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Table of Contents

1. 751 relations: ABC-Clio, Abdalá Bucaram, Abugida, Achuar, Acorn squash, Afro-Hondurans, Agriculture, Ainu people, Alaska Natives, Alaskan Athabaskans, Aleuts, Alfred A. Knopf, Algonquian languages, Alleluia church, Alpaca, Altai Mountains, Alutiiq, Amazon basin, American Anthropological Association, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Indian Wars, American Journal of Biological Anthropology, American Journal of Human Genetics, American Psychologist, American Scientist, Americas, Amur Oblast, Ancient American engineering, Ancient Beringian, Ancient North Eurasian, Andean civilizations, Andean culture, Anishinaabe, Annals of Human Genetics, Annual Review of Anthropology, Anthropology Today, Anxiety, AP Stylebook, Apache, Apache fiddle, Aquaculture, Araucanía Region, Arauco War, Arawak, Arawak language, Archaeology of the Americas, Archaic period (North America), Argentina, Arica y Parinacota Region, Asian people, ... Expand index (701 more) » « Shrink index

2. Ethnic groups by region
3. Latin American caste system
4. Person of color

ABC-Clio

ABC-Clio, LLC (stylized ABC-CLIO) is an American publishing company for academic reference works and periodicals primarily on topics such as history and social sciences for educational and public library settings.

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Abdalá Bucaram

Abdalá Jaime Bucaram Ortiz (born 20 February 1952) is an Ecuadorian politician and lawyer who was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1996 to 6 February 1997.

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Abugida

An abugida (from Ge'ez: አቡጊዳ)sometimes also called alphasyllabary, neosyllabary, or pseudo-alphabetis a segmental writing system in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as units; each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary, similar to a diacritical mark.

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Achuar

The Achuar are an Indigenous people of the Americas belonging to the Jivaroan family, alongside the Shuar, Shiwiar, Awajun, and Wampis (Perú).

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Acorn squash

Acorn squash (Cucurbita pepo var. turbinata), also called pepper squash or Des Moines squash, is a winter squash with distinctive longitudinal ridges on its exterior and sweet, yellow-orange flesh inside.

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Afro-Hondurans

Afro-Hondurans or Black Hondurans are Hondurans of Sub-Saharan African descent.

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Agriculture

Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.

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Ainu people

The Ainu are an ethnic group who reside in northern Japan, including Hokkaido and Northeast Honshu, as well as the land surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk, such as Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, the Kamchatka Peninsula, and the Khabarovsk Krai; they have occupied these areas known to them as "Ainu Mosir" (lit), since before the arrival of the modern Yamato and Russians.

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Alaska Natives

Alaska Natives (also known as Alaskan Indians, Alaskan Natives, Native Alaskans, Indigenous Alaskans, Aboriginal Alaskans or First Alaskans) are the Indigenous peoples of Alaska and include Alaskan Creoles, Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures.

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Alaskan Athabaskans

The Alaskan Athabascans, Alaskan AthapascansWilliam Simeone, A History of Alaskan Athapaskans, 1982, Alaska Historical Commission or Dena (атабаски Аляски, атапаски Аляски) are Alaska Native peoples of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group.

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Aleuts

Aleuts (Aleuty) are the Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands, which are located between the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.

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Alfred A. Knopf

Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. is an American publishing house that was founded by Blanche Knopf and Alfred A. Knopf Sr. in 1915.

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Algonquian languages

The Algonquian languages (also Algonkian) are a subfamily of the Indigenous languages of the Americas and most of the languages in the Algic language family are included in the group.

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Alleluia church

Alleluia (alternative spellings: Hallelujah, Areruya, Aleluya) is a syncretic religion combining Christianity and traditions practiced by Carib-speaking Indigenous peoples in Guyana.

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Alpaca

The alpaca (Lama pacos) is a species of South American camelid mammal.

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Altai Mountains

The Altai Mountains, also spelled Altay Mountains, are a mountain range in Central Asia and Eastern Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters.

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Alutiiq

The Alutiiq people (pronounced in English; from Promyshlenniki Russian Алеутъ, "Aleut"; plural often "Alutiit"), also called by their ancestral name Sugpiaq (or; plural often "Sugpiat"), as well as Pacific Eskimo or Pacific Yupik, are one of eight groups of Alaska Natives that inhabit the southern-central coast of the region.

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Amazon basin

The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries.

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American Anthropological Association

The American Anthropological Association (AAA) is an organization of scholars and practitioners in the field of anthropology.

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.

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American Indian Wars

The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, was a conflict initially fought by European colonial empires, United States of America, and briefly the Confederate States of America and Republic of Texas against various American Indian tribes in North America.

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American Journal of Biological Anthropology

The American Journal of Biological AnthropologyInfo pages about the renaming are: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/26927691/homepage/productinformation.html and https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/26927691 (previously known as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal and the official journal of the American Association of Biological Anthropologists.

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American Journal of Human Genetics

The American Journal of Human Genetics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of human genetics.

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American Psychologist

American Psychologist is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association.

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American Scientist

American Scientist (informally abbreviated AmSci) is an American bimonthly science and technology magazine published since 1913 by Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society.

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Americas

The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.

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Amur Oblast

Amur Oblast (Amurskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located on the banks of the Amur and Zeya rivers in the Russian Far East.

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Ancient American engineering

Ancient American Engineering refers to early American applied scientific and mathematical knowledge used to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems and material prior to the arrival and influence of Western and Eastern Civilizations.

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Ancient Beringian

The Ancient Beringian (AB) is a human archaeogenetic lineage, based on the genome of an infant found at the Upward Sun River site (dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago.

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Ancient North Eurasian

In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) is the name given to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the people of the Mal'ta–Buret' culture and populations closely related to them, such as the Upper Paleolithic individuals from Afontova Gora in Siberia.

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Andean civilizations

The Andean civilizations were South American complex societies of many indigenous people.

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Andean culture

Andean culture is a collective term used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Andes mountains especially those that came under the influence of the Inca Empire.

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Anishinaabe

The Anishinaabe (alternatively spelled Anishinabe, Anicinape, Nishnaabe, Neshnabé, Anishinaabeg, Anishinabek, Aanishnaabe) are a group of culturally related Indigenous peoples present in the Great Lakes region of Canada and the United States.

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Annals of Human Genetics

The Annals of Human Genetics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering human genetics.

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Annual Review of Anthropology

The Annual Review of Anthropology is an academic journal that publishes review articles of significant developments in anthropology and its subfields.

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Anthropology Today

Anthropology Today is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Royal Anthropological Institute.

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Anxiety

Anxiety is an emotion which is characterised by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events.

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AP Stylebook

The Associated Press Stylebook (generally called the AP Stylebook), alternatively titled The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law, is a style and usage guide for American English grammar created by American journalists working for or connected with the Associated Press journalism cooperative based in New York City.

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Apache

The Apache are several Southern Athabaskan language–speaking peoples of the Southwest, the Southern Plains and Northern Mexico.

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Apache fiddle

The Apache fiddle (Apache: tsii' edo'a'tl, "wood that sings") is a bowed string instrument used by the indigenous Apache people of the southwestern United States.

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Aquaculture

Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. lotus).

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Araucanía Region

The Araucanía, La Araucanía Region (Región de La Araucanía) is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions, and comprises two provinces: Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south.

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Arauco War

The Arauco War was a long-running conflict between colonial Spaniards and the Mapuche people, mostly fought in the Araucanía region of Chile.

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Arawak

The Arawak are a group of Indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean.

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Arawak language

Arawak (Arowak, Aruák), also known as Lokono (Lokono Dian, literally "people's talk" by its speakers), is an Arawakan language spoken by the Lokono (Arawak) people of South America in eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.

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Archaeology of the Americas

The archaeology of the Americas is the study of the archaeology of the Western Hemisphere, including North America (Mesoamerica), Central America, South America and the Caribbean.

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Archaic period (North America)

In the classification of the archaeological cultures of North America, the Archaic period in North America, taken to last from around 8000 to 1000 BC in the sequence of North American pre-Columbian cultural stages, is a period defined by the archaic stage of cultural development.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.

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Arica y Parinacota Region

The Arica y Parinacota Region (Región de Arica y Parinacota) is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions.

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Asian people

Asian people (or Asians, sometimes referred to as Asiatic peopleUnited States National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings. 2004. November 17, 2006.: Asian Continental Ancestry Group is also used for categorical purposes.) are the people of the continent of Asia.

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Atacama people

The Atacama people, also called Atacameño, are an Indigenous people from the Atacama Desert and altiplano region in the north of Chile and Argentina and southern Bolivia, mainly the Antofagasta Region.

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Athabaskan languages

Athabaskan (also spelled Athabascan, Athapaskan or Athapascan, and also known as Dene) is a large family of Indigenous languages of North America, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern (or Apachean).

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Atlantic slave trade

The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people to the Americas.

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Autosome

An autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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Avocado

The avocado, alligator pear or avocado pear (Persea americana) is a medium-sized, evergreen tree in the laurel family (Lauraceae).

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Awa-Kwaiker

The Awá, also known as the Kwaiker or Awa-Kwaiker, are an ancient indigenous people of Ecuador and Colombia.

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Aymara language

Aymara (also Aymar aru) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Bolivian Andes.

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Aymara people

The Aymara or Aimara (aymara), people are an indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America.

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Aztec codex

Aztec codices (Mēxihcatl āmoxtli, sing. codex) are Mesoamerican manuscripts made by the pre-Columbian Aztec, and their Nahuatl-speaking descendants during the colonial period in Mexico.

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Aztec Empire

The Aztec Empire or the Triple Alliance (Ēxcān Tlahtōlōyān, ˈjéːʃkaːn̥ t͡ɬaʔtoːˈlóːjaːn̥) was an alliance of three Nahua city-states: italic, italic, and italic.

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Aztec script

The Aztec or Nahuatl script is a pre-Columbian writing system that combines ideographic writing with Nahuatl specific phonetic logograms and syllabic signs which was used in central Mexico by the Nahua people in the Epiclassic and Post-classic periods.

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Aztec society

Aztec society was a highly complex and stratified society that developed among the Aztecs of central Mexico in the centuries prior to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, and which was built on the cultural foundations of the larger region of Mesoamerica.

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Aztecs

The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.

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Bajío

The Bajío (the lowland) is a cultural and geographical region within the central Mexican plateau which roughly spans from northwest of Mexico City to the main silver mines in the northern-central part of the country.

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Baoruco Mountain Range

The Bahoruco Mountain Range—Sierra de Bahoruco (or Sierra de Bahoruco) is a mountain range located in the far southwestern region of the Dominican Republic.

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Bartolomé de las Casas

Bartolomé de las Casas, OP (11 November 1484 – 18 July 1566) was a Spanish clergyman, writer, and activist best known for his work as an historian and social reformer.

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Basket weaving

Basket weaving (also basketry or basket making) is the process of weaving or sewing pliable materials into three-dimensional artifacts, such as baskets, mats, mesh bags or even furniture.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

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Beadwork

Beadwork is the art or craft of attaching beads to one another by stringing them onto a thread or thin wire with a sewing or beading needle or sewing them to cloth.

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Bell pepper

The bell pepper (also known as sweet pepper, pepper, capsicum or in some places, mangoes) is the fruit of plants in the Grossum Group of the species Capsicum annuum.

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Benito Juárez

Benito Pablo Juárez García (21 March 1806 – 18 July 1872) was a Mexican politician, military commander, lawyer, and statesman who served as the 26th president of Mexico from 1858 until his death in office in 1872.

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Bering Sea

The Bering Sea (p) is a marginal sea of the Northern Pacific Ocean.

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Beringia

Beringia is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada; on the north by 72° north latitude in the Chukchi Sea; and on the south by the tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

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Binge eating

Binge eating is a pattern of disordered eating which consists of episodes of uncontrollable eating.

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Birch bark

Birch bark or birchbark is the bark of several Eurasian and North American birch trees of the genus Betula.

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Bison

A bison (bison) is a large bovine in the genus Bison (Greek: "wild ox" (bison)) within the tribe Bovini.

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Blackfoot Confederacy

The Blackfoot Confederacy, Niitsitapi, or Siksikaitsitapi (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᒣᑯ, meaning "the people" or "Blackfoot-speaking real people"), is a historic collective name for linguistically related groups that make up the Blackfoot or Blackfeet people: the Siksika ("Blackfoot"), the Kainai or Blood ("Many Chiefs"), and two sections of the Peigan or Piikani ("Splotchy Robe") – the Northern Piikani (Aapátohsipikáni) and the Southern Piikani (Amskapi Piikani or Pikuni).

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Blend word

In linguistics, a blend—also known as a blend word, lexical blend, or portmanteau—is a word formed, usually intentionally, by combining the sounds and meanings of two or more words.

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Blood quantum laws

Blood quantum laws or Indian blood laws are laws in the United States that define Native American status by fractions of Native American ancestry.

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Blood type

A blood type (also known as a blood group) is a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).

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Blueberry

Blueberry is a widely distributed and widespread group of perennial flowering plant with blue or purple berries.

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Bogotá

Bogotá (also), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá during the Spanish Colonial period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, and one of the largest cities in the world.

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Boruca

The Boruca (also known as the Brunca or the Brunka) are the indigenous people living in Costa Rica.

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Brass instrument

A brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips.

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Brazilians

Brazilians (Brasileiros) are the citizens of Brazil.

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Bribri people

The Bribri (also Abicetava) are an Indigenous people in eastern Costa Rica and northern Panama.

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Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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Butternut squash

Butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata), known in Australia and New Zealand as butternut pumpkin or gramma, is a type of winter squash that grows on a vine.

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Cañari

The Cañari (in Kichwa: Kañari) are an indigenous ethnic group traditionally inhabiting the territory of the modern provinces of Azuay and Cañar in Ecuador.

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Cabécar people

The Cabécar are an indigenous group of the remote Talamanca region of eastern Costa Rica.

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Cabo Camarón

Cabo Camarón (literally, "Cape Shrimp") is a cape located on the Caribbean coast of Honduras at.

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Caboclo

A caboclo is a person of mixed Indigenous Brazilian and European ancestry, or, less commonly, a culturally assimilated or detribalized person of full Amerindian descent.

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Cacaopera

Cacaopera is a municipality in the Morazán department of El Salvador.

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Cacaopera people

The Cacaopera people also known as the Matagalpa or Ulúa., are an indigenous people in what is now El Salvador and Nicaragua.

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Calchaquí

The Calchaquí or Kalchakí were a tribe of South American Indians of the Diaguita group, now extinct, who formerly occupied northern Argentina.

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Cali

Santiago de Cali, or Cali, is the capital of the Valle del Cauca department, and the most populous city in southwest Colombia, with 2,280,522 residents estimate by DANE in 2023.

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Canadian Eskimo Dog

The Canadian Eskimo Dog or Canadian Inuit Dog is a breed of working dog from the Arctic.

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Canadian Indian residential school gravesites

The Canadian Indian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous children directed and funded by the Department of Indian Affairs.

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Canadian Indian residential school system

The Canadian Indian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples.

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Canadian Museum of History

The Canadian Museum of History (Musée canadien de l’histoire) is a national museum on anthropology, Canadian history, cultural studies, and ethnology in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada.

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Canoe

A canoe is a lightweight narrow water vessel, typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel and using paddles.

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Capsicum

Capsicum is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae, native to the Americas, cultivated worldwide for their edible fruit.

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Cara culture

The Cara or Caranqui culture flourished in coastal Ecuador, in what is now Manabí Province, in the first millennium CE.

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Caral–Supe civilization

Caral–Supe (also known as Caral and Norte Chico) was a complex Pre-Columbian era society that included as many as thirty major population centers in what is now the Caral region of north-central coastal Peru.

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Caribbean Sea

The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere.

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Carolina Dog

The Carolina dog, also known as a yellow dog, yaller dog, American dingo, or Dixie dingo, is a breed of medium-sized dog occasionally found feral in the Southeastern United States, especially in isolated stretches of longleaf pines and cypress swamps.

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Cascajal Block

The Cascajal Block is a tablet-sized slab serpentinite dated to the early first millennium BCE, incised with previously unknown characters that have been claimed to represent the earliest writing system in the New World.

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Cassava

Manihot esculenta, commonly called cassava, manioc,--> or yuca (among numerous regional names), is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to South America, from Brazil, Paraguay and parts of the Andes.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Cavia

Cavia is a genus in the subfamily Caviinae that contains the rodents commonly known as guinea pigs or cavies.

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Cayman Islands

The Cayman Islands is a self-governing British Overseas Territory, and the largest by population.

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CBC News

CBC News is a division of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the news gathering and production of news programs on the corporation's English-language operations, namely CBC Television, CBC Radio, CBC News Network, and CBC.ca.

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Cell (journal)

Cell is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research papers across a broad range of disciplines within the life sciences.

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Central America

Central America is a subregion of North America.

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Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.

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Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas is an art form with at least a 7500-year history in the Americas.

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Cf.

The abbreviation cf. (short for either Latin confer or conferatur, both meaning 'compare') is used in writing to refer the reader to other material to make a comparison with the topic being discussed.

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Chaparral, Tolima

Chaparral is a town and municipality in the Tolima department of Colombia.

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

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Charrúa

The Charrúa are an Indigenous people or Indigenous Nation of the Southern Cone in present-day Uruguay and the adjacent areas in Argentina (Entre Ríos) and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).

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Cherokee

The Cherokee (translit, or translit) people are one of the Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands of the United States.

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Chiapas

Chiapas (Tzotzil and Tzeltal: Chyapas), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas (Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas), is one of the states that make up the 32 federal entities of Mexico.

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Chicle

Chicle is a natural gum traditionally used in making chewing gum and other products.

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Chiefdom

A chiefdom is a political organization of people represented or governed by a chief.

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Chihuahua (dog breed)

The Chihuahua (or italic) is a Mexican breed of toy dog.

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Child development of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Styles of children’s learning across various indigenous communities in the Americas have been practiced for centuries prior to European colonization and persist today.

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Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America.

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Chili pepper

Chili peppers, also spelled chile or chilli, are varieties of the berry-fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum, which are members of the nightshade family Solanaceae, cultivated for their pungency.

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Chiquitano

The Chiquitano or Chiquitos are an indigenous people of Bolivia, with a small number also living in Brazil.

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Chiribaya Dog

The Chiribaya Dog (perro Chiribaya) or Peruvian Shepherd Dog (perro pastor Peruano) is an extinct pre-Columbian breed of dog from the southwest of Peru.

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Chocolate

Chocolate or cocoa is a food made from roasted and ground cocoa seed kernels that is available as a liquid, solid, or paste, either on its own or as a flavoring agent in other foods.

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Cholera

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

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Chukchi people

The Chukchi, or Chukchee (Ԓыгъоравэтԓьэт, О'равэтԓьэт, Ḷygʺoravètḷʹèt, O'ravètḷʹèt), are a Siberian ethnic group native to the Chukchi Peninsula, the shores of the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea region of the Arctic Ocean all within modern Russia.

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Chunkey

Chunkey (also known as chunky, chenco, tchung-kee or the hoop and stick game) is a game of Native American origin.

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Ciguayos

The Ciguayos (Spanish: Ciguayos) were a group of Indigenous people who inhabited the Samaná Peninsula and its adjoining regions in the present-day Dominican Republic.

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City-state

A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory.

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Clapper stick

A clapper stick (also clap-stick or split stick rattle) is a traditional idiophone common among the indigenous peoples of California.

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Classic Maya collapse

In archaeology, the classic Maya collapse is the decline of the Classic Maya civilization and the abandonment of Maya cities in the southern Maya lowlands of Mesoamerica between the 7th and 9th centuries.

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Classical Nahuatl

Classical Nahuatl (also known simply as Aztec or Nahuatl) is any of the variants of Nahuatl spoken in the Valley of Mexico and central Mexico as a lingua franca at the time of the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

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Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is based upon cultural regions, geography, and linguistics.

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Coca

Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America.

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Cocoa bean

The cocoa bean, also known simply as cocoa or cacao, is the dried and fully fermented seed of Theobroma cacao, the cacao tree, from which cocoa solids (a mixture of nonfat substances) and cocoa butter (the fat) can be extracted.

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Cocopah

The Cocopah (Cocopah: Xawiƚƚ Kwñchawaay) are Native Americans who live in Baja California, Mexico, and Arizona, United States.

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Codex

The codex (codices) was the historical ancestor of the modern book.

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Cofán people

The Cofán (endonym: A'i) people are an indigenous people native to Sucumbíos Province northeast Ecuador and to southern Colombia, between the Guamués River (a tributary of the Putumayo River) and the Aguarico River (a tributary of the Napo River).

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Collection (museum)

A museum is distinguished by a collection of often unique objects that forms the core of its activities for exhibitions, education, research, etc.

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Collective noun

In linguistics, a collective noun is a word referring to a collection of things taken as a whole.

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Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America.

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Colonization

independence. Colonization (British English: colonisation) is a process of establishing control over foreign territories or peoples for the purpose of exploitation and possibly settlement, setting up coloniality and often colonies, commonly pursued and maintained by colonialism.

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Columbia University Press

Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.

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Comechingón

Comechingón (plural Comechingones) is the common name for a group of people indigenous to the Argentine provinces of Córdoba and San Luis.

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Common sunflower

The common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a species of large annual forb of the daisy family Asteraceae.

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Commonwealth Caribbean

The Commonwealth Caribbean is the region of the Caribbean with English-speaking countries and territories, which once constituted the Caribbean portion of the British Empire and are now part of the Commonwealth of Nations.

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Comparative Studies in Society and History

Comparative Studies in Society and History is a peer-reviewed academic journal published quarterly by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for Comparative Study of Society and History.

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Complex society

A complex society is characterized by the following modern features.

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Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador

The Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador) or, more commonly, CONAIE, is Ecuador's largest indigenous rights organization.

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Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia

The Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia (Confederación de Pueblos Indígenas de Bolivia; formerly, Confederación de Pueblos Indígenas del Oriente Boliviano or CIDOB) is a national representative organization of the Bolivian indigenous movement.

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Conquistador

Conquistadors or conquistadores (lit 'conquerors') was a term used to refer to Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period.

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Constitution Act, 1982

The Constitution Act, 1982 (Loi constitutionnelle de 1982) is a part of the Constitution of Canada.

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Constitution of Bolivia

The current Constitution of Bolivia (Constitución Política del Estado; literally, the Political Constitution of the State) came into effect on 7 February 2009 when it was promulgated by President Evo Morales, after being approved in a referendum with 90.24% participation.

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Constitution of Venezuela

The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (CRBV)) is the current and twenty-sixth constitution of Venezuela.

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Contiguous United States

The contiguous United States (officially the conterminous United States) consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states and the District of Columbia of the United States of America in central North America.

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Controlled burn

A controlled or prescribed (Rx) burn is the practice of intentionally setting a fire to change the assemblage of vegetation and decaying material in a landscape.

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Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin

Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin (COICA) (Spanish: Coordinadora de las Organizaciones Indígenas de la Cuenca Amazónica) was founded in 1984 in Lima, Peru.

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Cotton

Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae.

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Cranberry

Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium.

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Creation myth

A creation myth or cosmogonic myth is a type of cosmogony, a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it.

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Cree

The Cree (script, néhiyaw, nihithaw, etc.; Cri) are a North American Indigenous people.

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Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology is a bimonthly scientific journal that publishes comprehensive review articles in the areas of biochemistry and molecular biology.

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Cuba

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, archipelagos, 4,195 islands and cays surrounding the main island.

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Cucurbita

gourd is a genus of herbaceous fruits in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae (also known as cucurbits or cucurbi), native to the Andes and Mesoamerica.

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Cuenca, Ecuador

Cuenca, officially Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca, is an Ecuadorian city, head of the canton of the same name and capital of the province of Azuay, as well as its largest and most populated city.

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Culpeo

The culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus), also known as Culpeo zorro, Andean zorro, Andean fox, Paramo wolf, Andean wolf,Comparative ecology of two South American foxes, 'Dusicvon ariseus' and 'Culpaeus' by Warren E. Johnson.

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Cultivar

A cultivar is a kind of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and which retains those traits when propagated.

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Cultural area

In anthropology and geography, a cultural area, cultural region, cultural sphere, or culture area refers to a geography with one relatively homogeneous human activity or complex of activities (culture).

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Cultural Critique

Cultural Critique is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published across the fields of cultural studies, literary theory, political science, philosophy, and sociology.

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Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology

Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology is the quarterly academic journal of the American Psychological Association Division 45: Society for the Psychological Study of Culture, Ethnicity, and Race.

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Cultural identity

Cultural identity is a part of a person's identity, or their self-conception and self-perception, and is related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality, gender, or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture.

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Cuzcatlan

Cuzcatlan (Nawat: Kuskatan) (Nahuatl: Cuzcatlan) was a pre-Columbian Nahua state confederation of the Mesoamerican postclassical period that extended from the Paz river to the Lempa river (covering most of western El Salvador); this was the nation that Spanish chroniclers came to call the Pipils or Cuzcatlecos.

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Danish language

Danish (dansk, dansk sprog) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about six million people, principally in and around Denmark.

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De Gruyter

Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter, is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature.

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Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

''Adopted'' The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP or DOTROIP) is a legally non-binding resolution passed by the United Nations in 2007.

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Denmark

Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.

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Departments of Bolivia

Bolivia is a unitary state consisting of nine departments (departamentos).

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Depression (mood)

Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity.

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Diaguita

The Diaguita people are a group of South American indigenous people native to the Chilean Norte Chico and the Argentine Northwest.

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Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

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Discovery Channel

Discovery Channel, known as The Discovery Channel from 1985 to 1995, and often referred to as simply Discovery, is an American cable channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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Domestic turkey

The domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo domesticus) is a large fowl, one of the two species in the genus Meleagris and the same species as the wild turkey.

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Dominica

Dominica (or; Dominican Creole French: Dominik; Kalinago: Waitukubuli), officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean.

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Double bass

The double bass, also known as the upright bass, the acoustic bass, or simply the bass, is the largest and lowest-pitched chordophone in the modern symphony orchestra (excluding rare additions such as the octobass).

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Drum

The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments.

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Duke University Press

Duke University Press is an academic publisher and university press affiliated with Duke University.

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Dutch language

Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.

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Early modern period

The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity.

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East Asian people

East Asian people (also East Asians or Northeast Asians) are the people from East Asia, which consists of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. Indigenous peoples of the Americas and East Asian people are ethnic groups by region.

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East Indies

The East Indies (or simply the Indies) is a term used in historical narratives of the Age of Discovery.

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Easter Island

Easter Island (Isla de Pascua; Rapa Nui) is an island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania.

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Ecuador

Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

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Education reform

Education reform is the name given to the goal of changing public education.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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El Dorado

El Dorado (Spanish for "the golden") is commonly associated with the legend of a gold city, kingdom, or empire purportedly located somewhere in the Americas.

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El Loa

El Loa Province (Provincia El Loa) is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II).

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El Salvador

El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America.

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El Tiempo (Colombia)

El Tiempo ("Time" or "The Times") is a nationally distributed broadsheet daily newspaper in Colombia launched on January 30, 1911.

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Encomienda

The encomienda was a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples.

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Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is the company known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopaedia.

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Endonym and exonym

An endonym (also known as autonym) is a common, native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their homeland, or their language.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.

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English-based creole languages

An English-based creole language (often shortened to English creole) is a creole language for which English was the lexifier, meaning that at the time of its formation the vocabulary of English served as the basis for the majority of the creole's lexicon.

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Enriquillo

Enriquillo, also known as "Enrique" by the Spaniards, was a Taíno cacique who rebelled against the Spaniards between 1519 and 1533.

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Eskaleut languages

The Eskaleut, Eskimo–Aleut or Inuit–Yupik–Unangan languages are a language family native to the northern portions of the North American continent, and a small part of northeastern Asia.

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Eskimo

Eskimo is an exonym that refers to two closely related Indigenous peoples: Inuit (including the Alaska Native Iñupiat, the Canadian Inuit, and the Greenlandic Inuit) and the Yupik (or Yuit) of eastern Siberia and Alaska.

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Ethnicity

An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups.

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Ethnography

Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures.

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European colonization of the Americas

During the Age of Discovery, a large scale colonization of the Americas, involving a number of European countries, took place primarily between the late 15th century and the early 19th century.

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Evo Morales

Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born 26 October 1959) is a Bolivian politician, trade union organizer, and former cocalero activist who served as the 65th president of Bolivia from 2006 to 2019.

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Eyak

The Eyak (Eyak: ʔi·ya·ɢdəlahɢəyu·, literally "inhabitants of Eyak Village at Mile 6"Krauss, Michael E. 1970. Eyak dictionary. University of Alaska and Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1963–1970) are an Alaska Native people historically located on the Copper River Delta and near the town of Cordova, Alaska.

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Famine

A famine is a widespread scarcity of food caused by several possible factors, including, but not limited to war, natural disasters, crop failure, widespread poverty, an economic catastrophe or government policies.

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Federal government of the United States

The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, five major self-governing territories, several island possessions, and the federal district/national capital of Washington, D.C., where most of the federal government is based.

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Fiddle

A fiddle is a bowed string musical instrument, most often a violin.

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First Nations in Canada

First Nations (Premières Nations) is a term used to identify Indigenous peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis.

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Flute

The flute is a member of a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group.

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Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy is an American news publication founded in 1970 focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy.

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Fort Orange (New Netherland)

Fort Orange (Fort Oranje) was the first permanent Dutch settlement in New Netherland; the present-day city and state capital Albany, New York developed near this site.

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Founder effect

In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

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Free trade

Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports.

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French Guiana

French Guiana (or; Guyane,; Lagwiyann or Gwiyann) is an overseas department and region of France located on the northern coast of South America in the Guianas and the West Indies.

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French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Frontiers Media

Frontiers Media SA is a publisher of peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journals currently active in science, technology, and medicine.

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Fruit tree

A fruit tree is a tree which bears fruit that is consumed or used by animals and humans — all trees that are flowering plants produce fruit, which are the ripened ovaries of flowers containing one or more seeds.

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Fuegian dog

The Fuegian dog, or Yahgan dog, or Patagonian dog (perro fueguino, perro yagán, perro patagónico), is an extinct type of canid.

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Fuegians

Fuegians are the indigenous inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego, at the southern tip of South America.

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Fully feathered basket

A fully feathered basket is a type of basket crafted by a select group of Indigenous people of California who have traditionally resided in the coastal region of Northern California above San Francisco.

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Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas

The Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas or FUNAI is a Brazilian governmental protection agency for Amerindian interests and their culture.

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Game (hunting)

Game or quarry is any wild animal hunted for animal products (primarily meat), for recreation ("sporting"), or for trophies.

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Garifuna

The Garifuna people (or; pl. Garínagu in Garifuna) are a people of mixed free African and Amerindian ancestry that originated in the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent and speak Garifuna, an Arawakan language, and Vincentian Creole.

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Garifuna language

Garifuna (Karif) is a minority language widely spoken in villages of Garifuna people in the western part of the northern coast of Central America.

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Gender equality

Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations, and needs equally, regardless of gender.

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Gene

In biology, the word gene has two meanings.

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Genetic admixture

Genetic admixture occurs when previously isolated populations interbreed resulting in a population that is descended from multiple sources.

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Genetic code

The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins.

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Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is divided into two distinct periods: the initial peopling of the Americas during about 20,000 to 14,000 years ago (20–14 kya), and European contact, after about 500 years ago.

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Genetic recombination

Genetic recombination (also known as genetic reshuffling) is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.

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Genetics (journal)

Genetics is a monthly scientific journal publishing investigations bearing on heredity, genetics, biochemistry and molecular biology.

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Genographic Project

The Genographic Project, launched on 13 April 2005 by the National Geographic Society and IBM, was a genetic anthropological study (sales discontinued on 31 May 2019) that aimed to map historical human migrations patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples.

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Genome Biology and Evolution

Genome Biology and Evolution is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

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Genome Research

Genome Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

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Glyph

A glyph is any kind of purposeful mark.

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Gold

Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and atomic number 79.

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Gordon Willey

Gordon Randolph Willey (7 March 1913 – 28 April 2002) was an American archaeologist who was described by colleagues as the "dean" of New World archaeology.

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Gran Chaco

The Gran Chaco or Dry Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semiarid lowland tropical dry broadleaf forest natural region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, northern Argentina, and a portion of the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, where it is connected with the Pantanal region.

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Gran Chaco Province

Gran Chaco is a province in the eastern parts of the Bolivian department Tarija.

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Great Plains

The Great Plains are a broad expanse of flatland in North America.

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Greater Antilles

The Greater Antilles is a grouping of the larger islands in the Caribbean Sea, including Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Navassa Island, and the Cayman Islands.

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Greenland

Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is a North American island autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.

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Greenlandic Inuit

The Greenlandic Inuit (kalaallit, Grønlandsk Inuit) are the indigenous and most populous ethnic group in Greenland.

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Greenlandic people in Denmark

Greenlandic people in Denmark (also known as Greenlandic Danes) are residents of Denmark with Greenlandic or Greenlandic Inuit heritage.

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Greenwood Publishing Group

Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.

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Guanahatabey

The Guanahatabey (also spelled Guanajatabey) were an Indigenous people of western Cuba at the time of European contact.

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Guaraní people

The Guarani are a group of culturally-related indigenous peoples of South America.

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Guarani language

Guarani, specifically the primary variety known as Paraguayan Guarani (avañeʼẽ "the people's language"), is a South American language that belongs to the Tupi–Guarani branch of the Tupian language family.

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Guatemala

Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America.

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Guinea pig

The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), also known as the cavy or domestic cavy, is a species of rodent belonging to the genus Cavia in the family Caviidae.

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Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico (Golfo de México) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, mostly surrounded by the North American continent.

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Guyanese pepperpot

Pepperpot is an Amerindian-derived dish popular in Guyana.

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Haida people

The Haida (X̱aayda, X̱aadas, X̱aad, X̱aat) are an Indigenous group who have traditionally occupied italic, an archipelago just off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, for at least 12,500 years.

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Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplogroup B (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplogroup D (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplogroup Q-M242

Haplogroup Q or Q-M242 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

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Haplotype

A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Hernán Cortés

Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (December 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

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Hispanic

The term Hispanic (hispano) refers to people, cultures, or countries related to Spain, the Spanish language, or Hispanidad broadly.

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Hispanic America

The region known as Hispanic America (Hispanoamérica or América Hispana) and historically as Spanish America (América Española) is all the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas.

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Hispanidad

Hispanidad (typically translated as "Hispanicity") is a Spanish term describing a shared cultural, linguistic, or political identity among speakers of the Spanish language or members of the Hispanic diaspora.

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Hispaniola

Hispaniola (also) is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles.

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History of the Americas

The history of the Americas begins with people migrating to these areas from Asia during the height of an ice age.

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History of the west coast of North America

The human history of the west coast of North America is believed to stretch back to the arrival of the earliest people over the Bering Strait, or alternately along the ice free coastal islands of British Columbia (See https://triquet.hakai.org/, through the development of significant pre-Columbian cultures and population densities, to the arrival of the European explorers and colonizers.

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Honduras

Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America.

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Horse

The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal.

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Horse culture

A horse culture is a tribal group or community whose day-to-day life revolves around the herding and breeding of horses.

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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH) is an American publisher of textbooks, instructional technology materials, assessments, and reference works.

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Huarpe

The Huarpes or Warpes are an indigenous people of Argentina, living in the Cuyo region.

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Huayna Capac

Huayna Capac (before 14931527) was the third Sapa Inca of Tawantinsuyu, the Inca Empire.

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Human Biology (journal)

Human Biology is a peer reviewed scientific journal, currently published by Wayne State University Press.

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Human Genetics (journal)

Human Genetics is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of human genetics, including legal and social issues.

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Human genome

The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.

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Human Immunology

Human Immunology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier in behalf of the American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics.

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Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup

In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,.

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Human trafficking

Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation.

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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA).

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Hunter-gatherer

A hunter-gatherer or forager is a human living in a community, or according to an ancestrally derived lifestyle, in which most or all food is obtained by foraging, that is, by gathering food from local naturally occurring sources, especially wild edible plants but also insects, fungi, honey, bird eggs, or anything safe to eat, and/or by hunting game (pursuing and/or trapping and killing wild animals, including catching fish).

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Iñupiat

The Inupiat (singular: Iñupiaq) are a group of Alaska Natives whose traditional territory roughly spans northeast from Norton Sound on the Bering Sea to the northernmost part of the Canada–United States border.

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Inca Civil War

The Inca Civil War, also known as the Inca Dynastic War, the Inca War of Succession, or, sometimes, the War of the Two Brothers, was fought between half-brothers Huáscar and Atahualpa, sons of Huayna Capac, over succession to the throne of the Inca Empire.

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Inca Empire

The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (Tawantinsuyu, "four parts together"), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.

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Inca-Caranqui

The Inca-Caranqui archaeological site is located in the village of Caranqui on the southern outskirts of the city of Ibarra, Ecuador.

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990

The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-644) is a truth-in-advertising law which prohibits misrepresentation in marketing of American Indian or Alaska Native arts and crafts products within the United States.

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Indian auxiliaries

Indian auxiliaries, also known as Indios amigos, were those indigenous peoples of the Americas who allied with Spain and fought alongside the conquistadors during the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Indian country

Indian country is any of the many self-governing Native American/American Indian communities throughout the United States.

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Indian Mass

Indian Mass is a partially vernacularized variation of the traditional Roman Catholic Mass, used in the American Indian missions of Canada and the United States.

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Indian reservation

An American Indian reservation is an area of land held and governed by a U.S. federal government-recognized Native American tribal nation, whose government is autonomous, subject to regulations passed by the United States Congress and administered by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, and not to the U.S.

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Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989

The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 is an International Labour Organization Convention, also known as ILO Convention 169, or C169.

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Indigenous language

An indigenous language, or autochthonous language, is a language that is native to a region and spoken by its indigenous peoples.

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Indigenous languages of the Americas

The Indigenous languages of the Americas are a diverse group of languages that originated in the Americas prior to colonization, many of which continue to be spoken.

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Indigenous movements in the Americas

Indigenous people under the nation-state have experienced exclusion and dispossession.

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Indigenous music of North America

Indigenous music of North America, which includes American Indian music or Native American music, is the music that is used, created or performed by Indigenous peoples of North America, including Native Americans in the United States and Aboriginal peoples in Canada, Indigenous peoples of Mexico, and other North American countries—especially traditional tribal music, such as Pueblo music and Inuit music.

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Indigenous peoples

There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples, although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territory, and an experience of subjugation and discrimination under a dominant cultural model.

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Indigenous peoples in Argentina

Argentina has 35 indigenous people groups (often referred to as Argentine Amerindians or Native Argentines) officially recognized by the national government.

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Indigenous peoples in Bolivia

Indigenous peoples in Bolivia, or Native Bolivians, are Bolivian people who are of indigenous ancestry.

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Indigenous peoples in Brazil

Indigenous peoples once comprised an estimated 2,000 tribes and nations inhabiting what is now Brazil, prior to European contact around 1500 AD.

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Indigenous peoples in Canada

Indigenous peoples in Canada (Peuples autochtones au Canada, also known as Aboriginals) are the Indigenous peoples within the boundaries of Canada.

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Indigenous peoples in Chile

Indigenous peoples in Chile or Native Chileans form about 13% of the total population of Chile.

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Indigenous peoples in Colombia

Indigenous peoples of Colombia are the ethnic groups who have inhabited Colombia since before the Spanish colonization of Colombia, in the early 16th century.

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Indigenous peoples in Ecuador

Indigenous peoples in Ecuador, or Native Ecuadorians, are the groups of people who were present in what became Ecuador before the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Indigenous peoples in Guyana

Indigenous peoples in Guyana, Native Guyanese or Amerindian Guyanese are Guyanese people who are of indigenous ancestry.

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Indigenous peoples in Paraguay

Indigenous peoples in Paraguay, or Native Paraguayans, include 17 ethnic groups belonging to five language families.

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Indigenous peoples in Suriname

Indigenous peoples in Suriname, Native Surinamese, or Amerindian Surinamese, are Surinamese people who are of indigenous ancestry.

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Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica

Indigenous people of Costa Rica, or Native Costa Ricans, are the people who lived in what is now Costa Rica prior to European and African contact and the descendants of those peoples.

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Indigenous peoples of Honduras

According to Minority Rights Group International, the indigenous tribes that live in Honduras include the Lenca (453,672), Miskito (80,007), Garifuna (43,111), Maya Ch'orti (33,256), Tolupan (19,033), Bay Creoles (12,337), Nahuas (6,339), Pech (6,024) and Tawahka (2,690).

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Indigenous peoples of Mexico

Indigenous peoples of Mexico (gente indígena de México, pueblos indígenas de México), Native Mexicans (nativos mexicanos) or Mexican Native Americans (lit), are those who are part of communities that trace their roots back to populations and communities that existed in what is now Mexico before the arrival of Europeans.

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Indigenous peoples of Peru

The Indigenous peoples of Peru, or Native Peruvians, comprise a large number of ethnic groups who inhabit territory in present-day Peru.

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Indigenous peoples of Siberia

Siberia is a vast region spanning the northern part of the Asian continent and forming the Asiatic portion of Russia.

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Indigenous peoples of South America

The Indigenous peoples of South America or South American Indigenous peoples, are the pre-Columbian peoples of South America and their descendants.

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Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean

At the time of first contact between Europe and the Americas, the Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean included the Taíno of the northern Lesser Antilles, most of the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas, the Kalinago of the Lesser Antilles, the Ciguayo and Macorix of parts of Hispaniola, and the Guanahatabey of western Cuba.

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Indigenous territory (Brazil)

In Brazil, an Indigenous territory or Indigenous land (Terra Indígena, TI) is an area inhabited and exclusively possessed by Indigenous people.

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Individual and group rights

Individual rights, also known as natural rights, are rights held by individuals by virtue of being human.

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Influenza

Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" or just "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.

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Infobase

Infobase is an American publisher of databases, reference book titles and textbooks geared towards the North American library, secondary school, and university-level curriculum markets.

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International Indian Treaty Council

The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) is an organization of Indigenous Peoples from North, Central, South America, the Caribbean and the Pacific working for the Sovereignty and Self-Determination of Indigenous Peoples and the recognition and protection of Indigenous Rights, Treaties, Traditional Cultures and Sacred Lands.

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International Journal of Behavioral Development

The International Journal of Behavioral Development is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the field of developmental psychology.

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International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice by setting international labour standards.

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International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs

The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) is an independent and non-profit international human rights-based membership organization, whose central charter is to endorse and promote the collective rights of the world's indigenous peoples.

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Inughuit

The Inughuit (also spelled Inuhuit), or the Smith Sound Inuit, historically Arctic Highlanders or Polar Eskimos, are Greenlandic Inuit.

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Inuit

Inuit (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ 'the people', singular: Inuk, ᐃᓄᒃ, dual: Inuuk, ᐃᓅᒃ; Iñupiaq: Iñuit 'the people'; Greenlandic: Inuit) are a group of culturally and historically similar Indigenous peoples traditionally inhabiting the Arctic and subarctic regions of North America, including Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, Yukon (traditionally), Alaska, and Chukotsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia.

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Inuktun

Inuktun (Polar Inuit, avanersuarmiutut, nordgrønlandsk, polarinuitisk, thulesproget) is the language of approximately 1,000 indigenous Inughuit (Polar Inuit), inhabiting the world's northernmost settlements in Qaanaaq and the surrounding villages in northwestern Greenland.

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Iroquois

The Iroquois, also known as the Five Nations, and later as the Six Nations from 1722 onwards; alternatively referred to by the endonym Haudenosaunee are an Iroquoian-speaking confederacy of Native Americans and First Nations peoples in northeast North America.

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Isthmus of Tehuantepec

The Isthmus of Tehuantepec is an isthmus in Mexico.

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Itza people

The Itza are a Maya ethnic group native to the Péten region of northern Guatemala and parts of Belize.

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Izalco

Izalco (Itzalku) is a town and a municipality in the Sonsonate department of El Salvador.

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Jalapeño

The jalapeño is a medium-sized chili pepper pod type cultivar of the species Capsicum annuum.

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Jamil Mahuad

Jorge Jamil Mahuad Witt (born 29 July 1949) is an Ecuadorian lawyer, academic and former politician.

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Japanese people

are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Japanese archipelago.

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Jargon

Jargon or technical language is the specialized terminology associated with a particular field or area of activity.

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Jewellery

Jewellery (or jewelry in American English) consists of decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks.

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Jon Entine

Jon Entine (born April 30, 1952) is an American science journalist.

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José María Melo

José María Dionisio Melo y Ortiz (October 9, 1800 – June 1, 1860) was a Colombian general and political figure who fought in the South American wars of independence, and who rose to power and briefly held the presidency of Colombia in 1854.

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Journal of Community Health

The Journal of Community Health is a peer-reviewed public health journal covering community health which appears every two months.

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Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs

The Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (JSAD) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original research articles on various aspects of the use and misuse of alcohol and other drugs.

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Kalaallit

Kalaallit are a Greenlandic Inuit ethnic group, being the largest group in Greenland, concentrated in the west.

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Kalina people

The Kalina, also known as the Caribs or mainland Caribs and by several other names, are an Indigenous people native to the northern coastal areas of South America.

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Kalinago

The Kalinago, formerly known as Island Caribs or simply Caribs, are an Indigenous people of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean.

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Kaqchikel language

The Kaqchikel language (in modern orthography; formerly also spelled Cakchiquel or Cachiquel) is an indigenous Mesoamerican language and a member of the Quichean–Mamean branch of the Mayan languages family.

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Kaqchikel people

The Kaqchikel (also called Kachiquel) are one of the Indigenous Maya peoples of the midwestern highlands of Guatemala and of southern Mexico.

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Katarism

Katarism (Katarismo) is a political movement in Bolivia, named after the 18th-century indigenous leader Túpac Katari.

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Ket people

Kets (кеты; Ket: кето, кет, денг) are a Yeniseian-speaking people in Siberia.

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Kʼicheʼ language

Kʼicheʼ (also known as Qatzijobʼal among its speakers), or Quiché, is a Mayan language spoken by the Kʼicheʼ people of the central highlands in Guatemala and Mexico.

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Kʼicheʼ people

Kʼicheʼ (pronounced; previous Spanish spelling: Quiché) are Indigenous peoples of the Americas and are one of the Maya peoples.

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Kichwa language

Kichwa (Kichwa shimi, Runashimi, also Spanish Quichua) is a Quechuan language that includes all Quechua varieties of Ecuador and Colombia (Inga), as well as extensions into Peru.

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Kickapoo people

The Kickapoo people (Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi; Kikapú) are an Algonquian-speaking Native American and Indigenous Mexican tribe, originating in the region south of the Great Lakes.

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Kinship

In anthropology, kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of all humans in all societies, although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated.

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Koreans

Koreans are an East Asian ethnic group native to Korea.

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Koryaks

Koryaks are an Indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who live immediately north of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Kamchatka Krai and inhabit the coastlands of the Bering Sea.

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Kumeyaay

The Kumeyaay, also known as 'Iipai-Tiipai or by the historical Spanish name Diegueño, is a tribe of Indigenous peoples of the Americas who live at the northern border of Baja California in Mexico and the southern border of California in the United States.

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L'Arbre Croche

L'Arbre Croche, known by the Odawa people as Waganagisi, was a large Odawa settlement in Northern Michigan.

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L'Histoire

L'Histoire is a monthly mainstream French magazine dedicated to historical studies, recognized by peers as the most important historical popular magazine (as opposed to specific university journals or less scientific popular historical magazines).

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La Cruz de Río Grande

La Cruz de Río Grande is a municipality in the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region of Nicaragua.

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Ladino people

The Ladino people are a mix of mestizo or Hispanicized peoples en el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española (DRAE) in Latin America, principally in Central America. Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Ladino people are latin American caste system.

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Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal (Ozero Baykal; Baigal dalai) is a large rift lake in Russia.

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Lake Ontario

Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America.

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Languages of Guatemala

Spanish is the official language of Guatemala.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.

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Latin America

Latin America often refers to the regions in the Americas in which Romance languages are the main languages and the culture and Empires of its peoples have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact.

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Laws of Burgos

The Laws of Burgos (Leyes de Burgos), promulgated on 27 December 1512 in Burgos, Crown of Castile (Spain), was the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spaniards in the Americas, particularly with regard to the Indigenous people of the Americas ("native Caribbean Indians").

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Leiden University

Leiden University (abbreviated as LEI; Universiteit Leiden) is a public research university in Leiden, Netherlands.

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Lenape

The Lenape (Lenape languages), also called the Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in the United States and Canada.

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Lenca

The Lenca, also known as Lepa Wiran, meaning “Jaguar People” or “People of The Jaguar” are an Indigenous people from present day southwest Honduras and eastern El Salvador in Central America.

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Lesser Antilles

The Lesser Antilles are a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea.

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Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas

Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas (General Law of Indigenous Peoples' Linguistic Rights) was published in the Mexican Official Journal of the Federation on 13 March 2003 during the term of Mexican President Vicente Fox Quesada.

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Lima bean

A lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), also commonly known as butter bean, sieva bean, double bean or Madagascar bean, is a legume grown for its edible seeds or beans.

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Linda Newson

Linda Ann Newson, FBA, OBE, is director of the Institute of Latin American Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London.

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Lineal descendant

A lineal or direct descendant, in legal usage, is a blood relative in the direct line of descent – the children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc.

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List of American Inuit

This is a partial list of notable American Inuit, especially Iñupiat, who largely reside in Alaska.

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List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language

The following is a list of countries where Spanish is an official language, plus several countries where Spanish or any language closely related to it, is an important or significant language.

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List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States

This is a list of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States.

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List of Greenlandic Inuit

This is a partial list of Greenlandic Inuit.

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List of Indigenous artists of the Americas

This is a list of visual artists who are Indigenous peoples of the Americas, categorized by primary media.

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List of Indigenous writers of the Americas

This is a list of notable writers who are Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

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List of Mayan languages

The Mayan languages are a group of languages spoken by the Maya peoples.

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List of pre-Columbian cultures

This is a list of pre-Columbian cultures.

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List of traditional territories of the Indigenous peoples of North America

A Traditional Territory comprises all of the lands which an Indigenous nation ever claimed.

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Liturgy

Liturgy is the customary public ritual of worship performed by a religious group.

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Llama

The llama (Lama glama) is a domesticated South American camelid, widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since the pre-Columbian era.

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Logogram

In a written language, a logogram (from Ancient Greek 'word', and 'that which is drawn or written'), also logograph or lexigraph, is a written character that represents a semantic component of a language, such as a word or morpheme.

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Lokono

The Lokono or Arawak are an Arawak people native to northern coastal areas of South America.

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Los Lagos Region

Los Lagos Region (Región de Los Lagos, 'Region of the Lakes') is one of Chile's 16 regions, which are first order administrative divisions, and comprises four provinces: Chiloé, Llanquihue, Osorno and Palena.

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Lucayan Archipelago

The Lucayan Archipelago, also known as the Bahamian Archipelago, is an island group comprising the Commonwealth of The Bahamas and the British Overseas Territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands.

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Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro

Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (August 12, 1889 – April 30, 1933) was a high-ranking Peruvian army officer who served as the 41st President of Peru, from 1931 to 1933 as well as Interim President of Peru, officially as the President of the Provisional Government Junta, from 1930 to 1931.

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Macmillan Education

Macmillan Education is a publishing imprint and business which has been owned by various divisions and companies of the Macmillan publishing group and, more recently, the Springer Nature group which is jointly owned by Holtzbrinck Publishing Group and BC Partners.

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Macorix language

Macorix (also spelled Maçorís or Mazorij) was the language of the northern coast of what is today the Dominican Republic.

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Maize

Maize (Zea mays), also known as corn in North American English, is a tall stout grass that produces cereal grain.

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Mal'ta–Buret' culture

The Mal'ta–Buret' culture (also Maltinsko-buretskaya culture) is an archaeological culture of the Upper Paleolithic (generally dated to 24,000-23,000 BP but also sometimes to 15,000 BP).

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Maleku people

The Maleku are an indigenous people of Costa Rica located in the Guatuso Indigenous Reserve near the town of Guatuso (San Rafael de Guatuso).

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Mam language

Mam is a Mayan language spoken by about half a million Mam people in the Guatemalan departments of Quetzaltenango, Huehuetenango, San Marcos, and Retalhuleu, and the Mexican states of Campeche and Chiapas.

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Mam people

The Mam are an indigenous Maya people in the western highlands of Guatemala and in south-western Mexico who speak the Mam language.

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Mangue language

Mangue, also known as Chorotega,Daniel G. Brinton.

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Mapuche

The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of Patagonia.

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Mapuche conflict

The Mapuche conflict (conflicto mapuche) involves indigenous Mapuche communities, also known as the Araucanians, located in Araucanía (Spanish name given to the historic region that the Mapuche inhabited in Chile) and nearby regions of Chile and Argentina.

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Marrow (vegetable)

A marrow is the mature fruit of certain Cucurbita pepo cultivars used as a vegetable.

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Mass sexual assault

Mass sexual assault is the collective sexual assault of women, men and sometimes children, in public by groups.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628–1691), more formally the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English settlement on the east coast of North America around the Massachusetts Bay, one of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

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Matambú

Matambú is a district of the Hojancha canton, in the Guanacaste province of Costa Rica.

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Matrilineality

Matrilineality is the tracing of kinship through the female line.

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Maya civilization

The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from antiquity to the early modern period.

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Maya peoples

The Maya are an ethnolinguistic group of indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica.

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Maya script

Maya script, also known as Maya glyphs, is historically the native writing system of the Maya civilization of Mesoamerica and is the only Mesoamerican writing system that has been substantially deciphered.

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Mayan languages

The Mayan languagesIn linguistics, it is conventional to use Mayan when referring to the languages, or an aspect of a language.

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Mayangna people

The Mayangna (also known as Ulwa, Sumu or Sumo) are a people who live on the eastern coasts of Nicaragua and Honduras, an area commonly known as the Mosquito Coast.

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Mazahua people

The Mazahuas are an Indigenous people of Mexico, primarily inhabiting the northwestern portion of the State of Mexico and small parts of Michoacán and Querétaro.

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Métis

The Métis are an Indigenous people whose historical homelands include Canada's three Prairie Provinces.

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Measles

Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus.

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Menominee

The Menominee (omǣqnomenēwak meaning "Menominee People", also spelled Menomini, derived from the Ojibwe language word for "Wild Rice People"; known as Mamaceqtaw, "the people", in the Menominee language) are a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans officially known as the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin.

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Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area that begins in the southern part of North America and extends to the Pacific coast of Central America, thus comprising the lands of central and southern Mexico, all of Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and parts of Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

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Mesoamerican writing systems

Mesoamerica, along with Mesopotamia and China, is one of three known places in the world where writing is thought to have developed independently.

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Mestizo

Mestizo (fem. mestiza, literally 'mixed person') is a person of mixed European and Indigenous non-European ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. Indigenous peoples of the Americas and mestizo are latin American caste system.

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Mestizos in Mexico

In Mexico, the term mestizo (lit. "mixed") refers to an identity of those of mixed European (mainly Spanish) and Indigenous Mexican descent.

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Mexica

The Mexica (Nahuatl:,;Nahuatl Dictionary. (1990). Wired Humanities Project. University of Oregon. Retrieved August 29, 2012, from singular) were a Nahuatl-speaking people of the Valley of Mexico who were the rulers of the Triple Alliance, more commonly referred to as the Aztec Empire.

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Mexico City

Mexico City (Ciudad de México,; abbr.: CDMX; Central Nahuatl:,; Otomi) is the capital and largest city of Mexico, and the most populous city in North America.

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Mi'kmaq

The Mi'kmaq (also Mi'gmaq, Lnu, Miꞌkmaw or Miꞌgmaw) are a First Nations people of the Northeastern Woodlands, indigenous to the areas of Canada's Atlantic Provinces, primarily Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec as well as Native Americans in the northeastern region of Maine.

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Michael Pollan

Michael Kevin Pollan (born February 6, 1955) is an American journalist who is a professor and the first Lewis K. Chan Arts Lecturer at Harvard University.

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Michoacán

Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (Purépecha: P'uɽempo), officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo (Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo), is one of the 31 states which, together with Mexico City, comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico.

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Micronesians

The Micronesians or Micronesian peoples are various closely related ethnic groups native to Micronesia, a region of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean.

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Microsatellite

A microsatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs (ranging in length from one to six or more base pairs) are repeated, typically 5–50 times.

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Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphs

Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing or Suckerfish script (Mi'kmawi'sit: Gomgwejui'gasit) was a writing system for the Miꞌkmaw language, later superseded by various Latin scripts which are currently in use.

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Miskito Admiral

The Miskito Admiral was an official in the Miskito Kingdom.

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Miskito Coast Creole

Mískito Coast Creole or Nicaraguan Creole English is an English-based creole language spoken in coastal Nicaraguan region of Mosquito Coast on the Caribbean Sea; its approximately 40,000 speakers are spread over the RACCN and RACCS regions of Nicaragua.

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Miskito General

The General was an official in the Miskito Kingdom.

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Miskito Governor

The Governor, in the Kingdom of Mosquitia, was a hereditary official who ruled the southern regions, from the Cucalaya River to Pearl Lagoon.

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Miskito language

Miskito (Miskitu in the Miskito language) is a Misumalpan language spoken by the Miskito people in northeastern Nicaragua, especially in the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region, and in eastern Honduras.

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Miskito people

The Miskitos are a native people in Central America.

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Mississippi River

The Mississippi River is the primary river and second-longest river of the largest drainage basin in the United States.

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MIT Press

The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Mixtec

The Mixtecs, or Mixtecos, are Indigenous Mesoamerican peoples of Mexico inhabiting the region known as La Mixteca of Oaxaca and Puebla as well as La Montaña Region and Costa Chica Regions of the state of Guerrero.

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Moche culture

The Moche civilization (alternatively, the Moche culture or the Early, Pre- or Proto-Chimú) flourished in northern Peru with its capital near present-day Moche, Trujillo, Peru from about 100 to 700 AD during the Regional Development Epoch.

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Mocoví

The Mocoví (Mocoví: moqoit) are an indigenous people of the Gran Chaco region of South America.

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Mojeños

The Mojeños, also known as Moxeños, Moxos, or Mojos, are an indigenous people of Bolivia.

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Molecular Biology and Evolution

Molecular Biology and Evolution (MBE) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

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Molecule

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion.

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Mongols

The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (majority in Inner Mongolia), as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia.

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Mopan people

The Mopan people are an Indigenous, sub-ethnic group of the Maya peoples.

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Moreno Venezuelans

In Venezuela, Moreno (Spanish: Dark, Swarthy, Brown) is a broad term to describe those Venezuelans, who tend to be multiracial, typically those who are genetically intermediate between Africans, Amerindians and/or Europeans.

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Mosquito Coast

The Mosquito Coast (also known as the Mosquitia or Mosquito Shore) is an area along the eastern coast of present-day Nicaragua and Honduras.

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Muisca

The Muisca (also called Chibcha) are an indigenous people and culture of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia, that formed the Muisca Confederation before the Spanish conquest.

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Muisca Confederation

The Muisca Confederation was a loose confederation of different Muisca rulers (zaques, zipas, iraca, and tundama) in the central Andean highlands of what is today Colombia before the Spanish conquest of northern South America.

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Municipal council

A municipal council is the legislative body of a municipality or local government area.

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Muscovy duck

The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is a duck native to the Americas, from the Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Mexico south to Argentina and Uruguay.

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Musical instrument

A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds.

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Myth

Myth is a genre of folklore consisting primarily of narratives that play a fundamental role in a society.

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Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The Indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise numerous different cultures.

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Na-Dene languages

Na-Dene (also Nadene, Na-Dené, Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit, Tlina–Dene) is a family of Native American languages that includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages.

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Nahuas

The Nahuas are one of the Indigenous people of Mexico, with Nahua minorities also in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

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Nahuatl

Nahuatl, Aztec, or Mexicano is a language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family.

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Nahuizalco

Nahuizalco is a municipality in the Sonsonate department of El Salvador.

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Nakota

Nakota (or Nakoda or Nakona) is the endonym used by those Native peoples of North America who usually go by the name of Assiniboine (or Hohe), in the United States, and of Stoney, in Canada.

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National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu

The National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu (Qullasuyu Ayllukunap Markakunap Mamallaqta Kunaqnin; Consejo Nacional de Ayllus y Markas del Qullasuyu; CONAMAQ) is a confederation of traditional governing bodies of Quechua-, Aymara- and Uru-speaking highland indigenous communities in the departments of La Paz, Oruro, Potosí, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and Tarija, Bolivia.

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National Geographic

National Geographic (formerly The National Geographic Magazine, sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners.

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National Geographic Society

The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations in the world.

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National Human Genome Research Institute

The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) is an institute of the National Institutes of Health, located in Bethesda, Maryland.

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National Institute of Indigenous Peoples

The National Institute of Indigenous Peoples (Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas, INPI, Tzotzil: Instituto Ta Sjunul Jlumaltik Sventa Batsi Jnaklometik, Q'eqchi': Molam Tk’anjelaq Chi Rixeb’ Laj Ralch’och’, Ixil: Jejleb’al Unq’a Tenam Kumool, Chocholtec: Ncha ndíe kie tía ndie xadë Ndaxingu, Awakatek: Ama’l Iloltetz e’ Kmon Qatanum) is a decentralized agency of the Mexican Federal Public Administration.

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National Institute of Statistics and Geography

The National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI from its former name in Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática) is an autonomous agency of the Mexican Government dedicated to coordinate the National System of Statistical and Geographical Information of the country.

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National Museum of the American Indian

The National Museum of the American Indian is a museum in the United States devoted to the culture of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

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Native American disease and epidemics

Although a variety of infectious diseases existed in the Americas in pre-Columbian times, the limited size of the populations, smaller number of domesticated animals with zoonotic diseases, and limited interactions between those populations (as compared to areas of Eurasia and Africa) hampered the transmission of communicable diseases.

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Native American dogs

Native American dogs, or Pre-Columbian dogs, were dogs living with people indigenous to the Americas.

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Native American Languages Act of 1990

The Native American Languages Act of 1990 (NALA) is a US statute that gives historical importance as repudiating past policies of eradicating indigenous languages of the Americas by declaring as policy that Native Americans were entitled to use their own languages.

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Native American religions

Native American religions are the spiritual practices of the Native Americans in the United States.

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Native American use of fire in ecosystems

Prior to the European colonization of the Americas, indigenous peoples used fire to modify the landscape.

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Native American weaponry

Native American weaponry was used by Native American warriors to hunt and to do battle with other Native American tribes and Europeans.

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Native Americans in German popular culture

Native Americans in German popular culture have, since the 18th century, been a topic of fascination, with imaginary Native Americans influencing German ideas and attitudes towards environmentalism, literature, art, historical reenactment, and German theatrical and film depictions of Indigenous Americans.

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Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans, sometimes called American Indians, First Americans, or Indigenous Americans, are the Indigenous peoples native to portions of the land that the United States is located on.

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Native Hawaiians

Native Hawaiians (also known as Indigenous Hawaiians, Kānaka Maoli, Aboriginal Hawaiians, or simply Hawaiians; kānaka, kānaka ʻōiwi, Kānaka Maoli, and Hawaiʻi maoli) are the Indigenous Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands.

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Natural Resources Canada

Natural Resources Canada (NRCan; Ressources naturelles Canada; label)Natural Resources Canada is the applied title under the Federal Identity Program; the legal title is Department of Natural Resources.

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Natural rubber

Rubber, also called India rubber, latex, Amazonian rubber, caucho, or caoutchouc, as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.

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Nawat language

Nawat (academically Pipil, also known as Nahuat) is a Nahuan language native to Central America.

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Neotropic cormorant

The neotropic cormorant or olivaceous cormorant (Nannopterum brasilianum) is a medium-sized cormorant found throughout the American tropics and subtropics, from the middle Rio Grande and the Gulf and Californian coasts of the United States south through Mexico and Central America to southern South America, where it is called by the indigenous name of biguá.

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New Guinea

New Guinea (Hiri Motu: Niu Gini; Papua, fossilized Nugini, or historically Irian) is the world's second-largest island, with an area of.

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New Philology (Latin America)

New Philology generally refers to a branch of Mexican ethnohistory and philology that uses colonial-era native language texts written by Indians to construct history from the indigenous point of view.

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New Scientist

New Scientist is a popular science magazine covering all aspects of science and technology.

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New Spain

New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España; Nahuatl: Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain.

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New World

The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.

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New York University Press

New York University Press (or NYU Press) is a university press that is part of New York University.

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Ngäbe

The Ngäbe are an indigenous people within the territories of present-day Panama and Costa Rica in Central America.

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Nicaragua

Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the geographically largest country in Central America, comprising.

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Nicarao people

The Nicarao are an Indigenous Nahua people who live in western Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica.

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Nomad

Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas.

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North China

North China is a geographical region of China, consisting of two direct-administered municipalities (Beijing and Tianjin), two provinces (Hebei and Shanxi), and one autonomous region (Inner Mongolia).

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Northern and southern China

Northern China and Southern China are two approximate regions within China.

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Northern Mexico

Northern Mexico (el Norte de México), commonly referred as El Norte, is an informal term for the northern cultural and geographical area in Mexico.

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Nova (American TV program)

Nova (stylized as NOVΛ) is an American popular science television program produced by WGBH in Boston, Massachusetts, since 1974.

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Nut (fruit)

A nut is a fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible.

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Oaxaca

Oaxaca (also,, from Huāxyacac), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca (Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), is one of the 32 states that compose the Federative Entities of the United Mexican States.

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Occupation of Araucanía

The Occupation of Araucanía or Pacification of Araucanía (1861–1883) was a series of military campaigns, agreements and penetrations by the Chilean army and settlers into Mapuche territory which led to the incorporation of Araucanía into Chilean national territory.

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Ojibwe

The Ojibwe (syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: Ojibweg ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (Ojibwewaki ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the northern plains, extending into the subarctic and throughout the northeastern woodlands.

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Ojibwe language

Ojibwe, also known as Ojibwa, Ojibway, Otchipwe,R.

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Old World

The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe after 1493, when Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas.

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Olmecs

The Olmecs were the earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization.

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Operational definition

An operational definition specifies concrete, replicable procedures designed to represent a construct.

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Oral history

Oral history is the collection and study of historical information about people, families, important events, or everyday life using audiotapes, videotapes, or transcriptions of planned interviews.

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Otavalo people

The Otavalos are an indigenous people native to the Andean mountains of Imbabura Province in northern Ecuador.

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Otomi

The Otomi (Otomí) are an Indigenous people of Mexico inhabiting the central Mexican Plateau (Altiplano) region.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Pacific Islander

Pacific Islanders, Pasifika, Pasefika, Pacificans, or rarely Pacificers are the peoples of the Pacific Islands.

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Pacific Islander Americans

Pacific Islander Americans (also colloquially referred to as Islander Americans) are Americans who are of Pacific Islander ancestry (or are descendants of the indigenous peoples of Oceania or of Austronesian descent).

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Pack animal

A pack animal, also known as a sumpter animal or beast of burden, is an individual or type of working animal used by humans as means of transporting materials by attaching them so their weight bears on the animal's back, in contrast to draft animals which pull loads but do not carry them.

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Painting

Painting is a visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support").

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Pan American Health Organization

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) in charge of international health cooperation in the Americas.

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Panará people

The Panará are an Indigenous people of Mato Grosso in the Brazilian Amazon.

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Panchimalco

Panchimal is a town in the San Salvador department of El Salvador.

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Panzaleo language

Panzaleo (Pansaleo, Quito, Latacunga) is a poorly attested and unclassified indigenous American language that was spoken in the region of Quito until the 17th century.

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Paprika

Paprika (US,; UK) is a spice made from dried and ground red peppers.

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Paraguay

Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay (República del Paraguay; Paraguái Tavakuairetã), is a landlocked country in South America.

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Pardo

In the former Portuguese and Spanish colonies in the Americas, pardos (feminine pardas) are triracial descendants of Southern Europeans, Indigenous Americans and West Africans. Indigenous peoples of the Americas and pardo are person of color.

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Pascua Yaqui Tribe

The Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona is a federally recognized tribe of Yaqui Native Americans in the state of Arizona.

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Past & Present (journal)

Past & Present is a British historical academic journal, which has been a leading force in the development of social history.

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Patagonia

Patagonia is a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile.

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Patrilineality

Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage.

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Paubrasilia

Paubrasilia echinata is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae, that is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.

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Pánfilo de Narváez

Pánfilo de Narváez (born 1470 or 1478, died 1528) was a Spanish conquistador and soldier in the Americas.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.

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Peanut

The peanut (Arachis hypogaea), also known as the groundnut, goober (US), goober pea, pindar (US) or monkey nut (UK), is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds.

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Peasant

A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: non-free slaves, semi-free serfs, and free tenants.

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Pech people

The Pech people, previously known as the Paya, are an indigenous ethnic group in north-eastern Honduras.

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Pedro de Alvarado

Pedro de Alvarado (c. 1485 – 4 July 1541) was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala.

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Pemon

The Pemon or Pemón (Pemong) are indigenous people living in areas of Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana.

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Penguin Books

Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.

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Penobscot

The Penobscot (Abenaki: Pαnawάhpskewi) are an Indigenous people in North America from the Northeastern Woodlands region.

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Peopling of the Americas

The peopling of the Americas began when Paleolithic hunter-gatherers (Paleo-Indians) entered North America from the North Asian Mammoth steppe via the Beringia land bridge, which had formed between northeastern Siberia and western Alaska due to the lowering of sea level during the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 19,000 years ago).

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Perspectives on Psychological Science

Perspectives on Psychological Science is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal of psychology.

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Peru

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River.

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Phaseolus

Phaseolus (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica.

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Phaseolus acutifolius

Phaseolus acutifolius, also known as the tepary bean, is a legume native to the southwestern United States and Mexico and has been grown there by the native peoples since pre-Columbian times.

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Phaseolus vulgaris

Phaseolus vulgaris, the common bean,, is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or green, unripe pods.

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Philip Phillips (archaeologist)

Philip Phillips (11 August 1900 – 11 December 1994) was an influential archaeologist in the United States during the 20th century.

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Phonetics

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds or, in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign.

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Pijao people

The Pijao (also Piajao, Pixao, Pinao) are an indigenous people from Colombia.

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Pilagá language

Pilagá is a Guaicuruan language spoken by 4,000 people in the Bermejo and Pilcomayo River valleys, western Formosa Province, in northeastern Argentina.

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Pineapple

The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.

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Pinto bean

The pinto bean is a variety of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).

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Pipil people

The Pipil are an Indigenous group of Mesoamerican people inhabiting the western and central areas of present-day El Salvador.

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Plains Indians

Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have historically lived on the Interior Plains (the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies) of North America.

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PLOS Genetics

PLOS Genetics is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal established in 2005 and published by the Public Library of Science.

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PLOS One

PLOS One (stylized PLOS ONE, and formerly PLoS ONE) is a peer-reviewed open access mega journal published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS) since 2006.

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Points of the compass

The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography.

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Political organisation

A political organization is any organization that involves itself in the political process, including political parties, non-governmental organizations, and special interest advocacy groups.

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Polynesia

Polynesia is a subregion of Oceania, made up of more than 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean.

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Polynesians

Polynesians are an ethnolinguistic group comprising closely related ethnic groups native to Polynesia, which encompasses the islands within the Polynesian Triangle in the Pacific Ocean.

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Polyphony

Polyphony is a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice (monophony) or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony).

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Polysubstance dependence

Polysubstance dependence refers to a type of substance use disorder in which an individual uses at least three different classes of substances indiscriminately and does not have a favorite substance that qualifies for dependence on its own.

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Population bottleneck

A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts; or human activities such as genocide, speciocide, widespread violence or intentional culling.

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Population decline

Population decline, also known as depopulation, is a reduction in a human population size.

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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Population figures for the Indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to European colonization have been difficult to establish.

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Portuguese language

Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental and behavioral disorder that develops from experiencing a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, domestic violence, or other threats on a person's life or well-being.

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Potato

The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world.

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Powwow

A powwow (also pow wow or pow-wow) is a gathering with dances held by many Native American and First Nations communities.

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Pre-Columbian era

In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, spans from the original peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to European colonization, which began with Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1492.

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President of Bolivia

The president of Bolivia (Presidente de Bolivia), officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.

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Primary education

Primary education or elementary education is typically the first stage of formal education, coming after preschool/kindergarten and before secondary school.

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Primary source

In the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called an original source) is an artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

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Public service

A public service or service of general (economic) interest is any service intended to address specific needs pertaining to the aggregate members of a community.

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Puerto Rico

-;.

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Puna ibis

The Puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) is a species of bird in the family Threskiornithidae.

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Purépecha

The Purépecha (endonym P'urhepecha) are a group of Indigenous people centered in the northwestern region of Michoacán, Mexico, mainly in the area of the cities of Cherán and Pátzcuaro.

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Qʼeqchiʼ

Qʼeqchiʼ (Kʼekchiʼ in the former orthography, or simply Kekchi in many English-language contexts, such as in Belize) are a Maya people of Guatemala, Belize and Mexico.

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Qʼeqchiʼ language

The Qʼeqchiʼ language, also spelled Kekchi, Kʼekchiʼ, or Kekchí, is one of the Mayan languages from the Quichean branch, spoken within Qʼeqchiʼ communities in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.

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Quaternary International

Quaternary International is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on quaternary science published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Union for Quaternary Research.

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Quechua people

Quechua people or Quichua people may refer to any of the indigenous peoples of South America who speak the Quechua languages, which originated among the Indigenous people of Peru.

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Quechuan languages

Quechua, also called Runasimi ('people's language') in Southern Quechua, is an indigenous language family that originated in central Peru and thereafter spread to other countries of the Andes.

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Queen's University at Kingston

Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario), commonly known as Queen's University or simply Queen's, is a public research university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

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Quitirrisí

Quitirrisí is a district of the Mora canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica.

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Quitu culture

The Quitu or Quillaco were Pre-Columbian indigenous peoples in Ecuador who founded Quito, which is the capital of present-day Ecuador.

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Qulla

The Qulla (Quechuan for south, Hispanicized and mixed spellings: Colla, Kolla) are an indigenous people of western Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina living in west of Jujuy, and west of Salta Province.

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Race (human categorization)

Race is a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society.

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Racism

Racism is discrimination and prejudice against people based on their race or ethnicity.

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Rama language

The Rama language is one of the indigenous languages of the Chibchan family spoken by the Rama people on the island of Rama Cay and south of lake Bluefields on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua.

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Rama people

The Rama are an indigenous people living on the eastern coast of Nicaragua.

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Random House

Random House is an imprint and publishing group of Penguin Random House.

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Rapa Nui people

The Rapa Nui (Rapa Nui:, Spanish) are the indigenous Polynesian peoples of Easter Island.

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Rattle (percussion instrument)

A rattle is a type of percussion instrument which produces a sound when shaken.

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Red Power movement

The Red Power movement was a social movement led by Native American youth to demand self-determination for Native Americans in the United States.

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Redskin

Redskin is a slang term for Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada.

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Republic of Lakotah proposal

The Republic of Lakotah or Lakotah is a proposed independent republic in North America for the Lakota people.

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Republic of New Granada

The Republic of New Granada was a centralist unitary republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Costa Rica, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil that existed from 1831 to 1858.

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Reuters

Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.

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Russian language

Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.

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Sacacoyo

Sacacoyo is a municipality in the La Libertad department of El Salvador.

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Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island country in the eastern Caribbean.

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Salvia hispanica

Salvia hispanica, one of several related species commonly known as chia, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native to central and southern Mexico and Guatemala.

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Samoans

Samoans or Samoan people (tagata Sāmoa) are the Indigenous Polynesian people of the Samoan Islands, an archipelago in Polynesia, who speak the Samoan language.

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San José Mogote

San José Mogote is a pre-Columbian archaeological site of the Zapotec, a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in the region of what is now the Mexican state of Oaxaca.

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San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán

San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán or San Lorenzo is the collective name for three related archaeological sites—San Lorenzo, Tenochtitlán and Potrero Nuevo—located in the southeast portion of the Mexican state of Veracruz.

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Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)

Santa Cruz is the largest of the nine constituent departments of Bolivia, occupying about one-third (33.74%) of the country's territory.

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Santiago

Santiago, also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile and one of the largest cities in the Americas.

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Saraguro people

The Saraguro is a people of the Kichwa nation most of whom live in Saraguro Canton in the Loja Province of Ecuador.

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Sayan Mountains

The Sayan Mountains (Саяны Sajany; Соёны нуруу, Soyonï nurû; Kögmen) are a mountain range in southern Siberia spanning southeastern Russia (Buryatia, Irkutsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Tuva and Khakassia) and northern Mongolia.

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Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

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Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions.

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Second French intervention in Mexico

The second French intervention in Mexico (segunda intervención francesa en México), also known as the Second Franco-Mexican War (1861–1867), was a military invasion of the Republic of Mexico by the French Empire of Napoleon III, purportedly to force the collection of Mexican debts in conjunction with Great Britain and Spain.

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Secondary education

Secondary education or post-primary education covers two phases on the International Standard Classification of Education scale.

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Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982

Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 provides constitutional protection to the indigenous and treaty rights of indigenous peoples in Canada.

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Selective breeding

Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.

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Self-determination

Self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and internal self-determination is the right to representative government with full suffrage.

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Selk'nam people

The Selk'nam, also known as the Onawo or Ona people, are an indigenous people in the Patagonian region of southern Argentina and Chile, including the Tierra del Fuego islands.

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Selkup people

The Selkup (sel'kupy) are a Samoyedic speaking Uralic ethnic group native to Siberia.

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Shamanism

Shamanism or samanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman or saman) interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance.

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Shuar

The Shuar, also known as Jivaro, are an indigenous ethnic group that inhabits the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazonia.

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Siberia

Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.

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Siberian Yupik

Siberian Yupiks, or Yuits (Юиты), are a Yupik people who reside along the coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in the far northeast of the Russian Federation and on St. Lawrence Island in Alaska.

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Sierra Madre del Sur

The Sierra Madre del Sur is a mountain range in southern Mexico, extending from southern Michoacán east through Guerrero, to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in eastern Oaxaca.

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Sierra Madre Occidental

The Sierra Madre Occidental is a major mountain range system of the North American Cordillera, that runs northwest–southeast through northwestern and western Mexico, and along the Gulf of California.

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Sierra Madre Oriental

The Sierra Madre Oriental is a mountain range in northeastern Mexico.

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Simón Bolívar

Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco (24July 178317December 1830) was a Venezuelan statesman and military officer who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire.

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Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.

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Smallpox vaccine

The smallpox vaccine is the first vaccine to have been developed against a contagious disease.

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Smithsonian Institution

The Smithsonian Institution, or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the three branches of the federal government.

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Social organization

In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and groups.

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Social Science & Medicine

Social Science & Medicine is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering social science research on health, including anthropology, economics, geography, psychology, social epidemiology, social policy, sociology, medicine and health care practice, policy, and organization.

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Soil fertility

Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to sustain agricultural plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in sustained and consistent yields of high quality.

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Solanum brevicaule

Solanum brevicaule is a tuberous perennial plant of the family Solanaceae.

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South China Morning Post

The South China Morning Post (SCMP), with its Sunday edition, the Sunday Morning Post, is a Hong Kong-based English-language newspaper owned by Alibaba Group.

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Spanish American wars of independence

The Spanish American wars of independence (Guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas) took place throughout Spanish America during the early 19th century, with the aim of political independence from Spanish rule.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.

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Spanish language

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

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Spanish–Taíno War of San Juan–Borikén

The Spanish and Taíno War of San Juan–Borikén, also known as the Taíno Rebellion of 1511, was the first major conflict to take place in Borikén, modern-day Puerto Rico, after the arrival of the Spaniards on November 19, 1493.

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Special rights

Special rights is a term originally used by conservatives and libertarians to refer to laws granting rights to one or more groups that are not extended to other groups.

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Spoken language

A spoken language is a language produced by articulate sounds or (depending on one's definition) manual gestures, as opposed to a written language.

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Stanford University

Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University) is a private research university in Stanford, California.

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Stanford University Press

Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.

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State-recognized tribes in the United States

State-recognized tribes in the United States are organizations that identify as Native American tribes or heritage groups that do not meet the criteria for federally recognized Indian tribes but have been recognized by a process established under assorted state government laws for varying purposes or by governor's executive orders.

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Strawberry

The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry; Fragaria × ananassa) is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria in the rose family, Rosaceae, collectively known as the strawberries, which are cultivated worldwide for their fruit.

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Subsistence economy

A subsistence economy is an economy directed to basic subsistence, the provision of food, clothing, shelter rather than to the market.

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Substance dependence

Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption of the drug.

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Subtiaba language

Subtiaba is an extinct Oto-Manguean language which was spoken on the Pacific slope of Nicaragua, especially in the Subtiaba district of León.

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Suicidal ideation

Suicidal ideation, or suicidal thoughts, is the thought process of having ideas, or ruminations about the possibility of completing suicide.

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Suicide attempt

A suicide attempt is an act in which an individual tries to kill themselves but survives.

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Sweet potato

The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae.

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Syllabary

In the linguistic study of written languages, a syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent the syllables or (more frequently) moras which make up words.

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Taíno

The Taíno were a historic Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean, whose culture has been continued today by Taíno descendant communities and Taíno revivalist communities.

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Tahltan Bear Dog

The Tahltan Bear Dog was a breed of dog that came to Canada in early migrations and acclimatised to the environment.

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Tarapacá Region

The Tarapacá Region (Región de Tarapacá) is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions.

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Taylor & Francis

Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.

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Tehuelche people

The Tehuelche people, also called the Aónikenk, are an Indigenous people from eastern Patagonia in South America.

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Tenochtitlan

italic, also known as Mexico-Tenochtitlan, was a large Mexican altepetl in what is now the historic center of Mexico City.

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Teotihuacan

Teotihuacan (Spanish: Teotihuacán) is an ancient Mesoamerican city located in a sub-valley of the Valley of Mexico, which is located in the State of Mexico, northeast of modern-day Mexico City.

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The Canadian Encyclopedia

The Canadian Encyclopedia (TCE; L'Encyclopédie canadienne) is the national encyclopedia of Canada, published online by the Toronto-based historical organization Historica Canada, with the support of the federal Department of Canadian Heritage.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Straight Dope

The Straight Dope was a question-and-answer newspaper column written under the pseudonym Cecil Adams.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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The World Factbook

The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.

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Timoto–Cuica people

Timoto–Cuica people were an Indigenous people of the Americas composed primarily of two large tribes, the Timote and the Cuica, that inhabited in the Andes region of Western Venezuela.

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Tiriyó people

The Tiriyó (also known as Trio) are an Amerindian ethnic group native to parts of northern Brazil, Suriname, and Guyana.

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Tlaxcala

Tlaxcala (from Tlaxcallān), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala (Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala), is one of the 32 federal entities that comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico.

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Tlingit

The Tlingit or Lingít are Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America and constitute two of the two-hundred thirty-one (231, as of 2022) federally recognized Tribes of Alaska.

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Toba people

The Toba people, also known as the Qom people, are one of the largest indigenous groups in Argentina who historically inhabited the region known today as the Pampas of the Central Chaco.

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Tobacco

Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus Nicotiana of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants.

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Tohono Oʼodham

The Tohono Oʼodham (Oʼodham) are a Native American people of the Sonoran Desert, residing primarily in the U.S. state of Arizona and the northern Mexican state of Sonora.

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Toltec

The Toltec culture was a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican culture that ruled a state centered in Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico, during the Epiclassic and the early Post-Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology, reaching prominence from 950 to 1150 CE.

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Tolupan

The Tolupan or Jicaque people are an Indigenous ethnic group of Honduras, primarily inhabiting the northwest coast of Honduras Encyclopædia Britannica. (retrieved 2 Dec 2011) and the community in central Honduras.

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Tomato

The tomato is the edible berry of the plant Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as the tomato plant.

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Travois

A travois (Canadian French, from French travail; also travoise or travoy) is an A-frame structure that was used to drag loads over land, most notably by the Plains Indians of North America.

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Tsáchila

The Tsachila, also called the Colorados (meaning “the red-colored ones”), are an indigenous people of the Ecuadorian province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, partly named after them.

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Tsimshian

The Tsimshian (Ts’msyan or Tsm'syen also once known as the Chemmesyans) are an Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America.

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Tunu

Tunu, in Danish Østgrønland ("East Greenland"), was one of the three counties (amter) of Greenland until 31 December 2008.

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Tunumiisut

Tunumiisut, also known as East Greenlandic (østgrønlandsk), is the language of the Tunumiit in East Greenland.

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Tunumiit

Iivit or Tunumiit are Indigenous Greenlandic Inuit from Iivi Nunaa, Tunu in the area of Kangikajik and Ammassalik, the eastern part of Inuit Nunaat (East Greenland).

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Typhus

Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus.

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Uncontacted peoples

Uncontacted peoples are groups of indigenous peoples living without sustained contact with neighbouring communities and the world community.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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United States Census Bureau

The United States Census Bureau (USCB), officially the Bureau of the Census, is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.

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University of Chicago

The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.

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University of Hawaiʻi

The University of Hawaiʻi System (University of Hawaiʻi and popularly known as UH) is a public college and university system.

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University of Idaho

The University of Idaho (U of I, or UIdaho) is a public land-grant research university in Moscow, Idaho.

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University of Manitoba

The University of Manitoba (U of M, UManitoba, or UM) is a public research university in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

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University of Michigan Press

The University of Michigan Press is a new university press (NUP) that is a part of Michigan Publishing at the University of Michigan Library.

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University of Minnesota Press

The University of Minnesota Press is a university press that is part of the University of Minnesota.

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University of New Mexico Press

The University of New Mexico Press (UNMP) is a university press at the University of New Mexico.

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University of Oklahoma Press

The University of Oklahoma Press (OU Press) is the publishing arm of the University of Oklahoma.

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University of Ottawa Press

The University of Ottawa Press (Les Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa) is a bilingual university press located in Ottawa, Ontario.

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University of Toronto

The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park.

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University Press of Florida

The University Press of Florida (UPF) is the scholarly publishing arm of the State University System of Florida, representing Florida's twelve state universities.

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Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, or simply UNPO is an international organization established to facilitate the voices of unrepresented and marginalised nations and peoples worldwide.

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Upper Paleolithic

The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.

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Uruguay

Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America.

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Valdivia culture

The Valdivia culture is one of the oldest settled cultures recorded in the Americas.

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Vanilla

Vanilla is a spice derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily obtained from pods of the flat-leaved vanilla (V. planifolia).

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Venezuela

Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.

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Veracruz (city)

Veracruz, also known as Heroica Veracruz, is a major port city and municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of Veracruz on the Gulf of Mexico and the most populous city in the Mexican state of Veracruz.

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Violin

The violin, colloquially known as a fiddle, is a wooden chordophone, and is the smallest, and thus highest-pitched instrument (soprano) in regular use in the violin family.

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Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas encompasses the visual artistic practices of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from ancient times to the present.

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W. W. Norton & Company

W.

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Waorani people

The Waorani, Waodani, or Huaorani, also known as the Waos, are an Indigenous people from the Amazonian Region of Ecuador (Napo, Orellana, and Pastaza Provinces) who have marked differences from other ethnic groups from Ecuador.

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Warao people

The Warao are an Indigenous Amerindian people inhabiting northeastern Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname.

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Wayana

The Wayana (alternate names: Ajana, Uaiana, Alucuyana, Guaque, Ojana, Oyana, Orcocoyana, Pirixi, Urukuena, Waiano etc.) are a Carib-speaking people located in the southeastern part of the Guiana highlands, a region divided between Brazil, Suriname, and French Guiana.

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Wayback Machine

The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web founded by the Internet Archive, an American nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California.

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Wayuu people

The Wayuu (also Wayu, Wayú, Guajiro, Wahiro) are an Indigenous ethnic group of the Guajira Peninsula in northernmost Colombia and northwest Venezuela.

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Weaving

Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth.

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West Coast of the United States

The West Coast of the United Statesalso known as the Pacific Coast, and the Western Seaboardis the coastline along which the Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean.

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West Greenlandic

(), also known as West Greenlandic (vestgrønlandsk), is the primary language of Greenland and constitutes the Greenlandic language, spoken by the vast majority of the inhabitants of Greenland, as well as by thousands of Greenlandic Inuit in Denmark proper (in total, approximately 50,000 people).

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West Indies

The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, which comprises 13 independent island countries and 19 dependencies in three archipelagos: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Lucayan Archipelago.

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Western culture

Western culture, also known as Western civilization, European civilization, Occidental culture, or Western society, includes the diverse heritages of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, artifacts and technologies of the Western world.

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White Colombians

White Colombians are the Colombian descendants of European and Middle Eastern people living in Colombia.

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Wichí

The Wichí are an indigenous people of South America.

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Wiigwaasabak

A wiigwaasabak (in Anishinaabe syllabics: ᐧᐆᒃᐧᐋᓴᐸᒃ, plural: wiigwaasabakoon ᐧᐆᒃᐧᐋᓴᐸᑰᓐ) is a birch bark scroll, on which the Ojibwa (Anishinaabe) people of North America wrote with a written language composed of complex geometrical patterns and shapes.

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Wind instrument

A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator (usually a tube) in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing into (or over) a mouthpiece set at or near the end of the resonator.

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World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

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Wyandot people

The Wyandot people (also Wyandotte, Wendat, Waⁿdát, or Huron) are Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands of North America, and speakers of an Iroquoian language, Wyandot.

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Xinca people

The Xinka, or Xinca, are a non-Mayan indigenous people of Mesoamerica, with communities in the southern portion of Guatemala, near its border with El Salvador, and in the mountainous region to the north.

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Xincan languages

Xinca (or Xinka, Sinca, or Szinca) is a small extinct family of Mesoamerican languages, formerly regarded as a single language isolate, once spoken by the indigenous Xinca people in southeastern Guatemala, much of El Salvador, and parts of Honduras.

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Yahgan people

The Yahgan (also called Yagán, Yaghan, Yámana, Yamana, or Tequenica) are a group of indigenous peoples in the Southern Cone of South America.

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Yanomami

The Yanomami, also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama, are a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil.

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Ye'kuana

The Ye'kuana, also called Ye'kwana, Ye'Kuana, Yekuana, Yequana, Yecuana, Dekuana, Maquiritare, Makiritare, So'to or Maiongong, are a Cariban-speaking tropical rain-forest tribe who live in the Caura River and Orinoco River regions of Venezuela in Bolivar State and Amazonas State.

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Yellow fever

Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.

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Yucatán

Yucatán (also,,; Yúukatan), officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán (Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, constitute the 32 federal entities of Mexico.

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Yucatán Peninsula

The Yucatán Peninsula (also,; Península de Yucatán) is a large peninsula in southeast Mexico and adjacent portions of Belize and Guatemala.

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Yucatec Maya language

Yucatec Maya (referred to by its speakers simply as Maya or as maaya t’aan) is a Mayan language spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula, including part of northern Belize.

See Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Yucatec Maya language

Yup'ik

The Yupʼik or Yupiaq (sg & pl) and Yupiit or Yupiat (pl), also Central Alaskan Yupʼik, Central Yupʼik, Alaskan Yupʼik (own name Yupʼik sg Yupiik dual Yupiit pl; Russian: Юпики центральной Аляски), are an Indigenous people of western and southwestern Alaska ranging from southern Norton Sound southwards along the coast of the Bering Sea on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (including living on Nelson and Nunivak Islands) and along the northern coast of Bristol Bay as far east as Nushagak Bay and the northern Alaska Peninsula at Naknek River and Egegik Bay.

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Yupik peoples

The Yupik (Юпикские народы) are a group of Indigenous or Aboriginal peoples of western, southwestern, and southcentral Alaska and the Russian Far East.

See Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Yupik peoples

Zambo

Zambo or Sambu is a racial term historically used in the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed Amerindian and African ancestry. Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Zambo are latin American caste system and person of color.

See Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Zambo

Zapotec civilization

The Zapotec civilization ("The People"; 700 BC–1521 AD) is an indigenous pre-Columbian civilization that flourished in the Valley of Oaxaca in Mesoamerica.

See Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Zapotec civilization

Zapotec peoples

The Zapotec (Valley Zapotec: Bën za) are an indigenous people of Mexico.

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Zapotec script

The Zapotec script is the writing system of the Zapotec culture and represents one of the earliest writing systems in Mesoamerica.

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Zapotecan languages

The Zapotecan languages are a group of related Oto-Manguean languages which descend from the common proto-Zapotecan language spoken by the Zapotec people during the era of the dominance of Monte Albán.

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Zea (plant)

Zea is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family.

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Zed Books

Zed Books is a non-fiction publishing company based in London, UK.

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Zygosity

Zygosity (the noun, zygote, is from the Greek "yoked," from "yoke") is the degree to which both copies of a chromosome or gene have the same genetic sequence.

See Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Zygosity

1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic

The New World of the Western Hemisphere was devastated by the 1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic.

See Indigenous peoples of the Americas and 1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic

1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic

The 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic spanned 1836 through 1840 but reached its height after the spring of 1837, when an American Fur Company steamboat, the SS St.

See Indigenous peoples of the Americas and 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic

2005 Bolivian general election

General elections were held in Bolivia on 18 December 2005.

See Indigenous peoples of the Americas and 2005 Bolivian general election

2017 Peruvian census

The 2017 Peru Census was a detailed enumeration and twelfth national population census of Peru.

See Indigenous peoples of the Americas and 2017 Peruvian census

See also

Ethnic groups by region

• East Asian people
• Ethnic groups in Europe
• Ethnic groups in South Asia
• Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia
• Ethnic groups in the Middle East
• Indigenous peoples of Oceania
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas
• List of contemporary ethnic groups
• List of countries by ethnic groups
• List of ethnic groups of Africa

Latin American caste system

• Adelantado
• Beatriz de Padilla
• Black ladino
• Black people
• Blanqueamiento
• Casta
• Castizo
• Chino (casta)
• Cholo
• Coyote (racial category)
• Criollo people
• Ethnic groups in Latin America
• Genízaro
• Gente de razón
• Ignacio Maria Barreda
• Ilustrado
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas
• Indios reyunos
• Ladino people
• Laws of the Indies
• Limpieza de sangre
• Lobo (racial category)
• Mameluco
• Mestiço
• Mestizo
• Mulatto
• New Christian
• Peninsulares
• Race and ethnicity in Brazil
• Race and ethnicity in Colombia
• Reductions
• Zambo

Person of color

• Affranchi
• Black (human racial classification)
• Black people
• Bronze (racial classification)
• Brown (racial classification)
• Colored
• Coloureds
• Free people of color
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas
• Jews of color
• Media and LGBT youth of colour in the United States
• Mulatto Haitians
• Multiracial people
• Pardo
• Pardo Brazilians
• Person of color
• Sacatra
• Speculative fiction by writers of color
• Womxn
• Zambo

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Also known as Aboriginal American, Aboriginal Americans, American Indian race, American Mongoloid, American Mongoloids, American indigenous people, American indigenous peoples, American indigenous person, American indigenous persons, American native, Amerind (people), Amerind peoples, Amerindia, Amerindian, Amerindians, Central American Indians, Early peoples of the Americas, Genocide of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, History of Native Americans, History of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indian lore, Indians of North America, Indigenas, Indigenous Guatemalans, Indigenous North American, Indigenous North Americans, Indigenous Peoples of North America, Indigenous historical trauma, Indigenous of the Americas, Indigenous people (Americas), Indigenous people in North America, Indigenous people of Honduras, Indigenous people of North America, Indigenous people of the Americas, Indigenous peoples (Americas), Indigenous peoples in Nicaragua, Indigenous peoples in North America, Indigenous peoples in the Americas, Indigenous peoples of El Salvador, Indigenous peoples of Guatemala, Indigenous peoples of Nicaragua, Indigenous peoples of North Ameria, Indigenous peoples of the New World, Indigenous person of the Americas, Indigenous persons of the Americas, Indigenous population of the Americas, Indigineous peoples of the Americas, Indyans, Native America, Native American (Americas), Native American diaspora, Native American history, Native American peoples, Native Americans (Americas), Native Americans in North America, Native Amerindians, Native North America, Native North Americans, Native people of North America, Native peoples of North America, Native peoples of the Americas, North America's Indians, North American First Nations, North American Indian, North American Indians, North American Natives, North American people, Onkwehonwe, The First Americans.

, Atacama people, Athabaskan languages, Atlantic slave trade, Autosome, Avocado, Awa-Kwaiker, Aymara language, Aymara people, Aztec codex, Aztec Empire, Aztec script, Aztec society, Aztecs, Bajío, Baoruco Mountain Range, Bartolomé de las Casas, Basket weaving, BBC, BBC News, Beadwork, Bell pepper, Benito Juárez, Bering Sea, Beringia, Binge eating, Birch bark, Bison, Blackfoot Confederacy, Blend word, Blood quantum laws, Blood type, Blueberry, Bogotá, Boruca, Brass instrument, Brazilians, Bribri people, Brill Publishers, Butternut squash, Cañari, Cabécar people, Cabo Camarón, Caboclo, Cacaopera, Cacaopera people, Calchaquí, Cali, Canadian Eskimo Dog, Canadian Indian residential school gravesites, Canadian Indian residential school system, Canadian Museum of History, Canoe, Capsicum, Cara culture, Caral–Supe civilization, Caribbean Sea, Carolina Dog, Cascajal Block, Cassava, Catholic Church, Cavia, Cayman Islands, CBC News, Cell (journal), Central America, Central Asia, Central 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Famine, Federal government of the United States, Fiddle, First Nations in Canada, Flute, Foreign Policy, Fort Orange (New Netherland), Founder effect, Free trade, French Guiana, French language, Frontiers Media, Fruit tree, Fuegian dog, Fuegians, Fully feathered basket, Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas, Game (hunting), Garifuna, Garifuna language, Gender equality, Gene, Genetic admixture, Genetic code, Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Genetic recombination, Genetics (journal), Genographic Project, Genome Biology and Evolution, Genome Research, Glyph, Gold, Gordon Willey, Gran Chaco, Gran Chaco Province, Great Plains, Greater Antilles, Greenland, Greenlandic Inuit, Greenlandic people in Denmark, Greenwood Publishing Group, Guanahatabey, Guaraní people, Guarani language, Guatemala, Guinea pig, Gulf of Mexico, Guyanese pepperpot, Haida people, Haplogroup A (mtDNA), Haplogroup B (mtDNA), Haplogroup C (mtDNA), Haplogroup D (mtDNA), Haplogroup Q-M242, 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Colombia, Indigenous peoples in Ecuador, Indigenous peoples in Guyana, Indigenous peoples in Paraguay, Indigenous peoples in Suriname, Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica, Indigenous peoples of Honduras, Indigenous peoples of Mexico, Indigenous peoples of Peru, Indigenous peoples of Siberia, Indigenous peoples of South America, Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean, Indigenous territory (Brazil), Individual and group rights, Influenza, Infobase, International Indian Treaty Council, International Journal of Behavioral Development, International Labour Organization, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, Inughuit, Inuit, Inuktun, Iroquois, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Itza people, Izalco, Jalapeño, Jamil Mahuad, Japanese people, Jargon, Jewellery, Jon Entine, José María Melo, Journal of Community Health, Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, Kalaallit, Kalina people, Kalinago, Kaqchikel language, Kaqchikel people, Katarism, Ket people, Kʼicheʼ language, Kʼicheʼ people, Kichwa language, Kickapoo people, Kinship, Koreans, Koryaks, Kumeyaay, L'Arbre Croche, L'Histoire, La Cruz de Río Grande, Ladino people, Lake Baikal, Lake Ontario, Languages of Guatemala, Latin, Latin alphabet, Latin America, Laws of Burgos, Leiden University, Lenape, Lenca, Lesser Antilles, Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas, Lima bean, Linda Newson, Lineal descendant, List of American Inuit, List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language, List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States, List of Greenlandic Inuit, List of Indigenous artists of the Americas, List of Indigenous writers of the Americas, List of Mayan languages, List of pre-Columbian cultures, List of traditional territories of the Indigenous peoples of North America, Liturgy, Llama, Logogram, Lokono, Los Lagos Region, Lucayan Archipelago, Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, Macmillan Education, Macorix language, Maize, Mal'ta–Buret' culture, Maleku people, Mam language, Mam people, Mangue language, Mapuche, Mapuche conflict, Marrow (vegetable), Mass sexual assault, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Matambú, Matrilineality, Maya civilization, Maya peoples, Maya script, Mayan languages, Mayangna people, Mazahua people, Métis, Measles, Menominee, Mesoamerica, Mesoamerican writing systems, Mestizo, Mestizos in Mexico, Mexica, Mexico City, Mi'kmaq, Michael Pollan, Michoacán, Micronesians, Microsatellite, Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphs, Miskito Admiral, Miskito Coast Creole, Miskito General, Miskito Governor, Miskito language, Miskito people, Mississippi River, MIT Press, Mixtec, Moche culture, Mocoví, Mojeños, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Molecule, Mongols, Mopan people, Moreno Venezuelans, Mosquito Coast, Muisca, Muisca Confederation, Municipal council, Muscovy duck, Musical instrument, Myth, Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Na-Dene languages, Nahuas, Nahuatl, Nahuizalco, Nakota, National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu, National Geographic, National Geographic Society, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Indigenous Peoples, National Institute of Statistics and Geography, National Museum of the American Indian, Native American disease and epidemics, Native American dogs, Native American Languages Act of 1990, Native American religions, Native American use of fire in ecosystems, Native American weaponry, Native Americans in German popular culture, Native Americans in the United States, Native Hawaiians, Natural Resources Canada, Natural rubber, Nature (journal), Nawat language, Neotropic cormorant, New Guinea, New Philology (Latin America), New Scientist, New Spain, New World, New York University Press, Ngäbe, Nicaragua, Nicarao people, Nomad, North China, Northern and southern China, Northern Mexico, Nova (American TV program), Nut (fruit), Oaxaca, Occupation of Araucanía, Ojibwe, Ojibwe language, Old World, Olmecs, Operational definition, Oral history, Otavalo people, Otomi, Oxford University Press, Pacific Islander, Pacific Islander Americans, Pack animal, Painting, Pan American Health Organization, Panará people, Panchimalco, Panzaleo language, Paprika, Paraguay, Pardo, Pascua Yaqui Tribe, Past & Present (journal), Patagonia, Patrilineality, Paubrasilia, Pánfilo de Narváez, PBS, Peanut, Peasant, Pech people, Pedro de Alvarado, Pemon, Penguin Books, Penobscot, Peopling of the Americas, Perspectives on Psychological Science, Peru, Phaseolus, Phaseolus acutifolius, Phaseolus vulgaris, Philip Phillips (archaeologist), Phonetics, Pijao people, Pilagá language, Pineapple, Pinto bean, Pipil people, Plains Indians, PLOS Genetics, PLOS One, Points of the compass, Political organisation, Polynesia, Polynesians, Polyphony, Polysubstance dependence, Population bottleneck, Population decline, Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Portuguese language, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Potato, Powwow, Pre-Columbian era, President of Bolivia, Primary education, Primary source, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Protestantism, Public service, Puerto Rico, Puna ibis, Purépecha, Qʼeqchiʼ, Qʼeqchiʼ language, Quaternary International, Quechua people, Quechuan languages, Queen's University at Kingston, Quitirrisí, Quitu culture, Qulla, Race (human categorization), Racism, Rama language, Rama people, Random House, Rapa Nui people, Rattle (percussion instrument), Red Power movement, Redskin, Republic of Lakotah proposal, Republic of New Granada, Reuters, Russian language, Sacacoyo, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Salvia hispanica, Samoans, San José Mogote, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia), Santiago, Saraguro people, Sayan Mountains, Science (journal), Sculpture, Second French intervention in Mexico, Secondary education, Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, Selective breeding, Self-determination, Selk'nam people, Selkup people, Shamanism, Shuar, Siberia, Siberian Yupik, Sierra Madre del Sur, Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental, Simón Bolívar, Smallpox, Smallpox vaccine, Smithsonian Institution, Social organization, Social Science & Medicine, Soil fertility, Solanum brevicaule, South China Morning Post, Spanish American wars of independence, Spanish Empire, Spanish language, Spanish–Taíno War of San Juan–Borikén, Special rights, Spoken language, Stanford University, Stanford University Press, State-recognized tribes in the United States, Strawberry, Subsistence economy, Substance dependence, Subtiaba language, Suicidal ideation, Suicide attempt, Sweet potato, Syllabary, Taíno, Tahltan Bear Dog, Tarapacá Region, Taylor & Francis, Tehuelche people, Tenochtitlan, Teotihuacan, The Canadian Encyclopedia, The New York Times, The Straight Dope, The Washington Post, The World Factbook, Timoto–Cuica people, Tiriyó people, Tlaxcala, Tlingit, Toba people, Tobacco, Tohono Oʼodham, Toltec, Tolupan, Tomato, Travois, Tsáchila, Tsimshian, Tunu, Tunumiisut, Tunumiit, Typhus, Uncontacted peoples, United Nations, United States Census Bureau, University of Chicago, University of Hawaiʻi, University of Idaho, University of Manitoba, University of Michigan Press, University of Minnesota Press, University of New Mexico Press, University of Oklahoma Press, University of Ottawa Press, University of Toronto, University Press of Florida, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, Upper Paleolithic, Uruguay, Valdivia culture, Vanilla, Venezuela, Veracruz (city), Violin, Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, W. 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Unionpedia is a concept map or semantic network organized like an encyclopedia – dictionary. It gives a brief definition of each concept and its relationships.

This is a giant online mental map that serves as a basis for concept diagrams. It's free to use and each article or document can be downloaded. It's a tool, resource or reference for study, research, education, learning or teaching, that can be used by teachers, educators, pupils or students; for the academic world: for school, primary, secondary, high school, middle, technical degree, college, university, undergraduate, master's or doctoral degrees; for papers, reports, projects, ideas, documentation, surveys, summaries, or thesis. Here is the definition, explanation, description, or the meaning of each significant on which you need information, and a list of their associated concepts as a glossary. Available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Polish, Dutch, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Swedish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Catalan, Czech, Hebrew, Danish, Finnish, Indonesian, Norwegian, Romanian, Turkish, Vietnamese, Korean, Thai, Greek, Bulgarian, Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Filipino, Latvian, Estonian and Slovenian. More languages soon.

The information is based on Wikipedia articles and other Wikimedia projects, and it's available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

Unionpedia is not endorsed by or affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation.

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