Table of Contents
783 relations: ABC-Clio, Abducens nerve, Absence seizure, Absent-minded professor, Abstraction, Accessory nerve, Acetic acid, Acetylcholine, Acoustic radiation, Action potential, Adaptive immune system, Addiction, Adenosine triphosphate, Aging brain, Akio Mori, Alcmaeon of Croton, Alcohol-related dementia, Alcoholism, Allocortex, ALS, Alzheimer's disease, Amygdala, Anastomosis, Anatomical terms of location, Ancient Egypt, Andreas Vesalius, Anesthetic, Angular resolution, Animal locomotion, Animism, Anterior cerebral artery, Anterior cingulate cortex, Anterior communicating artery, Anterior inferior cerebellar artery, Anterior lobe of cerebellum, Anticoagulant, Anticonvulsant, Antihypertensive drug, Aortic arch, Aortic body, Aphasia, Apnea, Appetite, Arachnoid mater, Archangelo Piccolomini, Area postrema, ARHGAP11B, Aristotle, Aristotle's biology, Arousal, ... Expand index (733 more) »
- Brain anatomy
- Human anatomy by organ
ABC-Clio
ABC-Clio, LLC (stylized ABC-CLIO) is an American publishing company for academic reference works and periodicals primarily on topics such as history and social sciences for educational and public library settings.
Abducens nerve
The abducens nerve or abducent nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VI, or simply CN VI, is a cranial nerve in humans and various other animals that controls the movement of the lateral rectus muscle, one of the extraocular muscles responsible for outward gaze.
See Human brain and Abducens nerve
Absence seizure
Absence seizures are one of several kinds of generalized seizures.
See Human brain and Absence seizure
Absent-minded professor
The absent-minded professor is a stock character of popular fiction, usually portrayed as a talented academic whose academic brilliance is accompanied by below-par functioning in other areas, leading to forgetfulness and mistakes.
See Human brain and Absent-minded professor
Abstraction
Abstraction is a process wherein general rules and concepts are derived from the usage and classification of specific examples, literal (real or concrete) signifiers, first principles, or other methods.
See Human brain and Abstraction
Accessory nerve
The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve XI, or simply CN XI, is a cranial nerve that supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
See Human brain and Accessory nerve
Acetic acid
Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is an acidic, colourless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formula (also written as,, or). Vinegar is at least 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water.
See Human brain and Acetic acid
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic compound that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals (including humans) as a neurotransmitter.
See Human brain and Acetylcholine
Acoustic radiation
The acoustic radiations or auditory radiations are structures found in the brain, in the ventral cochlear pathway, a part of the auditory system.
See Human brain and Acoustic radiation
Action potential
An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls.
See Human brain and Action potential
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system, or specific immune system is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.
See Human brain and Adaptive immune system
Addiction
Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior that produces natural reward, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences.
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.
See Human brain and Adenosine triphosphate
Aging brain
Aging of the brain is a process of transformation of the brain in older age, including changes all individuals experience and those of illness (including unrecognised illness). Human brain and Aging brain are brain.
See Human brain and Aging brain
Akio Mori
is a Japanese physiologist, sports scientist and writer.
Alcmaeon of Croton
Alcmaeon of Croton (Ἀλκμαίων ὁ Κροτωνιάτης, Alkmaiōn, gen.: Ἀλκμαίωνος; fl. 5th century BC) was an early Greek medical writer and philosopher-scientist.
See Human brain and Alcmaeon of Croton
Alcohol-related dementia
Alcohol-related dementia (ARD) is a form of dementia caused by long-term, excessive consumption of alcohol, resulting in neurological damage and impaired cognitive function.
See Human brain and Alcohol-related dementia
Alcoholism
Alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite it causing problems.
See Human brain and Alcoholism
Allocortex
The allocortex (from Latin allo-, meaning other, and cortex, meaning bark or crust), or heterogenetic cortex, and neocortex are the two types of cerebral cortex in the brain.
See Human brain and Allocortex
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease in the United States, is a rare, terminal neurodegenerative disorder that results in the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons that normally control voluntary muscle contraction.
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens, and is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia.
See Human brain and Alzheimer's disease
Amygdala
The amygdala (amygdalae or amygdalas; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin from Greek, ἀμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'almond', 'tonsil') is a paired nuclear complex present in the cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates.
Anastomosis
An anastomosis (anastomoses) is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams.
See Human brain and Anastomosis
Anatomical terms of location
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans.
See Human brain and Anatomical terms of location
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.
See Human brain and Ancient Egypt
Andreas Vesalius
Andries van Wezel (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564), latinised as Andreas Vesalius, was an anatomist and physician who wrote De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (On the fabric of the human body in seven books), what is considered to be one of the most influential books on human anatomy and a major advance over the long-dominant work of Galen.
See Human brain and Andreas Vesalius
Anesthetic
An anesthetic (American English) or anaesthetic (British English; see spelling differences) is a drug used to induce anesthesia — in other words, to result in a temporary loss of sensation or awareness.
See Human brain and Anesthetic
Angular resolution
Angular resolution describes the ability of any image-forming device such as an optical or radio telescope, a microscope, a camera, or an eye, to distinguish small details of an object, thereby making it a major determinant of image resolution.
See Human brain and Angular resolution
Animal locomotion
In ethology, animal locomotion is any of a variety of methods that animals use to move from one place to another.
See Human brain and Animal locomotion
Animism
Animism (from meaning 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.
Anterior cerebral artery
The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is one of a pair of cerebral arteries that supplies oxygenated blood to most midline portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes of the brain.
See Human brain and Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior cingulate cortex
In the human brain, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a "collar" surrounding the frontal part of the corpus callosum.
See Human brain and Anterior cingulate cortex
Anterior communicating artery
In human anatomy, the anterior communicating artery is a blood vessel of the brain that connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries.
See Human brain and Anterior communicating artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is one of three pairs of arteries that supplies blood to the cerebellum.
See Human brain and Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Anterior lobe of cerebellum
The anterior lobe of cerebellum is the portion of the cerebellum responsible for mediating unconscious proprioception.
See Human brain and Anterior lobe of cerebellum
Anticoagulant
An anticoagulant, commonly known as a blood thinner, is a chemical substance that prevents or reduces the coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time.
See Human brain and Anticoagulant
Anticonvulsant
Anticonvulsants (also known as antiepileptic drugs, antiseizure drugs, or anti-seizure medications (ASM)) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.
See Human brain and Anticonvulsant
Antihypertensive drug
Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).
See Human brain and Antihypertensive drug
Aortic arch
The aortic arch, arch of the aorta, or transverse aortic arch is the part of the aorta between the ascending and descending aorta.
See Human brain and Aortic arch
Aortic body
The aortic bodies are one of several small clusters of peripheral chemoreceptors located along the aortic arch.
See Human brain and Aortic body
Aphasia
In aphasia (sometimes called dysphasia), a person may be unable to comprehend or unable to formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions.
Apnea
Apnea, BrE: apnoea, is the temporary cessation of breathing.
Appetite
Appetite is the desire to eat food items, usually due to hunger.
Arachnoid mater
The arachnoid mater (or simply arachnoid) is one of the three meninges, the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
See Human brain and Arachnoid mater
Archangelo Piccolomini
Archangelo Piccolomini or Arcangelo Piccolomini (1525–1586) was an Italian anatomist and personal physician to a number of popes.
See Human brain and Archangelo Piccolomini
Area postrema
The area postrema, a paired structure in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, is a circumventricular organ having permeable capillaries and sensory neurons that enable its dual role to detect circulating chemical messengers in the blood and transduce them into neural signals and networks.
See Human brain and Area postrema
ARHGAP11B
ARHGAP11B is a human-specific gene that amplifies basal progenitors, controls neural progenitor proliferation, and contributes to neocortex folding.
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
Aristotle's biology
Aristotle's biology is the theory of biology, grounded in systematic observation and collection of data, mainly zoological, embodied in Aristotle's books on the science.
See Human brain and Aristotle's biology
Arousal
Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception.
Artificial brain
An artificial brain (or artificial mind) is software and hardware with cognitive abilities similar to those of the animal or human brain. Human brain and artificial brain are brain.
See Human brain and Artificial brain
Aspirin
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and/or inflammation, and as an antithrombotic.
Astrocyte
Astrocytes (from Ancient Greek,, "star" and,, "cavity", "cell"), also known collectively as astroglia, are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord.
Ataxia
Ataxia (from Greek α- + -τάξις.
Atheroma
An atheroma, or atheromatous plaque, is an abnormal accumulation of material in the inner layer of an arterial wall.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis, characterized by development of abnormalities called lesions in walls of arteries.
See Human brain and Atherosclerosis
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF, AFib or A-fib) is an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atrial chambers of the heart.
See Human brain and Atrial fibrillation
Atrial septal defect
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect in which blood flows between the atria (upper chambers) of the heart.
See Human brain and Atrial septal defect
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by executive dysfunction occasioning symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and emotional dysregulation that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and otherwise age-inappropriate.
See Human brain and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attentional control
Attentional control, colloquially referred to as concentration, refers to an individual's capacity to choose what they pay attention to and what they ignore.
See Human brain and Attentional control
Auditory cortex
The auditory cortex is the part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information in humans and many other vertebrates.
See Human brain and Auditory cortex
Australopithecus
Australopithecus is a genus of early hominins that existed in Africa during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene.
See Human brain and Australopithecus
Autoimmunity
In immunology, autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other normal body constituents.
See Human brain and Autoimmunity
Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), sometimes called the visceral nervous system and formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the nervous system that operates internal organs, smooth muscle and glands.
See Human brain and Autonomic nervous system
Autopsy
An autopsy (also referred to as post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death; or the exam may be performed to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes.
Axial twist theory
The axial twist theory (a.k.a. axial twist hypothesis) is a scientific theory put forward to explain a range of unusual aspects of the body plan of vertebrates (including humans).
See Human brain and Axial twist theory
Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis) or nerve fiber (or nerve fibre: see spelling differences) is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body.
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Baroreceptor
Baroreceptors (or archaically, pressoreceptors) are sensors located in the carotid sinus (at the bifurcation of common carotid artery into external and internal carotids) and in the aortic arch.
See Human brain and Baroreceptor
Basal forebrain
Part of the human brain, the basal forebrain structures are located in the forebrain to the front of and below the striatum.
See Human brain and Basal forebrain
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (BG) or basal nuclei are a group of subcortical nuclei found in the brains of vertebrates.
See Human brain and Basal ganglia
Basal vein
The basal vein is a vein in the brain.
See Human brain and Basal vein
Base of skull
The base of skull, also known as the cranial base or the cranial floor, is the most inferior area of the skull.
See Human brain and Base of skull
Basic research
Basic research, also called pure research, fundamental research, basic science, or pure science, is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena.
See Human brain and Basic research
Basilar artery
The basilar artery (U.K.:; U.S.) is one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood.
See Human brain and Basilar artery
Benign tumor
A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that does not invade neighboring tissue or metastasize (spread throughout the body).
See Human brain and Benign tumor
Betz cell
Betz cells (also known as pyramidal cells of Betz) are giant pyramidal cells (neurons) located within the fifth layer of the grey matter in the primary motor cortex.
Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field of science that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, especially when the data sets are large and complex.
See Human brain and Bioinformatics
Biological specimen
A biological specimen (also called a biospecimen) is a biological laboratory specimen held by a biorepository for research.
See Human brain and Biological specimen
Biology of depression
Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD), and this has encouraged advocates of various theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of the disease, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes.
See Human brain and Biology of depression
Biology of obsessive–compulsive disorder
The biology of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) refers biologically based theories about the mechanism of OCD.
See Human brain and Biology of obsessive–compulsive disorder
Biotelemetry
Biotelemetry (or medical telemetry) involves the application of telemetry in biology, medicine, and other health care to remotely monitor various vital signs of ambulatory patients.
See Human brain and Biotelemetry
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks.
See Human brain and Bipolar disorder
Birth defect
A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is an abnormal condition that is present at birth regardless of its cause.
See Human brain and Birth defect
Blood pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels.
See Human brain and Blood pressure
Blood sugar level
The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, blood glucose level, or glycemia is the measure of glucose concentrated in the blood.
See Human brain and Blood sugar level
Blood test
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick.
See Human brain and Blood test
Blood vessel
Blood vessels are the structures of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body.
See Human brain and Blood vessel
Blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood. Human brain and blood–brain barrier are brain.
See Human brain and Blood–brain barrier
Bottlenose dolphin
The bottlenose dolphin is a toothed whale in the genus Tursiops. They are common, cosmopolitan members of the family Delphinidae, the family of oceanic dolphins.
See Human brain and Bottlenose dolphin
Brain abscess
Brain abscess (or cerebral abscess) is an abscess within the brain tissue caused by inflammation and collection of infected material coming from local (ear infection, dental abscess, infection of paranasal sinuses, infection of the mastoid air cells of the temporal bone, epidural abscess) or remote (lung, heart, kidney etc.) infectious sources.
See Human brain and Brain abscess
Brain cell
Brain cells make up the functional tissue of the brain.
See Human brain and Brain cell
BRAIN Initiative
The White House BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) is a collaborative, public-private research initiative announced by the Obama administration on April 2, 2013, with the goal of supporting the development and application of innovative technologies that can create a dynamic understanding of brain function.
See Human brain and BRAIN Initiative
Brain injury
Brain injury (BI) is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells.
See Human brain and Brain injury
Brain ischemia
Brain ischemia is a condition in which there is insufficient bloodflow to the brain to meet metabolic demand.
See Human brain and Brain ischemia
Brain mapping
Brain mapping is a set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the (human or non-human) brain resulting in maps.
See Human brain and Brain mapping
Brain morphometry
Brain morphometry is a subfield of both morphometry and the brain sciences, concerned with the measurement of brain structures and changes thereof during development, aging, learning, disease and evolution. Human brain and brain morphometry are brain.
See Human brain and Brain morphometry
Brain transplant
A brain transplant or whole-body transplant is a procedure in which the brain of one organism is transplanted into the body of another organism.
See Human brain and Brain transplant
Brain tumor
A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain.
See Human brain and Brain tumor
Brain vesicle
Brain vesicles are the bulge-like enlargements of the early development of the neural tube in vertebrates, which eventually give rise to the brain.
See Human brain and Brain vesicle
Brain–body mass ratio
Brain–body mass ratio, also known as the brain–body weight ratio, is the ratio of brain mass to body mass, which is hypothesized to be a rough estimate of the intelligence of an animal, although fairly inaccurate in many cases.
See Human brain and Brain–body mass ratio
Brainstem
The brainstem (or brain stem) is the stalk-like part of the brain that connects the forebrain (the cerebrum and diencephalon) with the spinal cord. Human brain and brainstem are brain.
Brainstem death
Brainstem death is a clinical syndrome defined by the absence of reflexes with pathways through the brainstem – the "stalk" of the brain, which connects the spinal cord to the mid-brain, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres – in a deeply comatose, ventilator-dependent patient.
See Human brain and Brainstem death
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue.
See Human brain and Breast cancer
Breathing
Breathing (spiration or ventilation) is the rhythmical process of moving air into (inhalation) and out of (exhalation) the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen.
Broca's area
Broca's area, or the Broca area (also), is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left, of the brain with functions linked to speech production.
See Human brain and Broca's area
Brodmann area
A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells.
See Human brain and Brodmann area
Butyric acid
Butyric acid (from βούτῡρον, meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula.
See Human brain and Butyric acid
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Human brain and Cambridge University Press
Camillo Golgi
Camillo Golgi (7 July 184321 January 1926) was an Italian biologist and pathologist known for his works on the central nervous system.
See Human brain and Camillo Golgi
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer staging
Cancer staging is the process of determining the extent to which a cancer has grown and spread.
See Human brain and Cancer staging
Capillary
A capillary is a small blood vessel, from 5 to 10 micrometres in diameter, and is part of the microcirculation system.
Caprylic acid
Caprylic acid, also known under the systematic name octanoic acid or C8 Acid, is a saturated fatty acid, medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA).
See Human brain and Caprylic acid
Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).
See Human brain and Carbohydrate
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
See Human brain and Carbon dioxide
Carl Wernicke
Carl (or Karl) Wernicke (15 May 1848 – 15 June 1905) was a German physician, anatomist, psychiatrist and neuropathologist.
See Human brain and Carl Wernicke
Carotid artery stenosis
Carotid artery stenosis is a narrowing or constriction of any part of the carotid arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis.
See Human brain and Carotid artery stenosis
Carotid body
The carotid body is a small cluster of chemoreceptor cells and supporting sustentacular cells situated at bifurcation of each common carotid artery in its tunica externa.
See Human brain and Carotid body
Carotid canal
The carotid canal is a passage in the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull through which the internal carotid artery and its internal carotid (nervous) plexus pass from the neck into (the middle cranial fossa of) the cranial cavity.
See Human brain and Carotid canal
Carotid sinus
In human anatomy, the carotid sinus is a dilated area at the base of the internal carotid artery just superior to the bifurcation of the internal carotid and external carotid at the level of the superior border of thyroid cartilage.
See Human brain and Carotid sinus
Carotid sinus nerve
The carotid branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (carotid sinus nerve or Hering's nerve) is a small branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) that innervates the carotid sinus, and carotid body.
See Human brain and Carotid sinus nerve
Caudate nucleus
The caudate nucleus is one of the structures that make up the corpus striatum, which is a component of the basal ganglia in the human brain.
See Human brain and Caudate nucleus
Cavernous sinus
The cavernous sinus within the human head is one of the dural venous sinuses creating a cavity called the lateral sellar compartment bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica.
See Human brain and Cavernous sinus
Cell death
Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions.
See Human brain and Cell death
Cell migration
Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
See Human brain and Cell migration
Cengage Group
Cengage Group is an American educational content, technology, and services company for higher education, K–12, professional, and library markets.
See Human brain and Cengage Group
Central canal
The central canal (also known as spinal foramen or ependymal canal) is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs through the spinal cord.
See Human brain and Central canal
Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord.
See Human brain and Central nervous system
Central nervous system disease
Central nervous system diseases or central nervous system disorders are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS).
See Human brain and Central nervous system disease
Central sulcus
In neuroanatomy, the central sulcus (also central fissure, fissure of Rolando, or Rolandic fissure, after Luigi Rolando) is a sulcus, or groove, in the cerebral cortex in the brains of vertebrates.
See Human brain and Central sulcus
Cephalic disorder
Cephalic disorders are congenital conditions that stem from damage to, or abnormal development of, the budding nervous system.
See Human brain and Cephalic disorder
Cephalization
Cephalization is an evolutionary trend in animals that, over many generations, the special sense organs and nerve ganglia become concentrated towards the rostral end of the body where the mouth is located, often producing an enlarged head.
See Human brain and Cephalization
Cerebellar peduncle
Cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the brain stem.
See Human brain and Cerebellar peduncle
Cerebellar tentorium
The cerebellar tentorium or tentorium cerebelli (Latin for "tent of the cerebellum") is an extension of the dura mater between the inferior aspect of the occipital lobes and the superior aspect of the cerebellum.
See Human brain and Cerebellar tentorium
Cerebellar veins
The cerebellar veins are veins which drain the cerebellum.
See Human brain and Cerebellar veins
Cerebellar vermis
The cerebellar vermis (from Latin vermis, "worm") is located in the medial, cortico-nuclear zone of the cerebellum, which is in the posterior fossa of the cranium.
See Human brain and Cerebellar vermis
Cerebellum
The cerebellum (cerebella or cerebellums; Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates. Human brain and cerebellum are brain.
See Human brain and Cerebellum
Cerebral aqueduct
The cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of the midbrain, aqueduct of Sylvius, sylvian aqueduct, mesencephalic duct) is a narrow conduit for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) connecting the third ventricle and fourth ventricle of the ventricular system of the brain.
See Human brain and Cerebral aqueduct
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation
A cerebral arteriovenous malformation (cerebral AVM, CAVM, cAVM, brain AVM, or BAVM) is an abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain—specifically, an arteriovenous malformation in the cerebrum.
See Human brain and Cerebral arteriovenous malformation
Cerebral atherosclerosis
Cerebral atherosclerosis is a type of atherosclerosis where build-up of plaque in the blood vessels of the brain occurs.
See Human brain and Cerebral atherosclerosis
Cerebral atrophy
Cerebral atrophy is a common feature of many of the diseases that affect the brain.
See Human brain and Cerebral atrophy
Cerebral circulation
Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through a network of cerebral arteries and veins supplying the brain.
See Human brain and Cerebral circulation
Cerebral contusion
Cerebral contusion,, a form of traumatic brain injury, is a bruise of the brain tissue.
See Human brain and Cerebral contusion
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals.
See Human brain and Cerebral cortex
Cerebral hemisphere
The vertebrate cerebrum (brain) is formed by two cerebral hemispheres that are separated by a groove, the longitudinal fissure. Human brain and cerebral hemisphere are brain.
See Human brain and Cerebral hemisphere
Cerebral organoid
A neural, or brain organoid, describes an artificially grown, in vitro, tissue resembling parts of the human brain.
See Human brain and Cerebral organoid
Cerebral veins
In human anatomy, the cerebral veins are blood vessels in the cerebral circulation which drain blood from the cerebrum of the human brain.
See Human brain and Cerebral veins
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates.
See Human brain and Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrum
The cerebrum (cerebra), telencephalon or endbrain is the largest part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb. Human brain and cerebrum are brain.
Cervical vertebrae
In tetrapods, cervical vertebrae (vertebra) are the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull.
See Human brain and Cervical vertebrae
Chalcedon
Chalcedon (Χαλκηδών||; sometimes transliterated as Khalqedon) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor.
Charles Scott Sherrington
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (27 November 1857 – 4 March 1952) was a British neurophysiologist.
See Human brain and Charles Scott Sherrington
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated chemo, sometimes CTX and CTx) is the type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents) in a standard regimen.
See Human brain and Chemotherapy
Chimpanzee
The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), also simply known as the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa.
See Human brain and Chimpanzee
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
See Human brain and Cholesterol
Cholinergic
Cholinergic agents are compounds which mimic the action of acetylcholine and/or butyrylcholine.
See Human brain and Cholinergic
Choroid plexus
The choroid plexus, or plica choroidea, is a plexus of cells that arises from the tela choroidea in each of the ventricles of the brain.
See Human brain and Choroid plexus
Christopher Wren
Sir Christopher Wren FRS (–) was an English architect, astronomer, mathematician and physicist who was one of the most highly acclaimed architects in the history of England.
See Human brain and Christopher Wren
Chromosome abnormality
A chromosomal abnormality, chromosomal anomaly, chromosomal aberration, chromosomal mutation, or chromosomal disorder is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA.
See Human brain and Chromosome abnormality
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease linked to repeated trauma to the head.
See Human brain and Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Cingulate cortex
The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex.
See Human brain and Cingulate cortex
Circadian clock
A circadian clock, or circadian oscillator, also known as one’s internal alarm clock is a biochemical oscillator that cycles with a stable phase and is synchronized with solar time.
See Human brain and Circadian clock
Circadian rhythm
A circadian rhythm, or circadian cycle, is a natural oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours.
See Human brain and Circadian rhythm
Circle of Willis
The circle of Willis (also called Willis' circle, loop of Willis, cerebral arterial circle, and Willis polygon) is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures in reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans.
See Human brain and Circle of Willis
Circulatory system
The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.
See Human brain and Circulatory system
Circumventricular organs
Circumventricular organs (CVOs) (circum-: around; ventricular: of ventricle) are structures in the brain characterized by their extensive and highly permeable capillaries, unlike those in the rest of the brain where there exists a blood–brain barrier (BBB) at the capillary level.
See Human brain and Circumventricular organs
Cisterna magna
The cisterna magna (posterior cerebellomedullary cistern, or cerebellomedullary cistern) is the largest of the subarachnoid cisterns.
See Human brain and Cisterna magna
Claustrum
The claustrum (Latin, meaning "to close" or "to shut") is a thin sheet of neurons and supporting glial cells, that connects to the cerebral cortex and subcortical regions including the amygdala, hippocampus and thalamus of the brain.
Clivus (anatomy)
The clivus (Latin for "slope") or Blumenbach clivus is a part of the occipital bone at the base of the skull.
See Human brain and Clivus (anatomy)
Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel, sold under the brand name Plavix among others, is an antiplatelet medication used to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke in those at high risk.
See Human brain and Clopidogrel
Closed-head injury
Closed-head injury is a type of traumatic brain injury in which the skull and dura mater remain intact.
See Human brain and Closed-head injury
Cochlear nucleus
The cochlear nucleus (CN) or cochlear nuclear complex comprises two cranial nerve nuclei in the human brainstem, the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN).
See Human brain and Cochlear nucleus
Cognition
Cognition is the "mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression and anxiety disorders.
See Human brain and Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive flexibility
Cognitive flexibility is an intrinsic property of a cognitive system often associated with the mental ability to adjust its activity and content, switch between different task rules and corresponding behavioral responses, maintain multiple concepts simultaneously and shift internal attention between them.
See Human brain and Cognitive flexibility
Cognitive inhibition
Cognitive inhibition refers to the mind's ability to tune out stimuli that are irrelevant to the task/process at hand or to the mind's current state.
See Human brain and Cognitive inhibition
Cognitive linguistics
Cognitive linguistics is an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics, combining knowledge and research from cognitive science, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and linguistics.
See Human brain and Cognitive linguistics
Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes.
See Human brain and Cognitive neuroscience
Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
See Human brain and Columbia University Press
Coma
A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound, lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions.
Commissural fiber
The commissural fibers or transverse fibers are axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain.
See Human brain and Commissural fiber
Common carotid artery
In anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries (carotids) are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood; they divide in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries.
See Human brain and Common carotid artery
Computed tomography angiography
Computed tomography angiography (also called CT angiography or CTA) is a computed tomography technique used for angiography—the visualization of arteries and veins—throughout the human body.
See Human brain and Computed tomography angiography
Concussion
A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning.
See Human brain and Concussion
Confluence of sinuses
The confluence of sinuses (Latin: confluens sinuum), torcular Herophili, or torcula is the connecting point of the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus.
See Human brain and Confluence of sinuses
Connectogram
Connectograms are graphical representations of connectomics, the field of study dedicated to mapping and interpreting all of the white matter fiber connections in the human brain.
See Human brain and Connectogram
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its "wiring diagram".
See Human brain and Connectome
Consciousness
Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of internal and external existence.
See Human brain and Consciousness
Contact sport
A contact sport is any sport where physical contact between competitors, or their environment, is an integral part of the game.
See Human brain and Contact sport
Contralateral brain
The contralateral organization of the forebrain (Latin: contra‚ against; latus‚ side; lateral‚ sided) is the property that the hemispheres of the cerebrum and the thalamus represent mainly the contralateral side of the body.
See Human brain and Contralateral brain
Corneal reflex
The corneal reflex, also known as the blink reflex or eyelid reflex, is an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea (such as by touching or by a foreign body), though it could result from any peripheral stimulus.
See Human brain and Corneal reflex
Corpus callosum
The corpus callosum (Latin for "tough body"), also callosal commissure, is a wide, thick nerve tract, consisting of a flat bundle of commissural fibers, beneath the cerebral cortex in the brain.
See Human brain and Corpus callosum
Correlation
In statistics, correlation or dependence is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data.
See Human brain and Correlation
Cortex (anatomy)
In anatomy and zoology, the cortex (cortices) is the outermost (or superficial) layer of an organ.
See Human brain and Cortex (anatomy)
Cortical spreading depression
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) or spreading depolarization (SD) is a wave of electrophysiological hyperactivity followed by a wave of inhibition.
See Human brain and Cortical spreading depression
Cortical stimulation mapping
Cortical stimulation mapping (CSM) is a type of electrocorticography that involves a physically invasive procedure and aims to localize the function of specific brain regions through direct electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex.
See Human brain and Cortical stimulation mapping
Corticospinal tract
The corticospinal tract is a white matter motor pathway starting at the cerebral cortex that terminates on lower motor neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord, controlling movements of the limbs and trunk.
See Human brain and Corticospinal tract
Corticosteroid
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.
See Human brain and Corticosteroid
Coup contrecoup injury
In head injury, a coup injury occurs under the site of impact with an object, and a contrecoup injury occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit.
See Human brain and Coup contrecoup injury
Cranial nerve nucleus
A cranial nerve nucleus is a collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more of the cranial nerves.
See Human brain and Cranial nerve nucleus
Cranial nerves
Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem), of which there are conventionally considered twelve pairs.
See Human brain and Cranial nerves
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), also known as subacute spongiform encephalopathy or neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease.
See Human brain and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Cribriform plate
In mammalian anatomy, the cribriform plate (Latin for lit. sieve-shaped), horizontal lamina or lamina cribrosa is part of the ethmoid bone.
See Human brain and Cribriform plate
CT scan
A computed tomography scan (CT scan; formerly called computed axial tomography scan or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body.
Cubic centimetre
A cubic centimetre (or cubic centimeter in US English) (SI unit symbol: cm3; non-SI abbreviations: cc and ccm) is a commonly used unit of volume that corresponds to the volume of a cube that measures 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm.
See Human brain and Cubic centimetre
Cuneus
The cuneus (cunei) is a smaller lobe in the occipital lobe of the brain.
Cyborg
A cyborg (also known as cybernetic organism, cyber-organism, cyber-organic being, cybernetically enhanced organism, cybernetically augmented organism, technorganic being, techno-organic being, or techno-organism)—a portmanteau of '''''cyb'''ernetic'' and '''''org'''anism''—is a being with both organic and biomechatronic body parts.
David Rioch
David McKenzie Rioch (July 6, 1900 – September 11, 1985) was a psychiatric research scientist and neuroanatomist, known as a pioneer in brain research and for leading the interdisciplinary neuropsychiatry division at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (1951–1970), a program that contributed to the formation of the then-nascent field of neuroscience.
See Human brain and David Rioch
De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem
De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (Latin, "On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books") is a set of books on human anatomy written by Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) and published in 1543.
See Human brain and De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem
Deafness
Deafness has varying definitions in cultural and medical contexts.
Decade of the Brain
The Decade of the Brain was a designation for 1990–1999 by U.S. president George H. W. Bush as part of a larger effort involving the Library of Congress and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health "to enhance public awareness of the benefits to be derived from brain research".
See Human brain and Decade of the Brain
Decision-making
In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options.
See Human brain and Decision-making
Decompression (surgery)
In medicine, decompression refers to the removal or repositioning of any structure compressing any other structure.
See Human brain and Decompression (surgery)
Decussation
Decussation is used in biological contexts to describe a crossing (due to the shape of the Roman numeral for ten, an uppercase 'X' (decussis)). In Latin anatomical terms, the form decussatio is used, e.g. decussatio pyramidum.
See Human brain and Decussation
Default mode network
In neuroscience, the default mode network (DMN), also known as the default network, default state network, or anatomically the medial frontoparietal network (M-FPN), is a large-scale brain network primarily composed of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and angular gyrus.
See Human brain and Default mode network
Dementia
Dementia is a syndrome associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by a general decline in cognitive abilities that affects a person's ability to perform everyday activities.
Dendrite
A dendrite (from Greek δένδρον déndron, "tree") or dendron is a branched protoplasmic extension of a nerve cell that propagates the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project.
Dexamethasone
Dexamethasone is a fluorinated glucocorticoid medication used to treat rheumatic problems, a number of skin diseases, severe allergies, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, croup, brain swelling, eye pain following eye surgery, superior vena cava syndrome (a complication of some forms of cancer), and along with antibiotics in tuberculosis.
See Human brain and Dexamethasone
Diagonal band of Broca
The diagonal band of Broca interconnects the amygdala and the septal area.
See Human brain and Diagonal band of Broca
Diencephalon
In the human brain, the diencephalon (or interbrain) is a division of the forebrain (embryonic prosencephalon).
See Human brain and Diencephalon
Differential diagnosis
In healthcare, a differential diagnosis (DDx) is a method of analysis that distinguishes a particular disease or condition from others that present with similar clinical features.
See Human brain and Differential diagnosis
Diffuse axonal injury
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a brain injury in which scattered lesions occur over a widespread area in white matter tracts as well as grey matter.
See Human brain and Diffuse axonal injury
Diplopia
Diplopia is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced horizontally or vertically in relation to each other.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
DNA annotation
In molecular biology and genetics, DNA annotation or genome annotation is the process of describing the structure and function of the components of a genome, by analyzing and interpreting them in order to extract their biological significance and understand the biological processes in which they participate.
See Human brain and DNA annotation
Donovan's Brain
Donovan's Brain is a 1942 science fiction novel by American writer Curt Siodmak.
See Human brain and Donovan's Brain
Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells.
Dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway
The dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway (DCML) (also known as the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway, PCML) is a sensory pathway of the central nervous system that conveys sensations of fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and proprioception (body position) from the skin and joints.
See Human brain and Dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC or DL-PFC) is an area in the prefrontal cortex of the primate brain.
See Human brain and Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Duct (anatomy)
In anatomy and physiology, a duct is a circumscribed channel leading from an exocrine gland or organ.
See Human brain and Duct (anatomy)
Dura mater
In neuroanatomy, dura mater is a thick membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
See Human brain and Dura mater
Dural venous sinuses
The dural venous sinuses (also called dural sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses) are venous sinuses (channels) found between the endosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater in the brain.
See Human brain and Dural venous sinuses
Dysarthria
Dysarthria is a speech sound disorder resulting from neurological injury of the motor component of the motor–speech system and is characterized by poor articulation of phonemes.
See Human brain and Dysarthria
Echocardiography
Echocardiography, also known as cardiac ultrasound, is the use of ultrasound to examine the heart.
See Human brain and Echocardiography
Echoic memory
Echoic memory is the sensory memory that registers specific to auditory information (sounds).
See Human brain and Echoic memory
Ectoderm
The ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers formed in early embryonic development.
Edema
Edema (AmE), also spelled oedema (BrE), and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue.
Edwin Smith Papyrus
The Edwin Smith Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian medical text, named after Edwin Smith who bought it in 1862, and the oldest known surgical treatise on trauma.
See Human brain and Edwin Smith Papyrus
Effector cell
In cell biology, an effector cell is any of various types of cell that actively responds to a stimulus and effects some change (brings it about).
See Human brain and Effector cell
Egghead
In U.S. English slang, egghead is an epithet used to refer to intellectuals or people considered out-of-touch with ordinary people and lacking in realism, common sense, sexual interests, etc.
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language.
See Human brain and Egyptian hieroglyphs
ELAV-like protein 3
ELAV-like protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELAVL3 gene.
See Human brain and ELAV-like protein 3
Electrocardiography
Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), a recording of the heart's electrical activity through repeated cardiac cycles.
See Human brain and Electrocardiography
Electrocorticography
Electrocorticography (ECoG), a type of intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), is a type of electrophysiological monitoring that uses electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain to record electrical activity from the cerebral cortex.
See Human brain and Electrocorticography
Electrode
An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or air).
Electroencephalography
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method to record an electrogram of the spontaneous electrical activity of the brain.
See Human brain and Electroencephalography
Electromagnetic radiation
In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy.
See Human brain and Electromagnetic radiation
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτ, ēlektron, "amber"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of physiology that studies the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues.
See Human brain and Electrophysiology
Elsevier
Elsevier is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content.
Embolectomy
Embolectomy is the emergency interventional or surgical removal of emboli which are blocking blood circulation.
See Human brain and Embolectomy
Embolus
An embolus (emboli; from the Greek ἔμβολος "wedge", "plug") is an unattached mass that travels through the bloodstream and is capable of creating blockages.
Embryo
An embryo is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism.
Emil du Bois-Reymond
Emil Heinrich du Bois-Reymond (7 November 1818 – 26 December 1896) was a German physiologist, the co-discoverer of nerve action potential, and the developer of experimental electrophysiology.
See Human brain and Emil du Bois-Reymond
Emotion
Emotions are physical and mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioral responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure.
Enanthic acid
Enanthic acid, also called heptanoic acid, is an organic compound composed of a seven-carbon chain terminating in a carboxylic acid functional group.
See Human brain and Enanthic acid
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain.
See Human brain and Encephalitis
Enchanted loom
The enchanted loom is a famous metaphor for the human brain invented by the pioneering neuroscientist Charles S. Sherrington in a passage from his 1942 book Man on his nature, in which he poetically describes his conception of what happens in the cerebral cortex during arousal from sleep: The "loom" he refers to was undoubtedly meant to be a Jacquard loom, used for weaving fabric into complex patterns.
See Human brain and Enchanted loom
Endurance training
Endurance training is the act of exercising to increase endurance.
See Human brain and Endurance training
Ependyma
The ependyma is the thin neuroepithelial (simple columnar ciliated epithelium) lining of the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures.
Epithalamus
The epithalamus (epithalami) is a posterior (dorsal) segment of the diencephalon.
See Human brain and Epithalamus
Erasistratus
Erasistratus (Ἐρασίστρατος; c. 304 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek anatomist and royal physician under Seleucus I Nicator of Syria.
See Human brain and Erasistratus
Evolution of human intelligence
The evolution of human intelligence is closely tied to the evolution of the human brain and to the origin of language.
See Human brain and Evolution of human intelligence
Executive functions
In cognitive science and neuropsychology, executive functions (collectively referred to as executive function and cognitive control) are a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior: selecting and successfully monitoring behaviors that facilitate the attainment of chosen goals.
See Human brain and Executive functions
Exhalation
Exhalation (or expiration) is the flow of the breath out of an organism.
See Human brain and Exhalation
Extracellular fluid
In cell biology, extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism.
See Human brain and Extracellular fluid
Extrapyramidal system
In anatomy, the extrapyramidal system is a part of the motor system network causing involuntary actions.
See Human brain and Extrapyramidal system
F. A. Davis
Frank Allston Davis (September 8, 1850Hartzell, p. 51. – January 2, 1917Hartzell, p. 55) was a publishing executive who founded the F. A. Davis Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
See Human brain and F. A. Davis
Facial nerve
The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve VII, or simply CN VII, is a cranial nerve that emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
See Human brain and Facial nerve
Falling (accident)
Falling is the action of a person or animal losing stability and ending up in a lower position, often on the ground.
See Human brain and Falling (accident)
FAST (stroke)
FAST is an acronym used as a mnemonic to help early recognition and detection of the signs and symptoms of a stroke.
See Human brain and FAST (stroke)
Fasting
Fasting is abstention from eating and sometimes drinking.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to alcohol during gestation.
See Human brain and Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Fever
Fever or pyrexia in humans is a body temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set point in the hypothalamus.
Fifth-century Athens
Fifth-century Athens was the Greek city-state of Athens in the time from 480 to 404 BC.
See Human brain and Fifth-century Athens
Flexure (embryology)
Three flexures form in the part of the embryonic neural tube that develops into the brain.
See Human brain and Flexure (embryology)
Flocculonodular lobe
The flocculonodular lobe (vestibulocerebellum) is a small lobe of the cerebellum consisting of the unpaired midline nodule and the two flocculi - one flocculus on either side of the nodule.
See Human brain and Flocculonodular lobe
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
The concepts of fluid intelligence (gf) and crystallized intelligence (gc) were introduced in 1943 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell.
See Human brain and Fluid and crystallized intelligence
Focal seizure
Focal seizures (also called partial seizures and localized seizures) are seizures that affect initially only one hemisphere of the brain.
See Human brain and Focal seizure
Food energy
Food energy is chemical energy that animals (including humans) derive from their food to sustain their metabolism, including their muscular activity.
See Human brain and Food energy
Foramen magnum
The foramen magnum (great hole) is a large, oval-shaped opening in the occipital bone of the skull.
See Human brain and Foramen magnum
Forebrain
In the anatomy of the brain of vertebrates, the forebrain or prosencephalon is the rostral (forward-most) portion of the brain.
Fourth ventricle
The fourth ventricle is one of the four connected fluid-filled cavities within the human brain.
See Human brain and Fourth ventricle
Francis O. Schmitt
Francis Otto Schmitt (November 23, 1903 – October 3, 1995) was an American biologist and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
See Human brain and Francis O. Schmitt
Frontal gyri
The frontal gyri are four gyri of the frontal lobe in the brain.
See Human brain and Frontal gyri
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobe is the largest of the four major lobes of the brain in mammals, and is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere (in front of the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe). Human brain and frontal lobe are brain.
See Human brain and Frontal lobe
Functional genomics
Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions.
See Human brain and Functional genomics
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.
See Human brain and Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical brain monitoring technique which uses near-infrared spectroscopy for the purpose of functional neuroimaging.
See Human brain and Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Functional neuroimaging
Functional neuroimaging is the use of neuroimaging technology to measure an aspect of brain function, often with a view to understanding the relationship between activity in certain brain areas and specific mental functions.
See Human brain and Functional neuroimaging
Fungus
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
Futile medical care
Futile medical care is the continued provision of medical care or treatment to a patient when there is no reasonable hope of a cure or benefit.
See Human brain and Futile medical care
GABA
GABA (gamma Aminobutyric acid, γ-Aminobutyric acid) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system.
GAD1
Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa) (GAD67), also known as GAD1, is a human gene.
Gale (publisher)
Gale is a global provider of research and digital learning resources.
See Human brain and Gale (publisher)
Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 – 216 AD), often anglicized as Galen or Galen of Pergamon, was a Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher.
Galvanometer
A galvanometer is an electromechanical measuring instrument for electric current.
See Human brain and Galvanometer
Game brain
is a term coined by Akio Mori referring to human brains affected by the long-term effect of playing video games.
See Human brain and Game brain
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings.
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.
See Human brain and Gene expression
Gene–environment interaction
Gene–environment interaction (or genotype–environment interaction or G×E) is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways.
See Human brain and Gene–environment interaction
GeneCards
GeneCards is a database of human genes that provides genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, genetic and functional information on all known and predicted human genes.
General Electric
General Electric Company (GE) was an American multinational conglomerate founded in 1892, incorporated in the state of New York and headquartered in Boston.
See Human brain and General Electric
General visceral afferent fiber
The general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers conduct sensory impulses (usually pain or reflex sensations) from the internal organs, glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system.
See Human brain and General visceral afferent fiber
Generalized epilepsy
Generalized epilepsy is a form of epilepsy characterised by generalised seizures with no apparent cause.
See Human brain and Generalized epilepsy
Genomics
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of molecular biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.
Glia
Glia, also called glial cells (gliocytes) or neuroglia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses.
Glia limitans
The glia limitans, or the glial limiting membrane, is a thin barrier of astrocyte foot processes associated with the parenchymal basal lamina surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
See Human brain and Glia limitans
Glial fibrillary acidic protein
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a protein that is encoded by the GFAP gene in humans.
See Human brain and Glial fibrillary acidic protein
Globus pallidus
The globus pallidus (GP), also known as paleostriatum or dorsal pallidum, is a subcortical structure of the brain.
See Human brain and Globus pallidus
Glossopharyngeal nerve
The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve, cranial nerve IX, or simply CN IX, is a cranial nerve that exits the brainstem from the sides of the upper medulla, just anterior (closer to the nose) to the vagus nerve.
See Human brain and Glossopharyngeal nerve
Glucose
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula.
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
In neuroscience, glutamate is the anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter (a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells).
See Human brain and Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
Glycogen
Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria.
Glymphatic system
The glymphatic system (or glymphatic clearance pathway, or paravascular system) is a system for waste clearance in the central nervous system (CNS) of vertebrates.
See Human brain and Glymphatic system
Golgi's method
Golgi's method is a silver staining technique that is used to visualize nervous tissue under light microscopy.
See Human brain and Golgi's method
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (– 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.
See Human brain and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Great cerebral vein
The great cerebral vein is one of the large blood vessels in the skull draining the cerebrum of the brain.
See Human brain and Great cerebral vein
Grey matter
Grey matter, or brain matter in American English, is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries.
See Human brain and Grey matter
Guilford Press
Guilford Press or Guilford Publications, Inc. is a New York City-based independent publisher founded in 1973 that specializes in publishing books and journals in psychology, psychiatry, the behavioral sciences, education, geography, and research methods.
See Human brain and Guilford Press
Gustatory cortex
The primary gustatory cortex (GC) is a brain structure responsible for the perception of taste.
See Human brain and Gustatory cortex
Gut–brain axis
The gut–brain axis is the two-way biochemical signaling that takes place between the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the central nervous system (CNS). Human brain and gut–brain axis are brain.
See Human brain and Gut–brain axis
Gyrification
Gyrification is the process of forming the characteristic folds of the cerebral cortex.
See Human brain and Gyrification
Gyrus
In neuroanatomy, a gyrus (gyri) is a ridge on the cerebral cortex.
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function.
See Human brain and Haemodynamic response
Hair cell
Hair cells are the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in the ears of all vertebrates, and in the lateral line organ of fishes.
Harvey Cushing
Harvey Williams Cushing (April 8, 1869 – October 7, 1939) was an American neurosurgeon, pathologist, writer, and draftsman.
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Head injury
A head injury is any injury that results in trauma to the skull or brain.
See Human brain and Head injury
Hearing
Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds through an organ, such as an ear, by detecting vibrations as periodic changes in the pressure of a surrounding medium.
Heart rate
Heart rate is the frequency of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per minute (beats per minute, or bpm).
See Human brain and Heart rate
Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894) was a German physicist and physician who made significant contributions in several scientific fields, particularly hydrodynamic stability.
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Herophilos
Herophilos (Ἡρόφιλος; 335–280 BC), sometimes Latinised Herophilus, was a Greek physician regarded as one of the earliest anatomists.
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Highbrow
Used colloquially as a noun or adjective, "highbrow" is synonymous with intellectual; as an adjective, it also means elite, and generally carries a connotation of high culture.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, rhombencephalon (shaped like a rhombus) or lower brain is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates.
Hippocampus
The hippocampus (hippocampi; via Latin from Greek ἱππόκαμπος, 'seahorse') is a major component of the brain of humans and other vertebrates.
See Human brain and Hippocampus
Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Kos (Hippokrátēs ho Kôios), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician and philosopher of the classical period who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.
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Hippocratic Corpus
The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: Corpus Hippocraticum), or Hippocratic Collection, is a collection of around 60 early Ancient Greek medical works strongly associated with the physician Hippocrates and his teachings.
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Histology
Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues.
History of neuroscience
From the ancient Egyptian mummifications to 18th-century scientific research on "globules" and neurons, there is evidence of neuroscience practice throughout the early periods of history.
See Human brain and History of neuroscience
History of the location of the soul
The search for a hypothetical soul and its location have been a subject of much speculation throughout history.
See Human brain and History of the location of the soul
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are neurological disorders associated with HIV infection and AIDS.
See Human brain and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
Homeostasis
In biology, homeostasis (British also homoeostasis) is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
See Human brain and Homeostasis
Hominidae
The Hominidae, whose members are known as the great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans (''Homo sapiens'') remain.
Homo habilis
Homo habilis ('handy man') is an extinct species of archaic human from the Early Pleistocene of East and South Africa about 2.3 million years ago to 1.65 million years ago (mya).
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Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
Human body
The human body is the entire structure of a human being.
See Human brain and Human body
Human Connectome Project
The Human Connectome Project (HCP) is a five-year project sponsored by sixteen components of the National Institutes of Health, split between two consortia of research institutions.
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Human embryonic development
Human embryonic development or human embryogenesis is the development and formation of the human embryo.
See Human brain and Human embryonic development
Human evolution
Human evolution is the evolutionary process within the history of primates that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family that includes all the great apes.
See Human brain and Human evolution
Human eye
The human eye is an organ of the sensory nervous system that reacts to visible light and allows the use of visual information for various purposes including seeing things, keeping balance, and maintaining circadian rhythm.
Human head
In human anatomy, the head is at the top of the human body.
See Human brain and Human head
Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)
Human intelligence (HUMINT, pronounced) is intelligence-gathering by means of human sources and interpersonal communication.
See Human brain and Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)
Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is mostly inherited.
See Human brain and Huntington's disease
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain.
See Human brain and Hydrocephalus
Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
See Human brain and Hypertension
Hypoglossal nerve
The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the twelfth cranial nerve, cranial nerve XII, or simply CN XII, is a cranial nerve that innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve.
See Human brain and Hypoglossal nerve
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia, also called low blood sugar, is a fall in blood sugar to levels below normal, typically below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L).
See Human brain and Hypoglycemia
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus (hypothalami) is a small part of the vertebrate brain that contains a number of nuclei with a variety of functions.
See Human brain and Hypothalamus
Image analysis
Image analysis or imagery analysis is the extraction of meaningful information from images; mainly from digital images by means of digital image processing techniques.
See Human brain and Image analysis
Impulsivity
In psychology, impulsivity (or impulsiveness) is a tendency to act on a whim, displaying behavior characterized by little or no forethought, reflection, or consideration of the consequences.
See Human brain and Impulsivity
Infection
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce.
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
The upper part of the posterior district of the medulla oblongata is occupied by the inferior cerebellar peduncle, a thick rope-like strand situated between the lower part of the fourth ventricle and the roots of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Each cerebellar inferior peduncle connects the spinal cord and medulla oblongata with the cerebellum, and comprises the juxtarestiform body and restiform body.
See Human brain and Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Inferior cerebral veins
The inferior cerebral veins are veins that drain the undersurface of the cerebral hemispheres and empty into the cavernous and transverse sinuses.
See Human brain and Inferior cerebral veins
Inferior frontal gyrus
The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), (gyrus frontalis inferior), is the lowest positioned gyrus of the frontal gyri, of the frontal lobe, and is part of the prefrontal cortex.
See Human brain and Inferior frontal gyrus
Inferior petrosal sinus
The inferior petrosal sinuses are two small sinuses situated on the inferior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone, one on each side.
See Human brain and Inferior petrosal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
The inferior sagittal sinus (also known as inferior longitudinal sinus), within the human head, is an area beneath the brain which allows blood to drain outwards posteriorly from the center of the head.
See Human brain and Inferior sagittal sinus
Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
See Human brain and Inflammation
Inhalation
Inhalation (or inspiration) happens when air or other gases enter the lungs.
See Human brain and Inhalation
Inhibitory control
Inhibitory control, also known as response inhibition, is a cognitive process – and, more specifically, an executive function – that permits an individual to inhibit their impulses and natural, habitual, or dominant behavioral responses to stimuli (prepotent responses) in order to select a more appropriate behavior that is consistent with completing their goals.
See Human brain and Inhibitory control
Innate immune system
The innate immune system or nonspecific immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the adaptive immune system) in vertebrates.
See Human brain and Innate immune system
Inner ear
The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear.
Insular cortex
The insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes) within each hemisphere of the mammalian brain.
See Human brain and Insular cortex
Intelligence
Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving.
See Human brain and Intelligence
Intelligence quotient
An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardised tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence.
See Human brain and Intelligence quotient
Interdisciplinarity
Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of multiple academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project).
See Human brain and Interdisciplinarity
Internal capsule
The internal capsule is a white matter structure situated in the inferomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere of the brain.
See Human brain and Internal capsule
Internal carotid artery
The internal carotid artery is an artery in the neck which supplies the anterior and middle cerebral circulation.
See Human brain and Internal carotid artery
Internal cerebral veins
The internal cerebral veins are two veins included in the group of deep cerebral veins that drain the deep parts of the hemispheres; each internal cerebral vein is formed near the interventricular foramina by the union of the superior thalamostriate vein and the superior choroid vein.
See Human brain and Internal cerebral veins
Internal jugular vein
The internal jugular vein is a paired jugular vein that collects blood from the brain and the superficial parts of the face and neck.
See Human brain and Internal jugular vein
Interneuron
Interneurons (also called internuncial neurons, relay neurons, association neurons, connector neurons, intermediate neurons or local circuit neurons) are neurons that connect to brain regions, i.e. not direct motor neurons or sensory neurons.
See Human brain and Interneuron
Interpeduncular cistern
The interpeduncular cistern (or basal cistern) is the subarachnoid cistern situated between the dorsum sellae (anteriorly) and the two cerebral peduncles of the mesencephalon (midbrain).
See Human brain and Interpeduncular cistern
Interventricular foramina (neuroanatomy)
In the brain, the interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro) are channels that connect the paired lateral ventricles with the third ventricle at the midline of the brain.
See Human brain and Interventricular foramina (neuroanatomy)
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), also known as hemorrhagic stroke, is a sudden bleeding into the tissues of the brain (i.e. the parenchyma), into its ventricles, or into both.
See Human brain and Intracerebral hemorrhage
Intracranial aneurysm
An intracranial aneurysm, also known as a cerebral aneurysm, is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a cerebral artery or vein causes a localized dilation or ballooning of the blood vessel.
See Human brain and Intracranial aneurysm
Intracranial hemorrhage
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), also known as intracranial bleed, is bleeding within the skull.
See Human brain and Intracranial hemorrhage
Ischemia
Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to any tissue, muscle group, or organ of the body, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).
Isolated brain
An isolated brain is a brain kept alive in vitro, either by perfusion or by a blood substitute, often an oxygenated solution of various salts, or by submerging the brain in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Human brain and isolated brain are brain.
See Human brain and Isolated brain
James Papez
James Wenceslas Papez (Livingston, Kenneth E.. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1981 1883–1958) was an American neuroanatomist, most famous for his 1937 description of the Papez circuit, a neural pathway in the brain thought to be involved in the cortical control of emotion.
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Jean Pierre Flourens
Marie Jean Pierre Flourens (13 April 1794 – 6 December 1867), father of Gustave Flourens, was a French physiologist, the founder of experimental brain science, and a pioneer in anesthesia.
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Johannes Peter Müller
Johannes Peter Müller (14 July 1801 – 28 April 1858) was a German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist, known not only for his discoveries but also for his ability to synthesize knowledge.
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John Farquhar Fulton
John Farquhar Fulton (November 1, 1899 – May 29, 1960) was an American neurophysiologist and historian of science.
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John Hughlings Jackson
John Hughlings Jackson, FRS (4 April 1835 – 7 October 1911) was an English neurologist.
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Kea (island)
Kea (Κέα), also known as Tzia (Τζιά) and in antiquity Keos (Κέως, Ceos), is a Greek island in the Cyclades archipelago in the Aegean Sea.
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Ketone bodies
Ketone bodies are water-soluble molecules or compounds that contain the ketone groups produced from fatty acids by the liver (ketogenesis).
See Human brain and Ketone bodies
Korbinian Brodmann
Korbinian Brodmann (17 November 1868 – 22 August 1918) was a German neuropsychiatrist who is known for mapping the cerebral cortex and defining 52 distinct regions, known as Brodmann areas, based on their cytoarchitectonic (histological) characteristics.
See Human brain and Korbinian Brodmann
Kuru (disease)
Kuru is a rare, incurable, and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that was formerly common among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea.
See Human brain and Kuru (disease)
Language
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.
Language acquisition
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language.
See Human brain and Language acquisition
Language processing in the brain
In psycholinguistics, language processing refers to the way humans use words to communicate ideas and feelings, and how such communications are processed and understood.
See Human brain and Language processing in the brain
Large-scale brain network
Large-scale brain networks (also known as intrinsic brain networks) are collections of widespread brain regions showing functional connectivity by statistical analysis of the fMRI BOLD signal or other recording methods such as EEG, PET and MEG. Human brain and Large-scale brain network are brain.
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Lateral aperture
The lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle or foramen of Luschka (after anatomist Hubert von Luschka) is an opening at the lateral extremity of either lateral recess of the fourth ventricle opening anteriorly into (sources differ) the pontine cistern/lateral cerebellomedullary cistern at cerebellopontine angle.
See Human brain and Lateral aperture
Lateral geniculate nucleus
In neuroanatomy, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN; also called the lateral geniculate body or lateral geniculate complex) is a structure in the thalamus and a key component of the mammalian visual pathway.
See Human brain and Lateral geniculate nucleus
Lateral hypothalamus
The lateral hypothalamus (LH), also called the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), contains the primary orexinergic nucleus within the hypothalamus that widely projects throughout the nervous system; this system of neurons mediates an array of cognitive and physical processes, such as promoting feeding behavior and arousal, reducing pain perception, and regulating body temperature, digestive functions, and blood pressure, among many others.
See Human brain and Lateral hypothalamus
Lateral sulcus
In neuroanatomy, the lateral sulcus (also called Sylvian fissure, after Franciscus Sylvius, or lateral fissure) is one of the most prominent features of the human brain.
See Human brain and Lateral sulcus
Lateral ventricles
The lateral ventricles are the two largest ventricles of the brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid.
See Human brain and Lateral ventricles
Lateralization of brain function
The lateralization of brain function (or hemispheric dominance/ latralisation) is the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be specialized to one side of the brain or the other. Human brain and lateralization of brain function are brain.
See Human brain and Lateralization of brain function
Limbic lobe
The limbic lobe is an arc-shaped cortical region of the limbic system, on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere of the mammalian brain, consisting of parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.
See Human brain and Limbic lobe
Limbic system
The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain. Human brain and limbic system are brain.
See Human brain and Limbic system
Lipid profile
A lipid profile or lipid panel is a panel of blood tests used to find abnormalities in blood lipid (such as cholesterol and triglycerides) concentrations.
See Human brain and Lipid profile
Lipid-lowering agent
Lipid-lowering agents, also sometimes referred to as hypolipidemic agents, cholesterol-lowering drugs, or antihyperlipidemic agents are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used to lower the level of lipids and lipoproteins, such as cholesterol, in the blood (hyperlipidemia).
See Human brain and Lipid-lowering agent
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW) is an American imprint of the American Dutch publishing conglomerate Wolters Kluwer.
See Human brain and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Lissencephaly
Lissencephaly (meaning 'smooth brain') is a set of rare brain disorders whereby the whole or parts of the surface of the brain appear smooth.
See Human brain and Lissencephaly
Liver
The liver is a major metabolic organ exclusively found in vertebrate animals, which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and various other biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth.
Lobes of the brain
The lobes of the brain are the major identifiable zones of the human cerebral cortex, and they comprise the surface of each hemisphere of the cerebrum. Human brain and lobes of the brain are brain.
See Human brain and Lobes of the brain
Local field potential
Local field potentials (LFP) are transient electrical signals generated in nerves and other tissues by the summed and synchronous electrical activity of the individual cells (e.g. neurons) in that tissue.
See Human brain and Local field potential
Longitudinal fissure
The longitudinal fissure (or cerebral fissure, great longitudinal fissure, median longitudinal fissure, interhemispheric fissure) is the deep groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate brain.
See Human brain and Longitudinal fissure
Lower motor neuron
Lower motor neurons (LMNs) are motor neurons located in either the anterior grey column, anterior nerve roots (spinal lower motor neurons) or the cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem and cranial nerves with motor function (cranial nerve lower motor neurons).
See Human brain and Lower motor neuron
Lung cancer
Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung.
See Human brain and Lung cancer
Macmillan Publishers
Macmillan Publishers (occasionally known as the Macmillan Group; formally Macmillan Publishers Ltd in the UK and Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC in the US) is a British publishing company traditionally considered to be one of the 'Big Five' English language publishers (along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins and Simon & Schuster).
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Magna Graecia
Magna Graecia is a term that was used for the Greek-speaking areas of Southern Italy, in the present-day Italian regions of Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Campania and Sicily; these regions were extensively populated by Greek settlers starting from the 8th century BC.
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Magnetic resonance angiography
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a group of techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to image blood vessels.
See Human brain and Magnetic resonance angiography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes inside the body.
See Human brain and Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetoencephalography
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a functional neuroimaging technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain, using very sensitive magnetometers.
See Human brain and Magnetoencephalography
Major depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.
See Human brain and Major depressive disorder
Malignancy
Malignancy is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse; the term is most familiar as a characterization of cancer.
See Human brain and Malignancy
Malnutrition
Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients, resulting in health problems.
See Human brain and Malnutrition
Mammal
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.
Margaret Kennard
Margaret Alice Kennard (September 25, 1899—December 12, 1975) was a neurologist who principally studied the effects of neurological damage on primates.
See Human brain and Margaret Kennard
Mast cell
A mast cell (also known as a mastocyte or a labrocyte) is a resident cell of connective tissue that contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin.
Materialism
Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions of material things.
See Human brain and Materialism
Medial geniculate nucleus
The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) or medial geniculate body (MGB) is part of the auditory thalamus and represents the thalamic relay between the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (AC).
See Human brain and Medial geniculate nucleus
Medial septal nucleus
The medial septal nucleus (MS) is one of the septal nuclei.
See Human brain and Medial septal nucleus
Median aperture
The median aperture (also known as the medial aperture and foramen of Magendie) is an opening of the fourth ventricle at the caudal portion of the roof of the fourth ventricle.
See Human brain and Median aperture
Median eminence
The median eminence is generally defined as the portion of the ventral hypothalamus from which the portal vessels arise.
See Human brain and Median eminence
Medical history
The medical history, case history, or anamnesis (from Greek: ἀνά, aná, "open", and μνήσις, mnesis, "memory") of a patient is a set of information the physicians collect over medical interviews.
See Human brain and Medical history
Medical imaging
Medical imaging is the technique and process of imaging the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).
See Human brain and Medical imaging
Medical literature
Medical literature is the scientific literature of medicine: articles in journals and texts in books devoted to the field of medicine.
See Human brain and Medical literature
Medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata or simply medulla is a long stem-like structure which makes up the lower part of the brainstem.
See Human brain and Medulla oblongata
Medullary pyramids (brainstem)
In neuroanatomy, the medullary pyramids are paired white matter structures of the brainstem's medulla oblongata that contain motor fibers of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts – known together as the pyramidal tracts.
See Human brain and Medullary pyramids (brainstem)
Melanoma
Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer; it develops from the melanin-producing cells known as melanocytes.
Memory
Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.
Meningeal lymphatic vessels
The meningeal lymphatic vessels (or meningeal lymphatics) are a network of conventional lymphatic vessels located parallel to the dural venous sinuses and middle meningeal arteries of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS).
See Human brain and Meningeal lymphatic vessels
Meninges
In anatomy, the meninges (meninx) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord.
Meningioma
Meningioma, also known as meningeal tumor, is typically a slow-growing tumor that forms from the meninges, the membranous layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
See Human brain and Meningioma
Meningitis
Meningitis is acute or chronic inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, collectively called the meninges.
See Human brain and Meningitis
Mental disorder
A mental disorder, also referred to as a mental illness, a mental health condition, or a psychiatric disability, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.
See Human brain and Mental disorder
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
See Human brain and Metabolism
Metastasis
Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor.
See Human brain and Metastasis
Metencephalon
The metencephalon is the embryonic part of the hindbrain that differentiates into the pons and the cerebellum.
See Human brain and Metencephalon
Microelectrode
A microelectrode is an electrode used in electrophysiology either for recording neural signals or for the electrical stimulation of nervous tissue (they were first developed by Ida Hyde in 1921).
See Human brain and Microelectrode
Microglia
Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord.
Microscope
A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
See Human brain and Microscope
Midbrain
The midbrain or mesencephalon is the rostral-most portion of the brainstem connecting the diencephalon and cerebrum with the pons. It consists of the cerebral peduncles, tegmentum, and tectum. Human brain and midbrain are brain anatomy.
Middle cerebellar peduncle
The middle cerebellar peduncle (or brachium pontis) is a paired structure of the brain.
See Human brain and Middle cerebellar peduncle
Middle cerebral artery
The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired cerebral arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum.
See Human brain and Middle cerebral artery
Middle cerebral veins
The middle cerebral veins - the superficial middle cerebral vein and the deep middle cerebral vein - are two veins running along the lateral sulcus.
See Human brain and Middle cerebral veins
Mind
The mind is what thinks, feels, perceives, imagines, remembers, and wills, encompassing the totality of mental phenomena. Human brain and mind are brain.
Mind–body dualism
In the philosophy of mind, mind–body dualism denotes either the view that mental phenomena are non-physical,Hart, W. D. 1996.
See Human brain and Mind–body dualism
Mind–body problem
The mind–body problem is a philosophical problem concerning the relationship between thought and consciousness in the human mind and body.
See Human brain and Mind–body problem
MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Monadology
The Monadology (La Monadologie, 1714) is one of Gottfried Leibniz's best known works of his later philosophy.
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Mondino de Luzzi
Mondino de Luzzi, or de Liuzzi or de Lucci, (– 1326), also known as Mundinus, was an Italian physician, anatomist and professor of surgery, who lived and worked in Bologna.
See Human brain and Mondino de Luzzi
Motivational salience
Motivational salience is a cognitive process and a form of attention that motivates or propels an individual's behavior towards or away from a particular object, perceived event or outcome.
See Human brain and Motivational salience
Motor control
Motor control is the regulation of movements in organisms that possess a nervous system.
See Human brain and Motor control
Motor cortex
The motor cortex is the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.
See Human brain and Motor cortex
Motor system
The motor system is the set of central and peripheral structures in the nervous system that support motor functions, i.e. movement.
See Human brain and Motor system
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.
See Human brain and Multiple sclerosis
Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue.
Muscles of respiration
The muscles of respiration are the muscles that contribute to inhalation and exhalation, by aiding in the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity.
See Human brain and Muscles of respiration
Mutation
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.
Myelencephalon
The myelencephalon or afterbrain is the most posterior region of the embryonic hindbrain, from which the medulla oblongata develops.
See Human brain and Myelencephalon
Myelin
Myelin is a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons (the nervous system's electrical wires) to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (called action potentials) pass along the axon.
Myelin basic protein
Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a protein believed to be important in the process of myelination of nerves in the nervous system.
See Human brain and Myelin basic protein
Nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is a large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.
See Human brain and Nasal cavity
National Institutes of Health
The National Institutes of Health, commonly referred to as NIH, is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research.
See Human brain and National Institutes of Health
Neanderthal
Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens) who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.
See Human brain and Neanderthal
Neocortex
The neocortex, also called the neopallium, isocortex, or the six-layered cortex, is a set of layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language.
Nerve
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers (called axons) in the peripheral nervous system.
Nerve tract
A nerve tract is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting nuclei of the central nervous system.
See Human brain and Nerve tract
Nervous system
In biology, the nervous system is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
See Human brain and Nervous system
Neural circuit
A neural circuit is a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated.
See Human brain and Neural circuit
Neural crest
Neural crest cells are a temporary group of cells that arise from the embryonic ectoderm germ layer, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineage—including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia.
See Human brain and Neural crest
Neural engineering
Neural engineering (also known as neuroengineering) is a discipline within biomedical engineering that uses engineering techniques to understand, repair, replace, or enhance neural systems.
See Human brain and Neural engineering
Neural fold
The neural fold is a structure that arises during neurulation in the embryonic development of both birds and mammals among other organisms.
See Human brain and Neural fold
Neural oscillation
Neural oscillations, or brainwaves, are rhythmic or repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system.
See Human brain and Neural oscillation
Neural pathway
In neuroanatomy, a neural pathway is the connection formed by axons that project from neurons to make synapses onto neurons in another location, to enable neurotransmission (the sending of a signal from one region of the nervous system to another).
See Human brain and Neural pathway
Neural plate
In embryology, the neural plate is a key developmental structure that serves as the basis for the nervous system.
See Human brain and Neural plate
Neural stem cell
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent cells that firstly generate the radial glial progenitor cells that generate the neurons and glia of the nervous system of all animals during embryonic development.
See Human brain and Neural stem cell
Neural tube
In the developing chordate (including vertebrates), the neural tube is the embryonic precursor to the central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
See Human brain and Neural tube
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system.
See Human brain and Neuroanatomy
Neuroanthropology
Neuroanthropology is the study of the relationship between culture and the brain.
See Human brain and Neuroanthropology
Neurocranium
In human anatomy, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, or brain-pan, is the upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain.
See Human brain and Neurocranium
Neurodegenerative disease
A neurodegenerative disease is caused by the progressive loss of neurons, in the process known as neurodegeneration.
See Human brain and Neurodegenerative disease
Neuroendocrine cell
Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (through neurotransmitters released by nerve cells or neurosecretory cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release messenger molecules (hormones) into the blood.
See Human brain and Neuroendocrine cell
Neurogranin
Neurogranin is a calmodulin-binding protein expressed primarily in the brain, particularly in dendritic spines, and participating in the protein kinase C signaling pathway.
See Human brain and Neurogranin
Neuroimaging
Neuroimaging is the use of quantitative (computational) techniques to study the structure and function of the central nervous system, developed as an objective way of scientifically studying the healthy human brain in a non-invasive manner.
See Human brain and Neuroimaging
Neuroimmune system
The neuroimmune system is a system of structures and processes involving the biochemical and electrophysiological interactions between the nervous system and immune system which protect neurons from pathogens.
See Human brain and Neuroimmune system
Neurolinguistics
Neurolinguistics is the study of neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.
See Human brain and Neurolinguistics
Neurological disorder
A neurological disorder is any disorder of the nervous system.
See Human brain and Neurological disorder
Neurological examination
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired.
See Human brain and Neurological examination
Neurology
Neurology (from νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system, which comprises the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves.
Neuromere
Neuromeres are distinct groups of neural crest cells, forming segments in the neural tube of the early embryonic development of the brain.
Neuron
A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.
Neuron doctrine
The neuron doctrine is the concept that the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells, a discovery due to decisive neuro-anatomical work of Santiago Ramón y Cajal and later presented by, among others, H. Waldeyer-Hartz.
See Human brain and Neuron doctrine
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity or brain plasticity, is the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization. Human brain and Neuroplasticity are brain.
See Human brain and Neuroplasticity
Neuroscience
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders.
See Human brain and Neuroscience
Neuroscience of rhythm
The neuroscience of rhythm refers to the various forms of rhythm generated by the central nervous system (CNS).
See Human brain and Neuroscience of rhythm
Neuroscience of sleep
The neuroscience of sleep is the study of the neuroscientific and physiological basis of the nature of sleep and its functions.
See Human brain and Neuroscience of sleep
Neuroscience Research Program
The Neuroscience Research Program (NRP) is an inter-university and international organisation founded during 1962 by Francis Otto Schmitt and others, which marked a key moment in the foundation of neuroscience as a discipline.
See Human brain and Neuroscience Research Program
Neuroscientist
A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist who has specialised knowledge in neuroscience, a branch of biology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, psychology, anatomy and molecular biology of neurons, neural circuits, and glial cells and especially their behavioral, biological, and psychological aspect in health and disease.
See Human brain and Neuroscientist
Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery or neurological surgery, known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the surgical treatment of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
See Human brain and Neurosurgery
Neurosyphilis
Neurosyphilis is the infection of the central nervous system in a patient with syphilis.
See Human brain and Neurosyphilis
Neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system.
See Human brain and Neurotoxicity
Neurotransmission
Neurotransmission (Latin: transmissio "passage, crossing" from transmittere "send, let through") is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron) a short distance away.
See Human brain and Neurotransmission
Neurotransmitter
A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.
See Human brain and Neurotransmitter
Neurulation
Neurulation refers to the folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.
See Human brain and Neurulation
New Scientist
New Scientist is a popular science magazine covering all aspects of science and technology.
See Human brain and New Scientist
Niccolò Massa
Niccolò Massa (1485–1569) was an Italian anatomist who wrote an early anatomy text Anatomiae Libri Introductorius in 1536.
See Human brain and Niccolò Massa
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes (Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died.
See Human brain and Nobel Prize
Nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine, or nucleology, is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
See Human brain and Nuclear medicine
Nucleus (neuroanatomy)
In neuroanatomy, a nucleus (nuclei) is a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem.
See Human brain and Nucleus (neuroanatomy)
Nucleus accumbens
The nucleus accumbens (NAc or NAcc; also known as the accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the nucleus accumbens septi, Latin for 'nucleus adjacent to the septum') is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.
See Human brain and Nucleus accumbens
Nucleus basalis
In the human brain, the nucleus basalis, also known as the nucleus basalis of Meynert or nucleus basalis magnocellularis, is a group of neurons located mainly in the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain.
See Human brain and Nucleus basalis
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental and behavioral disorder in which an individual has intrusive thoughts (an obsession) and feels the need to perform certain routines (compulsions) repeatedly to relieve the distress caused by the obsession, to the extent where it impairs general function.
See Human brain and Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Occipital bone
The occipital bone is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull).
See Human brain and Occipital bone
Occipital lobe
The occipital lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals.
See Human brain and Occipital lobe
Occupational therapist
Occupational therapists (OTs) are health care professionals specializing in occupational therapy and occupational science.
See Human brain and Occupational therapist
Oculomotor nerve
The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve, cranial nerve III, or simply CN III, is a cranial nerve that enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and innervates extraocular muscles that enable most movements of the eye and that raise the eyelid.
See Human brain and Oculomotor nerve
Olfactory bulb
The olfactory bulb (Latin: bulbus olfactorius) is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell.
See Human brain and Olfactory bulb
Olfactory epithelium
The olfactory epithelium is a specialized epithelial tissue inside the nasal cavity that is involved in smell.
See Human brain and Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory mucosa
The olfactory mucosa is the neuroepithelialial mucosa lining the roof and upper parts of the septum and lateral wall of the nasal cavity which contains bipolar neurons of the primary receptor neurons of the olfactory pathway, as well as supporting cells.
See Human brain and Olfactory mucosa
Olfactory nerve
The olfactory nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve, cranial nerve I, or simply CN I, is a cranial nerve that contains sensory nerve fibers relating to the sense of smell.
See Human brain and Olfactory nerve
Olfactory receptor neuron
An olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), also called an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN), is a sensory neuron within the olfactory system.
See Human brain and Olfactory receptor neuron
Olfactory system
The olfactory system or sense of smell is the sensory system used for smelling (olfaction).
See Human brain and Olfactory system
Olfactory tubercle
The olfactory tubercle (OT), also known as the tuberculum olfactorium, is a multi-sensory processing center that is contained within the olfactory cortex and ventral striatum and plays a role in reward cognition.
See Human brain and Olfactory tubercle
OLIG2
Oligodendrocyte transcription factor (OLIG2) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor encoded by the OLIG2 gene.
Oligodendrocyte
Oligodendrocytes, also known as oligodendroglia, are a type of neuroglia whose main functions are to provide support and insulation to axons within the central nervous system (CNS) of jawed vertebrates.
See Human brain and Oligodendrocyte
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells, NG2-glia, O2A cells, or polydendrocytes, are a subtype of glia in the central nervous system named for their essential role as precursors to oligodendrocytesand myelin.
See Human brain and Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
On the Sacred Disease
On the Sacred Disease is a work of the Hippocratic Corpus, written about 400 B.C. Its authorship cannot be confirmed, so is regarded as dubious.
See Human brain and On the Sacred Disease
Online Etymology Dictionary
The Online Etymology Dictionary or Etymonline, sometimes abbreviated as OED (not to be confused with the Oxford English Dictionary, which the site often cites), is a free online dictionary that describes the origins of English words, written and compiled by Douglas R. Harper.
See Human brain and Online Etymology Dictionary
Optic chiasm
In neuroanatomy, the optic chiasm, or optic chiasma, is the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross.
See Human brain and Optic chiasm
Optic nerve
In neuroanatomy, the optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, cranial nerve II, or simply CN II, is a paired cranial nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
See Human brain and Optic nerve
Optic radiation
In neuroanatomy, the optic radiation (also known as the geniculocalcarine tract, the geniculostriate pathway, and posterior thalamic radiation) are axons from the neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus to the primary visual cortex.
See Human brain and Optic radiation
Optic tract
In neuroanatomy, the optic tract is a part of the visual system in the brain.
See Human brain and Optic tract
Orbit (anatomy)
In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket/hole of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated.
See Human brain and Orbit (anatomy)
Orbitofrontal cortex
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes of the brain which is involved in the cognitive process of decision-making.
See Human brain and Orbitofrontal cortex
Orexin
Orexin, also known as hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite.
Organ (biology)
In a multicellular organism, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.
See Human brain and Organ (biology)
Organ donation
Organ donation is the process when a person authorizes an organ of their own to be removed and transplanted to another person, legally, either by consent while the donor is alive, through a legal authorization for deceased donation made prior to death, or for deceased donations through the authorization by the legal next of kin.
See Human brain and Organ donation
Ossicles
The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) are three bones in either middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body.
Outline of neuroscience
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to neuroscience: Neuroscience is the scientific study of the structure and function of the nervous system.
See Human brain and Outline of neuroscience
Outline of the human brain
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the human brain. Human brain and outline of the human brain are brain.
See Human brain and Outline of the human brain
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Human brain and Oxford University Press
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
Oxytocin
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary.
Pain
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli.
Parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the others being the sympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
See Human brain and Parasympathetic nervous system
Parietal lobe
The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals.
See Human brain and Parietal lobe
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a long-term neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body.
See Human brain and Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease dementia
Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) is dementia that is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD).
See Human brain and Parkinson's disease dementia
Paul Broca
Pierre Paul Broca (also,,; 28 June 1824 – 9 July 1880) was a French physician, anatomist and anthropologist.
See Human brain and Paul Broca
Paul D. MacLean
Paul Donald MacLean (May 1, 1913 – December 26, 2007) was an American physician and neuroscientist who made significant contributions in the fields of physiology, psychiatry, and brain research through his work at Yale Medical School and the National Institute of Mental Health.
See Human brain and Paul D. MacLean
Perception
Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment.
See Human brain and Perception
Pericyte
Pericytes (formerly called Rouget cells) are multi-functional mural cells of the microcirculation that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries throughout the body.
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors (of the carotid and aortic bodies) are so named because they are sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into blood vessels where they detect changes in chemical concentrations.
See Human brain and Peripheral chemoreceptors
PH
In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").
Pharyngeal reflex
The pharyngeal reflex or gag reflex is a reflex muscular contraction of the back of the throat, evoked by touching the roof of the mouth, back of the tongue, area around the tonsils, uvula, and back of the throat.
See Human brain and Pharyngeal reflex
Philosophy of mind
The philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of the mind and its relation to the body and the external world.
See Human brain and Philosophy of mind
Phineas Gage
Phineas P. Gage (18231860) was an American railroad construction foreman remembered for his improbable survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior over the remaining 12 years of his lifeeffects sufficiently profound that friends saw him (for a time at least) as "no longer Gage".
See Human brain and Phineas Gage
Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuroepithelial cell found in the retina that is capable of visual phototransduction.
See Human brain and Photoreceptor cell
Phrenic nerve
The phrenic nerve is a mixed motor/sensory nerve that originates from the C3-C5 spinal nerves in the neck.
See Human brain and Phrenic nerve
Phrenology
Phrenology or craniology is a pseudoscience that involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits.
See Human brain and Phrenology
Physical examination
In a physical examination, medical examination, clinical examination, or medical checkup, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition.
See Human brain and Physical examination
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R), also known as physiatry, is a branch of medicine that aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to people with physical impairments or disabilities.
See Human brain and Physical medicine and rehabilitation
Physical therapy
Physical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is a healthcare profession, as well as the care provided by physical therapists who promote, maintain, or restore health through patient education, physical intervention, disease prevention, and health promotion.
See Human brain and Physical therapy
Pia mater
Pia mater, in, retrieved 2012-07-28.
Pineal gland
The pineal gland (also known as the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri) is a small endocrine gland in the brain of most vertebrates.
See Human brain and Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland or hypophysis is an endocrine gland in vertebrates.
See Human brain and Pituitary gland
Planning
Planning is the process of thinking regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal.
Pons
The pons (pontes; from Latin pons, "bridge", from Proto-Indo-European *pónteh₁s, “path, road”, from *pent-, “path”. Cognate with Sanskrit पन्था, pánthā-) is part of the brainstem that in humans and other mammals, lies inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum. Human brain and pons are brain.
Positron emission tomography
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes, and in other physiological activities including blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption.
See Human brain and Positron emission tomography
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental and behavioral disorder that develops from experiencing a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, domestic violence, or other threats on a person's life or well-being.
See Human brain and Post-traumatic stress disorder
Postcentral gyrus
In neuroanatomy, the postcentral gyrus is a prominent gyrus in the lateral parietal lobe of the human brain.
See Human brain and Postcentral gyrus
Posterior cerebral artery
The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of cerebral arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the occipital lobe, part of the back of the human brain.
See Human brain and Posterior cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
In human anatomy, the left and right posterior communicating arteries are small arteries at the base of the brain that form part of the circle of Willis.
See Human brain and Posterior communicating artery
Posterior cranial fossa
The posterior cranial fossa is the part of the cranial cavity located between the foramen magnum, and tentorium cerebelli.
See Human brain and Posterior cranial fossa
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) is the largest branch of the vertebral artery.
See Human brain and Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior lobe of cerebellum
The posterior lobe of cerebellum or neocerebellum is the portion of the cerebellum below the primary fissure.
See Human brain and Posterior lobe of cerebellum
Precentral gyrus
The precentral gyrus is a prominent gyrus on the surface of the posterior frontal lobe of the brain.
See Human brain and Precentral gyrus
Prefrontal cortex
In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) covers the front part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
See Human brain and Prefrontal cortex
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops (gestates) inside a woman's uterus (womb).
Premotor cortex
The premotor cortex is an area of the motor cortex lying within the frontal lobe of the brain just anterior to the primary motor cortex.
See Human brain and Premotor cortex
Prenatal development
Prenatal development involves the development of the embryo and of the fetus during a viviparous animal's gestation.
See Human brain and Prenatal development
Prentice Hall
Prentice Hall was a major American educational publisher.
See Human brain and Prentice Hall
Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
Preventive healthcare
Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, is the application of healthcare measures to prevent diseases.
See Human brain and Preventive healthcare
Primary motor cortex
The primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) is a brain region that in humans is located in the dorsal portion of the frontal lobe.
See Human brain and Primary motor cortex
Primary sensory areas
The primary sensory areas are the primary cortical regions of the five sensory systems in the brain (taste, olfaction, touch, hearing and vision).
See Human brain and Primary sensory areas
Primate
Primates is an order of mammals, which is further divided into the strepsirrhines, which include lemurs, galagos, and lorisids; and the haplorhines, which include tarsiers; and the simians, which include monkeys and apes.
Problem solving
Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities.
See Human brain and Problem solving
Professor Branestawm
Professor Branestawm is a series of thirteen children's books written by the English author Norman Hunter.
See Human brain and Professor Branestawm
Propionic acid
Propionic acid (from the Greek words πρῶτος: prōtos, meaning "first", and πίων: píōn, meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula.
See Human brain and Propionic acid
Proprioception
Proprioception is the sense of self-movement, force, and body position.
See Human brain and Proprioception
Prospection
In psychology, prospection is the generation and evaluation of mental representations of possible futures.
See Human brain and Prospection
Pseudoscience
Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method.
See Human brain and Pseudoscience
Psychiatry
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of deleterious mental conditions.
See Human brain and Psychiatry
Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the interrelation between linguistic factors and psychological aspects.
See Human brain and Psycholinguistics
Psychologist
A psychologist is a professional who practices psychology and studies mental states, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior.
See Human brain and Psychologist
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy (also psychological therapy, talk therapy, or talking therapy) is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems.
See Human brain and Psychotherapy
Pulmonary stretch receptors
Pulmonary stretch receptors are mechanoreceptors found in the lungs.
See Human brain and Pulmonary stretch receptors
Purkinje cell
Purkinje cells or Purkinje neurons, named for Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně who identified them in 1837, are a unique type of prominent large neurons located in the cerebellar cortex of the brain. With their flask-shaped cell bodies, many branching dendrites, and a single long axon, these cells are essential for controlling motor activity.
See Human brain and Purkinje cell
Putamen
The putamen (from Latin, meaning "nutshell") is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain (telencephalon).
Pyramidal cell
Pyramidal cells, or pyramidal neurons, are a type of multipolar neuron found in areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala.
See Human brain and Pyramidal cell
Radial glial cell
Radial glial cells, or radial glial progenitor cells (RGPs), are bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex.
See Human brain and Radial glial cell
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy or radiotherapy (RT, RTx, or XRT) is a treatment using ionizing radiation, generally provided as part of cancer therapy to either kill or control the growth of malignant cells.
See Human brain and Radiation therapy
Reason
Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.
Recovery model
The recovery model, recovery approach or psychological recovery is an approach to mental disorder or substance dependence that emphasizes and supports a person's potential for recovery.
See Human brain and Recovery model
Recreational drug use
Recreational drug use is the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness, either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime.
See Human brain and Recreational drug use
REEP2
Receptor expression-enhancing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the REEP2 gene.
Reference range
In medicine and health-related fields, a reference range or reference interval is the range or the interval of values that is deemed normal for a physiological measurement in healthy persons (for example, the amount of creatinine in the blood, or the partial pressure of oxygen).
See Human brain and Reference range
Reflex
In biology, a reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary, unplanned sequence or action and nearly instantaneous response to a stimulus.
René Descartes
René Descartes (or;; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science.
See Human brain and René Descartes
Renin
Renin (etymology and pronunciation), also known as an angiotensinogenase, is an aspartic protease protein and enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body's renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)—also known as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis—that increases the volume of extracellular fluid (blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid) and causes arterial vasoconstriction.
Respiration (physiology)
In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction to the surrounding environment.
See Human brain and Respiration (physiology)
Respiratory center
The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem.
See Human brain and Respiratory center
Respiratory rate
The respiratory rate is the rate at which breathing occurs; it is set and controlled by the respiratory center of the brain.
See Human brain and Respiratory rate
Resting state fMRI
Resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI or R-fMRI) is a method of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that is used in brain mapping to evaluate regional interactions that occur in a resting or task-negative state, when an explicit task is not being performed.
See Human brain and Resting state fMRI
Reticular formation
The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and other regions.
See Human brain and Reticular formation
Retina
The retina (or retinas) is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.
Rhombomere
In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon.
See Human brain and Rhombomere
Richard Caton
Richard Caton (1842, Bradford – 1926), of Liverpool, England, was a British physician, physiologist and Lord Mayor of Liverpool who was crucial in discovering the electrical nature of the brain and laid the groundwork for Hans Berger to discover alpha wave activity in the human brain.
See Human brain and Richard Caton
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
See Human brain and Roman Empire
Rome
Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.
S100B
S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) is a protein of the S100 protein family.
Sagittal plane
The sagittal plane (also known as the longitudinal plane) is an anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left sections.
See Human brain and Sagittal plane
Salience network
The salience network (SN), also known anatomically as the midcingulo-insular network (M-CIN) or ventral attention network, is a large scale network of the human brain that is primarily composed of the anterior insula (AI) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). Human brain and salience network are brain.
See Human brain and Salience network
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1 May 1852 – 17 October 1934) was a Spanish neuroscientist, pathologist, and histologist specializing in neuroanatomy and the central nervous system.
See Human brain and Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Scalp
The scalp is the area of the head where head hair grows.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by reoccurring episodes of psychosis that are correlated with a general misperception of reality.
See Human brain and Schizophrenia
Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Scientific American
Scientific American, informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA, is an American popular science magazine.
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Segmentation (biology)
Segmentation in biology is the division of some animal and plant body plans into a linear series of repetitive segments that may or may not be interconnected to each other.
See Human brain and Segmentation (biology)
Seizure
A seizure is a period of symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Self-control
Self-control is an aspect of inhibitory control, one of the core executive functions.
See Human brain and Self-control
Sense
A sense is a biological system used by an organism for sensation, the process of gathering information about the surroundings through the detection of stimuli.
Sense of balance
The sense of balance or equilibrioception is the perception of balance and spatial orientation.
See Human brain and Sense of balance
Sense of smell
The sense of smell, or olfaction, is the special sense through which smells (or odors) are perceived.
See Human brain and Sense of smell
Sensorium
A sensorium (/sɛnˈsɔːrɪəm/) (sensoria) is the apparatus of an organism's perception considered as a whole.
Sensory cortex
The sensory cortex can refer sometimes to the primary somatosensory cortex, or it can be used as a term for the primary and secondary cortices of the different senses (two cortices each, on left and right hemisphere): the visual cortex on the occipital lobes, the auditory cortex on the temporal lobes, the primary olfactory cortex on the uncus of the piriform region of the temporal lobes, the gustatory cortex on the insular lobe (also referred to as the insular cortex), and the primary somatosensory cortex on the anterior parietal lobes.
See Human brain and Sensory cortex
Sensory nerve
A sensory nerve, or afferent nerve, is an anatomic term for a nerve that contains exclusively afferent nerve fibers.
See Human brain and Sensory nerve
Sensory nervous system
The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information.
See Human brain and Sensory nervous system
Sensory neuron
Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded receptor potentials.
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Sensory-motor coupling
Sensory-motor coupling is the coupling or integration of the sensory system and motor system.
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Septum pellucidum
The septum pellucidum (Latin for "translucent wall") is a thin, triangular, vertical double membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain.
See Human brain and Septum pellucidum
Serotonin
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.
Short-chain fatty acid
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are fatty acids of two to six carbon atoms.
See Human brain and Short-chain fatty acid
Sigmoid sinus
The sigmoid sinuses (sigma- or s-shaped hollow curve), also known as the pars sigmoid, are paired dural venous sinuses within the skull that receive blood from posterior transverse sinuses.
See Human brain and Sigmoid sinus
Silver staining
In pathology, silver staining is the use of silver to selectively alter the appearance of a target in microscopy of histological sections; in temperature gradient gel electrophoresis; and in polyacrylamide gels.
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Simulation
A simulation is an imitative representation of a process or system that could exist in the real world.
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Single-photon emission computed tomography
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, or less commonly, SPET) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays.
See Human brain and Single-photon emission computed tomography
Single-unit recording
In neuroscience, single-unit recordings (also, single-neuron recordings) provide a method of measuring the electro-physiological responses of a single neuron using a microelectrode system.
See Human brain and Single-unit recording
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle (commonly referred to as muscle) is one of the three types of vertebrate muscle tissue, the other being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.
See Human brain and Skeletal muscle
Skull
The skull is a bone protective cavity for the brain.
Skull fracture
A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the eight bones that form the cranial portion of the skull, usually occurring as a result of blunt force trauma.
See Human brain and Skull fracture
Sleep
Sleep is a state of reduced mental and physical activity in which consciousness is altered and certain sensory activity is inhibited.
Sleep deprivation
Sleep deprivation, also known as sleep insufficiency or sleeplessness, is the condition of not having adequate duration and/or quality of sleep to support decent alertness, performance, and health.
See Human brain and Sleep deprivation
Social interventionism
Social interventionism is an action which involves the deliberate intervention of a public or private organization into social affairs for the purpose of changing them.
See Human brain and Social interventionism
Solitary nucleus
The solitary nucleus (also called nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus solitarius, or nucleus tractus solitarii (SN or NTS)) is a series of sensory nuclei (clusters of nerve cell bodies) forming a vertical column of grey matter in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem.
See Human brain and Solitary nucleus
Soma (biology)
In cellular neuroscience, the soma (somata or somas), perikaryon (perikarya), neurocyton, or cell body is the bulbous, non-process portion of a neuron or other brain cell type, containing the cell nucleus.
See Human brain and Soma (biology)
Somatosensory system
The somatosensory system is a subset of the sensory nervous system responsible for the perception of touch.
See Human brain and Somatosensory system
Spatial visualization ability
Spatial visualization ability or visual-spatial ability is the ability to mentally manipulate 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional figures.
See Human brain and Spatial visualization ability
Special senses
In medicine and anatomy, the special senses are the senses that have specialized organs devoted to them.
See Human brain and Special senses
Speech–language pathology
Speech–language pathology (a.k.a. speech and language pathology or logopedics) is a healthcare and academic discipline concerning the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of communication disorders, including expressive and mixed receptive-expressive language disorders, voice disorders, speech sound disorders, speech disfluency, pragmatic language impairments, and social communication difficulties, as well as swallowing disorders across the lifespan.
See Human brain and Speech–language pathology
Sphenoid bone
The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium.
See Human brain and Sphenoid bone
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals.
See Human brain and Spinal cord
Spinal interneuron
A spinal interneuron, found in the spinal cord, relays signals between (afferent) sensory neurons, and (efferent) motor neurons.
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Spinal nerve
A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body.
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Spinal veins
The spinal veins (veins of the medulla spinalis or veins of the spinal cord) are situated in the pia mater and form a minute, tortuous, venous plexus.
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Spinothalamic tract
The spinothalamic tract is a nerve tract in the anterolateral system in the spinal cord.
See Human brain and Spinothalamic tract
Split-brain
Split-brain or callosal syndrome is a type of disconnection syndrome when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree. Human brain and Split-brain are brain.
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Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
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Status epilepticus
Status epilepticus (SE), or status seizure, is a medical condition consisting of a single seizure lasting more than 5 minutes, or 2 or more seizures within a 5-minute period without the person returning to normal between them.
See Human brain and Status epilepticus
Stellate cell
Stellate cells are neurons in the central nervous system, named for their star-like shape formed by dendritic processes radiating from the cell body. Many stellate cells are GABAergic and are located in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Stellate cells are derived from dividing progenitor cells in the white matter of postnatal cerebellum.
See Human brain and Stellate cell
Stephen Kuffler
Stephen William Kuffler (August 24, 1913 – October 11, 1980) was a Hungarian-American neurophysiologist.
See Human brain and Stephen Kuffler
Straight sinus
The straight sinus, also known as tentorial sinus or the sinus rectus, is an area within the skull beneath the brain.
See Human brain and Straight sinus
Striatum
The striatum (striata) or corpus striatum is a cluster of interconnected nuclei that make up the largest structure of the subcortical basal ganglia.
Stroke
Stroke (also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack) is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death.
Subarachnoid cisterns
The subarachnoid cisterns are spaces formed by openings in the subarachnoid space, an anatomic space in the meninges of the brain.
See Human brain and Subarachnoid cisterns
Subclavian artery
In human anatomy, the subclavian arteries are paired major arteries of the upper thorax, below the clavicle.
See Human brain and Subclavian artery
Substance abuse
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods that are harmful to the individual or others.
See Human brain and Substance abuse
Substantia innominata
The substantia innominata, also innominate substance or substantia innominata of Meynert (Latin for unnamed substance), is a series of layers in the human brain consisting partly of gray and partly of white matter, which lies below the anterior part of the thalamus and lentiform nucleus.
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Substantia nigra
The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.
See Human brain and Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a small lens-shaped nucleus in the brain where it is, from a functional point of view, part of the basal ganglia system.
See Human brain and Subthalamic nucleus
Subthalamus
The subthalamus or prethalamus is a part of the diencephalon.
See Human brain and Subthalamus
Sulcus (neuroanatomy)
In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: "furrow";: sulci) is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex.
See Human brain and Sulcus (neuroanatomy)
Superficial veins of the brain
Within the human brain, the superficial veins of the brain are those veins that are close to the surface of the brain.
See Human brain and Superficial veins of the brain
Superior cerebellar artery
The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) is an artery of the head.
See Human brain and Superior cerebellar artery
Superior cerebellar peduncle
In the human brain, the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum) is a paired structure of white matter that connects the cerebellum to the midbrain.
See Human brain and Superior cerebellar peduncle
Superior cerebral veins
The superior cerebral veins are several cerebral veins that drain the superolateral and superomedial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres into the superior sagittal sinus.
See Human brain and Superior cerebral veins
Superior olivary complex
The superior olivary complex (SOC) or superior olive is a collection of brainstem nuclei that is located in pons, functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways of the auditory system.
See Human brain and Superior olivary complex
Superior petrosal sinus
The superior petrosal sinus is one of the dural venous sinuses located beneath the brain.
See Human brain and Superior petrosal sinus
Superior sagittal sinus
The superior sagittal sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus), within the human head, is an unpaired area along the attached margin of the falx cerebri.
See Human brain and Superior sagittal sinus
Supplementary motor area
The supplementary motor area (SMA) is a part of the motor cortex of primates that contributes to the control of movement.
See Human brain and Supplementary motor area
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
The suprachiasmatic nucleus or nuclei (SCN) is a small region of the brain in the hypothalamus, situated directly above the optic chiasm.
See Human brain and Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Supramarginal gyrus
The supramarginal gyrus is a portion of the parietal lobe.
See Human brain and Supramarginal gyrus
Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the others being the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
See Human brain and Sympathetic nervous system
Synapse
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.
Tanycyte
Tanycytes are highly specialized ependymal cells found in the third ventricle of the brain, and on the floor of the fourth ventricle.
Task switching (psychology)
Task switching, or set-shifting, is an executive function that involves the ability to unconsciously shift attention between one task and another.
See Human brain and Task switching (psychology)
Taste
The gustatory system or sense of taste is the sensory system that is partially responsible for the perception of taste (flavor).
Taste receptor
A taste receptor or tastant is a type of cellular receptor that facilitates the sensation of taste.
See Human brain and Taste receptor
Tay–Sachs disease
Tay–Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
See Human brain and Tay–Sachs disease
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.
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Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness.
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Temporal lobe
The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. Human brain and temporal lobe are brain.
See Human brain and Temporal lobe
Temporal resolution
Temporal resolution (TR) refers to the discrete resolution of a measurement with respect to time.
See Human brain and Temporal resolution
Ten percent of the brain myth
The 90% of the brain myth states that humans generally use only one-tenth (or some other small fraction) of their brains. Human brain and Ten percent of the brain myth are brain.
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Teratology
Teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development in organisms during their life span.
See Human brain and Teratology
Thalamus
The thalamus (thalami; from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is a large mass of gray matter on the lateral walls of the third ventricle forming the dorsal part of the diencephalon (a division of the forebrain).
The FASEB Journal
The FASEB Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal related to experimental biology.
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The New England Journal of Medicine
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society.
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Third ventricle
The third ventricle is one of the four connected cerebral ventricles of the ventricular system within the mammalian brain.
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Thomas Willis
Thomas Willis FRS (27 January 1621 – 11 November 1675) was an English physician who played an important part in the history of anatomy, neurology and psychiatry, and was a founding member of the Royal Society.
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Thoracic diaphragm
The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (partition), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity.
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Thought
In their most common sense, the terms thought and thinking refer to cognitive processes that can happen independently of sensory stimulation.
Thrombolysis
Thrombolysis, also called fibrinolytic therapy, is the breakdown (lysis) of blood clots formed in blood vessels, using medication.
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Thrombus
A thrombus (thrombi), colloquially called a blood clot, is the final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis.
Tight junction
Tight junctions, also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes (singular, zonula occludens), are multiprotein junctional complexes whose canonical function is to prevent leakage of solutes and water and seals between the epithelial cells.
See Human brain and Tight junction
Tobacco smoking
Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and ingesting the resulting smoke.
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Tourette syndrome
Tourette syndrome or Tourette's syndrome (abbreviated as TS or Tourette's) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence.
See Human brain and Tourette syndrome
Tractography
In neuroscience, tractography is a 3D modeling technique used to visually represent nerve tracts using data collected by diffusion MRI.
See Human brain and Tractography
Traffic collision
A traffic collision, also known as a motor vehicle collision, or car crash, occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other moving or stationary obstruction, such as a tree, pole or building.
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Transcriptome
The transcriptome is the set of all RNA transcripts, including coding and non-coding, in an individual or a population of cells.
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Transcriptomics technologies
Transcriptomics technologies are the techniques used to study an organism's transcriptome, the sum of all of its RNA transcripts.
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Transient ischemic attack
A transient ischemic attack (TIA), commonly known as a mini-stroke, is a minor stroke whose noticeable symptoms usually end in less than an hour.
See Human brain and Transient ischemic attack
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of progressive, incurable, and fatal conditions that are associated with prions and affect the brain and nervous system of many animals, including humans, cattle, and sheep.
See Human brain and Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Transverse sinuses
The transverse sinuses (left and right lateral sinuses), within the human head, are two areas beneath the brain which allow blood to drain from the back of the head.
See Human brain and Transverse sinuses
Traumatic brain injury
A traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as an intracranial injury, is an injury to the brain caused by an external force.
See Human brain and Traumatic brain injury
Treeshrew
The treeshrews (also called tree shrews or banxrings) are small mammals native to the tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia.
Trigeminal nerve
In neuroanatomy, the trigeminal nerve (lit. triplet nerve), also known as the fifth cranial nerve, cranial nerve V, or simply CN V, is a cranial nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing; it is the most complex of the cranial nerves.
See Human brain and Trigeminal nerve
Trochlear nerve
The trochlear nerve, (lit. pulley-like nerve) also known as the fourth cranial nerve, cranial nerve IV, or CN IV, is a cranial nerve that innervates a single muscle - the superior oblique muscle of the eye (which operates through the pulley-like trochlea).
See Human brain and Trochlear nerve
Ultradian rhythm
In chronobiology, an ultradian rhythm is a recurrent period or cycle repeated throughout a 24-hour day.
See Human brain and Ultradian rhythm
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is sound with frequencies greater than 20 kilohertz.
See Human brain and Ultrasound
Upper motor neuron
Upper motor neurons (UMNs) is a term introduced by William Gowers in 1886.
See Human brain and Upper motor neuron
Vagus nerve
The vagus nerve, also known as the tenth cranial nerve, cranial nerve X, or simply CN X, is a cranial nerve that carries sensory fibers that create a pathway that interfaces with the parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
See Human brain and Vagus nerve
Valvular heart disease
Valvular heart disease is any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left side of heart and the pulmonic and tricuspid valves on the right side of heart).
See Human brain and Valvular heart disease
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD), commonly referred to as "mad cow disease" or "human mad cow disease" to distinguish it from its BSE counterpart, is a fatal type of brain disease within the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy family.
See Human brain and Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Vascular dementia
Vascular dementia is dementia caused by a series of strokes.
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Vasomotor center
The vasomotor center (VMC) is a portion of the medulla oblongata.
See Human brain and Vasomotor center
Vasopressin
Human vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin, is a hormone synthesized from the AVP gene as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP.
See Human brain and Vasopressin
Vein
Veins are blood vessels in the circulatory system of humans and most other animals that carry blood towards the heart.
Venous plexus
In vertebrates, a venous plexus is a normal congregation anywhere in the body of multiple veins.
See Human brain and Venous plexus
Ventral pallidum
The ventral pallidum (VP) is a structure within the basal ganglia of the brain.
See Human brain and Ventral pallidum
Ventral tegmental area
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum is Latin for covering), also known as the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, or simply ventral tegmentum, is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain.
See Human brain and Ventral tegmental area
Ventricular system
In neuroanatomy, the ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities known as cerebral ventricles in the brain. Human brain and ventricular system are brain.
See Human brain and Ventricular system
Ventrobasal complex
The ventrobasal complex (VB) is a relay nucleus of the thalamus for nociceptive stimuli received from nociceptive nerves.
See Human brain and Ventrobasal complex
Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), also known as the intermediate nucleus of the preoptic area (IPA), is a small cluster of neurons situated in the anterior hypothalamus, sitting just above and to the side of the optic chiasm in the brain of humans and other animals.
See Human brain and Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
Vertebral artery
The vertebral arteries are major arteries of the neck.
See Human brain and Vertebral artery
Vertebral column
The vertebral column, also known as the spinal column, spine or backbone, is the core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrate animals.
See Human brain and Vertebral column
Vertebrate
Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
See Human brain and Vertebrate
Vertigo
Vertigo is a condition in which a person has the sensation that they are moving, or that objects around them are moving, when they are not.
Vestibular system
The vestibular system, in vertebrates, is a sensory system that creates the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance.
See Human brain and Vestibular system
Vestibulo–ocular reflex
The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a reflex that acts to stabilize gaze during head movement, with eye movement due to activation of the vestibular system, it is also known as the Cervico-ocular reflex.
See Human brain and Vestibulo–ocular reflex
Vestibulocochlear nerve
The vestibulocochlear nerve or auditory vestibular nerve, also known as the eighth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VIII, or simply CN VIII, is a cranial nerve that transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.
See Human brain and Vestibulocochlear nerve
Vibration
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point.
Video game
A video game or computer game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface or input device (such as a joystick, controller, keyboard, or motion sensing device) to generate visual feedback from a display device, most commonly shown in a video format on a television set, computer monitor, flat-panel display or touchscreen on handheld devices, or a virtual reality headset.
See Human brain and Video game
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
Visual cortex
The visual cortex of the brain is the area of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information.
See Human brain and Visual cortex
Visual field
The visual field is "that portion of space in which objects are visible at the same moment during steady fixation of the gaze in one direction"; in ophthalmology and neurology the emphasis is mostly on the structure inside the visual field and it is then considered “the field of functional capacity obtained and recorded by means of perimetry”.
See Human brain and Visual field
Visual memory
Visual memory describes the relationship between perceptual processing and the encoding, storage and retrieval of the resulting neural representations.
See Human brain and Visual memory
Visual perception
Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment through photopic vision (daytime vision), color vision, scotopic vision (night vision), and mesopic vision (twilight vision), using light in the visible spectrum reflected by objects in the environment.
See Human brain and Visual perception
Visual phototransduction
Visual phototransduction is the sensory transduction process of the visual system by which light is detected by photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the vertebrate retina.
See Human brain and Visual phototransduction
Walter Dandy
Walter Edward Dandy (April 6, 1886 – April 19, 1946) was an American neurosurgeon and scientist.
See Human brain and Walter Dandy
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) is the largest biomedical research facility administered by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD).
See Human brain and Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
Wernicke's area
Wernicke's area, also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex that are linked to speech, the other being Broca's area.
See Human brain and Wernicke's area
White blood cell
White blood cells (scientific name leukocytes), also called immune cells or immunocytes, are cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
See Human brain and White blood cell
White matter
White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts.
See Human brain and White matter
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
See Human brain and Wiley (publisher)
Wilson's disease
Wilson's disease (also called Hepatolenticular degeneration) is a genetic disorder characterized by the excess build-up of copper in the body.
See Human brain and Wilson's disease
Work accident
A work accident, workplace accident, occupational accident, or accident at work is a "discrete occurrence in the course of work" leading to physical or mental occupational injury.
See Human brain and Work accident
Working memory
Working memory is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily.
See Human brain and Working memory
3D modeling
In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical coordinate-based representation of a surface of an object (inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software by manipulating edges, vertices, and polygons in a simulated 3D space.
See Human brain and 3D modeling
See also
Brain anatomy
- Association cortex
- Cranial fossa
- Edith Klemperer
- History of the pineal gland
- Homotopic connectivity
- Human brain
- Midbrain
- Mouse brain
Human anatomy by organ
- Brain
- Breast anatomy
- Human brain
- Human mouth anatomy
- List of organs of the human body
- Lung
- Nail anatomy
References
Also known as Brain anatomy, Brain human, Brain in culture, Brain tissue, Embryonic development of the human brain, Encephalos, Enkephalos, Human brains, Human brian, Human cerebrum, Language and emotion, The Human brain, The brain parts.
, Artificial brain, Aspirin, Astrocyte, Ataxia, Atheroma, Atherosclerosis, Atrial fibrillation, Atrial septal defect, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Attentional control, Auditory cortex, Australopithecus, Autoimmunity, Autonomic nervous system, Autopsy, Axial twist theory, Axon, Bacteria, Baroreceptor, Basal forebrain, Basal ganglia, Basal vein, Base of skull, Basic research, Basilar artery, Benign tumor, Betz cell, Bioinformatics, Biological specimen, Biology of depression, Biology of obsessive–compulsive disorder, Biotelemetry, Bipolar disorder, Birth defect, Blood pressure, Blood sugar level, Blood test, Blood vessel, Blood–brain barrier, Bottlenose dolphin, Brain abscess, Brain cell, BRAIN Initiative, Brain injury, Brain ischemia, Brain mapping, Brain morphometry, Brain transplant, Brain tumor, Brain vesicle, Brain–body mass ratio, Brainstem, Brainstem death, Breast cancer, Breathing, Broca's area, Brodmann area, Butyric acid, Cambridge University Press, Camillo Golgi, Cancer, Cancer staging, Capillary, Caprylic acid, Carbohydrate, Carbon dioxide, Carl Wernicke, Carotid artery stenosis, Carotid body, Carotid canal, Carotid sinus, Carotid sinus nerve, Caudate nucleus, Cavernous sinus, Cell death, Cell migration, Cengage Group, Central canal, Central nervous system, Central nervous system disease, Central sulcus, Cephalic disorder, Cephalization, Cerebellar peduncle, Cerebellar tentorium, Cerebellar veins, Cerebellar vermis, Cerebellum, Cerebral aqueduct, Cerebral arteriovenous malformation, Cerebral atherosclerosis, Cerebral atrophy, Cerebral circulation, Cerebral contusion, Cerebral cortex, Cerebral hemisphere, Cerebral organoid, Cerebral veins, Cerebrospinal fluid, Cerebrum, Cervical vertebrae, Chalcedon, Charles Scott Sherrington, Chemotherapy, Chimpanzee, Cholesterol, Cholinergic, Choroid plexus, Christopher Wren, Chromosome abnormality, Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Cingulate cortex, Circadian clock, Circadian rhythm, Circle of Willis, Circulatory system, Circumventricular organs, Cisterna magna, Claustrum, Clivus (anatomy), Clopidogrel, Closed-head injury, Cochlear nucleus, Cognition, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Cognitive flexibility, Cognitive inhibition, Cognitive linguistics, Cognitive neuroscience, Columbia University Press, Coma, Commissural fiber, Common carotid artery, Computed tomography angiography, Concussion, Confluence of sinuses, Connectogram, Connectome, Consciousness, Contact sport, Contralateral brain, Corneal reflex, Corpus callosum, Correlation, Cortex (anatomy), Cortical spreading depression, Cortical stimulation mapping, Corticospinal tract, Corticosteroid, Coup contrecoup injury, Cranial nerve nucleus, Cranial nerves, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Cribriform plate, CT scan, Cubic centimetre, Cuneus, Cyborg, David Rioch, De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem, Deafness, Decade of the Brain, Decision-making, Decompression (surgery), Decussation, Default mode network, Dementia, Dendrite, Dexamethasone, Diagonal band of Broca, Diencephalon, Differential diagnosis, Diffuse axonal injury, Diplopia, DNA, DNA annotation, Donovan's Brain, Dopamine, Dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway, Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Duct (anatomy), Dura mater, Dural venous sinuses, Dysarthria, Echocardiography, Echoic memory, Ectoderm, Edema, Edwin Smith Papyrus, Effector cell, Egghead, Egyptian hieroglyphs, ELAV-like protein 3, Electrocardiography, Electrocorticography, Electrode, Electroencephalography, Electromagnetic radiation, Electrophysiology, Elsevier, Embolectomy, Embolus, Embryo, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Emotion, Enanthic acid, Encephalitis, Enchanted loom, Endurance training, Ependyma, Epilepsy, Epithalamus, Erasistratus, Evolution of human intelligence, Executive functions, Exhalation, Extracellular fluid, Extrapyramidal system, F. A. Davis, Facial nerve, Falling (accident), FAST (stroke), Fasting, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Fever, Fifth-century Athens, Flexure (embryology), Flocculonodular lobe, Fluid and crystallized intelligence, Focal seizure, Food energy, Foramen magnum, Forebrain, Fourth ventricle, Francis O. Schmitt, Frontal gyri, Frontal lobe, Functional genomics, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Functional near-infrared spectroscopy, Functional neuroimaging, Fungus, Futile medical care, GABA, GAD1, Gale (publisher), Galen, Galvanometer, Game brain, Gene, Gene expression, Gene–environment interaction, GeneCards, General Electric, General visceral afferent fiber, Generalized epilepsy, Genomics, Glia, Glia limitans, Glial fibrillary acidic protein, Globus pallidus, Glossopharyngeal nerve, Glucose, Glutamate (neurotransmitter), Glycogen, Glymphatic system, Golgi's method, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Great cerebral vein, Grey matter, Guilford Press, Gustatory cortex, Gut–brain axis, Gyrification, Gyrus, Haemodynamic response, Hair cell, Harvey Cushing, Head injury, Hearing, Heart rate, Hermann von Helmholtz, Herophilos, Highbrow, Hindbrain, Hippocampus, Hippocrates, Hippocratic Corpus, Histology, History of neuroscience, History of the location of the soul, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, Homeostasis, Hominidae, Homo habilis, Human, Human body, Human Connectome Project, Human embryonic development, Human evolution, Human eye, Human head, Human intelligence (intelligence gathering), Huntington's disease, Hydrocephalus, Hypertension, Hypoglossal nerve, Hypoglycemia, Hypothalamus, Image analysis, Impulsivity, Infection, Inferior cerebellar peduncle, Inferior cerebral veins, Inferior frontal gyrus, Inferior petrosal sinus, Inferior sagittal sinus, Inflammation, Inhalation, Inhibitory control, Innate immune system, Inner ear, Insular cortex, Intelligence, Intelligence quotient, Interdisciplinarity, Internal capsule, Internal carotid artery, Internal cerebral veins, Internal jugular vein, Interneuron, Interpeduncular cistern, Interventricular foramina (neuroanatomy), Intracerebral hemorrhage, Intracranial aneurysm, Intracranial hemorrhage, Ischemia, Isolated brain, James Papez, Jean Pierre Flourens, Johannes Peter Müller, John Farquhar Fulton, John Hughlings Jackson, Kea (island), Ketone bodies, Korbinian Brodmann, Kuru (disease), Language, Language acquisition, Language processing in the brain, Large-scale brain network, Lateral aperture, Lateral geniculate nucleus, Lateral hypothalamus, Lateral sulcus, Lateral ventricles, Lateralization of brain function, Limbic lobe, Limbic system, Lipid profile, Lipid-lowering agent, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Lissencephaly, Liver, Lobes of the brain, Local field potential, Longitudinal fissure, Lower motor neuron, Lung cancer, Macmillan Publishers, Magna Graecia, Magnetic resonance angiography, Magnetic resonance imaging, Magnetoencephalography, Major depressive disorder, Malignancy, Malnutrition, Mammal, Margaret Kennard, Mast cell, Materialism, Medial geniculate nucleus, Medial septal nucleus, Median aperture, Median eminence, Medical history, Medical imaging, Medical literature, Medulla oblongata, Medullary pyramids (brainstem), Melanoma, Memory, Meningeal lymphatic vessels, Meninges, Meningioma, Meningitis, Mental disorder, Metabolism, Metastasis, Metencephalon, Microelectrode, Microglia, Microscope, Midbrain, Middle cerebellar peduncle, Middle cerebral artery, Middle cerebral veins, Mind, Mind–body dualism, Mind–body problem, MIT Press, Monadology, Mondino de Luzzi, Motivational salience, Motor control, Motor cortex, Motor system, Multiple sclerosis, Muscle, Muscles of respiration, Mutation, Myelencephalon, Myelin, Myelin basic protein, Nasal cavity, National Institutes of Health, Neanderthal, Neocortex, Nerve, Nerve tract, Nervous system, Neural circuit, Neural crest, Neural engineering, Neural fold, Neural oscillation, Neural pathway, Neural plate, Neural stem cell, Neural tube, Neuroanatomy, Neuroanthropology, Neurocranium, Neurodegenerative disease, Neuroendocrine cell, Neurogranin, Neuroimaging, Neuroimmune system, Neurolinguistics, Neurological disorder, Neurological examination, Neurology, Neuromere, Neuron, Neuron doctrine, Neuroplasticity, Neuroscience, Neuroscience of rhythm, Neuroscience of sleep, Neuroscience Research Program, Neuroscientist, Neurosurgery, Neurosyphilis, Neurotoxicity, Neurotransmission, Neurotransmitter, Neurulation, New Scientist, Niccolò Massa, Nobel Prize, Nuclear medicine, Nucleus (neuroanatomy), Nucleus accumbens, Nucleus basalis, Obsessive–compulsive disorder, Occipital bone, Occipital lobe, Occupational therapist, Oculomotor nerve, Olfactory bulb, Olfactory epithelium, Olfactory mucosa, Olfactory nerve, Olfactory receptor neuron, Olfactory system, Olfactory tubercle, OLIG2, Oligodendrocyte, Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell, On the Sacred Disease, Online Etymology Dictionary, Optic chiasm, Optic nerve, Optic radiation, Optic tract, Orbit (anatomy), Orbitofrontal cortex, Orexin, Organ (biology), Organ donation, Ossicles, Outline of neuroscience, Outline of the human brain, Oxford University Press, Oxygen, Oxytocin, Pain, Parasympathetic nervous system, Parietal lobe, Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease dementia, Paul Broca, Paul D. MacLean, Perception, Pericyte, Peripheral chemoreceptors, PH, Pharyngeal reflex, Philosophy of mind, Phineas Gage, Photoreceptor cell, Phrenic nerve, Phrenology, Physical examination, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Physical therapy, Pia mater, Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Planning, Pons, Positron emission tomography, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Postcentral gyrus, Posterior cerebral artery, Posterior communicating artery, Posterior cranial fossa, Posterior inferior cerebellar artery, Posterior lobe of cerebellum, Precentral gyrus, Prefrontal cortex, Pregnancy, Premotor cortex, Prenatal development, Prentice Hall, Pressure, Preventive healthcare, Primary motor cortex, Primary sensory areas, Primate, Problem solving, Professor Branestawm, Propionic acid, Proprioception, Prospection, Pseudoscience, Psychiatry, Psycholinguistics, Psychologist, Psychotherapy, Pulmonary stretch receptors, Purkinje cell, Putamen, Pyramidal cell, Radial glial cell, Radiation therapy, Reason, Recovery model, Recreational drug use, REEP2, Reference range, Reflex, René Descartes, Renin, Respiration (physiology), Respiratory center, Respiratory rate, Resting state fMRI, Reticular formation, Retina, Rhombomere, Richard Caton, Roman Empire, Rome, S100B, Sagittal plane, Salience network, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Scalp, Schizophrenia, Science (journal), Scientific American, Segmentation (biology), Seizure, Self-control, Sense, Sense of balance, Sense of smell, Sensorium, Sensory cortex, Sensory nerve, Sensory nervous system, Sensory neuron, Sensory-motor coupling, Septum pellucidum, Serotonin, Short-chain fatty acid, Sigmoid sinus, Silver staining, Simulation, Single-photon emission computed tomography, Single-unit recording, Skeletal muscle, Skull, Skull fracture, Sleep, Sleep deprivation, Social interventionism, Solitary nucleus, Soma (biology), Somatosensory system, Spatial visualization ability, Special senses, Speech–language pathology, Sphenoid bone, Spinal cord, Spinal interneuron, Spinal nerve, Spinal veins, Spinothalamic tract, Split-brain, Springer Science+Business Media, Status epilepticus, Stellate cell, Stephen Kuffler, Straight sinus, Striatum, Stroke, Subarachnoid cisterns, Subclavian artery, Substance abuse, Substantia innominata, Substantia nigra, Subthalamic nucleus, Subthalamus, Sulcus (neuroanatomy), Superficial veins of the brain, Superior cerebellar artery, Superior cerebellar peduncle, Superior cerebral veins, Superior olivary complex, Superior petrosal sinus, Superior sagittal sinus, Supplementary motor area, Suprachiasmatic nucleus, Supramarginal gyrus, Sympathetic nervous system, Synapse, Tanycyte, Task switching (psychology), Taste, Taste receptor, Tay–Sachs disease, Taylor & Francis, Temperature, Temporal lobe, Temporal resolution, Ten percent of the brain myth, Teratology, Thalamus, The FASEB Journal, The New England Journal of Medicine, Third ventricle, Thomas Willis, Thoracic diaphragm, Thought, Thrombolysis, Thrombus, Tight junction, Tobacco smoking, Tourette syndrome, Tractography, Traffic collision, Transcriptome, Transcriptomics technologies, Transient ischemic attack, Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, Transverse sinuses, Traumatic brain injury, Treeshrew, Trigeminal nerve, Trochlear nerve, Ultradian rhythm, Ultrasound, Upper motor neuron, Vagus nerve, Valvular heart disease, Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Vascular dementia, Vasomotor center, Vasopressin, Vein, Venous plexus, Ventral pallidum, Ventral tegmental area, Ventricular system, Ventrobasal complex, Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, Vertebral artery, Vertebral column, Vertebrate, Vertigo, Vestibular system, Vestibulo–ocular reflex, Vestibulocochlear nerve, Vibration, Video game, Virus, Visual cortex, Visual field, Visual memory, Visual perception, Visual phototransduction, Walter Dandy, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Wernicke's area, White blood cell, White matter, Wiley (publisher), Wilson's disease, Work accident, Working memory, 3D modeling.