Table of Contents
446 relations: ABC-Clio, Abscess, Acid, Acid-fastness, Acrocanthosaurus, Actinomycetota, Acute bronchitis, Adaptive immune system, Agriculture, Airborne transmission, Al-Andalus, Albert Sabin, Alcohol (chemistry), Alexander Fleming, Ambiguity, Aminoglycoside, Anaerobic organism, Anatomy, Ancient Greece, Ancient Iranian medicine, Anthelmintic, Antibiotic, Antibiotic sensitivity testing, Antibody, Antifungal, Antigen, Antimicrobial, Antimicrobial resistance, Antimicrobial stewardship, Antiparasitic, Antiprotozoal, Antiseptic, Antiviral drug, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Apicomplexan life cycle, Appendicitis, Arizona State University, Arthropod, Ascomycota, Asepsis, Aspergillus, Asymptomatic, Asymptomatic carrier, Athlete's foot, Avicenna, Ayyubid dynasty, Babesia, Bacillota, Bacteria, Bacteriologist, ... Expand index (396 more) »
ABC-Clio
ABC-Clio, LLC (stylized ABC-CLIO) is an American publishing company for academic reference works and periodicals primarily on topics such as history and social sciences for educational and public library settings.
Abscess
An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body.
Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.
Acid-fastness
Acid-fastness is a physical property of certain bacterial and eukaryotic cells, as well as some sub-cellular structures, specifically their resistance to decolorization by acids during laboratory staining procedures.
See Infection and Acid-fastness
Acrocanthosaurus
Acrocanthosaurus is a genus of carcharodontosaurid dinosaur that existed in what is now North America during the Aptian and early Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous, from 113 to 110 million years ago.
See Infection and Acrocanthosaurus
Actinomycetota
The Actinomycetota (or Actinobacteria) are a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria with high GC content.
See Infection and Actinomycetota
Acute bronchitis
Acute bronchitis, also known as a chest cold, is short-term bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) of the lungs.
See Infection and Acute bronchitis
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system, or specific immune system is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.
See Infection and Adaptive immune system
Agriculture
Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.
Airborne transmission
Airborne transmission or aerosol transmission is transmission of an infectious disease through small particles suspended in the air.
See Infection and Airborne transmission
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.
Albert Sabin
Albert Bruce Sabin (August 26, 1906 – March 3, 1993) was a Polish-American medical researcher, best known for developing the oral polio vaccine, which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease.
See Infection and Albert Sabin
Alcohol (chemistry)
In chemistry, an alcohol is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl functional group bound to carbon.
See Infection and Alcohol (chemistry)
Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin.
See Infection and Alexander Fleming
Ambiguity
Ambiguity is the type of meaning in which a phrase, statement, or resolution is not explicitly defined, making for several interpretations; others describe it as a concept or statement that has no real reference.
Aminoglycoside
Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-negative antibacterial medications that inhibit protein synthesis and contain as a portion of the molecule an amino-modified glycoside (sugar).
See Infection and Aminoglycoside
Anaerobic organism
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth.
See Infection and Anaerobic organism
Anatomy
Anatomy is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts.
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
See Infection and Ancient Greece
Ancient Iranian medicine
The practice and study of medicine in Persia has a long and prolific history.
See Infection and Ancient Iranian medicine
Anthelmintic
Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host.
See Infection and Anthelmintic
Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.
Antibiotic sensitivity testing
Antibiotic sensitivity testing or antibiotic susceptibility testing is the measurement of the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics.
See Infection and Antibiotic sensitivity testing
Antibody
An antibody (Ab) is the secreted form of a B cell receptor; the term immunoglobulin (Ig) can refer to either the membrane-bound form or the secreted form of the B cell receptor, but they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, and so the terms are often treated as synonymous.
Antifungal
An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others.
Antigen
In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor.
Antimicrobial
An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms (microbicide) or stops their growth (bacteriostatic agent).
See Infection and Antimicrobial
Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials (drugs used to treat infections).
See Infection and Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial stewardship
Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) refers to coordinated efforts to promote the optimal use of antimicrobial agents, including drug choice, dosing, route, and duration of administration.
See Infection and Antimicrobial stewardship
Antiparasitic
Antiparasitics are a class of medications which are indicated for the treatment of parasitic diseases, such as those caused by helminths, amoeba, ectoparasites, parasitic fungi, and protozoa, among others.
See Infection and Antiparasitic
Antiprotozoal
Antiprotozoal agents (ATC code: ATC P01) is a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan infection.
See Infection and Antiprotozoal
Antiseptic
An antiseptic (lit and label) is an antimicrobial substance or compound that is applied to living tissue to reduce the possibility of sepsis, infection or putrefaction.
Antiviral drug
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections.
See Infection and Antiviral drug
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch microbiologist and microscopist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology.
See Infection and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Apicomplexan life cycle
Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle.
See Infection and Apicomplexan life cycle
Appendicitis
Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix.
See Infection and Appendicitis
Arizona State University
Arizona State University (Arizona State or ASU) is a public research university in the Phoenix metropolitan area.
See Infection and Arizona State University
Arthropod
Arthropods are invertebrates in the phylum Arthropoda.
Ascomycota
Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya.
Asepsis
Asepsis is the state of being free from disease-causing micro-organisms (such as pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi, and parasites).
Aspergillus
Aspergillus is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.
Asymptomatic
Asymptomatic (or clinically silent) is an adjective categorising the medical conditions (i.e., injuries or diseases) that patients carry but without experiencing their symptoms, despite an explicit diagnosis (e.g., a positive medical test).
See Infection and Asymptomatic
Asymptomatic carrier
An asymptomatic carrier is a person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but shows no signs or symptoms.
See Infection and Asymptomatic carrier
Athlete's foot
Athlete's foot, known medically as tinea pedis, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by a fungus.
See Infection and Athlete's foot
Avicenna
Ibn Sina (translit; – 22 June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna, was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers.
Ayyubid dynasty
The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.
See Infection and Ayyubid dynasty
Babesia
Babesia, also called Nuttallia, is an apicomplexan parasite that infects red blood cells and is transmitted by ticks.
Bacillota
Bacillota (synonym Firmicutes) is a phylum of bacteria, most of which have gram-positive cell wall structure.
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Bacteriologist
A bacteriologist is a microbiologist, or similarly trained professional, in bacteriology— a subdivision of microbiology that studies bacteria, typically pathogenic ones.
See Infection and Bacteriologist
Bacteroides fragilis
Bacteroides fragilis is an anaerobic, Gram-negative, pleomorphic to rod-shaped bacterium.
See Infection and Bacteroides fragilis
Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi.
See Infection and Basidiomycota
Biochemistry
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
See Infection and Biochemistry
Biological hazard
A biological hazard, or biohazard, is a biological substance that poses a threat (or is a hazard) to the health of living organisms, primarily humans.
See Infection and Biological hazard
Black Death
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.
Blood plasma
Blood plasma is a light amber-colored liquid component of blood in which blood cells are absent, but which contains proteins and other constituents of whole blood in suspension.
See Infection and Blood plasma
Blood-borne disease
A blood-borne disease is a disease that can be spread through contamination by blood and other body fluids.
See Infection and Blood-borne disease
Botulism
Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is an incurable and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle.
See Infection and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bubonic plague
Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
See Infection and Bubonic plague
Burn
A burn is an injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or ultraviolet radiation (such as sunburn).
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Infection and Cambridge University Press
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Candida (fungus)
Candida is a genus of yeasts.
See Infection and Candida (fungus)
Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).
See Infection and Carbohydrate
Cephalosporin
The cephalosporins (sg.) are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium, which was previously known as Cephalosporium.
See Infection and Cephalosporin
Chagas disease
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
See Infection and Chagas disease
Chemical synthesis
Chemical synthesis (chemical combination) is the artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain one or several products.
See Infection and Chemical synthesis
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated chemo, sometimes CTX and CTx) is the type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents) in a standard regimen.
See Infection and Chemotherapy
Childbirth
Childbirth, also known as labour, parturition and delivery, is the completion of pregnancy where one or more babies exits the internal environment of the mother via vaginal delivery or caesarean section.
Cholera
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
Chorioamnionitis
Chorioamnionitis, also known as intra-amniotic infection (IAI), is inflammation of the fetal membranes (amnion and chorion), usually due to bacterial infection.
See Infection and Chorioamnionitis
Chronic granulomatous disease
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), also known as Bridges–Good syndrome, chronic granulomatous disorder, and Quie syndrome, is a diverse group of hereditary diseases in which certain cells of the immune system have difficulty forming the reactive oxygen compounds (most importantly the superoxide radical due to defective phagocyte NADPH oxidase) used to kill certain ingested pathogens.
See Infection and Chronic granulomatous disease
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
See Infection and Classical antiquity
Clostridia
The Clostridia are a highly polyphyletic class of Bacillota, including Clostridium and other similar genera.
Clostridioides difficile
Clostridioides difficile (syn. Clostridium difficile) is a bacterium known for causing serious diarrheal infections, and may also cause colon cancer.
See Infection and Clostridioides difficile
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce botulinum toxin, which is a neurotoxin.
See Infection and Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium tetani is a common soil bacterium and the causative agent of tetanus.
See Infection and Clostridium tetani
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through the process of natural selection.
Coinfection
Coinfection is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species. Infection and Coinfection are epidemiology.
Colitis
Colitis is swelling or inflammation of the large intestine (colon).
Colony (biology)
In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another.
See Infection and Colony (biology)
Commensalism
Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed.
See Infection and Commensalism
Complement system
The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the humoral, innate immune system and enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane.
See Infection and Complement system
Complication (medicine)
A complication in medicine, or medical complication, is an unfavorable result of a disease, health condition, or treatment.
See Infection and Complication (medicine)
Condom
A condom is a sheath-shaped barrier device used during sexual intercourse to reduce the probability of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid.
See Infection and Conjunctivitis
Contagious disease
A contagious disease is an infectious disease that is readily spread (that is, communicated) by transmission of a pathogen through contact (direct or indirect) with an infected person. Infection and contagious disease are epidemiology.
See Infection and Contagious disease
Copenhagen Consensus
Copenhagen Consensus is a project that seeks to establish priorities for advancing global welfare using methodologies based on the theory of welfare economics, using cost–benefit analysis.
See Infection and Copenhagen Consensus
Cordon sanitaire (medicine)
A cordon sanitaire (French for "sanitary cordon") is the restriction of movement of people into or out of a defined geographic area, such as a community, region, or country.
See Infection and Cordon sanitaire (medicine)
Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria and most are aerobic.
See Infection and Corynebacterium
Cough
A cough is a sudden expulsion of air through the large breathing passages which can help clear them of fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes.
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), also known as subacute spongiform encephalopathy or neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease.
See Infection and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Cryptococcus
Cryptococcus is a genus of fungi in the family Cryptococcaceae that includes both yeasts and filamentous species.
See Infection and Cryptococcus
Crystal violet
Crystal violet or gentian violet, also known as methyl violet 10B or hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride, is a triarylmethane dye used as a histological stain and in Gram's method of classifying bacteria.
See Infection and Crystal violet
CT scan
A computed tomography scan (CT scan; formerly called computed axial tomography scan or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body.
Cyanosis
Cyanosis is the change of body tissue color to a bluish-purple hue, as a result of decrease in the amount of oxygen bound to the hemoglobin in the red blood cells of the capillary bed.
Dengue fever
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease caused by dengue virus, prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas.
See Infection and Dengue fever
Denotation
In linguistics and philosophy, the denotation of a word or expression is its strictly literal meaning.
Dermatophytosis
Dermatophytosis, also known as tinea and ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin (a dermatomycosis), that may affect skin, hair, and nails.
See Infection and Dermatophytosis
Diarrhea
Diarrhea (American English), also spelled diarrhoea or diarrhœa (British English), is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements in a day.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Disease
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury.
Disease outbreak
In epidemiology, an outbreak is a sudden increase in occurrences of a disease when cases are in excess of normal expectancy for the location or season. Infection and disease outbreak are epidemiology.
See Infection and Disease outbreak
Disease vector
In epidemiology, a disease vector is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen such as a parasite or microbe, to another living organism. Infection and disease vector are epidemiology.
See Infection and Disease vector
Disinfectant
A disinfectant is a chemical substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces.
See Infection and Disinfectant
Dye
A dye is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied.
Ebola
Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses.
Ebolavirus
The genus Ebolavirus (- or; - or) is a virological taxon included in the family Filoviridae (filament-shaped viruses), order Mononegavirales.
Ecological niche
In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition.
See Infection and Ecological niche
Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines and created the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.
See Infection and Edward Jenner
Electron microscope
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.
See Infection and Electron microscope
Electrostatics
Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies slow-moving or stationary electric charges.
See Infection and Electrostatics
Embryo
An embryo is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism.
Emerging infectious disease
An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an infectious disease whose incidence has increased recently (in the past 20 years), and could increase in the near future.
See Infection and Emerging infectious disease
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain.
See Infection and Encephalitis
Endemic (epidemiology)
In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a specific population or populated place when that infection is constantly present, or maintained at a baseline level, without extra infections being brought into the group as a result of travel or similar means. Infection and endemic (epidemiology) are epidemiology.
See Infection and Endemic (epidemiology)
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic amoebozoan, part of the genus Entamoeba.
See Infection and Entamoeba histolytica
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Epidemic
An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of hosts in a given population within a short period of time.
Epidemiological transition
In demography and medical geography, epidemiological transition is a theory which "describes changing population patterns in terms of fertility, life expectancy, mortality, and leading causes of death." For example, a phase of development marked by a sudden increase in population growth rates brought by improved food security and innovations in public health and medicine, can be followed by a re-leveling of population growth due to subsequent declines in fertility rates. Infection and epidemiological transition are epidemiology.
See Infection and Epidemiological transition
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population.
See Infection and Epidemiology
Eradication of infectious diseases
The eradication of infectious diseases is the reduction of the prevalence of an infectious disease in the global host population to zero. Infection and eradication of infectious diseases are epidemiology.
See Infection and Eradication of infectious diseases
ERAP2
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 is an aminopeptidase in humans involved in antigen presentation.
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.
See Infection and Escherichia coli
Eucestoda
Eucestoda, commonly referred to as tapeworms, is the larger of the two subclasses of flatworms in the class Cestoda (the other subclass is Cestodaria).
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Fatigue
Fatigue describes a state of tiredness (which is not sleepiness), exhaustion or loss of energy.
Fecal–oral route
The fecal–oral route (also called the oral–fecal route or orofecal route) describes a particular route of transmission of a disease wherein pathogens in fecal particles pass from one person to the mouth of another person.
See Infection and Fecal–oral route
Fermentation
Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substances through the action of enzymes.
See Infection and Fermentation
Fetus
A fetus or foetus (fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn offspring that develops from a mammal embryo.
Fever
Fever or pyrexia in humans is a body temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set point in the hypothalamus.
Filariasis
Filariasis, is a filarial infection caused by parasitic nematodes (roundworms) spread by different vectors.
Fiqh
Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence.
Flea
Flea, the common name for the order Siphonaptera, includes 2,500 species of small flightless insects that live as external parasites of mammals and birds.
Fluorescence
Fluorescence is one of two kinds of emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
See Infection and Fluorescence
Fluorescence microscope
A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence instead of, or in addition to, scattering, reflection, and attenuation or absorption, to study the properties of organic or inorganic substances.
See Infection and Fluorescence microscope
Foodborne illness
Foodborne illness (also known as foodborne disease and food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the contamination of food by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites, as well as prions (the agents of mad cow disease), and toxins such as aflatoxins in peanuts, poisonous mushrooms, and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes.
See Infection and Foodborne illness
Foot-and-mouth disease
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) or hoof-and-mouth disease (HMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild bovids.
See Infection and Foot-and-mouth disease
Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
Fungal infection
Fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is a disease caused by fungi.
See Infection and Fungal infection
Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 – 216 AD), often anglicized as Galen or Galen of Pergamon, was a Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher.
Gas
Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter.
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample.
See Infection and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea, is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach and intestine.
See Infection and Gastroenteritis
Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
See Infection and Gastrointestinal tract
Genetic disorder
A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome.
See Infection and Genetic disorder
Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.
Genotype
The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material.
Genus
Genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.
Geography
Geography (from Ancient Greek γεωγραφία; combining 'Earth' and 'write') is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth.
Gerhard Domagk
Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk (30 October 1895 – 24 April 1964) was a German pathologist and bacteriologist.
See Infection and Gerhard Domagk
Giardia
Giardia is a genus of anaerobic flagellated protozoan parasites of the phylum Metamonada that colonise and reproduce in the small intestines of several vertebrates, causing the disease giardiasis.
Giemsa stain
Giemsa stain, named after German chemist and bacteriologist Gustav Giemsa, is a nucleic acid stain used in cytogenetics and for the histopathological diagnosis of malaria and other parasites.
See Infection and Giemsa stain
Girolamo Fracastoro
Girolamo Fracastoro (Hieronymus Fracastorius; c. 1476/86 August 1553) was an Italian physician, poet, and scholar in mathematics, geography and astronomy.
See Infection and Girolamo Fracastoro
Gizmodo
Gizmodo is a design, technology, science, and science fiction website.
Globalization and disease
Globalization, the flow of information, goods, capital, and people across political and geographic boundaries, allows infectious diseases to rapidly spread around the world, while also allowing the alleviation of factors such as hunger and poverty, which are key determinants of global health.
See Infection and Globalization and disease
Gram stain
Gram stain (Gram staining or Gram's method), is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria.
Growth medium
A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid, or semi-solid designed to support the growth of a population of microorganisms or cells via the process of cell proliferation or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens.
See Infection and Growth medium
Habitat
In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species.
Hand washing
Hand washing (or handwashing), also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning one's hands with soap or handwash and water to remove viruses/bacteria/microorganisms, dirt, grease, and other harmful or unwanted substances stuck to the hands.
See Infection and Hand washing
Health professional
A health professional, healthcare professional, or healthcare worker (sometimes abbreviated HCW) is a provider of health care treatment and advice based on formal training and experience.
See Infection and Health professional
Hemagglutinin
In molecular biology, hemagglutinins (alternatively spelt haemagglutinin, from the Greek haima, 'blood' + Latin gluten, 'glue') are receptor-binding membrane fusion glycoproteins produced by viruses in the Paramyxoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families.
See Infection and Hemagglutinin
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis.
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis.
Herd immunity
Herd immunity (also called herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or mass immunity) is a form of indirect protection that applies only to contagious diseases. Infection and herd immunity are epidemiology.
See Infection and Herd immunity
Herpes simplex virus
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known by their taxonomic names Human alphaherpesvirus 1 and Human alphaherpesvirus 2, are two members of the human ''Herpesviridae'' family, a set of viruses that produce viral infections in the majority of humans.
See Infection and Herpes simplex virus
Herpesviridae
Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans.
See Infection and Herpesviridae
Herrerasaurus
Herrerasaurus is likely a genus of saurischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic period.
See Infection and Herrerasaurus
History
History (derived) is the systematic study and documentation of the human past.
HIV
The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans.
HIV/AIDS
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system.
Hospital-acquired infection
A hospital-acquired infection, also known as a nosocomial infection (from the Greek, meaning "hospital"), is an infection that is acquired in a hospital or other healthcare facility.
See Infection and Hospital-acquired infection
Host (biology)
In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont).
See Infection and Host (biology)
Host–pathogen interaction
The host–pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes or viruses sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal or population level.
See Infection and Host–pathogen interaction
Human brain
The brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.
Human skin
The human skin is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the integumentary system.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis (hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
Iatrogenesis
Iatrogenesis is the causation of a disease, a harmful complication, or other ill effect by any medical activity, including diagnosis, intervention, error, or negligence.
See Infection and Iatrogenesis
Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari
Moḥammed ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari al-Fasi (or Mohammed Ibn Mohammed ibn Mohammed Abu Abdallah Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari al-Maliki al-Fassi; إبن الحاج العبدري الفاسي) also known simply as Ibn al-Haj or Ibn al-Hajj was a Moroccan Maliki scholar and theologian writer.
See Infection and Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari
Ibn al-Khatib
Lisan ad-Din Ibn al-Khatib (16 November 1313 – 1374) was an Arab Andalusi polymath, poet, writer, historian, philosopher, physician and politician from Emirate of Granada.
See Infection and Ibn al-Khatib
Immune system
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.
See Infection and Immune system
Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance, also known as immunological tolerance or immunotolerance, refers to the immune system's state of unresponsiveness to substances or tissues that would otherwise trigger an immune response.
See Infection and Immune tolerance
Immunity (medicine)
In biology, immunity is the state of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process, especially a pathogen or infectious disease.
See Infection and Immunity (medicine)
Immunoassay
An immunoassay (IA) is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a macromolecule or a small molecule in a solution through the use of an antibody (usually) or an antigen (sometimes).
Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent.
See Infection and Immunodeficiency
Immunology
Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.
Immunopathology
Immunopathology is a branch of medicine that deals with immune responses associated with disease.
See Infection and Immunopathology
Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system.
See Infection and Immunosuppression
Impetigo
Impetigo is a bacterial infection that involves the superficial skin.
Indication (medicine)
In medicine, an indication is a valid reason to use a certain test, medication, procedure, or surgery.
See Infection and Indication (medicine)
Infection prevention and control
Infection prevention and control is the discipline concerned with preventing healthcare-associated infections; a practical rather than academic sub-discipline of epidemiology. Infection and infection prevention and control are epidemiology.
See Infection and Infection prevention and control
Infectious diseases (medical specialty)
Infectious diseases (ID), also known as infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of infections.
See Infection and Infectious diseases (medical specialty)
Infestation
Infestation is the state of being invaded or overrun by pests or parasites.
Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
See Infection and Inflammation
Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" or just "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.
Injection (medicine)
An injection (often and usually referred to as a "shot" in US English, a "jab" in UK English, or a "jag" in Scottish English and Scots) is the act of administering a liquid, especially a drug, into a person's body using a needle (usually a hypodermic needle) and a syringe.
See Infection and Injection (medicine)
Injury
Injury is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether in humans, in other animals, or in plants.
Innate immune system
The innate immune system or nonspecific immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the adaptive immune system) in vertebrates.
See Infection and Innate immune system
Inoculation
Inoculation is the act of implanting a pathogen or other microbe or virus into a person or other organism.
Interferon type I
The type-I interferons (IFN) are cytokines which play essential roles in inflammation, immunoregulation, tumor cells recognition, and T-cell responses.
See Infection and Interferon type I
Internal medicine
Internal medicine, also known as general internal medicine in Commonwealth nations, is a medical specialty for medical doctors focused on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of internal diseases in adults.
See Infection and Internal medicine
International Classification of Diseases
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a globally used medical classification used in epidemiology, health management and for clinical purposes.
See Infection and International Classification of Diseases
International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is a large space station assembled and maintained in low Earth orbit by a collaboration of five space agencies and their contractors: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada).
See Infection and International Space Station
Intestinal infectious diseases
Intestinal infectious diseases include a large number of infections of the bowels including: cholera, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, other types of salmonella infections, shigellosis, botulism, gastroenteritis, and amoebiasis among others.
See Infection and Intestinal infectious diseases
Intravenous therapy
Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein.
See Infection and Intravenous therapy
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation (US, ionising radiation in the UK), including nuclear radiation, consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them.
See Infection and Ionizing radiation
Islamic dietary laws
Islamic dietary laws are laws that Muslims follow in their diet.
See Infection and Islamic dietary laws
Isolation (health care)
In health care facilities, isolation represents one of several measures that can be taken to implement in infection control: the prevention of communicable diseases from being transmitted from a patient to other patients, health care workers, and visitors, or from outsiders to a particular patient (reverse isolation).
See Infection and Isolation (health care)
JAMA
JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association) is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 48 times a year by the American Medical Association.
John Snow
John Snow (15 March 1813 – 16 June 1858) was an English physician and a leader in the development of anaesthesia and medical hygiene.
Joint
A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones, ossicles, or other hard structures in the body which link an animal's skeletal system into a functional whole.
Jonas Salk
Jonas Edward Salk (born Jonas Salk; October 28, 1914June 23, 1995) was an American virologist and medical researcher who developed one of the first successful polio vaccines.
Kirtland Formation
The Kirtland Formation (originally the Kirtland Shale) is a sedimentary geological formation.
See Infection and Kirtland Formation
Kiss
A kiss is the touch or pressing of one's lips against another person or an object.
Koch's postulates
Koch's postulates are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease. Infection and Koch's postulates are epidemiology.
See Infection and Koch's postulates
Large intestine
The large intestine, also known as the large bowel, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in tetrapods.
See Infection and Large intestine
Latent tuberculosis
Latent tuberculosis (LTB), also called latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is when a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but does not have active tuberculosis (TB).
See Infection and Latent tuberculosis
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is a wide array of clinical manifestations caused by protozoal parasites of the Trypanosomatida genus Leishmania.
See Infection and Leishmaniasis
List of causes of death by rate
The following is a list of the causes of human deaths worldwide for different years arranged by their associated mortality rates.
See Infection and List of causes of death by rate
List of diseases spread by arthropods
Arthropods are common vectors of disease.
See Infection and List of diseases spread by arthropods
List of infectious diseases
This is a list of infectious diseases arranged by name, along with the infectious agents that cause them, the vaccines that can prevent or cure them when they exist and their current status.
See Infection and List of infectious diseases
Lockdown
A lockdown is a restriction policy for people, community or a country to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks that could possibly harm the people if they move and interact freely.
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist, pharmacist, and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after him.
See Infection and Louis Pasteur
Louse
Louse (lice) is the common name for any member of the clade Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects.
Lower respiratory tract infection
Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a term often used as a synonym for pneumonia but can also be applied to other types of infection including lung abscess and acute bronchitis.
See Infection and Lower respiratory tract infection
Lyssavirus
Lyssavirus (from the Greek λύσσα lyssa "rage, fury, rabies" and the Latin vīrus) is a genus of RNA viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales.
Macrolide
Macrolides are a class of mostly natural products with a large macrocyclic lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached.
Major trauma
Major trauma is any injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death.
See Infection and Major trauma
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates.
Malignancy
Malignancy is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse; the term is most familiar as a characterization of cancer.
Mammal
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.
Management of HIV/AIDS
The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs as a strategy to control HIV infection.
See Infection and Management of HIV/AIDS
Massive parallel sequencing
Massive parallel sequencing or massively parallel sequencing is any of several high-throughput approaches to DNA sequencing using the concept of massively parallel processing; it is also called next-generation sequencing (NGS) or second-generation sequencing.
See Infection and Massive parallel sequencing
Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases
Mathematical models can project how infectious diseases progress to show the likely outcome of an epidemic (including in plants) and help inform public health and plant health interventions. Infection and Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases are epidemiology.
See Infection and Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases
Measles
Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus.
Medical history
The medical history, case history, or anamnesis (from Greek: ἀνά, aná, "open", and μνήσις, mnesis, "memory") of a patient is a set of information the physicians collect over medical interviews.
See Infection and Medical history
Medical specialty
A medical specialty is a branch of medical practice that is focused on a defined group of patients, diseases, skills, or philosophy.
See Infection and Medical specialty
Medication
A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
In the history of medicine, "Islamic medicine" Also known as "Arabian medicine" is the science of medicine developed in the Middle East, and usually written in Arabic, the lingua franca of Islamic civilization.
See Infection and Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
Meningitis
Meningitis is acute or chronic inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, collectively called the meninges.
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Metagenomics
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental or clinical samples by a method called sequencing.
See Infection and Metagenomics
Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America.
Miasma theory
The miasma theory (also called the miasmic theory) is an abandoned medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a miasma (Ancient Greek for 'pollution'), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as night air.
See Infection and Miasma theory
Microbiological culture
A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions.
See Infection and Microbiological culture
Micrograph
A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an object.
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
See Infection and Microorganism
Microscopy
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye).
Mite
Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods).
Mouth
The mouth is the body orifice through which many animals ingest food and vocalize.
Mucous membrane
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body of an organism and covers the surface of internal organs.
See Infection and Mucous membrane
Multicellular organism
A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell, unlike unicellular organisms.
See Infection and Multicellular organism
Multiplicity of infection
In microbiology, the multiplicity of infection or MOI is the ratio of agents (e.g. phage or more generally virus, bacteria) to infection targets (e.g. cell).
See Infection and Multiplicity of infection
Mutualism (biology)
Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit.
See Infection and Mutualism (biology)
Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium is a genus of over 190 species in the phylum Actinomycetota, assigned its own family, Mycobacteriaceae.
See Infection and Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium leprae (also known as the leprosy bacillus or Hansen's bacillus) is one of the two species of bacteria that cause Hansen's disease (leprosy), a chronic but curable infectious disease that damages the peripheral nerves and targets the skin, eyes, nose, and muscles.
See Infection and Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), also known as Koch's bacillus, is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis.
See Infection and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Najis
In Islamic law, najis (نجس) means ritually unclean.
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
Natural environment
The natural environment or natural world encompasses all biotic and abiotic things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial.
See Infection and Natural environment
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
See Infection and Nature (journal)
Neglected tropical diseases
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of tropical infections that are common in low-income populations in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
See Infection and Neglected tropical diseases
Nematode
The nematodes (or; Νηματώδη; Nematoda), roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda.
Neurotoxin
Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity).
Nocardia
Nocardia is a genus of weakly staining Gram-positive, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria.
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus.
See Infection and Nuclear magnetic resonance
Odontogenic infection
An odontogenic infection is an infection that originates within a tooth or in the closely surrounding tissues.
See Infection and Odontogenic infection
Omics
The branches of science known informally as omics are various disciplines in biology whose names end in the suffix -omics, such as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, phenomics and transcriptomics.
Onchocerciasis
Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is a disease caused by infection with the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus.
See Infection and Onchocerciasis
Open fracture
An open fracture, also called a compound fracture, is a type of bone fracture (broken bone) that has an open wound in the skin near the fractured bone.
See Infection and Open fracture
Opportunistic infection
An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available.
See Infection and Opportunistic infection
Opsonin
Opsonins are extracellular proteins that, when bound to substances or cells, induce phagocytes to phagocytose the substances or cells with the opsonins bound.
Optical microscope
The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects.
See Infection and Optical microscope
Optimal virulence
Optimal virulence is a concept relating to the ecology of hosts and parasites.
See Infection and Optimal virulence
Organ system
An organ system is a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions.
See Infection and Organ system
Organ transplantation
Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.
See Infection and Organ transplantation
Organism
An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.
Otitis
Otitis is a general term for inflammation in ear or ear infection, inner ear infection, middle ear infection of the ear, in both humans and other animals.
Outer space
Outer space (or simply space) is the expanse that exists beyond Earth's atmosphere and between celestial bodies.
Outline of infectious disease concepts
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to concepts related to infectious diseases in humans.
See Infection and Outline of infectious disease concepts
Paleopathology
Paleopathology, also spelled palaeopathology, is the study of ancient diseases and injuries in organisms through the examination of fossils, mummified tissue, skeletal remains, and analysis of coprolites.
See Infection and Paleopathology
Pandemic
A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has a sudden increase in cases and spreads across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals.
Parasitic disease
A parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused by parasites.
See Infection and Parasitic disease
Parasitic worm
Parasitic worms, also known as helminths, are large macroparasites; adults can generally be seen with the naked eye.
See Infection and Parasitic worm
Parasitism
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
Passive immunity
In immunology, passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies.
See Infection and Passive immunity
Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and -γενής, "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease.
Pathogen transmission
In medicine, public health, and biology, transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected.
See Infection and Pathogen transmission
Pathogenic bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease.
See Infection and Pathogenic bacteria
Pathognomonic
Pathognomonic (rare synonym pathognomic) is a term, often used in medicine, that means "characteristic for a particular disease".
See Infection and Pathognomonic
Peginterferon alfa-2a
Pegylated interferon alfa-2a, sold under the brand name Pegasys among others, is medication used to treat hepatitis C and hepatitis B. For hepatitis C it is typically used together with ribavirin and cure rates are between 24 and 92%.
See Infection and Peginterferon alfa-2a
Peginterferon alfa-2b
Pegylated interferon alfa-2b is a drug used to treat melanoma, as an adjuvant therapy to surgery.
See Infection and Peginterferon alfa-2b
Penetrating trauma
Penetrating trauma is an open wound injury that occurs when an object pierces the skin and enters a tissue of the body, creating a deep but relatively narrow entry wound.
See Infection and Penetrating trauma
Penicillin
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens.
Peritoneum
The peritoneum is the serous membrane forming the lining of the abdominal cavity or coelom in amniotes and some invertebrates, such as annelids.
Pest control
Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest; such as any animal, plant or fungus that impacts adversely on human activities or environment.
See Infection and Pest control
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.
See Infection and Phagocytosis
Pinworm (parasite)
The pinworm (species Enterobius vermicularis), also known as threadworm (in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand) or seatworm, is a parasitic worm.
See Infection and Pinworm (parasite)
Plague (disease)
Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
See Infection and Plague (disease)
Plague of Athens
The Plague of Athens (Λοιμὸς τῶν Ἀθηνῶν) was an epidemic that devastated the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year (430 BC) of the Peloponnesian War when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach.
See Infection and Plague of Athens
Plague of Justinian
The plague of Justinian or Justinianic plague (AD 541–549) was an epidemic that afflicted the entire Mediterranean Basin, Europe, and the Near East, severely affecting the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire, especially Constantinople.
See Infection and Plague of Justinian
Plasmid
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
Plasmodium
Plasmodium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects.
PLOS One
PLOS One (stylized PLOS ONE, and formerly PLoS ONE) is a peer-reviewed open access mega journal published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS) since 2006.
Pneumocystidomycetes
The Pneumocystidomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi.
See Infection and Pneumocystidomycetes
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli.
Poison
A poison is any chemical substance that is harmful or lethal to living organisms.
Polio
Poliomyelitis, commonly shortened to polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.
Polygyny
Polygyny is a form of polygamy entailing the marriage of a man to several women.
Polymerase chain reaction
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly, allowing scientists to amplify a very small sample of DNA (or a part of it) sufficiently to enable detailed study.
See Infection and Polymerase chain reaction
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food.
See Infection and Polysaccharide
Positron emission tomography
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes, and in other physiological activities including blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption.
See Infection and Positron emission tomography
Pre-existing disease in pregnancy
A pre-existing disease in pregnancy is a disease that is not directly caused by the pregnancy, in contrast to various complications of pregnancy, but which may become worse or be a potential risk to the pregnancy (such as causing pregnancy complications).
See Infection and Pre-existing disease in pregnancy
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops (gestates) inside a woman's uterus (womb).
Preventive healthcare
Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, is the application of healthcare measures to prevent diseases.
See Infection and Preventive healthcare
Primary care
Primary care is a model of care that supports first-contact, accessible, continuous, comprehensive and coordinated person-focused care.
See Infection and Primary care
Primer (molecular biology)
A primer is a short, single-stranded nucleic acid used by all living organisms in the initiation of DNA synthesis.
See Infection and Primer (molecular biology)
Prion
A prion is a misfolded protein that can induce misfolding of normal variants of the same protein and trigger cellular death.
Protective sequestration
Protective sequestration, in public health, is social distancing measures taken to protect a small, defined, and still-healthy population from outsiders during an epidemic (or pandemic) before the infection reaches that population.
See Infection and Protective sequestration
Pulmonology
Pulmonology (from Latin pulmō, -ōnis "lung" and the Greek suffix -λογία "study of"), pneumology (built on Greek πνεύμων "lung") or pneumonology is a medical specialty that deals with diseases involving the respiratory tract.
Purpura
Purpura is a condition of red or purple discolored spots on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure.
Quarantine
A quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people, animals, and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease or pests.
Quinolone antibiotic
Quinolone antibiotics constitute a large group of broad-spectrum bacteriocidals that share a bicyclic core structure related to the substance 4-quinolone.
See Infection and Quinolone antibiotic
Rabies
Rabies is a viral disease that causes encephalitis in humans and other mammals.
Rabies virus
Rabies virus, scientific name Rabies lyssavirus, is a neurotropic virus that causes rabies in animals, including humans.
See Infection and Rabies virus
Rainforest
Rainforests are forests characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire.
Rash
A rash is a change of the skin that affects its color, appearance, or texture.
Red blood cell
Red blood cells (RBCs), referred to as erythrocytes (with -cyte translated as 'cell' in modern usage) in academia and medical publishing, also known as red cells, erythroid cells, and rarely haematids, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
See Infection and Red blood cell
Reference genome
A reference genome (also known as a reference assembly) is a digital nucleic acid sequence database, assembled by scientists as a representative example of the set of genes in one idealized individual organism of a species.
See Infection and Reference genome
Refrigeration
Refrigeration is any of various types of cooling of a space, substance, or system to lower and/or maintain its temperature below the ambient one (while the removed heat is ejected to a place of higher temperature).
See Infection and Refrigeration
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) is a private research university in Troy, New York, with an additional campus in Hartford, Connecticut.
See Infection and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Research
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge".
Respiratory system
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.
See Infection and Respiratory system
Respiratory tract
The respiratory tract is the subdivision of the respiratory system involved with the process of conducting air to the alveoli for the purposes of gas exchange in mammals.
See Infection and Respiratory tract
Respiratory tract infection
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infectious diseases involving the lower or upper respiratory tract.
See Infection and Respiratory tract infection
Reverse transcriptase
A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to convert RNA genome to DNA, a process termed reverse transcription.
See Infection and Reverse transcriptase
Rhinorrhea
Rhinorrhea, rhinorrhoea, or informally runny nose is the free discharge of a thin mucus fluid from the nose; it is a common condition.
Rhinovirus
The rhinovirus (from the rhis "nose", ῥινός, romanized: "of the nose", and the vīrus) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
Ribavirin
Ribavirin, also known as tribavirin, is an antiviral medication used to treat RSV infection, hepatitis C and some viral hemorrhagic fevers.
Ritual purity in Islam
Purity (طهارة, ṭahāra(h)) is an essential aspect of Islam.
See Infection and Ritual purity in Islam
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or RNA replicase is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template.
See Infection and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Robert Koch
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist.
Root cause analysis
In the field of science and engineering, root cause analysis (RCA) is a method of problem solving used for identifying the root causes of faults or problems.
See Infection and Root cause analysis
Rotavirus
Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children.
Salmonella
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
Salmonella enterica subsp.
See Infection and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
Salpingitis
Salpingitis is an infection causing inflammation in the fallopian tubes (also called salpinges).
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19, the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.
Schistosoma
Schistosoma is a genus of trematodes, commonly known as blood flukes.
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever, bilharzia, and Katayama fever, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes.
See Infection and Schistosomiasis
Self-limiting (biology)
In biology and medicine, the term self-limiting may describe a medical condition, or it may describe an organism or colony.
See Infection and Self-limiting (biology)
Sentinel surveillance
Sentinel surveillance is monitoring of rate of occurrence of specific diseases and conditions through a voluntary network of doctors, laboratories and public health departments with a view to assess the stability or change in health levels of a population.
See Infection and Sentinel surveillance
Sepsis
Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.
Sequela
A sequela (usually used in the plural, sequelae) is a pathological condition resulting from a disease, injury, therapy, or other trauma.
Sequence alignment
In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences.
See Infection and Sequence alignment
Serology
Serology is the scientific study of serum and other body fluids. Infection and Serology are epidemiology.
Sexually transmitted infection
A sexually transmitted infection (STI), also referred to as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and the older term venereal disease (VD), is an infection that is spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex, oral sex, or sometimes manual sex.
See Infection and Sexually transmitted infection
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition.
See Infection and Signs and symptoms
Skin
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation.
Skin infection
A skin infection is an infection of the skin in humans and other animals, that can also affect the associated soft tissues such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes.
See Infection and Skin infection
Small-world network
A small-world network is a graph characterized by a high clustering coefficient and low distances.
See Infection and Small-world network
Smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.
Social distancing
In public health, social distancing, also called physical distancing, (NB. Regula Venske is president of the PEN Centre Germany.) is a set of non-pharmaceutical interventions or measures intended to prevent the spread of a contagious disease by maintaining a physical distance between people and reducing the number of times people come into close contact with each other. Infection and social distancing are epidemiology.
See Infection and Social distancing
Space environment
Space environment is a branch of astronautics, aerospace engineering and space physics that seeks to understand and address conditions existing in space that affect the design and operation of spacecraft.
See Infection and Space environment
Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program.
See Infection and Space Shuttle
Spaceflight
Spaceflight (or space flight) is an application of astronautics to fly objects, usually spacecraft, into or through outer space, either with or without humans on board.
Spanish flu
The 1918–1920 flu pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or by the common misnomer Spanish flu, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 subtype of the influenza A virus.
Species
A species (species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.
Spillover infection
Spillover infection, also known as pathogen spillover and spillover event, occurs when a reservoir population with a high pathogen prevalence comes into contact with a novel host population. Infection and spillover infection are epidemiology.
See Infection and Spillover infection
Spirochaete
A spirochaete or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota (also called Spirochaetes), which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) Gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells.
Staining
Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level.
Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Staphylococcaceae from the order Bacillales.
See Infection and Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive spherically shaped bacterium, a member of the Bacillota, and is a usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin.
See Infection and Staphylococcus aureus
Strain (biology)
In biology, a strain is a genetic variant, a subtype or a culture within a biological species.
See Infection and Strain (biology)
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as streptococcal sore throat (strep throat), is pharyngitis (an infection of the pharynx, the back of the throat) caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a gram-positive, group A streptococcus.
See Infection and Streptococcal pharyngitis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes is a species of Gram-positive, aerotolerant bacteria in the genus Streptococcus.
See Infection and Streptococcus pyogenes
Subclinical infection
A subclinical infection—sometimes called a preinfection or inapparent infection—is an infection by a pathogen that causes few or no signs or symptoms of infection in the host. Infection and subclinical infection are epidemiology.
See Infection and Subclinical infection
Sulfonamide (medicine)
Sulfonamide is a functional group (a part of a molecule) that is the basis of several groups of drugs, which are called sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs.
See Infection and Sulfonamide (medicine)
Surgery
Surgery is a medical specialty that uses manual and instrumental techniques to diagnose or treat pathological conditions (e.g., trauma, disease, injury, malignancy), to alter bodily functions (i.e., malabsorption created by bariatric surgery such as gastric bypass), to reconstruct or improve aesthetics and appearance (cosmetic surgery), or to remove unwanted tissues (body fat, glands, scars or skin tags) or foreign bodies.
Sushruta
Sushruta (lit) is the listed author of the Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta's Compendium), a treatise considered to be one of the most important surviving ancient treatiseson medicine and is considered a foundational text of Ayurveda.
Sushruta Samhita
The Sushruta Samhita (lit) is an ancient Sanskrit text on medicine and one of the most important such treatises on this subject to survive from the ancient world.
See Infection and Sushruta Samhita
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
T cell
T cells are one of the important types of white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response.
Taxonomy (biology)
In biology, taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.
See Infection and Taxonomy (biology)
Testicle
A testicle or testis (testes) is the male gonad in all bilaterians, including humans.
Tetanus
Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani and characterized by muscle spasms.
Tetracycline antibiotics
Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds that have a common basic structure and are either isolated directly from several species of Streptomyces bacteria or produced semi-synthetically from those isolated compounds.
See Infection and Tetracycline antibiotics
The BMJ
The BMJ is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal, published by BMJ Group, which in turn is wholly-owned by the British Medical Association (BMA).
The Canon of Medicine
The Canon of Medicine (al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb; Qānun dar Teb; Canon Medicinae) is an encyclopedia of medicine in five books compiled by Muslim Persian physician-philosopher Avicenna (ابن سینا, ibn Sina) and completed in 1025.
See Infection and The Canon of Medicine
Third-generation sequencing
Third-generation sequencing (also known as long-read sequencing) is a class of DNA sequencing methods which produce longer sequence reads, under active development since 2008.
See Infection and Third-generation sequencing
Threshold host density
Threshold host density (NT), in the context of wildlife disease ecology, refers to the concentration of a population of a particular organism as it relates to disease. Infection and Threshold host density are epidemiology.
See Infection and Threshold host density
Thucydides
Thucydides (Θουκυδίδης||; BC) was an Athenian historian and general.
Tick
Ticks are parasitic arachnids of the order Ixodida.
Time
Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future.
Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function.
See Infection and Tissue (biology)
Tooth
A tooth (teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food.
Topical medication
A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body.
See Infection and Topical medication
Total fertility rate
The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were to live from birth until the end of their reproductive life.
See Infection and Total fertility rate
Toxin
A toxin is a naturally occurring poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms.
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasitic protozoan (specifically an apicomplexan) that causes toxoplasmosis.
See Infection and Toxoplasma gondii
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of progressive, incurable, and fatal conditions that are associated with prions and affect the brain and nervous system of many animals, including humans, cattle, and sheep.
See Infection and Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Transport
Transport (in British English) or transportation (in American English) is the intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another.
Trematoda
Trematoda is a class of flatworms known as flukes or trematodes.
Treponema pallidum
Treponema pallidum, formerly known as Spirochaeta pallida, is a microaerophilic spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel (also known as endemic syphilis), and yaws.
See Infection and Treponema pallidum
Triatominae
The members of the Triatominae, a subfamily of the Reduviidae, are also known as conenose bugs, kissing bugs (so-called from their habit of feeding from around the mouths of people), or vampire bugs.
Tropical disease
Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions.
See Infection and Tropical disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosoma cruzi is a species of parasitic euglenoids.
See Infection and Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis or trypanosomosis is the name of several diseases in vertebrates caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma.
See Infection and Trypanosomiasis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.
See Infection and Tuberculosis
Typhus
Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus.
Tyrannosaurus
Tyrannosaurus is a genus of large theropod dinosaur.
See Infection and Tyrannosaurus
Urbanization
Urbanization (or urbanisation in British English) is the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change.
See Infection and Urbanization
Urinary tract infection
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract.
See Infection and Urinary tract infection
Usage (language)
The usage of a language is the ways in which its written and spoken variations are routinely employed by its speakers; that is, it refers to "the collective habits of a language's native speakers", as opposed to idealized models of how a language works (or should work) in the abstract.
See Infection and Usage (language)
Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease.
Vaccine-preventable disease
A vaccine-preventable disease is an infectious disease for which an effective preventive vaccine exists.
See Infection and Vaccine-preventable disease
Vacuum
A vacuum (vacuums or vacua) is space devoid of matter.
Vaginitis
Vaginitis, also known as vulvovaginitis, is inflammation of the vagina and vulva.
Vertically transmitted infection
A vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses that use mother-to-child transmission, that is, transmission directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth.
See Infection and Vertically transmitted infection
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio cholerae is a species of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe and comma-shaped bacteria.
See Infection and Vibrio cholerae
Viral disease
A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.
See Infection and Viral disease
Viridans streptococci
The viridans streptococci are a large group of commensal streptococcal Gram-positive bacteria species that are α-hemolytic, producing a green coloration on blood agar plates (hence the name "viridans", from Latin "vĭrĭdis", green), although some species in this group are actually γ-hemolytic, meaning they produce no change on blood agar.
See Infection and Viridans streptococci
Viroid
Viroids are small single-stranded, circular RNAs that are infectious pathogens.
Virulence
Virulence is a pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host.
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Infection and virus are epidemiology.
Virus latency
Virus latency (or viral latency) is the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant (latent) within a cell, denoted as the lysogenic part of the viral life cycle.
See Infection and Virus latency
Wart
Warts are non-cancerous viral growths usually occurring on the hands and feet but which can also affect other locations, such as the genitals or face.
Waterborne disease
Waterborne diseases are conditions (meaning adverse effects on human health, such as death, disability, illness or disorders) caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted by water.
See Infection and Waterborne disease
Whooping cough
Whooping cough, also known as pertussis or the 100-day cough, is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable bacterial disease.
See Infection and Whooping cough
Wildlife disease
Disease is described as a decrease in performance of normal functions of an individual caused by many factors, which is not limited to infectious agents.
See Infection and Wildlife disease
William Budd
William Budd (14 September 1811 – 9 January 1880) was an English physician and epidemiologist known for recognizing that infectious diseases were contagious.
See Infection and William Budd
Word sense
In linguistics, a word sense is one of the meanings of a word.
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
See Infection and World Health Organization
Wound
A wound is any disruption of or damage to living tissue, such as skin, mucous membranes, or organs.
Wound healing
Wound healing refers to a living organism's replacement of destroyed or damaged tissue by newly produced tissue.
See Infection and Wound healing
X-ray
X-rays (or rarely, X-radiation) are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation.
Xenodiagnosis
Xenodiagnosis is a diagnostic method used to document the presence of infectious disease microorganisms or pathogens by exposing possibly infected tissue to a vector and then examining the vector for the presence of the microorganisms or pathogens it may have ingested.
See Infection and Xenodiagnosis
Yersinia pestis
Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis; formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillus bacterium without spores that is related to both Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, the pathogen from which Y. pestis evolved and responsible for the Far East scarlet-like fever.
See Infection and Yersinia pestis
Zidovudine
Zidovudine (ZDV), also known as azidothymidine (AZT), was the first antiretroviral medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS.
Zoonosis
A zoonosis (plural zoonoses) or zoonotic disease is an infectious disease of humans caused by a pathogen (an infectious agent, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or prion) that can jump from a non-human (usually a vertebrate) to a human and vice versa.
16S ribosomal RNA
16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA).
See Infection and 16S ribosomal RNA
2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures
The 2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures were a stay-at-home order and cordon sanitaire implemented as a preventive measure by the Government of Singapore in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country on 7 April 2020.
See Infection and 2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures
References
Also known as AIDS-related bacterial infections, AIDS-related viral infections, Acute infection, Anti-infective, Anti-infectives, Antiinfective, Bacterial Infections, Chain of infection, Communicable Diseases, Communicable disease, Contagious diseases, Definition to contagious, Infect, Infecting, Infections, Infectious, Infectious Disease, Infectious Diseases, Infective, Latent infection, Local infection, Persistent infection, Primary infection, Secondary infection, Symptomatic infection, Wound colonization, Wound infection.
, Bacteroides fragilis, Basidiomycota, Biochemistry, Biological hazard, Black Death, Blood plasma, Blood-borne disease, Botulism, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Bubonic plague, Burn, Cambridge University Press, Cancer, Candida (fungus), Carbohydrate, Cephalosporin, Chagas disease, Chemical synthesis, Chemotherapy, Childbirth, Cholera, Chorioamnionitis, Chronic granulomatous disease, Classical antiquity, Clostridia, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani, Coevolution, Coinfection, Colitis, Colony (biology), Commensalism, Complement system, Complication (medicine), Condom, Conjunctivitis, Contagious disease, Copenhagen Consensus, Cordon sanitaire (medicine), Corynebacterium, Cough, COVID-19, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Cryptococcus, Crystal violet, CT scan, Cyanosis, Dengue fever, Denotation, Dermatophytosis, Diarrhea, Diphtheria, Disease, Disease outbreak, Disease vector, Disinfectant, Dye, Ebola, Ebolavirus, Ecological niche, Edward Jenner, Electron microscope, Electrostatics, Embryo, Emerging infectious disease, Encephalitis, Endemic (epidemiology), Entamoeba histolytica, Enzyme, Epidemic, Epidemiological transition, Epidemiology, Eradication of infectious diseases, ERAP2, Escherichia coli, Eucestoda, Eukaryote, Fatigue, Fecal–oral route, Fermentation, Fetus, Fever, Filariasis, Fiqh, Flea, Fluorescence, Fluorescence microscope, Foodborne illness, Foot-and-mouth disease, Fossil, Fungal infection, Galen, Gas, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Gastroenteritis, Gastrointestinal tract, Genetic disorder, Genome, Genotype, Genus, Geography, Gerhard Domagk, Giardia, Giemsa stain, Girolamo Fracastoro, Gizmodo, Globalization and disease, Gram stain, Growth medium, Habitat, Hand washing, Health professional, Hemagglutinin, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Herd immunity, Herpes simplex virus, Herpesviridae, Herrerasaurus, History, HIV, HIV/AIDS, Hospital-acquired infection, Host (biology), Host–pathogen interaction, Human brain, Human skin, Hypothesis, Iatrogenesis, Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari, Ibn al-Khatib, Immune system, Immune tolerance, Immunity (medicine), Immunoassay, Immunodeficiency, Immunology, Immunopathology, Immunosuppression, Impetigo, Indication (medicine), Infection prevention and control, Infectious diseases (medical specialty), Infestation, Inflammation, Influenza, Injection (medicine), Injury, Innate immune system, Inoculation, Interferon type I, Internal medicine, International Classification of Diseases, International Space Station, Intestinal infectious diseases, Intravenous therapy, Ionizing radiation, Islamic dietary laws, Isolation (health care), JAMA, John Snow, Joint, Jonas Salk, Kirtland Formation, Kiss, Koch's postulates, Large intestine, Latent tuberculosis, Leishmaniasis, List of causes of death by rate, List of diseases spread by arthropods, List of infectious diseases, Lockdown, Louis Pasteur, Louse, Lower respiratory tract infection, Lyssavirus, Macrolide, Major trauma, Malaria, Malignancy, Mammal, Management of HIV/AIDS, Massive parallel sequencing, Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases, Measles, Medical history, Medical specialty, Medication, Medicine, Medicine in the medieval Islamic world, Meningitis, Metabolism, Metagenomics, Mexico, Miasma theory, Microbiological culture, Micrograph, Microorganism, Microscopy, Mite, Mouth, Mucous membrane, Multicellular organism, Multiplicity of infection, Mutualism (biology), Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Najis, NASA, Natural environment, Nature (journal), Neglected tropical diseases, Nematode, Neurotoxin, Nocardia, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Odontogenic infection, Omics, Onchocerciasis, Open fracture, Opportunistic infection, Opsonin, Optical microscope, Optimal virulence, Organ system, Organ transplantation, Organism, Otitis, Outer space, Outline of infectious disease concepts, Paleopathology, Pandemic, Parasitic disease, Parasitic worm, Parasitism, Passive immunity, Pathogen, Pathogen transmission, Pathogenic bacteria, Pathognomonic, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Penetrating trauma, Penicillin, Peritoneum, Pest control, Phagocytosis, Pinworm (parasite), Plague (disease), Plague of Athens, Plague of Justinian, Plasmid, Plasmodium, PLOS One, Pneumocystidomycetes, Pneumonia, Poison, Polio, Polygyny, Polymerase chain reaction, Polysaccharide, Positron emission tomography, Pre-existing disease in pregnancy, Pregnancy, Preventive healthcare, Primary care, Primer (molecular biology), Prion, Protective sequestration, Pulmonology, Purpura, Quarantine, Quinolone antibiotic, Rabies, Rabies virus, Rainforest, Rash, Red blood cell, Reference genome, Refrigeration, Renaissance, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Research, Respiratory system, Respiratory tract, Respiratory tract infection, Reverse transcriptase, Rhinorrhea, Rhinovirus, Ribavirin, Ritual purity in Islam, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Robert Koch, Root cause analysis, Rotavirus, Salmonella, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, Salpingitis, SARS-CoV-2, Schistosoma, Schistosomiasis, Self-limiting (biology), Sentinel surveillance, Sepsis, Sequela, Sequence alignment, Serology, Sexually transmitted infection, Signs and symptoms, Skin, Skin infection, Small-world network, Smallpox, Social distancing, Space environment, Space Shuttle, Spaceflight, Spanish flu, Species, Spillover infection, Spirochaete, Staining, Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Strain (biology), Streptococcal pharyngitis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Subclinical infection, Sulfonamide (medicine), Surgery, Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Syphilis, T cell, Taxonomy (biology), Testicle, Tetanus, Tetracycline antibiotics, The BMJ, The Canon of Medicine, Third-generation sequencing, Threshold host density, Thucydides, Tick, Time, Tissue (biology), Tooth, Topical medication, Total fertility rate, Toxin, Toxoplasma gondii, Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, Transport, Trematoda, Treponema pallidum, Triatominae, Tropical disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosomiasis, Tuberculosis, Typhus, Tyrannosaurus, Urbanization, Urinary tract infection, Usage (language), Vaccination, Vaccine-preventable disease, Vacuum, Vaginitis, Vertically transmitted infection, Vibrio cholerae, Viral disease, Viridans streptococci, Viroid, Virulence, Virus, Virus latency, Wart, Waterborne disease, Whooping cough, Wildlife disease, William Budd, Word sense, World Health Organization, Wound, Wound healing, X-ray, Xenodiagnosis, Yersinia pestis, Zidovudine, Zoonosis, 16S ribosomal RNA, 2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures.