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Hosni Mubarak

Index Hosni Mubarak

Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (محمد حسني السيد مبارك,,; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. [1]

149 relations: ABC News, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, Abdou Diouf, Abdullah II of Jordan, Achille Lauro hijacking, Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin, Ahmed Nazif, Ahmed Shafik, Air chief marshal, Alaa Mubarak, Ali Mustafa Baghdady, Aly Lotfy Mahmoud, Amr Moussa, Anwar Sadat, Arab League, Arab Peace Initiative, Arab–Israeli conflict, Assassination of Anwar Sadat, Atef Ebeid, Atef Sedky, Ayman Nour, BBC, BBC News, Beni Suef, Bill Clinton, Bishkek, Blockade of the Gaza Strip, Bribery, Cairo, Cairo Anti-war Conference, Camp David Accords, Caretaker government, Central Security Forces, Corruption Perceptions Index, Court of cassation, Damascus, Defibrillation, Efraim Karsh, Egypt, Egyptian Air Academy, Egyptian Air Force, Egyptian Armed Forces, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Egyptian Military Academy, Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum, 1987, Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum, 1993, Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum, 1999, Egyptian presidential election, 2005, Egyptian presidential election, 2012, Egyptian revolution of 2011, ..., Egyptians, Ehud Barak, Ehud Olmert, Eilat, El Watan, El-Ghad Party, Fahd of Saudi Arabia, Faisal of Saudi Arabia, Fighter aircraft, Freedom House, Gaafar Nimeiry, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Gamal Mubarak, Group of 15, Gulf War, Habib el-Adly, Hafez al-Assad, Hamdeen Sabahi, Hassan II of Morocco, Hazem El Beblawi, Hussein el-Shafei, Ilyushin Il-28, Islamic fundamentalism, Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Javier Solana, Jawaharlal Nehru Award, Kamal Ganzouri, Kamal Hassan Ali (Egyptian politician), Kant (air base), Khalid Islambouli, Kingdom of Egypt, Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, Kofi Annan, Libyan Civil War (2011), List of Presidents of Egypt, Mahmoud Abbas, Mahmoud Fawzi, Mahmoud Shaker, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Military academies in Russia, Military Honor Medal, Mohamed ElBaradei, Mohamed Hassanein Heikal, Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, Mohamed Morsi, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Monufia Governorate, Mossack Fonseca, Moussa Traoré, MSNBC, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, National Democratic Party (Egypt), New trial, Newsweek, Nigerian Tribune, Non-Aligned Movement, Omar Suleiman, Order of Honor Star, Order of King Abdulaziz, Order of the State of Republic of Turkey, Organisation of African Unity, Osama bin Laden, Panama Papers, Port Said, President of Egypt, Prime Minister of Egypt, Qaboos bin Said al Said, Raúl Castro, Riyadh, Saad el-Shazly, Sameh Shoukry, Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Arabia, Sharm El Sheikh, Sinai Peninsula, Sovereign immunity, Soviet Union, State Security Investigations Service, Sufi Abu Taleb, Sunni Islam, Supermarine Spitfire, Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, Suzanne Mubarak, The Economist, The Guardian, The New York Times, Tora Prison, Transparency International, Tupolev Tu-16, United Arab Emirates, Vice-President of Egypt, Voice of America, Yasser Arafat, Yom Kippur War, Yoweri Museveni, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, 2002 Arab League summit, 2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire. Expand index (99 more) »

ABC News

ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.

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Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi (عبد الفتاح سعيد حسين خليل السيسي,; born 19 November 1954) is an Egyptian politician who is the current sixth President of Egypt, in office since 2014.

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Abdou Diouf

Abdou Diouf (Serer: Abdu Juuf; born September 7, 1935.) is a Senegalese politician who was the second President of Senegal from 1981 to 2000.

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Abdullah II of Jordan

Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein (عبد الله الثاني بن الحسين., ʿAbdullāh ath-thānī ibn Al-Ḥusayn, born 30 January 1962) has been King of Jordan since 1999.

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Achille Lauro hijacking

The Achille Lauro hijacking happened on October 7, 1985, when the Italian MS ''Achille Lauro'' was hijacked by four men representing the Palestine Liberation Front off the coast of Egypt, as she was sailing from Alexandria to Ashdod, Israel.

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Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin

Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin (11 January 1926 – 5 June 1984 in Cairo, Egypt) was the 42nd Prime Minister of Egypt from 2 January 1982 to 5 June 1984.

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Ahmed Nazif

Ahmed Nazif (أحمد نظيف,; born 8 July 1952) served as the Prime Minister of Egypt from 14 July 2004 to 29 January 2011, when his cabinet was dismissed by President Hosni Mubarak in light of a popular uprising that led to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011.

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Ahmed Shafik

Ahmed Mohamed Shafik ZakiAlso spelled: Shafiq.

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Air chief marshal

Air chief marshal (Air Chf Mshl or ACM) is a four-star air officer rank which originated in and continues to be used by the Royal Air Force, where it is the most senior peacetime air force rank.

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Alaa Mubarak

Alaa Mubarak (علاء مبارك) (born 26 November 1960 in Cairo) is an Egyptian businessman and the elder of two sons of Hosni Mubarak, the former President of Egypt who served from 1981 to 2011, and his wife Suzanne Mubarak.

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Ali Mustafa Baghdady

Ali Ahmed Mustafa Baghdady (علي مصطفى بغدادي) (4 December 1922 - January 2005) was the Egyptian Air Force commander from 1969 to 1972.

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Aly Lotfy Mahmoud

Aly Mahmoud Lotfy (6 October 1935 – 27 May 2018) was an Egyptian politician who served as Prime Minister of Egypt from 4 September 1985 to 9 November 1986.

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Amr Moussa

Amr Moussa (عمرو محمد موسى,, Amr Muhammad Moussa; born 3 October 1936) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the Secretary-General of the Arab League, a 22-member forum representing Arab states, from 1 June 2001 to 1 June 2011.

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Anwar Sadat

Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat (محمد أنور السادات, Egyptian muħæmmæd ˈʔɑnwɑɾ essæˈdæːt; 25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981.

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Arab League

The Arab League (الجامعة العربية), formally the League of Arab States (جامعة الدول العربية), is a regional organization of Arab states in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa and Arabia.

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Arab Peace Initiative

The Arab Peace Initiative (مبادرة السلام العربية), also known as the "Saudi Initiative", is a 10 sentence proposal for an end to the Arab–Israeli conflict that was endorsed by the Arab League in 2002 at the Beirut Summit and re-endorsed at the 2007 Arab League summit and at the 2017 Arab League summit.

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Arab–Israeli conflict

The Arab–Israeli conflict refers to the political tension, military conflicts and disputes between a number of Arab countries and Israel.

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Assassination of Anwar Sadat

The assassination of Anwar Sadat occurred on 6 October 1981.

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Atef Ebeid

Atef Muhammad Ebeid (عاطف محمد عبيد) (14 April 1932 – 12 September 2014) was an Egyptian politician who served in various capacities in the governments of Egypt.

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Atef Sedky

Atef Mohamed Naguib Sedky (29 August 1930 – 25 February 2005) (عاطف محمد نجيب صدقى) was the Prime Minister of Egypt from 1986 until 1996.

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Ayman Nour

Ayman Abd El Aziz Nour (أيمن عبد العزيز نور,; born 5 December 1964) is an Egyptian politician, a former member of the Egyptian Parliament, founder and chairman of the El Ghad party.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.

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Beni Suef

Beni Suef, (بنى سويف,; Coptic: Panisōf) is the capital city of the Beni Suef Governorate in Egypt.

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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Bishkek

Bishkek (Бишке́к, BISHKEK, بىشکەک;; bʲɪʂˈkʲɛk), formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and largest city of Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic).

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Blockade of the Gaza Strip

The blockade of the Gaza Strip is the ongoing land, air, and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip imposed by Israel and Egypt since 2007.

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Bribery

Bribery is the act of giving or receiving something of value in exchange for some kind of influence or action in return, that the recipient would otherwise not alter.

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Cairo

Cairo (القاهرة) is the capital of Egypt.

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Cairo Anti-war Conference

The Cairo Conference against U.S. hegemony and war on Iraq and in solidarity with Palestine (later: Popular Campaign for the Support of Resistance in Palestine and Iraq and Against Globalization), generally known simply as Cairo Anti-war Conference, is an anti-war and anti-neo-liberalism conference held regularly since 2002 in Cairo, Egypt.

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Camp David Accords

The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David.

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Caretaker government

A caretaker government is a government that rules on a temporary basis, due to the loss of election or a pending transition of power.

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Central Security Forces

The 450,000 strong General Security and Central Security Forces (قوات الأمن العام و الأمن المركزي Quwwāt al-Amn al- Amm wa Quwwāt al-Amn al-Markazī, often shortened to الأمن المركزي Al-Amn al-Markazī) CSF organisation is an Egyptian paramilitary force which is responsible for assisting the Egyptian National Police (ENP) for the security of governmental fixed sites, foreign embassies & missions, riots & crowds control, publicly crowded events, high risk arrests, disaster response and SWAT operations.

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Corruption Perceptions Index

Transparency International (TI) has published the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) since 1995, annually ranking countries "by their perceived levels of corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys." The CPI generally defines corruption as "the misuse of public power for private benefit".

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Court of cassation

A court of cassation is a high-instance court that exists in some judicial systems.

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Damascus

Damascus (دمشق, Syrian) is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city.

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Defibrillation

Defibrillation is a treatment for life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias, specifically ventricular fibrillation (VF) and non-perfusing ventricular tachycardia (VT).

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Efraim Karsh

Efraim Karsh (אפרים קארש; born 1953) is an Israeli–British historian, the founding director and emeritus professor of Middle East and Mediterranean Studies at King's College London.

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Egypt

Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.

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Egyptian Air Academy

The Egyptian Air Academy (Arabic: الكلية الجوية المصرية) is a college in Bilbeis, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt, tasked with training officer candidates for the Egyptian Air Force.

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Egyptian Air Force

The Egyptian Air Force (EAF) (القوات الجوية المصرية), is the aviation branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces, is responsible for all airborne defence missions and operates all military aircraft, including those used in support of the Egyptian Army, Egyptian Navy and the Egyptian Air Defense Forces, created as a separate command in the 1970s, coordinates with the Air Force to integrate air and ground-based air defense operations.

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Egyptian Armed Forces

The Egyptian Armed Forces are the state military organisation responsible for the defence of Egypt.

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Egyptian Islamic Jihad

The Egyptian Islamic Jihad (الجهاد الإسلامي المصري) (EIJ), formerly called simply Islamic Jihad (الجهاد الإسلامي and "Liberation Army for Holy Sites"), originally referred to as al-Jihad, and then the Jihad Group, or the Jihad Organization, is an Egyptian Islamist terrorist group active since the late 1970s.

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Egyptian Military Academy

The Egyptian Military Academy (الكلية الحربية) is the oldest and most prominent military academy in Egypt and Africa.

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Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum, 1987

A referendum on the candidacy of Hosni Mubarak for the post of President was held in Egypt on 5 October 1987.

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Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum, 1993

A referendum on Hosni Mubarak's candidacy for President was held in Egypt on 4 October 1993, after he was nominated for the post by a 439-9 vote in the People's Assembly on 21 July.

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Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum, 1999

A referendum on Hosni Mubarak's candidacy for President was held in Egypt on 26 September 1999, after he was nominated for the post by the People's Assembly.

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Egyptian presidential election, 2005

The Egyptian presidential election of 2005, held on September 7, 2005, was the first allegedly contested presidential election in Egypt's history.

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Egyptian presidential election, 2012

A presidential election was held in Egypt in two rounds, the first on 23 and 24 May 2012 and the second on 16 and 17 June.

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Egyptian revolution of 2011

The Egyptian revolution of 2011, locally known as the January 25 Revolution (ثورة 25 يناير), and as the Egyptian Revolution of Dignity began on 25 January 2011 and took place across all of Egypt.

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Egyptians

Egyptians (مَصريين;; مِصريّون; Ni/rem/en/kīmi) are an ethnic group native to Egypt and the citizens of that country sharing a common culture and a common dialect known as Egyptian Arabic.

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Ehud Barak

Ehud Barak (Ehud_barak.ogg, born Ehud Brog; 12 February 1942) is an Israeli politician who served as the tenth Prime Minister from 1999 to 2001.

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Ehud Olmert

Ehud Olmert (אֶהוּד אוֹלְמֶרְט,; born 30 September 1945) is an Israeli politician and lawyer.

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Eilat

Eilat (help; 'aylaat or 'aylat, also 'Um 'al-Rashrash) is Israel's southernmost city, a busy port and popular resort at the northern tip of the Red Sea, on the Gulf of Aqaba.

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El Watan

El Watan (Arabic:الوطن, meaning the Homeland) is an independent French-language newspaper in Algeria.

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El-Ghad Party

The el-Ghad Party (حزب الغد,; "The Tomorrow Party") is an active political party in Egypt that was granted license in October 2004.

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Fahd of Saudi Arabia

Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود; 16 March 1921 – 1 August 2005) was King of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005.

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Faisal of Saudi Arabia

Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (فيصل بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود; 14 April 1906 – 25 March 1975) was King of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975.

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Fighter aircraft

A fighter aircraft is a military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat against other aircraft, as opposed to bombers and attack aircraft, whose main mission is to attack ground targets.

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Freedom House

Freedom House is a U.S.-based 501(c)(3) U.S. government-funded non-governmental organization (NGO) that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights.

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Gaafar Nimeiry

Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry (otherwise spelled in English as Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or Ga'far Muhammad Numayri; جعفر محمد نميري; 1 January 193030 May 2009) was the President of Sudan from 1969 to 1985.

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Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (جمال عبد الناصر حسين,; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death in 1970.

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Gamal Mubarak

Gamal Al Din Mohammed Hosni Ei Sayed Mubarak (جمال الدين محمد حسنى سيد مبارك), (born 27 December 1963), is the younger of the two sons of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and former First Lady Suzanne Mubarak.

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Group of 15

The Group of 15 (G-15)The adopts the "G-15" orthography (with a hyphen) in order to distinguish an abbreviated reference to this group -- contrasts with other similarly named entities.

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Gulf War

The Gulf War (2 August 199028 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 199017 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 199128 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.

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Habib el-Adly

Habib Ibrahim El-Adly (حبيب إبراهيم العادلي,; born 1938) is a former Egyptian politician.

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Hafez al-Assad

Hafez al-Assad (حافظ الأسد,; 6 October 1930 – 10 June 2000) was a Syrian politician and field marshal of the Syrian Armed Forces who served as President of Syria from 1971 to 2000.

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Hamdeen Sabahi

Hamdeen Sabahi (حمدين صباحى Ḥamdīn Ṣabāhī,; born 5 July 1954) is an Egyptian politician, journalist and poet.

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Hassan II of Morocco

King Hassan II (الحسن الثاني, MSA: (a)l-ḥasan aṯ-ṯānī, Darija: el-ḥasan ett(s)âni); 9 July 1929 – 23 July 1999) was King of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999. He was the eldest son of Mohammed V, Sultan, then King of Morocco (1909–1961), and his second wife, Lalla Abla bint Tahar (1909–1992). Hassan was known to be one of the most severe rulers of Morocco.

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Hazem El Beblawi

Hazem Abdel Aziz El Beblawi (also spelled el Beblawy; حازم عبد العزيز الببلاوى; born 17 October 1936) is an Egyptian economist and politician who was interim Prime Minister of Egypt from 2013 until 1 March 2014.

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Hussein el-Shafei

Hussein Mahmoud Hassan el-Shafei, (حسين محمود حسن الشافعي), also known as Hussein el-Shafei (8 February 1918 – 18 November 2005), was a member of Egypt's 1952 revolutionary leadership council and served as Vice-president under two Egyptian presidents, Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat.

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Ilyushin Il-28

The Ilyushin Il-28 (Илью́шин Ил-28 NATO reporting name: Beagle) is a jet bomber of the immediate postwar period that was originally manufactured for the Soviet Air Forces.

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Islamic fundamentalism

Islamic fundamentalism has been defined as a movement of Muslims who think back to earlier times and seek to return to the fundamentals of the religion and live similarly to how the prophet Muhammad and his companions lived.

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Israeli–Palestinian conflict

The Israeli–Palestinian conflict (Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'Yisraeli-Falestini; al-Niza'a al-Filastini-al-Israili) is the ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians that began in the mid-20th century.

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Javier Solana

Francisco Javier Solana de Madariaga, KOGF, KCMG (born 14 July 1942), is a Spanish physicist and Socialist politician.

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Jawaharlal Nehru Award

The Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding is an international award presented by the Government of India in honour of Jawaharlal Nehru, the country's first prime minister.

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Kamal Ganzouri

Kamal Ganzouri (كمال الجنزورى, ‎; born 12 January 1933) is an Egyptian economist who served as Prime Minister of Egypt from 7 December 2011 to 24 July 2012.

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Kamal Hassan Ali (Egyptian politician)

General Kamal Hassan Ali (18 September 1921 – 27 March 1993) was an Egyptian politician and military hero.

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Kant (air base)

Kant Air Base (Авиабаза Кант Aviabaza Kant) is a military air base in Ysyk-Ata District of Chuy Oblast in Kyrgyzstan.

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Khalid Islambouli

Khalid Ahmed Showky Al-Islambouli (خالد أحمد شوقى الإسلامبولى) (15 January 1955 – 15 April 1982) was an Egyptian army officer who planned and participated in the assassination of Egyptian President, Anwar Sadat, during the annual 6th October victory parade on 6 October 1981.

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Kingdom of Egypt

The Kingdom of Egypt (المملكة المصرية; المملكه المصريه, "the Egyptian Kingdom") was the de jure independent Egyptian state established under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in 1922 following the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence by the United Kingdom.

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Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic

Kirghizia, officially the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirghiz SSR; Кыргыз Советтик Социалисттик Республикасы Qığız Sovettik Soţialisttik Respublikası; Киргизская Советская Социалистическая Республика Kirgizskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika) and the Republic of Kirghizia, also referred to as Soviet Kirghizia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991.

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Kofi Annan

Kofi Atta Annan (born 8 April 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1997 to December 2006.

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Libyan Civil War (2011)

The first Libyan Civil War, also referred to as the Libyan Revolution or 17 February Revolution, was an armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and those seeking to oust his government.

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List of Presidents of Egypt

This article lists the Presidents of Egypt since the establishment of that office in 1953.

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Mahmoud Abbas

Mahmoud Abbas (مَحْمُود عَبَّاس,; born 15 November 1935), also known by the kunya Abu Mazen (أَبُو مَازِن), is the President of the State of Palestine and Palestinian National Authority. He has been the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) since 11 November 2004, and Palestinian president since 15 January 2005 (Palestinian National Authority since 15 January 2005, and State of Palestine since 8 May 2005). Abbas is a member of the Fatah party and was elected Chairman of Fatah in 2009. Abbas was elected on 9 January 2005 to serve as President of the Palestinian National Authority until 15 January 2009, but extended his term until the next election in 2010, citing the PLO constitution, and on December 16, 2009 was voted into office indefinitely by the PLO Central Council. As a result, Fatah's main rival, Hamas, initially announced that it would not recognize the extension or view Abbas as the rightful president. The Jerusalem Post (9 January 2009) Yet, Abbas is internationally recognized and Hamas and Fatah conducted numerous negotiations in the following years, leading to an agreement in April 2014 over a Unity Government, which lasted until October 2016, and therefore to the recognition of his office by Hamas. Abbas was also chosen as the President of the State of Palestine by the Palestine Liberation Organization's Central Council on 23 November 2008, a position he had held unofficially since 8 May 2005. Abbas served as the first Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority from March to September 2003. Before being named prime minister, Abbas led the PLO Negotiations Affairs Department.

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Mahmoud Fawzi

Mahmoud Fawzi (19 September 1900 – 12 June 1981) was an Egyptian diplomat and political figure who was Prime Minister of Egypt from 1970-1972 and Vice-President of Egypt from 1972-1974.

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Mahmoud Shaker

Air Marshal Mahmoud Shaker Abdel-Monem (محمود شاكر.) (20 July 1926 – 6 April 1980) was a senior commander in the Egyptian Air Force.

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Menachem Mendel Schneerson

Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902 OS – June 12, 1994 / AM 11 Nissan 5662 – 3 Tammuz 5754), known to many as the Lubavitcher Rebbe or simply as the Rebbe, was a Russian Empire–born American Orthodox Jewish rabbi, and the last rebbe of the Lubavitcher Hasidic dynasty.

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Military academies in Russia

Russia has a number of military academies of different specialties.

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Military Honor Medal

The Military Honor Medal (Militär-Ehrenzeichen) was a two-class military decoration awarded by the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Mohamed ElBaradei

Mohamed Mustafa ElBaradei (محمد مصطفى البرادعى,,; born 17 June 1942) is an Egyptian law scholar and diplomat who was the last Vice-President of Egypt serving on an interim basis from 14 July 2013 until his resignation on 14 August 2013.

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Mohamed Hassanein Heikal

Mohamed Hassanein Heikal (محمد حسنين هيكل‎; 23 September 1923 – 17 February 2016) was an Egyptian journalist.

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Mohamed Hussein Tantawi

Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Soliman (محمد حسين طنطاوى سليمان,; born 31 October 1935) is an Egyptian field marshal and former politician.

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Mohamed Morsi

Mohamed MorsiThe spellings of his first and last names vary.

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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), also known as Mohammad Reza Shah (Mohammad Rezā Šāh), was the last Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979.

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Monufia Governorate

Monufia Governorate (محافظة المنوفية) is one of the governorates of Egypt.

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Mossack Fonseca

Mossack Fonseca & Co. (was a Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider,. The Legal 500 It was, at one time, the world's fourth biggest provider of offshore financial services. From its 1977 foundation until the April 2016 publication of the Panama Papers it remained mostly obscure, even though it sits at the heart of the global offshore industry, and acts for about 300,000 companies. More than half are registered in British tax havens – as well as in the UK. The firm received worldwide media attention in April 2016, when the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists published information about its clients' financial dealings in the Panama Papers articles, following the release of an enormous cache of its documents from between 1970 and 2015 leaked to the news media. Journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, who lead the disclosure efforts, was subsequently murdered by a car bomb on October 16, 2017. On March 14, 2018, the law firm announced that it was shutting down, because of the economic and reputational damage inflicted by the disclosure of its role in global tax evasion by the Panama Papers.

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Moussa Traoré

Moussa Traoré (born 25 September 1936) is a Malian soldier and politician who was President of Mali from 1968 to 1991.

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MSNBC

MSNBC is an American news cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events.

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Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha (محمد علی پاشا المسعود بن آغا; محمد علي باشا / ALA-LC: Muḥammad ‘Alī Bāshā; Albanian: Mehmet Ali Pasha; Turkish: Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa; 4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was an Ottoman Albanian commander in the Ottoman army, who rose to the rank of Pasha, and became Wāli, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan with the Ottomans' temporary approval.

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National Democratic Party (Egypt)

The National Democratic Party (الحزب الوطني الديمقراطي Al-Ḥizb Al-Waṭanī Ad-Dīmūqrāṭī), often simply called in الحزب الوطني Al-Ḥizb al-Waṭaniy – the "National Party", was an Egyptian political party.

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New trial

A new trial or retrial is a recurrence of a court case.

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Newsweek

Newsweek is an American weekly magazine founded in 1933.

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Nigerian Tribune

The Nigerian Tribune is an English-language newspaper published in Ibadan in Nigeria.

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Non-Aligned Movement

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.

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Omar Suleiman

Omar Mahmoud Suleiman (عمر محمود سليمان,; 2 July 1936 – 19 July 2012) was an Egyptian army general, politician, diplomat, and intelligence officer.

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Order of Honor Star

The Order of Honor Star is one of Egypt's highest military decorations.

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Order of King Abdulaziz

The Order of King Abdulaziz is a Saudi-Arabian Order of Merit.

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Order of the State of Republic of Turkey

The Order of the State of Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Nişanı) is the highest state order awarded to foreign nationals by the President of the Republic of Turkey.

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Organisation of African Unity

The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; Organisation de l'unité africaine (OUA)) was established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with 32 signatory governments.

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Osama bin Laden

Usama ibn Mohammed ibn Awad ibn Ladin (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن), often anglicized as Osama bin Laden (March 10, 1957 – May 2, 2011), was a founder of, the organization responsible for the September 11 attacks in the United States and many other mass-casualty attacks worldwide.

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Panama Papers

The Panama Papers are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities.

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Port Said

Port Said (بورسعيد, the first syllable has its pronunciation from Arabic; unurbanized local pronunciation) is a city that lies in north east Egypt extending about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, north of the Suez Canal, with an approximate population of 603,787 (2010).

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President of Egypt

The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt (رئيس جمهورية مصر العربية) is the head of state of Egypt.

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Prime Minister of Egypt

The Prime Minister of Egypt is the head of the Egyptian government.

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Qaboos bin Said al Said

Sayyid Qaboos bin Said Al Said (قابوس بن سعيد آل سعيد,; born 18 November 1940) is the Sultan of Oman.

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Raúl Castro

Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (born 3 June 1931) is a Cuban politician and leader who is currently serving as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, the most senior position in the Communist state, succeeding his brother Fidel Castro in April 2011.

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Riyadh

Riyadh (/rɨˈjɑːd/; الرياض ar-Riyāḍ Najdi pronunciation) is the capital and most populous city of Saudi Arabia.

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Saad el-Shazly

Saad Mohamed el-Husseiny El Shazly (سعد الدين محمد الحسيني الشاذلي.)‎ (1 April 1922 – 10 February 2011) was an Egyptian military commander.

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Sameh Shoukry

Sameh Hassan Shoukry (born 20 October 1952) is an Egyptian diplomat who has been Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt since 2014.

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Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (سعود بن فيصل بن عبد العزيز آل سعود), also known as Saud Al Faisal (سعود الفيصل‎; 2 January 1940 – 9 July 2015), was a Saudi diplomat and statesman who served as Saudi Arabia's foreign minister from 1975 to 2015.

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Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Sharm El Sheikh

Sharm El Sheikh (شرم الشيخ) is a city on the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula, in South Sinai Governorate, Egypt, on the coastal strip along the Red Sea.

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Sinai Peninsula

The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai (now usually) is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia.

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Sovereign immunity

Sovereign immunity, or crown immunity, is a legal doctrine by which the sovereign or state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from civil suit or criminal prosecution.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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State Security Investigations Service

The State Security Investigations Service (مباحث أمن الدولة) was the highest national internal security authority in Egypt.

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Sufi Abu Taleb

Sufi Abu Taleb (January 27, 1925 – February 21, 2008) was an Egyptian politician.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam.

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Supermarine Spitfire

The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied countries before, during and after World War II.

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Supreme Council of the Armed Forces

The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF; المجلس الأعلى للقوات المسلحة,, also Higher Council of the Armed Forces) is a statutory body of between 20 and 25 senior Egyptian military officers and is headed by Field Marshal Abdul Fatah al-Sisi and Lieutenant General Sedki Sobhi.

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Suzanne Mubarak

Suzanne Mubarak (سوزان مبارك, Sūzān Mubārak; born 28 February 1941) is the wife of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and was the First Lady of Egypt during her husband's presidential tenure from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011.

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The Economist

The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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Tora Prison

Tora Prison (سجن طرة) is an Egyptian prison complex for criminal and political detainees, located in Tora, Egypt.

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Transparency International

Transparency International e.V. (TI) is an international non-governmental organization which is based in Berlin, Germany, and was founded in 1993.

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Tupolev Tu-16

The Tupolev Tu-16 (NATO reporting name: Badger) was a twin-engined jet strategic heavy bomber used by the Soviet Union.

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United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates (UAE; دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة), sometimes simply called the Emirates (الإمارات), is a federal absolute monarchy sovereign state in Western Asia at the southeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south, as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north.

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Vice-President of Egypt

The Vice-President of the Arab Republic of Egypt was a senior official within the Egyptian government.

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Voice of America

Voice of America (VOA) is a U.S. government-funded international radio broadcast source that serves as the United States federal government's official institution for non-military, external broadcasting.

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Yasser Arafat

Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa (محمد ياسر عبد الرحمن عبد الرؤوف عرفات; 24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat (ياسر عرفات) or by his kunya Abu Ammar (أبو عمار), was a Palestinian political leader.

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Yom Kippur War

The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War, or October War (or מלחמת יום כיפור,;,, or حرب تشرين), also known as the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, was a war fought from October 6 to 25, 1973, by a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel.

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Yoweri Museveni

Yoweri Museveni (born 15 September 1944) is a Ugandan politician who has been the President of Uganda since 1986.

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Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan

Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (Zāyed bin Sulṭān Āl Nahyān); 6 May 1918 – 2 November 2004) was an Arab Shaykh (شَـيْـخ) who reigned as Emir (Amîr, Ruler) of Abu Dhabi for 38 years (6 August 1966 – 2 November 2004), and was the principal driving force behind the formation of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), besides the Union's first President (Ra’îs), a post which he held for a period of almost 33 years (1971 until his death in 2004).

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Zine El Abidine Ben Ali

Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (زين العابدين بن علي,; born 3 September 1936) is a Tunisian former politician who served as President of Tunisia from 1987 until his ousting in 2011.

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2002 Arab League summit

The Beirut Summit (also known as the Arab Summit Conference) was a meeting of the Arab League in Beirut, Lebanon in March 2002 to discuss the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

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2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire

The 2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire was an Egyptian-brokered six-month Tahdia (an Arabic term for a lull) "for the Gaza area", which went into effect between Hamas and Israel on 19 June 2008.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak

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