope Gregory II

Pope Gregory V

Pope Gregory V (Gregorius V; c. 972 – 18 February 999), born Bruno of Carinthia, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 3 May 996 to his death.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pope Gregory V

Pope Gregory VII

Pope Gregory VII (Gregorius VII; 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pope Gregory VII

Pope Innocent III

Pope Innocent III (Innocentius III; 22 February 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 until his death on 16 July 1216.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pope Innocent III

Pope John XII

Pope John XII (Ioannes XII; 14 May 964), born Octavian, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 16 December 955 to his death in 964.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pope John XII

Pope Leo III

Pope Leo III (Leo III; died 12 June 816) was bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 26 December 795 to his death.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pope Leo III

Pope Leo VIII

Pope Leo VIII (915 – 1 March 965) was a Roman prelate who claimed the Holy See from 963 until 964 in opposition to John XII and Benedict V and again from 23 June 964 to his death.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pope Leo VIII

Pope Paul IV

Pope Paul IV (Paulus IV; Paolo IV; 28 June 1476 – 18 August 1559), born Gian Pietro Carafa, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 23 May 1555 to his death, in August 1559.

See Holy Roman Empire and Pope Paul IV

Power (social and political)

In political science, power is the social production of an effect that determines the capacities, actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors.

See Holy Roman Empire and Power (social and political)

Prague

Prague (Praha) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia.

See Holy Roman Empire and Prague

Primus inter pares

Primus inter pares is a Latin phrase meaning first among equals. Holy Roman Empire and Primus inter pares are Christian terminology.

See Holy Roman Empire and Primus inter pares

Prince of the Holy Roman Empire

Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (princeps imperii, Reichsfürst, cf. Fürst) was a title attributed to a hereditary ruler, nobleman or prelate recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor.

See Holy Roman Empire and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire

Prince-bishop

A prince-bishop is a bishop who is also the civil ruler of some secular principality and sovereignty, as opposed to Prince of the Church itself, a title associated with cardinals.

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Prince-elector

The prince-electors (Kurfürst pl. Kurfürsten, Kurfiřt, Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college that elected the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Property

Property is a system of rights that gives people legal control of valuable things, and also refers to the valuable things themselves.

See Holy Roman Empire and Property

Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice. Holy Roman Empire and Protestantism are Christian terminology and western Christianity.

See Holy Roman Empire and Protestantism

Prussia

Prussia (Preußen; Old Prussian: Prūsa or Prūsija) was a German state located on most of the North European Plain, also occupying southern and eastern regions. Holy Roman Empire and Prussia are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Prussia

Prussia (region)

Prussia (Prusy; Prūsija; Пруссия; Old Prussian: Prūsa; Preußen; /label/label) is a historical region in Central Europe on the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, that ranges from the Vistula delta in the west to the end of the Curonian Spit in the east and extends inland as far as Masuria, divided between Poland, Russia and Lithuania.

See Holy Roman Empire and Prussia (region)

Quaternion Eagle

The Quaternion Eagle (Quaternionenadler; aquila quaternione), also known as the Imperial Quaternion Eagle (Quaternionen-Reichsadler) or simply Imperial Eagle (Reichsadler), was an informal coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Quedlinburg

Quedlinburg is a town situated just north of the Harz mountains, in the district of Harz in the west of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Quedlinburg

Quierzy

Quierzy, also known as Quierzy-sur-Oise (formerly in Cariciacum, Carisiacum, Charisagum, Karisiacum), is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France, straddling the Oise River between Noyon and Chauny.

See Holy Roman Empire and Quierzy

Ravenna

Ravenna (also; Ravèna, Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ravenna

Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

See Holy Roman Empire and Reformation

Reformed Christianity

Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church.

See Holy Roman Empire and Reformed Christianity

Regensburg

Regensburg (historically known in English as Ratisbon) is a city in eastern Bavaria, at the confluence of the Danube, Naab and Regen rivers, Danube's northernmost point.

See Holy Roman Empire and Regensburg

Regino of Prüm

Regino of Prüm or of Prum (Regino Prumiensis, Regino von Prüm; died 915 AD) was a Benedictine monk, who served as abbot of Prüm (892–99) and later of Saint Martin's at Trier, and chronicler, whose Chronicon is an important source for late Carolingian history.

See Holy Roman Empire and Regino of Prüm

Reichskammergericht

The;; Iudicium imperii) was one of the two highest judicial institutions in the Holy Roman Empire, the other one being the Aulic Council in Vienna. It was founded in 1495 by the Imperial Diet in Worms. All legal proceedings in the Holy Roman Empire could be brought to the Imperial Chamber Court, except if the ruler of the territory had a so-called privilegium de non appellando, in which case the highest judicial institution was found by the ruler of that territory. Holy Roman Empire and Reichskammergericht are 1806 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Reichskammergericht

Reichstag (German Empire)

The Reichstag of the German Empire was Germany's lower House of Parliament from 1871 to 1918.

See Holy Roman Empire and Reichstag (German Empire)

Reichsthaler

The Reichsthaler (modern spelling Reichstaler), or more specifically the Reichsthaler specie, was a standard thaler silver coin introduced by the Holy Roman Empire in 1566 for use in all German states, minted in various versions for the next 300 years, and containing 25–26 grams fine silver.

See Holy Roman Empire and Reichsthaler

Reims

Reims (also spelled Rheims in English) is the most populous city in the French department of Marne, and the 12th most populous city in France.

See Holy Roman Empire and Reims

Renovatio imperii Romanorum

Renovatio imperii Romanorum ("renewal of the empire of the Romans") was a formula declaring an intention to restore or revive the Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Renovatio imperii Romanorum

Rhens

Rhens is a municipality in the district Mayen-Koblenz, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Rhens

Rhine

--> The Rhine is one of the major European rivers.

See Holy Roman Empire and Rhine

Richard I of England

Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199), known as Richard Cœur de Lion (Norman French: Quor de Lion) or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior, was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199.

See Holy Roman Empire and Richard I of England

Richard of Cornwall

Richard (5 January 1209 – 2 April 1272) was an English prince who was King of the Romans from 1257 until his death in 1272.

See Holy Roman Empire and Richard of Cornwall

Ripuarian Franks

Ripuarian or Rhineland Franks (Latin: Ripuarii or Ribuarii) were one of the two main groupings of early Frankish people, and specifically it was the name eventually applied to the tribes who settled in the old Roman territory of the Ubii, with its capital at Cologne on the Rhine river in modern Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ripuarian Franks

Rittersturm

The so-called Rittersturm was the illegal seizure of the Imperially immediate territories of the Imperial Knights within the Holy Roman Empire by some Imperial Estates in 1802–1804.

See Holy Roman Empire and Rittersturm

Road to Canossa

The Road to Canossa or Humiliation of Canossa (L'umiliazione di Canossa), or, sometimes, the Walk to Canossa (Gang nach Canossa/Kanossa) was the journey of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV to Canossa Castle in 1077, and his subsequent ritual submission there to Pope Gregory VII.

See Holy Roman Empire and Road to Canossa

Robber baron (feudalism)

A robber baron or robber knight (Raubritter) was an unscrupulous feudal landowner who, protected by his fief's legal status, imposed high taxes and tolls out of keeping with the norm without authorization by some higher authority.

See Holy Roman Empire and Robber baron (feudalism)

Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier

The Diocese of Trier (Dioecesis Trevirensis), in English historically also known as Treves from French Trèves, is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic church in Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome. Holy Roman Empire and Roman Empire are former empires and former monarchies of Europe.

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Roman law

Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.

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Romansh language

Romansh is a Gallo-Romance language spoken predominantly in the Swiss canton of the Grisons (Graubünden).

See Holy Roman Empire and Romansh language

Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

See Holy Roman Empire and Rome

Rudolf I of Germany

Rudolf I (1 May 1218 – 15 July 1291) was the first King of Germany from the House of Habsburg.

See Holy Roman Empire and Rudolf I of Germany

Rudolf II, Count Palatine of the Rhine

Rudolf II "the blind" (8 August 1306 – 4 October 1353) was Count Palatine of the Rhine (see Palatinate) from 1329 to 1353.

See Holy Roman Empire and Rudolf II, Count Palatine of the Rhine

Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor

Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608).

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Rudolf of Rheinfelden

Rudolf of Rheinfelden (– 15 October 1080) was Duke of Swabia from 1057 to 1079.

See Holy Roman Empire and Rudolf of Rheinfelden

Rule of law

The rule of law is a political ideal that all citizens and institutions within a country, state, or community are accountable to the same laws, including lawmakers and leaders.

See Holy Roman Empire and Rule of law

Salian dynasty

The Salian dynasty or Salic dynasty (Salier) was a dynasty in the High Middle Ages.

See Holy Roman Empire and Salian dynasty

Salian Franks

The Salian Franks, also called the Salians (Latin: Salii; Greek: Σάλιοι, Salioi), were a northwestern subgroup of the early Franks who appear in the historical record in the fourth and fifth centuries.

See Holy Roman Empire and Salian Franks

Satellite state

A satellite state or dependent state is a country that is formally independent but under heavy political, economic, and military influence or control from another country.

See Holy Roman Empire and Satellite state

Savoyard state

The Savoyard state is a term of art used by historians to denote collectively all of the states ruled by the counts and dukes of Savoy from the Middle Ages to the formation of the Kingdom of Italy.

See Holy Roman Empire and Savoyard state

Saxons

The Saxons, sometimes called the Old Saxons, were the Germanic people of "Old" Saxony (Antiqua Saxonia) which became a Carolingian "stem duchy" in 804, in what is now northern Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Saxons

Schmalkaldic War

The Schmalkaldic War (Schmalkaldischer Krieg) was the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (simultaneously King Charles I of Spain), commanded by the Duke of Alba and the Duke of Saxony, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Schmalkaldic War

Schwarzenau Brethren

The Schwarzenau Brethren, the German Baptist Brethren, Dunkers, Dunkard Brethren, Tunkers, or sometimes simply called the German Baptists, are an Anabaptist group that dissented from Roman Catholic, Lutheran and Reformed European state churches during the 17th and 18th centuries.

See Holy Roman Empire and Schwarzenau Brethren

Schwäbisch Hall

Schwäbisch Hall ('Swabian Hall'; from 1802 until 1934 and colloquially: Hall) is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg located in the valley of the Kocher river, the longest tributary (together with its headwater Lein) of the Neckar river.

See Holy Roman Empire and Schwäbisch Hall

Secularization

In sociology, secularization (secularisation) is a multilayered concept that generally denotes "a transition from a religious to a more worldly level." There are many types of secularization and most do not lead to atheism, irreligion, nor are they automatically antithetical to religion.

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Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor

Sigismund of Luxembourg (15 February 1368 – 9 December 1437) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 until his death in 1437.

See Holy Roman Empire and Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor

Silesia

Silesia (see names below) is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within modern Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Silesia

Sixth Crusade

The Sixth Crusade (1228–1229), also known as the Crusade of Frederick II, was a military expedition to recapture Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land.

See Holy Roman Empire and Sixth Crusade

Slovene language

Slovene or Slovenian (slovenščina) is a South Slavic language of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Holy Roman Empire and Slovene language

Sorbian languages

The Sorbian languages (serbska rěč, serbska rěc) are the Upper Sorbian language and Lower Sorbian language, two closely related and partially mutually intelligible languages spoken by the Sorbs, a West Slavic ethno-cultural minority in the Lusatia region of Eastern Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Sorbian languages

Spanish Netherlands

The Spanish Netherlands (Países Bajos Españoles; Spaanse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas espagnols; Spanische Niederlande) (historically in Spanish: Flandes, the name "Flanders" was used as a pars pro toto) was the Habsburg Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 to 1714.

See Holy Roman Empire and Spanish Netherlands

Speyer

Speyer (older spelling Speier; Schbaija; Spire), historically known in English as Spires, is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany with approximately 50,000 inhabitants.

See Holy Roman Empire and Speyer

Standing army

A standing army is a permanent, often professional, army.

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State (polity)

A state is a political entity that regulates society and the population within a territory.

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State of the Teutonic Order

The State of the Teutonic Order (Civitas Ordinis Theutonici) was a theocratic state located along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea in northern Europe. It was formed by the knights of the Teutonic Order during the early 13th century Northern Crusades in the region of Prussia. In 1237, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword merged with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as its branch — the Livonian Order (while their state, Terra Mariana, covering present-day Estonia and Latvia, became part of the State of the Teutonic Order). Holy Roman Empire and state of the Teutonic Order are Christian states.

See Holy Roman Empire and State of the Teutonic Order

State religion

A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.

See Holy Roman Empire and State religion

Statutum in favorem principum

The Statutum in favorem principum ("Statute in favour of the princes") of 1231, reaffirmed in 1232, counts as one of the most important sources of law of the Holy Roman Empire on German territory.

See Holy Roman Empire and Statutum in favorem principum

Stem duchy

A stem duchy (Stammesherzogtum, from Stamm, meaning "tribe", in reference to the Franks, Saxons, Bavarians and Swabians) was a constituent duchy of the Kingdom of Germany at the time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty (death of Louis the Child in 911) and through the transitional period leading to the formation of the Ottonian Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Stem duchy

Strasbourg

Strasbourg (Straßburg) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France, at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace.

See Holy Roman Empire and Strasbourg

Stuttgart

Stuttgart (Swabian: italics) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

See Holy Roman Empire and Stuttgart

Succession of the Roman Empire

The continuation, succession, and revival of the Roman Empire is a running theme of the history of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Holy Roman Empire and succession of the Roman Empire are Christian states.

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Suzerainty

Suzerainty includes the rights and obligations of a person, state, or other polity which controls the foreign policy and relations of a tributary state but allows the tributary state internal autonomy.

See Holy Roman Empire and Suzerainty

Swabia

Swabia; Schwaben, colloquially Schwabenland or Ländle; archaic English also Suabia or Svebia is a cultural, historic and linguistic region in southwestern Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Swabia

Territorial state

The term territorial state is used to refer to a state, typical of the High Middle Ages, since around 1000 AD, and "other large-scale complex organizations that attained size, stability, capacity, efficiency, and territorial reach not seen since antiquity." The term territorial state is also understood as “coercion-wielding organizations that are distinct from households and kinship groups and exercise clear priority in some respects over all other organizations within substantial territories.” Organizations such as city-states, empires, and theocracies along with many a number of other governmental organizations are considered territorial states, yet does not include tribes, lineages, firms, or churches alike.

See Holy Roman Empire and Territorial state

Teutonic Order

The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

See Holy Roman Empire and Teutonic Order

Thaler

A thaler or taler (Taler, previously spelled Thaler) is one of the large silver coins minted in the states and territories of the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy during the Early Modern period.

See Holy Roman Empire and Thaler

The Local

The Local is a multi-regional, European, English-language digital news publisher with local editions in Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.

See Holy Roman Empire and The Local

Theophanu

Theophanu (also Theophania, Theophana, or Theophano; Medieval Greek Θεοφανώ; AD 955 15 June 991) was empress of the Holy Roman Empire by marriage to Emperor Otto II, and regent of the Empire during the minority of their son, Emperor Otto III, from 983 until her death in 991.

See Holy Roman Empire and Theophanu

Thionville

Thionville (Diedenhofen) is a city in the northeastern French department of Moselle.

See Holy Roman Empire and Thionville

Third Crusade

The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt led by three European monarchs of Western Christianity (Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor) to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187.

See Holy Roman Empire and Third Crusade

Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. Holy Roman Empire and Thirty Years' War are history of Central Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Thirty Years' War

Translatio imperii

Translatio imperii (Latin for "transfer of rule") is a historiographical concept that was prominent in the Middle Ages in the thinking and writing of elite groups of the population in Europe, but was the reception of a concept from antiquity.

See Holy Roman Empire and Translatio imperii

Treaties of Nijmegen

The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen (Traités de Paix de Nimègue; Friede von Nimwegen; Vrede van Nijmegen) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and October 1679.

See Holy Roman Empire and Treaties of Nijmegen

Treaty of Campo Formio

The Treaty of Campo Formio (today Campoformido) was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI) by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Philipp von Cobenzl as representatives of the French Republic and the Austrian monarchy, respectively.

See Holy Roman Empire and Treaty of Campo Formio

Treaty of Meerssen

The Treaty of Mersen or Meerssen, concluded on 8 August 870, was a treaty to partition the realm of Lothair II, known as Lotharingia, by his uncles Louis the German of East Francia and Charles the Bald of West Francia, the two surviving sons of Emperor Louis I the Pious.

See Holy Roman Empire and Treaty of Meerssen

Treaty of Prüm

The Treaty of Prüm, concluded on 19 September 855, was the second of the partition treaties of the Carolingian Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Treaty of Prüm

Treaty of Ribemont

The Treaty of Ribemont in 880 was the last treaty on the partitions of the Frankish Empire.

See Holy Roman Empire and Treaty of Ribemont

Treaty of Verdun

The Treaty of Verdun, agreed in, divided the Frankish Empire into three kingdoms between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I, the son and successor of Charlemagne.

See Holy Roman Empire and Treaty of Verdun

Trebur

Trebur is a municipality in Groß-Gerau district in Hessen, Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Trebur

Trier

Trier (Tréier), formerly and traditionally known in English as Trèves and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle in Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Trier

Ulm

Ulm is the sixth-largest city of the southwestern German state of Baden-Württemberg, and with around 129,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 60th-largest city.

See Holy Roman Empire and Ulm

Vehmic court

The Vehmic courts, Vehmgericht, holy vehme, or simply Vehm, also spelt Feme, Vehmegericht, Fehmgericht, are names given to a tribunal system of Westphalia in Germany active during the later Middle Ages, based on a fraternal organisation of lay judges called "free judges" (Freischöffen or francs-juges).

See Holy Roman Empire and Vehmic court

Venice

Venice (Venezia; Venesia, formerly Venexia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

See Holy Roman Empire and Venice

Verona

Verona (Verona or Veròna) is a city on the River Adige in Veneto, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants.

See Holy Roman Empire and Verona

Vienna

Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.

See Holy Roman Empire and Vienna

Voltaire

François-Marie Arouet (21 November 169430 May 1778), known by his nom de plume M. de Voltaire (also), was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher (philosophe), satirist, and historian.

See Holy Roman Empire and Voltaire

War of the Austrian Succession

The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict fought between 1740 and 1748, primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

See Holy Roman Empire and War of the Austrian Succession

War of the Polish Succession

The War of the Polish Succession (Wojna o sukcesję polską; 1733–35) was a major European conflict sparked by a civil war in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over the succession to Augustus II the Strong, which the other European powers widened in pursuit of their own national interests.

See Holy Roman Empire and War of the Polish Succession

War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict fought between 1701 and 1714.

See Holy Roman Empire and War of the Spanish Succession

Würzburg

Würzburg (Main-Franconian: Wörtzburch) is, after Nuremberg and Fürth, the third-largest city in Franconia located in the north of Bavaria.

See Holy Roman Empire and Würzburg

Welser family

Welser was a German banking and merchant family, originally a patrician family based in Augsburg and Nuremberg, that rose to great prominence in international high finance in the 16th century as bankers to the Habsburgs and financiers of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

See Holy Roman Empire and Welser family

Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia

Wenceslaus IV (also Wenceslas; Václav; Wenzel, nicknamed "the Idle"; 26 February 136116 August 1419), also known as Wenceslaus of Luxembourg, was King of Bohemia from 1378 until his death and King of Germany from 1376 until he was deposed in 1400.

See Holy Roman Empire and Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia

West Francia

In medieval historiography, West Francia (Medieval Latin: Francia occidentalis) or the Kingdom of the West Franks constitutes the initial stage of the Kingdom of France and extends from the year 843, from the Treaty of Verdun, to 987, the beginning of the Capetian dynasty. Holy Roman Empire and West Francia are former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and West Francia

West Slavs

The West Slavs are Slavic peoples who speak the West Slavic languages.

See Holy Roman Empire and West Slavs

Western Europe

Western Europe is the western region of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Western Europe

Western Roman Empire

In modern historiography, the Western Roman Empire was the western provinces of the Roman Empire, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court. Holy Roman Empire and western Roman Empire are Christian states, former empires and former monarchies of Europe.

See Holy Roman Empire and Western Roman Empire

Westphalia

Westphalia (Westfalen; Westfalen) is a region of northwestern Germany and one of the three historic parts of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

See Holy Roman Empire and Westphalia

Wetzlar

Wetzlar is a city in the state of Hesse, Germany.

See Holy Roman Empire and Wetzlar

William II of Holland

William II (February 1227 – 28 January 1256) was the Count of Holland and Zeeland from 1234 until his death.

See Holy Roman Empire and William II of Holland

Worms, Germany

Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt am Main.

See Holy Roman Empire and Worms, Germany

Wrocław

Wrocław (Breslau; also known by other names) is a city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia.

See Holy Roman Empire and Wrocław

Yiddish

Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish or idish,,; ייִדיש-טײַטש, historically also Yidish-Taytsh) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews.

See Holy Roman Empire and Yiddish

See also

1806 disestablishments in Europe

• Archduchy of Austria
• Batavian Republic
• Goldau
• Holy Roman Empire
• Principality of Heitersheim
• Russo-Ottoman alliance
• Upper Rhenish Circle

1806 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire

• Abbey of Saint Peter in the Black Forest
• Brunswick–Lüneburg
• County of Bentheim
• County of Holzappel
• County of Königstein
• County of Steinfurt
• Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
• Electorate of Bavaria
• Electorate of Württemberg
• Flags of the Holy Roman Empire
• Holy Roman Empire
• House of Auersperg
• Imperial County of Reuss
• Kaiserliche Reichspost
• Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
• Margraviate of Brandenburg
• Perpetual Diet of Regensburg
• Principality of Anhalt
• Principality of Heitersheim
• Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
• Reichskammergericht
• Schuttern Abbey
• Solms-Rödelheim-Assenheim
• Starhemberg
• Thurn und Taxis
• Upper Rhenish Circle
• Wied-Runkel

960s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire

• Archbishopric of Magdeburg
• County of Luxembourg
• Holy Roman Empire
• March of Lusatia
• March of Merseburg
• March of Zeitz
• Margravate of Meissen
• Northern March
• Plusso
• Saxon Eastern March

962 establishments

• Archbishopric of Magdeburg
• Holy Roman Empire
• House of Zähringen
• Monastery of Saint George, Skyros
• University of Parma

Christendom

• Byzantine Empire
• Carolingian Empire
• Christendom
• Christianity in the Middle Ages
• East–West Schism
• History of Western civilization
• Holy Roman Empire
• Holy See
• Medieval renaissances
• Papal States
• Pentarchy
• Reconquista
• Renaissance
• Role of Christianity in civilization

History of Catholicism in Europe

• Antemurale Christianitatis
• Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše
• Church and state in medieval Europe
• Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
• Holy Roman Empire
• Illyricum sacrum
• Josephinism
• Secular arm
• Slavorum Apostoli
• Sonderbund War

History of Central Europe

• 1540 European drought
• Austro-Prussian rivalry
• Czechoslovakia
• German Peasants' War
• Great Turkish War
• History of Austria
• History of Central European forests
• History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe
• History of Germany
• History of Hungary
• History of Liechtenstein
• History of Poland
• History of Slovakia
• History of Slovenia
• History of Switzerland
• History of Transylvania
• History of the Czech Republic
• History of the Lombards
• Holy Roman Empire
• House of Luxembourg
• List of historical regions of Central Europe
• Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)
• Revolutions of 1848
• Silesian Wars
• Thirty Years' War

Middle Ages

• Anuario de Estudios Medievales
• Ars dictaminis
• Carolingian libraries
• Chief of the King's Guard (Portugal and Castile)
• Early Middle Ages
• Feudalism
• High Middle Ages
• Historiography in the Middle Ages
• Historiography of the Middle Ages
• Holy Roman Empire
• Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris
• Knight-villein
• Late Middle Ages
• List of medieval abbreviations
• Medieval Africa
• Medieval Asia
• Medieval Islamic world
• Medieval art
• Medieval garden
• Middle Ages
• Middle Ages in popular culture
• Outline of the Middle Ages
• Post-classical history
• Religion in the Middle Ages
• Science in the Middle Ages
• The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe
• Timeline of post-classical history
• Viking Age
• Vikings
• Vilafranca (medieval town)

States and territories disestablished in 1806

• Archduchy of Austria
• Austrian Circle
• Batavian Republic
• Bavarian Circle
• Duchy of Alvito
• Dutch Cape Colony
• Electorate of Hesse
• Electorate of Saxony
• Electorate of Württemberg
• First Empire of Haiti
• Franconian Circle
• Free Imperial City of Nuremberg
• Fugger family
• Holy Roman Empire
• Imperial County of Reuss
• Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
• Limburg-Styrum-Borkelö
• Limburg-Styrum-Bronchhorst
• Limburg-Styrum-Styrum
• Principality of Heitersheim
• Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
• Quba Khanate
• Terra Sancti Benedicti
• Thurn und Taxis
• Vicariate of Valpolicella

States and territories established in 800

• Holy Roman Empire

States and territories established in 962

• Holy Roman Empire

Western Christianity

• Archdiocese of Carthage
• Assumption of Mary
• Athanasian Creed
• Black Catholic Movement
• Black Catholicism
• Carnival
• Christian humanism
• Donation of Sutri
• Ecclesiastical Latin
• Feast of Corpus Christi
• Filioque
• God the Father in Western art
• Holy Roman Empire
• Immaculate Conception
• Independent Catholicism
• Lamb of God
• Latin Church
• Latin liturgical rites
• Mass (liturgy)
• Original sin
• Papal supremacy
• Patriarch of the West
• Peccatism
• Protestantism
• Religious (Western Christianity)
• Roman Rite
• Scholasticism
• Thomism
• Vulgate
• Western Christianity
• Western Rite Orthodoxy

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire

Also known as 12th century in Germany, 13th century in Germany, 14th century in Germany, 15th century in Germany, 15th-century Germany, 1st Reich, Czech Republic/Sacrum, Demographics of the Holy Roman Empire, Empire of the german nation, First German Empire, First German Reich, First Reich, German Late Middle Ages, Germanic Empire, Germany in the 15th century, HRE, HRE (empire), HREGN, Heiliges Roemisches Reich Deutscher Nation, Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation, Heiliges Römisches Reich, History of the HRE, History of the Holy Roman Empire, Holy Empire, Holy Reich, Holy Roman, Holy Roman Empire (of the German nation), Holy Roman Empire of German Nation, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, Holy Roman Realm of the German Nation, Holy Rome, Holy-Roman Empire, I Reich, Imperial court (Holy Roman Empire), Imperials, Imperium Romanum Sacrum, Late Medieval Germany, Roman Empire of the German Nation, Roman Holy Empire, Roman-German Empire, Sacro Romano Impero, Sacrum Romanum Imperium, Teutonic Empire, The Holy Empire, The Holy Roman Empire.

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the Rhine, Leo III the Isaurian, Liechtenstein, Lindau, List of Bohemian monarchs, List of counts palatine of the Rhine, List of Frankish kings, List of German monarchs, List of Imperial Diet participants (1792), List of margraves and electors of Brandenburg, List of monarchs of Bavaria, List of royal and imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire, List of rulers of Saxony, List of Sicilian monarchs, List of state leaders in the 10th-century Holy Roman Empire, List of state leaders in the 11th-century Holy Roman Empire, List of state leaders in the 12th-century Holy Roman Empire, List of state leaders in the 13th-century Holy Roman Empire, List of state leaders in the 14th-century Holy Roman Empire, List of state leaders in the 15th-century Holy Roman Empire, List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire, List of state leaders in the 17th-century Holy Roman Empire, List of state leaders in the 18th-century Holy Roman Empire, List of state leaders in the 19th-century Holy Roman Empire, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire, List of wars involving the Holy Roman Empire, Lombards, Lothair I, Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis the Child, Louis the Pious, Louis XIV, Low Countries, Low German, Lutheranism, Luxembourg, Lyon, Magdeburg, Mainz, Mantua, Marseille, Martin Luther, Mary of Burgundy, Mary, Queen of Hungary, Matilda of Ringelheim, Matilda, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, Medieval Latin, Mennonites, Merovingian dynasty, Merseburg, Metz, Middle Ages, Milan, Minden, Ministerialis, Mixed government, Modena, Monarchy of Spain, Munich, Napoleon, Napoleonic Wars, Nation state, Nationalism, Nazi Germany, Nazi Party, Nikephoros I, North German Confederation, North Sea, Nuremberg, Old Prussians, Old Swiss Confederacy, Ostsiedlung, Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto the Great, Ottokar I of Bohemia, Ottoman Empire, Ottonian dynasty, Ottonian Renaissance, Paderborn, Padua, Palais de la Cité, Palermo, Parma, Patchwork, Pavia, Peace of Augsburg, Peace of Pressburg (1805), Peace of Westphalia, Pepin the Short, Perpetual Diet of Regensburg, Personal union, Philip II of Spain, Philip IV of France, Philip of Swabia, Piast dynasty, Polish language, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polity, Pomerania, Pope, Pope Alexander III, Pope Clement V, Pope Gregory II, Pope Gregory V, Pope Gregory VII, Pope Innocent III, Pope John XII, Pope Leo III, Pope Leo VIII, Pope Paul IV, Power (social and political), Prague, Primus inter pares, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Prince-bishop, Prince-elector, Property, Protestantism, Prussia, Prussia (region), Quaternion Eagle, Quedlinburg, Quierzy, Ravenna, Reformation, Reformed Christianity, Regensburg, Regino of Prüm, Reichskammergericht, Reichstag (German Empire), Reichsthaler, Reims, Renovatio imperii Romanorum, Rhens, Rhine, Richard I of England, Richard of 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Verdun, Trebur, Trier, Ulm, Vehmic court, Venice, Verona, Vienna, Voltaire, War of the Austrian Succession, War of the Polish Succession, War of the Spanish Succession, Würzburg, Welser family, Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, West Francia, West Slavs, Western Europe, Western Roman Empire, Westphalia, Wetzlar, William II of Holland, Worms, Germany, Wrocław, Yiddish.

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