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263 relations: Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, Addison-Wesley, Africa, Aga Khan University, Ahmed Salim, Al-Andalus, Al-Azhar University, Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, Al-Khazini, Al-Kindi, Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik, Al-Qifti, Alfred Molina, Algebra, Alhazen (crater), Alhazen's problem, Almagest, American Philosophical Society, Analysis, Angle, Angle of incidence (optics), Aperture, Arabs, Aristotle, Ashʿari, Ashgate Publishing, Asteroid, Astronomy, Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world, Aswan, Aswan Dam, Averroes, Axiom, Banū Mūsā, Banu Hud, Basra, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Billiard table, Binocular disparity, Bodleian Library, Book of Optics, Boston, Bradley Steffens, Brill Publishers, Bruges, Buenos Aires, Buyid dynasty, Cairo, ..., Caliphate, Cambridge University Press, Camera obscura, Carl Brockelmann, Catoptrics, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Chicago, Chinese remainder theorem, Christiaan Huygens, Circumference, Civil engineer, Classical antiquity, Cleomedes, Comparative psychology, Congruence relation, Conic section, Cosmology, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, Dam, Deferent and epicycle, Depth perception, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Dinar, Dioptrics, Dream Pool Essays, Eclipse, Emission theory (vision), Empirical theory of perception, Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Epistemology, Equant, Euclid, Euclid's Elements, Euclidean geometry, Europe, Experiment, Experimental psychology, Eye, Fatima al-Fihri, Fatimid Caliphate, Feigned madness, Flood, Flooding of the Nile, Fourth power, François d'Aguilon, Friedrich Risner, Galen, Galileo Galilei, Genius, Geocentric model, Geometry, Georg von Peuerbach, Gerald J. Toomer, Giambattista della Porta, Han Chinese, Hebrew language, Hering's law of equal innervation, Hiding in the Light, History of Iraq, History of mathematics, History of optics, History of physics, History of science, History of science and technology in China, History of science in the Renaissance, History of scientific method, Hockney–Falco thesis, Horopter, Hydraulic empire, Ibn Abi Usaibia, Ibn Sahl (mathematician), Impact crater, India, Integral, International Year of Light, Inundation, Iranian Intermezzo, Iranian Studies (journal), Islamic calendar, Islamic Golden Age, Jacob Bronowski, Janus (journal), Johannes Kepler, John Peckham, Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, Kuwait, Lambert quadrilateral, Latin, Latin translations of the 12th century, Latinisation of names, Lens (anatomy), Lens (optics), Leonardo da Vinci, Leonhard Euler, Light, Linda Hall Library, List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world, List of minor planets: 59001–60000, London, Luminance, Lune (geometry), Lune of Hippocrates, Magnification, Magnifying glass, Mathematical Association, Mathematics, Mathematics in medieval Islam, MathWorld, Medicine, Microsoft, Middle Ages, Middle East, Milky Way, Minneapolis, Mirror, MIT Press, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Moon illusion, Moonlight, Motilal Banarsidass, Motion (physics), Muʿtazila, Muslim world, Nader El-Bizri, National Library of the Argentine Republic, Neil deGrasse Tyson, New York City, Nile, Nisba (onomastics), Normal (geometry), Number theory, Omar Khayyam, Optical illusion, Optics, Ossolineum, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Parabola, Paraboloid, Parallel postulate, Paris, Perception (journal), Perfect number, Perpendicular, Peter M. Neumann, Philadelphia, Philosophy, Physical law, Physics, Physics in the medieval Islamic world, Plane (geometry), Polymath, Posidonius, Prime number, Projectile, Psychophysics, Ptolemy, Qibla, Quartic function, Rainbow, Ray (optics), Reductio ad absurdum, Reflection (physics), Refraction, Renaissance, René Descartes, Retina, Right triangle, Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Roshdi Rashed, Routledge, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Rutgers University, Salah, Scholastic accolades, Science (journal), Science in the medieval Islamic world, Scientific control, Scientific method, Semnan, Iran, Shambhala Publications, Shen Kuo, Shia Islam, Spherical aberration, Springer Science+Business Media, Squaring the circle, Syed Nomanul Haq, Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Taylor & Francis, Thābit ibn Qurra, The Ascent of Man, The Christian Science Monitor, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Topeka Capital-Journal, Theology, Transaction Publishers, UNESCO, University of Chicago, University of Chicago Press, University of London, University of Oxford, Vacuum, Visual perception, Visual system, Vitello, Warburg Institute, Wilson's theorem, Wrocław, Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud, Zaragoza, 1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham. Expand index (213 more) »
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
(ابوسهل بیژن کوهی Abusahl Bijan-e Koohi) was a Persian mathematician, physicist and astronomer.
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Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi or Abdallatif al-Baghdadi (عبداللطيف البغدادي, 1162 in Baghdad–1231), short for Muwaffaq al-Din Muhammad Abd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi (موفق الدين محمد عبد اللطيف بن يوسف البغدادي), was a physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveler, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.
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Addison-Wesley
Addison-Wesley is a publisher of textbooks and computer literature.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Aga Khan University
The Aga Khan University (abbreviated AKU) (آغا خان یونیورسٹی, آغا خان يونيورسٽي) is an independent research university with its primary campus in Karachi, Pakistan, with additional campuses and training programmes in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, United Kingdom and Afghanistan.
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Ahmed Salim
Ahmed Salim is a British social entrepreneur and producer of transmedia productions including films, international exhibitions, live shows, books and educational and social campaigns that have engaged more than 250 million people around the world.
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Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus (الأنْدَلُس, trans.; al-Ándalus; al-Ândalus; al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.
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Al-Azhar University
Al-Azhar University (1,, "the (honorable) Azhar University") is a university in Cairo, Egypt.
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Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation
Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation is a London-based non-profit institution which is primarily concerned with promoting "the study, cataloguing, publication, preservation and conservation of Islamic manuscripts throughout the world." It was founded by the former Saudi oil minister Ahmed Zaki Yamani in 1988.
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Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal title al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh (الحاكم بأمر الله; literally "Ruler by God's Command"), was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam (996–1021).
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Al-Khazini
Abū al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansūr al-Khāzini or simply al-Khāzini (flourished 1115–1130) was an astronomer of Byzantine origin from Seljuk Persia.
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Al-Kindi
Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي; Alkindus; c. 801–873 AD) was an Arab Muslim philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician.
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Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik
Abu al-Wafa' al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik (ابو الوافاء المبشّر بن فاتك) was a scholar well versed in the mathematical sciences and also wrote on logic and medicine.
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Al-Qifti
Jamal al-Din abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Ibrahim ibn Abd al-Wahid al-Shaybani (جمال الدين أبو الحسن علي بن يوسف القفطي Jamāl al-Dīn Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm al-Shaybānī l-Qifṭī, ca. 1172–1248) was an Egyptian Arab scholar, writer, patron, and administrator under the Ayyubid rulers of Aleppo.
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Alfred Molina
Alfredo "Alfred" Molina (born 24 May 1953) is an English actor.
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Algebra
Algebra (from Arabic "al-jabr", literally meaning "reunion of broken parts") is one of the broad parts of mathematics, together with number theory, geometry and analysis.
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Alhazen (crater)
Alhazen is a lunar impact crater that lies near the eastern limb of the Moon's near side.
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Alhazen's problem
Alhazen's problem is a problem in geometrical optics first formulated by Ptolemy in 150 AD.
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Almagest
The Almagest is a 2nd-century Greek-language mathematical and astronomical treatise on the apparent motions of the stars and planetary paths, written by Claudius Ptolemy. One of the most influential scientific texts of all time, its geocentric model was accepted for more than 1200 years from its origin in Hellenistic Alexandria, in the medieval Byzantine and Islamic worlds, and in Western Europe through the Middle Ages and early Renaissance until Copernicus.
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American Philosophical Society
The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 and located in Philadelphia, is an eminent scholarly organization of international reputation that promotes useful knowledge in the sciences and humanities through excellence in scholarly research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and community outreach.
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Analysis
Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it.
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Angle
In plane geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle.
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Angle of incidence (optics)
In geometric optics, the angle of incidence is the angle between a ray incident on a surface and the line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence, called the normal.
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Aperture
In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels.
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Arabs
Arabs (عَرَب ISO 233, Arabic pronunciation) are a population inhabiting the Arab world.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.
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Ashʿari
Ashʿarism or Ashʿari theology (الأشعرية al-ʾAšʿarīyya or الأشاعرة al-ʾAšāʿira) is the foremost theological school of Sunni Islam which established an orthodox dogmatic guideline based on clerical authority, founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Ashʿari (d. AD 936 / AH 324).
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Ashgate Publishing
Ashgate Publishing was an academic book and journal publisher based in Farnham (Surrey, United Kingdom).
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Asteroid
Asteroids are minor planets, especially those of the inner Solar System.
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Astronomy
Astronomy (from ἀστρονομία) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena.
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Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Islamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th–13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language.
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Aswan
Aswan (أسوان; ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ) is a city in the south of Egypt, the capital of the Aswan Governorate.
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Aswan Dam
The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1960s, the Aswan High Dam, is an embankment dam built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970.
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Averroes
Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد; full name; 1126 – 11 December 1198), often Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian philosopher and thinker who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics.
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Axiom
An axiom or postulate is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments.
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Banū Mūsā
The Banū Mūsā brothers ("Sons of Moses"), namely Abū Jaʿfar, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (before 803 – February 873), Abū al‐Qāsim, Aḥmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century) and Al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century), were three 9th-century scholars who lived and worked in Baghdad.
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Banu Hud
The Banu Hud (بنو هود, the Hudid dynasty) were an Arab dynasty that ruled the taifa of Zaragoza from 1039-1110.
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Basra
Basra (البصرة al-Baṣrah), is an Iraqi city located on the Shatt al-Arab between Kuwait and Iran.
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Bibliothèque nationale de France
The (BnF, English: National Library of France) is the national library of France, located in Paris.
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Billiard table
A billiard table or billiards table is a bounded table on which billiards-type games (cue sports) are played.
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Binocular disparity
Binocular disparity refers to the difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes, resulting from the eyes’ horizontal separation (parallax).
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Bodleian Library
The Bodleian Library is the main research library of the University of Oxford, and is one of the oldest libraries in Europe.
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Book of Optics
The Book of Optics (Kitāb al-Manāẓir; Latin: De Aspectibus or Perspectiva; Italian: Deli Aspecti) is a seven-volume treatise on optics and other fields of study composed by the medieval Arab scholar Ibn al-Haytham, known in the West as Alhazen or Alhacen (965– c. 1040 AD).
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Boston
Boston is the capital city and most populous municipality of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.
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Bradley Steffens
Bradley Steffens (born February 10, 1955) is an American poet, playwright, novelist, and author of more than forty nonfiction books for children and young adults.
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Brill Publishers
Brill (known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill Academic Publishers) is a Dutch international academic publisher founded in 1683 in Leiden, Netherlands.
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Bruges
Bruges (Brugge; Bruges; Brügge) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country.
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Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina.
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Buyid dynasty
The Buyid dynasty or the Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye), also known as Buwaihids, Bowayhids, Buyahids, or Buyyids, was an Iranian Shia dynasty of Daylamite origin.
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Cairo
Cairo (القاهرة) is the capital of Egypt.
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Caliphate
A caliphate (خِلافة) is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (خَليفة), a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah (community).
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.
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Camera obscura
Camera obscura (plural camera obscura or camera obscuras; from Latin, meaning "dark room": camera "(vaulted) chamber or room," and obscura "darkened, dark"), also referred to as pinhole image, is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening.
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Carl Brockelmann
Carl Brockelmann (17 September 1868 – 6 May 1956) German Semiticist, was the foremost orientalist of his generation.
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Catoptrics
Catoptrics (from κατοπτρικός katoptrikós, "specular", from κάτοπτρον katoptron "mirror") deals with the phenomena of reflected light and image-forming optical systems using mirrors.
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Centre national de la recherche scientifique
The French National Center for Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique, CNRS) is the largest governmental research organisation in France and the largest fundamental science agency in Europe.
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Chicago
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third most populous city in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.
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Chinese remainder theorem
The Chinese remainder theorem is a theorem of number theory, which states that if one knows the remainders of the Euclidean division of an integer by several integers, then one can determine uniquely the remainder of the division of by the product of these integers, under the condition that the divisors are pairwise coprime.
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Christiaan Huygens
Christiaan Huygens (Hugenius; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor, who is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time and a major figure in the scientific revolution.
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Circumference
In geometry, the circumference (from Latin circumferentia, meaning "carrying around") of a circle is the (linear) distance around it.
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Civil engineer
A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering – the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected.
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Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th or 6th century AD centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world.
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Cleomedes
Cleomedes (Κλεομήδης) was a Greek astronomer who is known chiefly for his book On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies (Κυκλικὴ θεωρία μετεώρων).
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Comparative psychology
Comparative psychology refers to the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals, especially as these relate to the phylogenetic history, adaptive significance, and development of behavior.
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Congruence relation
In abstract algebra, a congruence relation (or simply congruence) is an equivalence relation on an algebraic structure (such as a group, ring, or vector space) that is compatible with the structure.
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Conic section
In mathematics, a conic section (or simply conic) is a curve obtained as the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane.
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Cosmology
Cosmology (from the Greek κόσμος, kosmos "world" and -λογία, -logia "study of") is the study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe.
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Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey
Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey is a 2014 American science documentary television series.
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Dam
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams.
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Deferent and epicycle
In the Hipparchian and Ptolemaic systems of astronomy, the epicycle (from ἐπίκυκλος, literally upon the circle, meaning circle moving on another circle) was a geometric model used to explain the variations in speed and direction of the apparent motion of the Moon, Sun, and planets.
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Depth perception
Depth perception is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and the distance of an object.
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Dictionary of Scientific Biography
The Dictionary of Scientific Biography is a scholarly reference work that was published from 1970 through 1980.
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Dinar
The dinar is the principal currency unit in several countries which were formerly territories of the Ottoman Empire, and was used historically in several more.
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Dioptrics
Dioptrics is the study of the refraction of light, especially by lenses.
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Dream Pool Essays
The Dream Pool Essays or Dream Torrent Essays (Pinyin: Mèng Xī Bǐ Tán; Wade-Giles: Meng⁴ Hsi¹ Pi³-t'an²; Chinese: 夢溪筆談／梦溪笔谈) was an extensive book written by the Han Chinese polymath, genius, scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) by 1088 AD, during the Song dynasty (960-1279) of China.
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Eclipse
An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object is temporarily obscured, either by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer.
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Emission theory (vision)
Emission theory or extramission theory (variants: extromission, extromittism) is the proposal that visual perception is accomplished by eye beams emitted by the eyes.
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Empirical theory of perception
An empirical theory of perception is a kind of explanation for how percepts arise.
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Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
The Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science is a three-volume encyclopedia covering the history of Arabic contributions to science, mathematics and technology which had a marked influence on the Middle Ages in Europe.
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Epistemology
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge.
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Equant
Equant (or punctum aequans) is a mathematical concept developed by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD to account for the observed motion of the planets.
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Euclid
Euclid (Εὐκλείδης Eukleidēs; fl. 300 BC), sometimes given the name Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "founder of geometry" or the "father of geometry".
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Euclid's Elements
The Elements (Στοιχεῖα Stoicheia) is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt c. 300 BC.
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Euclidean geometry
Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry: the Elements.
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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Experiment
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.
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Experimental psychology
Experimental psychology refers to work done by those who apply experimental methods to psychological study and the processes that underlie it.
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Eye
Eyes are organs of the visual system.
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Fatima al-Fihri
Fatima bint Muhammad Al-Fihriya Al-Qurashiya (فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية.) was an Arab Muslim woman who is credited for founding the oldest existing, continually operating and first degree-awarding educational institution in the world, The University of Al Quaraouiyine in Fes, Morocco in 859 CE.
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Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate was an Islamic caliphate that spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
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Feigned madness
"Feigned madness" is a phrase used in popular culture to describe the assumption of a mental disorder for the purposes of evasion, deceit or the diversion of suspicion.
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Flood
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.
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Flooding of the Nile
The flooding of the Nile has been an important natural cycle in Egypt since ancient times.
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Fourth power
In arithmetic and algebra, the fourth power of a number n is the result of multiplying four instances of n together.
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François d'Aguilon
François d'Aguilon (also d'Aguillon or in Latin Franciscus Aguilonius) (4 January 1567 – 20 March 1617) was a Belgian Jesuit mathematician, physicist and architect.
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Friedrich Risner
Friedrich Risner (c.1533 – 15 September 1580) (in Latin Fridericus Risnerus) was a German mathematician from Hersfeld, Hesse.
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Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 AD – /), often Anglicized as Galen and better known as Galen of Pergamon, was a Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire.
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Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.
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Genius
A genius is a person who displays exceptional intellectual ability, creative productivity, universality in genres or originality, typically to a degree that is associated with the achievement of new advances in a domain of knowledge.
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Geocentric model
In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the universe with Earth at the center.
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Geometry
Geometry (from the γεωμετρία; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space.
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Georg von Peuerbach
Georg von Peuerbach (also Purbach, Peurbach, Purbachius; born May 30, 1423 – April 8, 1461) was an Austrian astronomer, mathematician and instrument maker, best known for his streamlined presentation of Ptolemaic astronomy in the Theoricae Novae Planetarum.
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Gerald J. Toomer
Gerald James Toomer (born 23 November 1934) is a historian of astronomy and mathematics who has written numerous books and papers on ancient Greek and medieval Islamic astronomy.
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Giambattista della Porta
Giambattista della Porta (1535? – 4 February 1615), also known as Giovanni Battista Della Porta, was an Italian scholar, polymath and playwright who lived in Naples at the time of the Scientific Revolution and Reformation.
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Han Chinese
The Han Chinese,.
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Hebrew language
No description.
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Hering's law of equal innervation
Hering's law of equal innervation is used to explain the conjugacy of saccadic eye movement in stereoptic animals.
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Hiding in the Light
"Hiding in the Light" is the fifth episode of the American documentary television series Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey.
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History of Iraq
The territory of the modern state of Iraq was defined in 1920 as Mandatory Iraq.
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History of mathematics
The area of study known as the history of mathematics is primarily an investigation into the origin of discoveries in mathematics and, to a lesser extent, an investigation into the mathematical methods and notation of the past.
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History of optics
Optics began with the development of lenses by the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians, followed by theories on light and vision developed by ancient Greek philosophers, and the development of geometrical optics in the Greco-Roman world.
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History of physics
Physics (from the Ancient Greek φύσις physis meaning "nature") is the fundamental branch of science.
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History of science
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences.
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History of science and technology in China
Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances across various scientific disciplines including the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, military technology, mathematics, geology and astronomy.
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History of science in the Renaissance
During the Renaissance, great advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy and engineering.
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History of scientific method
The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry, as distinct from the history of science itself.
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Hockney–Falco thesis
The Hockney–Falco thesis is a theory of art history, advanced by artist David Hockney and physicist Charles M. Falco.
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Horopter
In studies of binocular vision the horopter is the locus of points in space that have the same disparity as fixation.
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Hydraulic empire
A hydraulic empire (also known as a hydraulic despotism, or water monopoly empire) is a social or government structure which maintains power and control through exclusive control over access to water.
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Ibn Abi Usaibia
Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa Muʾaffaq al-Dīn Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad Ibn Al-Qāsim Ibn Khalīfa al-Khazrajī (ابن أبي أصيبعة‎; 1203–1270), commonly referred to as Ibn Abi Usaibia, was a Syrian Arab physician of the 13th century CE.
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Ibn Sahl (mathematician)
Ibn Sahl (full name Abū Saʿd al-ʿAlāʾ ibn Sahl أبو سعد العلاء ابن سهل; c. 940–1000) was a Muslim Persian mathematician and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age, associated with the Buwayhid court of Baghdad.
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Impact crater
An impact crater is an approximately circular depression in the surface of a planet, moon, or other solid body in the Solar System or elsewhere, formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller body.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Integral
In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data.
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International Year of Light
The International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies 2015 or International Year of Light 2015 (IYL 2015) was a United Nations observance that aimed to raise awareness of the achievements of light science and its applications, and its importance to humankind.
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Inundation
Inundation (from the Latin inundatio, flood) is both the act of intentionally flooding land that would otherwise remain dry, for military, agricultural, or river-management purposes, and the result of such an act.
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Iranian Intermezzo
The term Iranian Intermezzo represents a period in history which saw the rise of various native Iranian Muslim dynasties in the Iranian plateau.
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Iranian Studies (journal)
Iranian Studies is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering Iranian and Persianate history, literature, and society published by Routledge on behalf of the International Society for Iranian Studies.
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Islamic calendar
The Islamic, Muslim, or Hijri calendar (التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days.
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Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age is the era in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 14th century, during which much of the historically Islamic world was ruled by various caliphates, and science, economic development and cultural works flourished.
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Jacob Bronowski
Jacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) was a Polish-born British mathematician, historian of science, theatre author, poet and inventor.
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Janus (journal)
Janus was an academic journal published in Amsterdam in the French language from 1896 to 1990, devoted to the history of medicine and the history of science.
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Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.
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John Peckham
John Peckham (c. 1230 – 8 December 1292) was Archbishop of Canterbury in the years 1279–1292.
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Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
Kamal al-Din Hasan ibn Ali ibn Hasan al-Farisi or Abu Hasan Muhammad ibn Hasan (1267– 12 January 1319, long assumed to be 1320)) (كمالالدين فارسی) was a Persian Muslim scientist. He made two major contributions to science, one on optics, the other on number theory. Farisi was a pupil of the astronomer and mathematician Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, who in turn was a pupil of Nasir al-Din Tusi. According to Encyclopædia Iranica, Kamal al-Din was the most prominent Persian author on optics.
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Kuwait
Kuwait (الكويت, or), officially the State of Kuwait (دولة الكويت), is a country in Western Asia.
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Lambert quadrilateral
In geometry, a Lambert quadrilateral, named after Johann Heinrich Lambert, is a quadrilateral in which three of its angles are right angles.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Latin translations of the 12th century
Latin translations of the 12th century were spurred by a major search by European scholars for new learning unavailable in western Europe at the time; their search led them to areas of southern Europe, particularly in central Spain and Sicily, which recently had come under Christian rule following their reconquest in the late 11th century.
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Latinisation of names
Latinisation or Latinization is the practice of rendering a non-Latin name (or word) in a Latin style.
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Lens (anatomy)
The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.
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Lens (optics)
A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction.
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Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance, whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography.
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Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler (Swiss Standard German:; German Standard German:; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer, who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, such as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory, while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory.
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Light
Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Linda Hall Library
The Linda Hall Library is a privately endowed American library of science, engineering and technology located in Kansas City, Missouri, sitting "majestically on a urban arboretum." It is the "largest independently funded public library of science, engineering and technology in North America" and "among the largest science libraries in the world.".
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List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world
The following is a list of inventions made in the medieval Islamic world, especially during the "Islamic Golden Age" (8th to 13th centuries), as well as the late medieval period, especially in the Emirate of Granada and the Ottoman Empire.
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List of minor planets: 59001–60000
No description.
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London
London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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Luminance
Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.
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Lune (geometry)
In plane geometry, a lune is the concave-convex area bounded by two circular arcs, while a convex-convex area is termed a lens.
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Lune of Hippocrates
In geometry, the lune of Hippocrates, named after Hippocrates of Chios, is a lune bounded by arcs of two circles, the smaller of which has as its diameter a chord spanning a right angle on the larger circle.
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Magnification
Magnification is the process of enlarging the appearance, not physical size, of something.
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Magnifying glass
A magnifying glass (called a hand lens in laboratory contexts) is a convex lens that is used to produce a magnified image of an object.
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Mathematical Association
The Mathematical Association is a professional society concerned with mathematics education in the UK.
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Mathematics
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change.
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Mathematics in medieval Islam
Mathematics during the Golden Age of Islam, especially during the 9th and 10th centuries, was built on Greek mathematics (Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius) and Indian mathematics (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta).
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MathWorld
MathWorld is an online mathematics reference work, created and largely written by Eric W. Weisstein.
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Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
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Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation (abbreviated as MS) is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond, Washington.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
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Middle East
The Middle Easttranslit-std; translit; Orta Şərq; Central Kurdish: ڕۆژھەڵاتی ناوین, Rojhelatî Nawîn; Moyen-Orient; translit; translit; translit; Rojhilata Navîn; translit; Bariga Dhexe; Orta Doğu; translit is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Turkey (both Asian and European), and Egypt (which is mostly in North Africa).
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Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System.
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Minneapolis
Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
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Mirror
A mirror is an object that reflects light in such a way that, for incident light in some range of wavelengths, the reflected light preserves many or most of the detailed physical characteristics of the original light, called specular reflection.
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MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States).
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Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories
Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL) is a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Electric US Holdings, Inc., which, in its turn, is the principal subsidiary of Mitsubishi Electric in the United States.
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Moon illusion
The Moon illusion is an optical illusion which causes the Moon to appear larger near the horizon than it does higher up in the sky.
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Moonlight
Moonlight consists of mostly sunlight (with little earthlight) reflected from the parts of the Moon's surface where the Sun's light strikes.
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Motilal Banarsidass
Motilal Banarsidass (MLBD) is a leading Indian publishing house on Sanskrit and Indology since 1903, located in Delhi, India.
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Motion (physics)
In physics, motion is a change in position of an object over time.
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Muʿtazila
Muʿtazila (المعتزلة) is a rationalist school of Islamic theology"", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
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Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the unified Islamic community (Ummah), consisting of all those who adhere to the religion of Islam, or to societies where Islam is practiced.
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Nader El-Bizri
Nader El-Bizri (نادر البزري, nādir al-bizrĩ) is a professor of philosophy and civilization studies at the American University of Beirut, where he also serves as associate dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, and as the director of the general education program.
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National Library of the Argentine Republic
The Mariano Moreno National Library of the Argentine Republic (Spanish: Biblioteca Nacional "Mariano Moreno" de la República Argentina) is the largest library in Argentina.
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Neil deGrasse Tyson
Neil deGrasse Tyson (born October 5, 1958) is an American astrophysicist, author, and science communicator.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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Nile
The Nile River (النيل, Egyptian Arabic en-Nīl, Standard Arabic an-Nīl; ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ, P(h)iaro; Ancient Egyptian: Ḥ'pī and Jtrw; Biblical Hebrew:, Ha-Ye'or or, Ha-Shiḥor) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world, though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest.
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Nisba (onomastics)
In Arabic names, a nisba (also spelled nesba, sometimes nesbat; نسبة, "attribution") is an adjective indicating the person's place of origin, tribal affiliation, or ancestry, used at the end of the name and occasionally ending in the suffix -iyy(ah).
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Normal (geometry)
In geometry, a normal is an object such as a line or vector that is perpendicular to a given object.
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Number theory
Number theory, or in older usage arithmetic, is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers.
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Omar Khayyam
Omar Khayyam (عمر خیّام; 18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131) was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet.
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Optical illusion
An optical illusion (also called a visual illusion) is an illusion caused by the visual system and characterized by a visual percept that (loosely said) appears to differ from reality.
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Optics
Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.
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Ossolineum
The Ossolineum or the National Ossoliński Institute (Zakład Narodowy im., ZNiO) is a non-profit foundation located in Wrocław, Poland since 1947, and subsidized from the state budget.
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Oxford
Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Parabola
In mathematics, a parabola is a plane curve which is mirror-symmetrical and is approximately U-shaped.
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Paraboloid
In geometry, a paraboloid is a quadric surface that has (exactly) one axis of symmetry and no center of symmetry.
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Parallel postulate
In geometry, the parallel postulate, also called Euclid's fifth postulate because it is the fifth postulate in Euclid's ''Elements'', is a distinctive axiom in Euclidean geometry.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Perception (journal)
Perception is a peer-reviewed scientific journal specialising in the psychology of vision and perception.
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Perfect number
In number theory, a perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its proper positive divisors, that is, the sum of its positive divisors excluding the number itself (also known as its aliquot sum).
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Perpendicular
In elementary geometry, the property of being perpendicular (perpendicularity) is the relationship between two lines which meet at a right angle (90 degrees).
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Peter M. Neumann
Peter Michael Neumann OBE (born 28 December 1940) is a British mathematician.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2017 census-estimated population of 1,580,863.
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Philosophy
Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
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Physical law
A physical law or scientific law is a theoretical statement "inferred from particular facts, applicable to a defined group or class of phenomena, and expressible by the statement that a particular phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present." Physical laws are typically conclusions based on repeated scientific experiments and observations over many years and which have become accepted universally within the scientific community.
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Physics
Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
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Physics in the medieval Islamic world
The natural sciences saw various advancements during the Golden Age of Islam (from roughly the mid 8th to the mid 13th centuries), adding a number of innovations to the Transmission of the Classics (such as Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid, Neoplatonism).
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Plane (geometry)
In mathematics, a plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely far.
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Polymath
A polymath (πολυμαθής,, "having learned much,"The term was first recorded in written English in the early seventeenth century Latin: uomo universalis, "universal man") is a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas—such a person is known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.
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Posidonius
Posidonius (Ποσειδώνιος, Poseidonios, meaning "of Poseidon") "of Apameia" (ὁ Ἀπαμεύς) or "of Rhodes" (ὁ Ῥόδιος) (c. 135 BCE – c. 51 BCE), was a Greek Stoic philosopher, politician, astronomer, geographer, historian and teacher native to Apamea, Syria.
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Prime number
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers.
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Projectile
A projectile is any object thrown into space (empty or not) by the exertion of a force.
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Psychophysics
Psychophysics quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; Claudius Ptolemaeus) was a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology.
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Qibla
The Qibla (قِـبْـلَـة, "Direction", also transliterated as Qiblah, Qibleh, Kiblah, Kıble or Kibla), is the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Ṣalāṫ (صَـلَاة).
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Quartic function
In algebra, a quartic function is a function of the form where a is nonzero, which is defined by a polynomial of degree four, called a quartic polynomial.
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Rainbow
A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky.
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Ray (optics)
In optics a ray is an idealized model of light, obtained by choosing a line that is perpendicular to the wavefronts of the actual light, and that points in the direction of energy flow.
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Reductio ad absurdum
In logic, reductio ad absurdum ("reduction to absurdity"; also argumentum ad absurdum, "argument to absurdity") is a form of argument which attempts either to disprove a statement by showing it inevitably leads to a ridiculous, absurd, or impractical conclusion, or to prove one by showing that if it were not true, the result would be absurd or impossible.
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Reflection (physics)
Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated.
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Refraction
Refraction is the change in direction of wave propagation due to a change in its transmission medium.
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Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.
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René Descartes
René Descartes (Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.
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Retina
The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.
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Right triangle
A right triangle (American English) or right-angled triangle (British English) is a triangle in which one angle is a right angle (that is, a 90-degree angle).
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Robert Grosseteste
Robert Grosseteste (Robertus Grosseteste; – 9 October 1253) was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist and Bishop of Lincoln.
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Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon (Rogerus or Rogerius Baconus, Baconis, also Rogerus), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor, was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism.
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Roshdi Rashed
Roshdi Rashed (Arabic: رشدي راشد), born in Cairo in 1936, is a mathematician, philosopher and historian of science, whose work focuses largely on mathematics and physics of medieval Arab world.
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Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
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Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy is an encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998.
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Rutgers University
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, commonly referred to as Rutgers University, Rutgers, or RU, is an American public research university and is the largest institution of higher education in New Jersey.
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Salah
Salah ("worship",; pl.; also salat), or namāz (نَماز) in some languages, is one of the Five Pillars in the faith of Islam and an obligatory religious duty for every Muslim.
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Scholastic accolades
It was customary in the European Middle Ages, more precisely in the period of scholasticism which extended into early modern times, to designate the more celebrated among the doctors of theology and law by epithets or surnames which were supposed to express their characteristic excellence or dignity.
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Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Science in the medieval Islamic world
Science in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Umayyads of Córdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids in Persia, the Abbasid Caliphate and beyond, spanning the period c. 800 to 1250.
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Scientific control
A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable.
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Scientific method
Scientific method is an empirical method of knowledge acquisition, which has characterized the development of natural science since at least the 17th century, involving careful observation, which includes rigorous skepticism about what one observes, given that cognitive assumptions about how the world works influence how one interprets a percept; formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental testing and measurement of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings.
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Semnan, Iran
Semnan (سمنان, also Romanized as Semnān and Samnān) is the capital city of Semnan Province, Iran.
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Shambhala Publications
Shambhala Publications is an independent publishing company based in Boulder, Colorado.
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Shen Kuo
Shen Kuo (1031–1095), courtesy name Cunzhong (存中) and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng (夢溪翁),Yao (2003), 544.
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Shia Islam
Shia (شيعة Shīʿah, from Shīʻatu ʻAlī, "followers of Ali") is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor (Imam), most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm.
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Spherical aberration
Spherical aberration is an optical effect observed in an optical device (lens, mirror, etc.) that occurs due to the increased refraction of light rays when they strike a lens or a reflection of light rays when they strike a mirror near its edge, in comparison with those that strike close to the centre.
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Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, part of Springer Nature since 2015, is a global publishing company that publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
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Squaring the circle
Squaring the circle is a problem proposed by ancient geometers.
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Syed Nomanul Haq
Syed Nomanul Haq (Nu'man al-Haqq) (سید نعمان الحق; born February 15, 1948 in Karachi, Pakistan) is an international Pakistani scholar and intellectual historian noted especially for his contributions to the fields of Islamic history and Islamic philosophy.
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Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi (Arabic: تقي الدين محمد بن معروف الشامي, Turkish: Takiyüddin or Taki) (1526–1585) was an Ottoman polymath active in Constantinople.
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Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.
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Thābit ibn Qurra
(ثابت بن قره, Thebit/Thebith/Tebit; 826 – February 18, 901) was a Syrian Arab Sabian mathematician, physician, astronomer, and translator who lived in Baghdad in the second half of the ninth century during the time of Abbasid Caliphate.
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The Ascent of Man
The Ascent of Man is a 13-part British documentary television series produced by the BBC and Time-Life Films first broadcast in 1973; it was written and presented by British mathematician and historian of science Jacob Bronowski.
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The Christian Science Monitor
The Christian Science Monitor (CSM) is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles in electronic format as well as a weekly print edition.
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The Daily Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph, commonly referred to simply as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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The Topeka Capital-Journal
The Topeka Capital-Journal is a daily newspaper in Topeka, Kansas owned by Morris Communications.
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Theology
Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine.
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Transaction Publishers
Transaction Publishers was a New Jersey–based publishing house that specialized in social science books.
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UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris.
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University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, U of C, or Chicago) is a private, non-profit research university in Chicago, Illinois.
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University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States.
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University of London
The University of London (abbreviated as Lond. or more rarely Londin. in post-nominals) is a collegiate and a federal research university located in London, England.
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University of Oxford
The University of Oxford (formally The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England.
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Vacuum
Vacuum is space devoid of matter.
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Visual perception
Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment using light in the visible spectrum reflected by the objects in the environment.
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Visual system
The visual system is the part of the central nervous system which gives organisms the ability to process visual detail, as well as enabling the formation of several non-image photo response functions.
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Vitello
Witelo (also Erazmus Ciołek Witelo; Witelon; Vitellio; Vitello; Vitello Thuringopolonis; Vitulon; Erazm Ciołek); born ca.
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Warburg Institute
The Warburg Institute is a research institution associated with the University of London in central London, England.
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Wilson's theorem
In number theory, Wilson's theorem states that a natural number n > 1 is a prime number if and only if the product of all the positive integers less than n is one less than a multiple of n. That is (using the notations of modular arithmetic), one has that the factorial (n - 1)!.
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Wrocław
Wrocław (Breslau; Vratislav; Vratislavia) is the largest city in western Poland.
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Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Mu'taman ibn Hūd (المؤتمن بالله يوسف إبن أحمد إبن هود, al-Mutaman bi l-Lah, died c. 1085) was an Arab mathematician and a member of the Banu Hud family.
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Zaragoza
Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain.
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1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham
1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham is a 2015 part-animated science education film directed by Ahmed Salim and starring Omar Sharif.
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Redirects here:
Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham, Abu Ali al-Haitam, Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, Abu Ali al-Haytham, Abu ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham, Al Hazen, Al-Basri, Al-Baṣrī, Al-Hassan Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Hassan ibn al-Haitham, Al-Haytham, Al-Hazen, Al-Misri, Al-Miṣrī, Alazen, Alhacen, Alhaitham, Alhazen, Critique of Ptolemy, Halazen, Hasan Haytham, Ib al haitham, Ibn Al-Haitham, Ibn Al-Haytham, Ibn Alhazan, Ibn Alhazen, Ibn Haitham, Ibn Haytham, Ibn al Haythen, Ibn al haitham, Ibn al-Haitham, Ibn al-Haithem, Ibn al-Hayham, Ibn al-Heitham, Ibn al-haitham, Ibn al-haytham, Ibn alhaitham, Ibn al‐Haytham, The Physicist.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham
