International Space Station

The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. ^[1]

A Beautiful Planet

A Beautiful Planet is a 2016 American documentary film that explores Earth by showing IMAX footage that was recorded over the course of fifteen months by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.

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Activated carbon

Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon processed to have small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions.

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Ad Astra Rocket Company

The Ad Astra Rocket Company is an American rocket propulsion company dedicated to the development of advanced plasma rocket propulsion technology.

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Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity

The Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity (ADUM) project is a U.S. government-funded study investigating strategies for applying diagnostic telemedicine to space.

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Aerosol

An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas.

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Air & Space/Smithsonian

Air & Space/Smithsonian magazine is a bimonthly magazine put out by the National Air and Space Museum.

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Airlock

An airlock is a device which permits the passage of people and objects between a pressure vessel and its surroundings while minimizing the change of pressure in the vessel and loss of air from it.

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Albedo

Albedo (albedo, meaning "whiteness") is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation received by an astronomical body (e.g. a planet like Earth).

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Almaz

The Almaz (Алмаз, "Diamond") program was a highly secretive Soviet military space station program, begun in the early 1960s.

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Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, also designated AMS-02, is a particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station (ISS).

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Aluminium

Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.

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Amateur radio

Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, describes the use of radio frequency spectrum for purposes of non-commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, private recreation, radiosport, contesting, and emergency communication.

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Amateur Radio on the International Space Station

Amateur-satellite service Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) - operating in the Amateur-satellite service - is a project sponsored by various entities and carried out by astronauts and cosmonauts on the International Space Station who also have an amateur radio license.

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Ammonia

Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

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Androgynous Peripheral Attach System

The terms Androgynous Peripheral Attach System (APAS), Androgynous Peripheral Assembly System (APAS) and Androgynous Peripheral Docking System (APDS), are used interchangeably to describe a family of spacecraft docking mechanisms, and are also sometimes used as a generic name for any docking system in that family.

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Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

The Crimean peninsula was annexed from Ukraine by the Russian Federation in February–March 2014.

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Anousheh Ansari

Anousheh Ansari (Anuŝe Ansāri; née Raissyan; born September 12, 1966) is an Iranian-American engineer and co-founder and chairwoman of Prodea Systems.

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Antares (rocket)

Antares, known during early development as Taurus II, is an expendable launch system developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation (now part of Northrop Grumman Innovation System after Northrop Grumman acquired Orbital ATK) and the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau to launch the Cygnus spacecraft to the International Space Station as part of NASA's COTS and CRS programs.

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Antenna (radio)

In radio, an antenna is the interface between radio waves propagating through space and electric currents moving in metal conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver.

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Anti-satellite weapon

Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are space weapons designed to incapacitate or destroy satellites for strategic military purposes.

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Antimatter

In modern physics, antimatter is defined as a material composed of the antiparticle (or "partners") to the corresponding particles of ordinary matter.

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Apogee Books

Apogee Books is an imprint of Canadian publishing house Collector's Guide Publishing.

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Apollo 1

Apollo 1, initially designated AS-204, was the first manned mission of the United States Apollo program, the program to land the first men on the Moon.

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Apparent magnitude

The apparent magnitude of a celestial object is a number that is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth.

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Artificial gravity

Artificial gravity (sometimes referred to as pseudogravity) is the creation of an inertial force that mimics the effects of a gravitational force, usually by rotation.

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Astrium

Astrium was an aerospace manufacturer subsidiary of the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) that provided civil and military space systems and services from 2006 to 2013.

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Astrobiology

Astrobiology is a branch of biology concerned with the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.

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Astronomy

Astronomy (from ἀστρονομία) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena.

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Atlas V

Atlas V ("V" is pronounced "Five") is an expendable launch system in the Atlas rocket family.

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Atmosphere of Earth

The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity.

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Atmospheric entry

Atmospheric entry is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet or natural satellite.

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Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space

Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) is a project led by the European Space Agency which will place ultra-stable atomic clocks on the International Space Station.

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Attitude control

Attitude control is controlling the orientation of an object with respect to an inertial frame of reference or another entity like the celestial sphere, certain fields, and nearby objects, etc.

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Aurora

An aurora (plural: auroras or aurorae), sometimes referred to as polar lights, northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light display in the Earth's sky, predominantly seen in the high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic).

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Automated Transfer Vehicle

The Automated Transfer Vehicle, originally Ariane Transfer Vehicle or ATV, was an expendable cargo spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency (ESA).

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Baikonur Cosmodrome

Baikonur Cosmodrome (translit; translit) is a spaceport located in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to Russia.

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Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31

Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, in Kazakhstan, is a launch site used by derivatives of the R-7 Semyorka missile.

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Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81

Site 81 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome is a launch site used, along with Site 200, by Proton rockets.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.

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Beta angle

The beta angle (\boldsymbol) is a measurement that is used most notably in spaceflight.

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Bigelow Aerospace

Bigelow Aerospace is an American space technology startup company based in North Las Vegas, Nevada, that manufactures and develops expandable space station modules.

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Bigelow Expandable Activity Module

The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) is an experimental expandable space station module developed by Bigelow Aerospace, under contract to NASA, for testing as a temporary module on the International Space Station (ISS) from 2016 to at least 2020.

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Biolab

Biolab (Biological Experiment Laboratory) is a single-rack multi-user science payload designed for use in the Columbus laboratory of the International Space Station.

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Biology

Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.

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Boeing

The Boeing Company is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, and missiles worldwide.

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C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)

Comet Lovejoy, formally designated C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy), is a long-period comet and Kreutz Sungrazer.

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Canadian Space Agency

The Canadian Space Agency (CSA; Agence spatiale canadienne, ASC) was established by the Canadian Space Agency Act which received Royal Assent on May 10, 1990.

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Cape Canaveral Air Force Station

Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) (known as Cape Kennedy Air Force Station from 1963 to 1973) is an installation of the United States Air Force Space Command's 45th Space Wing.

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Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40

Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40), previously Launch Complex 40 (LC-40) is a launch pad for rockets located at the north end of Cape Canaveral, Florida.

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Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41

Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41 (SLC-41), previously Launch Complex 41 (LC-41), is an active launch site at the north end of Cape Canaveral, Florida at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.

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Cataract

A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision.

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Cell culture

Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment.

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Center for the Advancement of Science in Space

The Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, or CASIS, is a US government-funded national laboratory, with principal research facilities located in the United States portion of the International Space Station (ISS).

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Centrifuge Accommodations Module

The Centrifuge Accommodations Module (CAM) is a cancelled element of the International Space Station.

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Ceremonial ship launching

Ceremonial ship launching is the process of transferring a vessel to the water.

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CERN

The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire), known as CERN (derived from the name Conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire), is a European research organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world.

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Charles Bolden

Charles Frank Bolden Jr. (born August 19, 1946) is a former Administrator of NASA, a retired United States Marine Corps Major General, and a former NASA astronaut.

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Chemical oxygen generator

A chemical oxygen generator is a device that releases oxygen via a chemical reaction.

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Chinese large modular space station

Artist's impression of the station with the Shenzhou manned spacecraft (bottom) and Tianzhou cargo craft (top) docked The Chinese large modular space station, is a planned space station to be placed in Low Earth orbit.

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Chris Hadfield

Chris Austin Hadfield (born 29 August 1959) is a retired Canadian astronaut who was the first Canadian to walk in space.

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Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center

NASA's Christopher C. Kraft Jr.

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Chromosome

A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.

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Cinematographer

A cinematographer or director of photography (sometimes shortened to DP or DOP) is the chief over the camera and light crews working on a film, television production or other live action piece and is responsible for making artistic and technical decisions related to the image.

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Cirque du Soleil

Cirque du Soleil ("Circus of the Sun" or "Sun Circus") is a Canadian entertainment company.

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CNES

The Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) (English: National Centre for Space Studies) is the French government space agency (administratively, a "public administration with industrial and commercial purpose").

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Collision avoidance (spacecraft)

In spaceflight, collision avoidance is the process of preventing a spacecraft from colliding with any other vehicle or object.

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Columbus (ISS module)

Columbus is a science laboratory that is part of the International Space Station (ISS) and is the largest single contribution to the ISS made by the European Space Agency (ESA).

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Columbus Control Centre

The Columbus Control Centre is the Mission Control Center which is used to control the European ''Columbus'' research laboratory, which is part of the International Space Station (ISS).

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Commercial Crew Development

Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) is a multiphase, space technology development program that is funded by the U.S. government and administered by NASA.

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Commercial off-the-shelf

Commercial off-the-shelf or commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) satisfy the needs of the purchasing organization, without the need to commission custom-made, or bespoke, solutions.

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Commercial Resupply Services

Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008–2016 for delivery of cargo and supplies to the International Space Station (ISS) on commercially operated spacecraft.

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Commercial use of space

Commercial use of space is the provision of goods or services of commercial value by using equipment sent into Earth orbit or outer space.

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Common Berthing Mechanism

The Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) is a berthing mechanism primarily used to connect pressurized elements within the US Orbital Segment of the International Space Station.

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Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) was a space observatory detecting photons with energies from 20 keV to 30 GeV, in Earth orbit from 1991 to 2000.

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Computer vision

Computer vision is a field that deals with how computers can be made for gaining high-level understanding from digital images or videos.

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Control moment gyroscope

A control moment gyroscope (CMG) is an attitude control device generally used in spacecraft attitude control systems.

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Coordinated Universal Time

No description.

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Coronal mass ejection

A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a significant release of plasma and magnetic field from the solar corona.

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Cosmic dust

Cosmic dust, also called extraterrestrial dust or space dust, is dust which exists in outer space, as well as all over planet Earth.

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Cosmic ray

Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System and even from distant galaxies.

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Cosmology

Cosmology (from the Greek κόσμος, kosmos "world" and -λογία, -logia "study of") is the study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe.

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CST-100 Starliner

The CST-100 Starliner (Crew Space Transportation) crew capsule is a spacecraft design under construction by Boeing in collaboration with Bigelow Aerospace as their entry for NASA's Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program.

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CubeSat

A CubeSat (U-class spacecraft) is a type of miniaturized satellite for space research that is made up of multiples of 10×10×10 cm cubic units.

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Cupola (ISS module)

The Cupola is an ESA-built observatory module of the International Space Station (ISS).

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Cygnus (spacecraft)

The Cygnus spacecraft is an American automated cargo spacecraft developed by Orbital ATK as part of NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) developmental program.

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Cygnus CRS OA-10E

Cygnus CRS OA-10E, also known as Orbital ATK CRS Flight 10E, is the eleventh planned flight of the Orbital ATK' unmanned resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its tenth flight to the International Space Station under the Commercial Resupply Services contract with NASA.

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Cygnus CRS OA-11

Cygnus CRS OA-11, also known as Orbital ATK CRS-11, is the twelfth planned flight of the Orbital ATK unmanned resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its eleventh flight to the International Space Station under the Commercial Resupply Services contract with NASA.

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Cygnus CRS OA-9E

Cygnus CRS OA-9E, also known as Orbital ATK OA-9E, is the tenth planned flight of the Orbital ATK uncrewed resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its ninth flight to the International Space Station under the Commercial Resupply Services contract with NASA.

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Daniel C. Burbank

Daniel Christopher Burbank (born July 27, 1961) is a retired American astronaut and a veteran of two Space Shuttle missions.

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Daniel M. Tani

Daniel M. Tani (born February 1, 1961) is an American engineer and a NASA astronaut.

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Dark matter

Dark matter is a theorized form of matter that is thought to account for approximately 80% of the matter in the universe, and about a quarter of its total energy density.

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Data-rate units

In telecommunications, data-transfer rate is the average number of bits (bitrate), characters or symbols (baudrate), or data blocks per unit time passing through a communication link in a data-transmission system.

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David Bowie

David Robert Jones (8 January 1947 – 10 January 2016), known professionally as David Bowie, was an English singer-songwriter and actor.

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Debian

Debian is a Unix-like computer operating system that is composed entirely of free software, and packaged by a group of individuals participating in the Debian Project.

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Decompression sickness

Decompression sickness (DCS; also known as divers' disease, the bends, aerobullosis, or caisson disease) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation.

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Degree (angle)

A degree (in full, a degree of arc, arc degree, or arcdegree), usually denoted by ° (the degree symbol), is a measurement of a plane angle, defined so that a full rotation is 360 degrees.

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Dennis Tito

Dennis Anthony Tito (born August 8, 1940) is an American engineer and multimillionaire, most widely known as the first space tourist to fund his own trip into space.

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Destiny (ISS module)

The Destiny module, also known as the US Lab, is the primary operating facility for U.S. research payloads aboard the International Space Station (ISS).

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Dextre

Dextre, also known as the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM), is a two armed robot, or telemanipulator, which is part of the Mobile Servicing System on the International Space Station (ISS), and does repairs otherwise requiring spacewalks.

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Digital subscriber line

Digital subscriber line (DSL; originally digital subscriber loop) is a family of technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone lines.

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Direct current

Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge.

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Dmitri Kondratyev

Dmitri Yur'yevich Kondrat'yev Дмитрий Юрьевич Кондратьев (born 25 May 1969 in Irkutsk, Russia) is a retired Russian cosmonaut.

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Dmitry Rogozin

Dmitry Olegovich Rogozin (Дми́трий Оле́гович Рого́зин; born 21 December 1963) is a Russian politician, currently serve as Director General of, Roscosmos.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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Douglas H. Wheelock

Douglas Harry "Wheels" Wheelock (born May 5, 1960) is an American engineer and astronaut.

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Dragon 2

Dragon 2 (also Crew Dragon, Dragon V2, or formerly DragonRider) is the second version of the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft, which will be a human-rated vehicle.

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Earth's shadow

Earth's shadow or Earth shadow is the shadow that Earth itself casts onto its atmosphere and into outer space, toward the antisolar point.

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Effect of spaceflight on the human body

Humans venturing into the environment of space can have negative effects on the body.

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Electric power

Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.

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Electrolysis

In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a technique that uses a direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction.

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Energia (corporation)

PAO S. P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia (Raketno-kosmicheskaya korporatsiya “Energiya” im.), also known as RSC Energia (РКК «Энергия», RKK “Energiya”), is a Russian manufacturer of ballistic missile, spacecraft and space station components.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.

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Ephemeris

In astronomy and celestial navigation, an ephemeris (plural: ephemerides) gives the positions of naturally occurring astronomical objects as well as artificial satellites in the sky at a given time or times.

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Esperance, Western Australia

Esperance is a town in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, on the Southern Ocean coastline approximately east-southeast of the state capital, Perth.

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European Data Relay System

The European Data Relay System (EDRS) system is a European constellation of state of the art GEO satellites that relay information and data between satellites, spacecraft, UAVs, and ground stations.

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European Drawer Rack

The European Drawer Rack (EDR) is a single, six-post International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) with seven Experiment Modules (EMs), each of which has separate access to power and cooling.

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European Physiology Modules

The European Physiology Module (EPM) is an International Standard Payload Rack for the Columbus Laboratory on board the International Space Station.

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European Robotic Arm

The European Robotic Arm (ERA) is a robotic arm to be attached to the Russian segment of the International Space Station.

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European Space Agency

The European Space Agency (ESA; Agence spatiale européenne, ASE; Europäische Weltraumorganisation) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space.

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European Technology Exposure Facility

The European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF) was a payload mounted on the exterior of the European ''Columbus'' laboratory, one of the modules of the International Space Station.

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Expedition 1

Expedition 1 was the first long-duration stay on the International Space Station (ISS).

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Expedition 10

Expedition 10 (2004–2005) was the tenth expedition to the International Space Station, using the Soyuz TMA-5, which stayed during the expedition for emergency evacuation.

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Expedition 11

Expedition 11 (2005) was the 11th expedition to the International Space Station, using the Soyuz TMA-6, which stayed during the expedition for emergency evacuation.

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Expedition 16

Expedition 16 was the 16th expedition to the International Space Station (ISS).

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Expedition 19

Expedition 19 was the 19th long-duration flight to the International Space Station.

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Expedition 20

Expedition 20 was the 20th long-duration flight to the International Space Station.

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Expedition 30

Expedition 30 was the 30th long-duration mission to the International Space Station (ISS).

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Expedition 31

Expedition 31 was the 31st long-duration expedition to the International Space Station (ISS).

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Expedition 32

Expedition 32 was the 32nd long-duration expedition to the International Space Station (ISS).

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Expedition 43

Expedition 43 was the 43rd expedition to the International Space Station.

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Expedition 44

Expedition 44 was the 44th expedition to the International Space Station.

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Expedition 5

Expedition 5 was the fifth long-duration stay on the International Space Station (ISS).

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Expedition 50

Expedition 50 was the 50th expedition to the International Space Station.

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Expedition 51

Expedition 51 was the 51st expedition to the International Space Station, which began upon the departure of Soyuz MS-02 on April 10, 2017 and concluded upon the departure of Soyuz MS-03 on June 2, 2017.

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Expedition 52

Expedition 52 is the 52nd expedition to the International Space Station.

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Expedition 55

Expedition 55 was the 55th expedition to the International Space Station, which began upon the departure of Soyuz MS-06 on February 27, 2018.

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Expedition 56

Expedition 56 is the 56th expedition to the International Space Station, which began on 1 June 2018 upon the departure of Soyuz MS-07.

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Expedition 57

Expedition 57 is the 57th expedition to the International Space Station, which is expected to begin in October 2018 upon the departure of Soyuz MS-08.

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Expedition 8

Expedition 8 was the eighth expedition to the International Space Station.

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Expedition 9

Expedition 9 (2004) was the ninth expedition to the International Space Station (21 April 2004 - 23 October 2004).

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Exploded-view drawing

An exploded view drawing is a diagram, picture, schematic or technical drawing of an object, that shows the relationship or order of assembly of various parts.

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Exploration Gateway Platform

The Exploration Gateway Platformhttp://www.nasa.gov/pdf/604659main_6%20-%20Panel%203_Raftery_Final.pdf was a design proposed by Boeing in December 2011 to drastically reduce the cost of Moon, Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs), or Mars missions by using components already designed to construct a refueling depot and servicing station located at one of the Earth–Moon Lagrange points, L1 or L2.

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ExPRESS Logistics Carrier

An ExPRESS logistics carrier (ELC) is an unpressurized attached payload platform for the International Space Station (ISS) that provides mechanical mounting surfaces, electrical power, and command and data handling services for Orbital Replacement Units (ORUs) as well as science experiments on the ISS.

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External Active Thermal Control System

The International Space Station (ISS) External Active Thermal Control System (EATCS) maintains an equilibrium when the ISS environment or heat loads exceed the capabilities of the Passive Thermal Control System (PTCS).

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External stowage platform

External stowage platforms (ESPs) are key components of the International Space Station (ISS).

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Extra-low voltage

Extra-low voltage (ELV) is an electricity supply voltage in a range which carries a low risk of dangerous electrical shock.

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Extravehicular activity

Extravehicular activity (EVA) is any activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft beyond the Earth's appreciable atmosphere.

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Extravehicular Mobility Unit

The Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) is an independent anthropomorphic spacesuit that provides environmental protection, mobility, life support, and communications for astronauts performing extravehicular activity (EVA) in Earth orbit.

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Extremophile

An extremophile (from Latin extremus meaning "extreme" and Greek philiā (φιλία) meaning "love") is an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth.

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Falcon 9

Falcon 9 is a family of two-stage-to-orbit medium lift launch vehicles, named for its use of nine Merlin first-stage engines, designed and manufactured by SpaceX.

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Falcon 9 Full Thrust

Falcon 9 Full Thrust (also known as Falcon 9 v1.2, with Block 3, Block 4 and Block 5 variants) is a partially reusable medium-lift launch vehicle, designed and manufactured by SpaceX.

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First Orbit

First Orbit is a feature-length, experimental documentary film about Vostok 1, the first manned space flight around the Earth.

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Fluid Science Laboratory

The Fluid Science Laboratory is a European (ESA's) science payload designed for use in Columbus built by Alenia Spazio, OHB-System and.

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Free fall

In Newtonian physics, free fall is any motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting upon it.

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Functional Cargo Block

The Functional Cargo Block or FGB (from the Russian "Функционально-грузовой блок", ФГБ, "Funktsionalno-gruzovoy blok", FGB, GRAU index 11F77) was part of the Soviet TKS spacecraft.

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Gagarin's Start

Gagarin's Start (Гагаринский старт, Gagarinskiy start) is a launch site at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, used for the Soviet space program and now managed by Roscosmos State Corporation.

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Genesis II

Genesis II is the second experimental space habitat designed and built by the private American firm Bigelow Aerospace, launched in 2007.

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Gennady Padalka

Gennady Ivanovich Padalka (Гeннадий Иванович Падалка; born 21 June 1958 in Krasnodar, Russia) is a Russian Air Force officer and an RKA cosmonaut.

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Geocaching

Geocaching is an outdoor recreational activity, in which participants use a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver or mobile device and other navigational techniques to hide and seek containers, called "geocaches" or "caches", at specific locations marked by coordinates all over the world.

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Geostationary orbit

A geostationary orbit, often referred to as a geosynchronous equatorial orbit (GEO), is a circular geosynchronous orbit above Earth's equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation.

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German Aerospace Center

The German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.), abbreviated DLR, is the national center for aerospace, energy and transportation research of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Gimbal

A gimbal is a pivoted support that allows the rotation of an object about a single axis.

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Government Accountability Office

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) is a legislative branch government agency that provides auditing, evaluation, and investigative services for the United States Congress.

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Grapple fixture

Grapple fixtures are used on spacecraft or other objects to provide a secure connection for a robotic arm.

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Gravity-gradient stabilization

Gravity-gradient stabilization (a.k.a. "tidal stabilization") is a method of stabilizing artificial satellites or space tethers in a fixed orientation using only the orbited body's mass distribution and gravitational field.

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Gregory Chamitoff

Gregory Errol Chamitoff (born 6 August 1962 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is an engineer and NASA astronaut.

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Guy Laliberté

Guy Laliberté, (born 2 September 1959) is a Canadian businessman, investor, poker player, and musician.

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H-II Transfer Vehicle

The H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV), also called, is an automated cargo spacecraft used to resupply the ''Kibō'' Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) and the International Space Station (ISS).

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H-IIB

H-IIB (H2B) is an expendable launch system used to launch H-II Transfer Vehicles (HTV, or Kounotori) towards the International Space Station.

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Habitation Module

ISS Habitation module under construction in December 1997 The Habitation Module for the International Space Station was intended to be the Station's main living quarters designed with galley, toilet, shower, sleep stations and medical facilities.

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Harmony (ISS module)

Harmony, also known as Node 2, is the "utility hub" of the International Space Station.

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Heavens-Above

Heavens-Above is a non-profit website developed and maintained by Chris Peat as Heavens-Above GmbH.

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High Definition Earth Viewing cameras

High Definition Earth Viewing (HDEV) cameras are a payload package delivered to the International Space Station on the SpaceX CRS-3 Mission, launched on April 18, 2014.

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High voltage

The term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm on living organisms.

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Hope

Hope is an optimistic state of mind that is based on an expectation of positive outcomes with respect to events and circumstances in one's life or the world at large.

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Houston

Houston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, with a census-estimated 2017 population of 2.312 million within a land area of.

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HP ZBook

HP ZBook is a brand of mobile workstations made by Hewlett-Packard.

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Hubble Space Telescope

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation.

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Human biology

Human biology is an interdisciplinary area of study that examines humans through the influences and interplay of many diverse fields such as genetics, evolution, physiology, anatomy, epidemiology, anthropology, ecology, nutrition, population genetics and sociocultural influences.

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Human mission to Mars

A human mission to Mars has been the subject of science fiction, aerospace engineering, and scientific proposals since the 19th century.

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Human spaceflight

Human spaceflight (also referred to as crewed spaceflight or manned spaceflight) is space travel with a crew or passengers aboard the spacecraft.

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Huntsville, Alabama

Huntsville is a city located primarily in Madison County in the Appalachian region of northern Alabama.

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IBM

The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries.

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Immortality Drive

The Immortality Drive is a large memory device which was taken to the International Space Station in a Soyuz spacecraft on October 12, 2008.

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Immune system

The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.

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Immunity (medical)

In biology, immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.

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Inflatable space habitat

Inflatable habitats or expandable habitats are pressurized structures capable of supporting life in outer space whose internal volume increases after launch.

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Int-Ball

The Int-Ball, also known as the JEM Internal Ball Camera, is an experimental, autonomous, self-propelled, and maneuverable ball camera which is deployed in the Japanese Kibō module of the International Space Station.

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Integrated Truss Structure

The Integrated Truss Structure (ITS) of the International Space Station (ISS) consists of a linear arranged sequence of connected trusses on which various unpressurized components are mounted such as logistics carriers, radiators, solar arrays, and other equipment.

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Interim Control Module

The Interim Control Module (ICM) is a NASA constructed module designed to serve as a temporary "tug" for the International Space Station in case the Zvezda service module was destroyed or not launched for an extended period of time.

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International Docking Adapter

The International Docking Adapter (IDA) is a spacecraft docking system adapter being developed to convert APAS-95 to the NASA Docking System (NDS)/ International Docking System Standard (IDSS).

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International Docking System Standard

The International Docking System Standard (IDSS), is an international standard for spacecraft docking adapters.

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International Space Station program

The International Space Station program is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the fifteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilization, and responsibilities for crew rotation and station resupply.

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International Standard Payload Rack

The International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) has been adopted by the International Space Station (ISS) program to support efficient integration and interchangeability of payload hardware – and to maximize joint research among investigators.

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Iridium satellite constellation

The Iridium satellite constellation provides L-band voice and data coverage to satellite phones, pagers and integrated transceivers over the entire Earth surface.

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ISS ECLSS

The International Space Station Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) is a life support system that provides or controls atmospheric pressure, fire detection and suppression, oxygen levels, waste management and water supply.

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ISS Propulsion Module

The ISS Propulsion module was proposed as a backup to functions performed by the Zvezda Service Module and Progress spacecraft.

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JAXA

The is the Japanese national aerospace and space agency.

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Johnson Space Center

The Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Manned Spacecraft Center, where human spaceflight training, research, and flight control are conducted.

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan,; kəzɐxˈstan), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of.

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Kennedy Space Center

The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is one of ten National Aeronautics and Space Administration field centers.

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Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch site at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island in Florida, United States.

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Kharkiv

Kharkiv (Ха́рків), also known as Kharkov (Ха́рьков) from Russian, is the second-largest city in Ukraine.

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Khartron

JSC "Khartron" (Hartron) (Ukrainian: Хартрон, formerly NPO "Electropribor", Russian: НПО "Электроприбор", means Scientific Production Association "Electrical device") is one of the leading design engineering bureaus of Commonwealth of Independent States (and the only in Ukraine), which develops and produces spacecraft and missile control systems.

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Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center

Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center (ГКНПЦ им. М. В. Хру́ничева in Russian) is a Moscow-based producer of spacecraft and space-launch systems, including the Proton and Rokot rockets.

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Kibo (ISS module)

The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), nicknamed, is a Japanese science module for the International Space Station (ISS) developed by JAXA.

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Kinetic energy

In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion.

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Korolyov, Moscow Oblast

Korolyov or Korolev (p) is an industrial city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, well known as the cradle of Soviet and Russian space exploration.

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Kounotori 2

Kounotori 2 (こうのとり2号機, "white stork"), also known as HTV-2, was launched in January 2011 and was the second Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).

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Kounotori 7

, also known as HTV-7 will be the seventh flight of the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV), an unmanned cargo spacecraft set to launch on 16 August 2018 to resupply the International Space Station.

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Kounotori 8

, also known as HTV-8 will be the 8th flight of the H-II Transfer Vehicle, an unmanned cargo spacecraft set to launch on February 2019 to resupply the International Space Station.

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Ku band

The Ku band is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies from 12 to 18 gigahertz (GHz).

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Kurs (docking navigation system)

Kurs (Ukrainian and translit) is a radio telemetry system used by the Soviet and later Russian space program.

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Lagrangian point

In celestial mechanics, the Lagrangian points (also Lagrange points, L-points, or libration points) are positions in an orbital configuration of two large bodies, wherein a small object, affected only by the gravitational forces from the two larger objects, will maintain its position relative to them.

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Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

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Leland D. Melvin

Leland Devon Melvin (born February 15, 1964 in Lynchburg, Virginia) is an American engineer and a former NASA astronaut.

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Lenovo

Lenovo Group Ltd. or Lenovo PC International, often shortened to Lenovo (formerly stylized as lenovo), is a Chinese multinational technology company with headquarters in Beijing, China and Morrisville, North Carolina.

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Leonardo (ISS module)

The Leonardo Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) is a module of the International Space Station.

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Lightsaber

A lightsaber is a fictional energy sword featured in the ''Star Wars'' universe.

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Linux

Linux is a family of free and open-source software operating systems built around the Linux kernel.

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Linux distribution

A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection, which is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system.

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Lira (ISS)

The Lira system (Лира) is a two-way communication system used between the International Space Station and Mission Control via the Russian ''Luch'' relay satellite constellation, also known as Altair.

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List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station

This is a chronological list of spaceflights to the International Space Station (ISS), including long-term ISS crew, short term visitors, and mixed human/cargo missions.

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List of International Space Station expeditions

This is a chronological list of expeditions to the International Space Station (ISS).

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List of International Space Station spacewalks

International Space Station spacewalks are major events in the building and maintaining of the orbital laboratory.

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List of International Space Station visitors

This is a list of all of the visitors to the International Space Station (ISS), including long-term crew, short-term visitors, and space tourists, in alphabetical order.

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List of life sciences

The life sciences or biological sciences comprise the branches of science that involve the scientific study of life and organisms – such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings – as well as related considerations like bioethics.

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List of space stations

A space station is a manned satellite designed to remain in low Earth orbit for a long period of time.

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Lithium-ion battery

A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (abbreviated as LIB) is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.

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Low Earth orbit

A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth with an altitude of or less, and with an orbital period of between about 84 and 127 minutes.

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Luch (satellite)

The Luch (Луч; lit. Ray) Satellite Data Relay Network (SDRN), also referred to as Altair and Gelios, is a series of geosynchronous Russian relay satellites, used to transmit live TV images, communications and other telemetry from the Soviet/Russian space station Mir, the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) of the International Space Station and other orbital spacecraft to the Earth, in a manner similar to that of the US Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System.

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Luke Skywalker

Luke Skywalker is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the original film trilogy of the ''Star Wars'' franchise created by George Lucas.

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Lymphocyte

A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.

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Magnetic field

A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials.

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Magnetosphere

A magnetosphere is the region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are manipulated or affected by that object's magnetic field.

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Mark Hamill

Mark Richard Hamill (born September 25, 1951) is an American stage, screen and voice actor.

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Mark Shuttleworth

Mark Richard Shuttleworth (born 18 September 1973) is a South African entrepreneur who is the founder and CEO of Canonical Ltd., the company behind the development of the Linux-based Ubuntu operating system.

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Mars

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System after Mercury.

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MARS-500

The Mars-500 mission was a psychosocial isolation experiment conducted between 2007 and 2011 by Russia, the European Space Agency and China, in preparation for an unspecified future manned spaceflight to the planet Mars.

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Marshall Space Flight Center

The George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), located in Huntsville, Alabama, is the U.S. government's civilian rocketry and spacecraft propulsion research center.

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Materials International Space Station Experiment

The Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) is a series of experiments mounted externally on the International Space Station (ISS) that investigates the effects of long-term exposure of materials to the harsh space environment.

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Materials science

The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also commonly termed materials science and engineering is the design and discovery of new materials, particularly solids.

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MAXI (ISS Experiment)

The Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) is an X-ray slit camera aboard the International Space Station.

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Meteorology

Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting.

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Metres above sea level

Metres above mean sea level (MAMSL) or simply metres above sea level (MASL or m a.s.l.) is a standard metric measurement in metres of the elevation or altitude of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level.

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Michael Foale

Colin Michael Foale (born 6 January 1957) is a British-American astrophysicist and former NASA astronaut.

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Micro-g environment

The term micro-g environment (also µg, often referred to by the term microgravity) is more or less a synonym for weightlessness and zero-g, but indicates that g-forces are not quite zero—just very small.

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Microgravity Science Glovebox

The Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) is a glovebox aboard the International Space Station.

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Micrometeoroid

A micrometeoroid is a tiny meteoroid; a small particle of rock in space, usually weighing less than a gram.

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Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a group of several graphical operating system families, all of which are developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft.

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Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport

The Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) is a commercial space launch facility located at the southern tip of NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island in Virginia, just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and south of Chincoteague, Virginia, United States.

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Millennium Falcon

The Millennium Falcon is a fictional starship in the Star Wars franchise.

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Mini-Research Module

International Space Station modules.

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Mir

Mir (Мир,; lit. peace or world) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia.

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Mir Docking Module

The Stykovochnyy Otsek (стыковочный отсек, Docking compartment), GRAU index 316GK, otherwise known as the Mir docking module or SO, was the sixth module of the Russian space station Mir, launched in November 1995 aboard the.

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Mission control center

A mission control center (MCC, sometimes called a flight control center or operations center) is a facility that manages space flights, usually from the point of launch until landing or the end of the mission.

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Mission Elapsed Time

Mission Elapsed Time (MET) is used by NASA during their space missions, most notably during their Space Shuttle missions.

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Mobile Servicing System

The Mobile Servicing System (MSS), is a robotic system on board the International Space Station (ISS).

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Moon

The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth and is Earth's only permanent natural satellite.

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Multi-Purpose Logistics Module

A Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) was a large pressurized container used on Space Shuttle missions to transfer cargo to and from the International Space Station (ISS).

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Muscle atrophy

Muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease in the mass of the muscle; it can be a partial or complete wasting away of muscle, and is most commonly experienced when persons suffer temporary disabling circumstances such as being restricted in movement and/or confined to bed as when hospitalized.

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Nadir

The nadir (from نظير / ALA-LC: naẓīr, meaning "counterpart") is the direction pointing directly below a particular location; that is, it is one of two vertical directions at a specified location, orthogonal to a horizontal flat surface there.

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Naked eye

Naked eye, also called bare eye or unaided eye, is the practice of engaging in visual perception unaided by a magnifying or light-collecting optical instrument, such as a telescope or microscope.

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NanoRacks

NanoRacks LLC is a private company that develops products and offers services for the commercial utilization of space.

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NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer

The NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer (NRCSD) is a device to deploy CubeSats into orbit from the International Space Station.

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NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.

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NASA Docking System

The NASA Docking System (NDS) is a spacecraft docking and berthing mechanism being developed for future US human spaceflight vehicles, such as the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and the Commercial Crew vehicles.

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NASASpaceFlight.com

NASASpaceFlight.com is a website that is devoted to manned and unmanned spaceflight news.

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National Space Biomedical Research Institute

The National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) is a NASA-funded consortium of institutions studying the health risks related to long-duration spaceflight and developing solutions to reduce those risks.

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Nauka (ISS module)

Nauka (Нау́ка; lit. Science), also known as the Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM), (Russian: Многофункциональный лабораторный модуль, or МЛМ), is a component of the International Space Station (ISS) which has not yet been launched into space.

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Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer

The Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) is a NASA Explorers program Mission of Opportunity dedicated to the study of the extraordinary gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear physics environments embodied by neutron stars, exploring the exotic states of matter where density and pressure are higher than in atomic nuclei.

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Nickel–hydrogen battery

A nickel–hydrogen battery (NiH2 or Ni–H2) is a rechargeable electrochemical power source based on nickel and hydrogen.

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Night Glider mode

Night Glider mode (or "XVV Night Glider mode") is one of the procedures for orienting the solar arrays on the International Space Station.

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NPR

National Public Radio (usually shortened to NPR, stylized as npr) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization based in Washington, D.C. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.

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Oberpfaffenhofen

Oberpfaffenhofen is a village which is part of the municipality of Weßling in the district of Starnberg, Bavaria, Germany.

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Oleg Kononenko

Oleg Dmitriyevich Kononenko (Олег Дмитриевич Кононенко) is a Russian cosmonaut.

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Orbital ATK

Orbital ATK Inc. was an American aerospace manufacturer and defense industry company.

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Orbital decay

In orbital mechanics, decay is a process that leads to gradual decrease of the distance between two orbiting bodies at their closest approach (the periapsis) over many orbital periods.

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Orbital inclination

Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body.

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Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex

The Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex (Орбитальный Пилотируемый Сборочно-Экспериментальный Комплекс, Orbital'nyj Pilotirujemyj Sborochno-Eksperimental'nyj Kompleks) (ОПСЭК, OPSEK) is a Russian proposed third-generation modular space station in Low Earth orbit.

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Orbital replacement unit

Orbital replacement units (or On-orbit Replaceable unit) (ORUs) are key elements of the International Space Station that can be readily replaced when the unit either passes its design life or fails.

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Orbital station-keeping

In astrodynamics, the orbital maneuvers made by thruster burns that are needed to keep a spacecraft in a particular assigned orbit are called orbital station-keeping.

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Orbiter Boom Sensor System

The Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) was a 50-foot boom carried on board NASA's Space Shuttles.

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Origins of the International Space Station

Origins of the International Space Station covers the origins of ISS.

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Orlan space suit

Cosmonaut Maksim Surayev next to two Orlan-MK models on the International Space Station The Orlan space suit (Орлан meaning sea eagle) is a series of semi-rigid one-piece space suit models designed and built by NPP Zvezda.

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Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease where increased bone weakness increases the risk of a broken bone.

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Outer Space Treaty

The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is a treaty that forms the basis of international space law.

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Outline of physical science

Physical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science.

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Oxide

An oxide is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula.

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Ozone

Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.

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Paolo Nespoli

Paolo Angelo Nespoli (Milan, 6 April 1957) is an Italian astronaut and engineer of the European Space Agency (ESA).

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Pascal (unit)

The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength.

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Payload Operations and Integration Center

Also known as Huntsville Operations Support Center (HOSC) or Payload Operations Center, it is a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) facility that works in conjunction with the International Space Station and Space Shuttle Control Centers in Houston, Texas.

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Peggy Whitson

Peggy Annette Whitson (born February 9, 1960) is an American biochemistry researcher, retired NASA astronaut, and former NASA Chief Astronaut.

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Photovoltaic system

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics.

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Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics (PV) is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry.

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Physical Review Letters

Physical Review Letters (PRL), established in 1958, is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal that is published 52 times per year by the American Physical Society.

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Physics

Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

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Physiology

Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.

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Pier

Seaside pleasure pier in Brighton, England. The first seaside piers were built in England in the early 19th century. A pier is a raised structure in a body of water, typically supported by well-spaced piles or pillars.

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Pirs (ISS module)

Pirs (Пирс, meaning "pier") – also called "Stykovochny Otsek 1" ("SO-1") (Стыковочный отсек, "docking module" and DC-1 (docking compartment) – is a Russian module on the International Space Station (ISS). Pirs was launched in August 2001. It provides the ISS with one docking port for Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, and allows egress and ingress for spacewalks by cosmonauts using Russian Orlan space suits. A second docking compartment, "Stykovochniy Otsek 2" or SO-2, was planned with the same design. However, when the Russian segment of the ISS was redesigned in 2001, the new design no longer included the SO-2, and its construction was canceled. After another change of plans the SO-2 module finally evolved into the ''Poisk'' module, which was added to the ISS in 2009. Pirs was scheduled to be detached from the ISS and deorbited in 2017 by Progress MS-06, to make room for the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module ''Nauka'', however due to the repetitive delays with the laboratory module, this maneuver was postponed for Progress MS-09 in 2018.

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Poisk (ISS module)

Poisk (По́иск; lit. Search), also known as the Mini-Research Module 2 (MRM 2), Малый исследовательский модуль 2, or МИМ 2, is a docking module of the International Space Station.

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Popular Mechanics

Popular Mechanics is a classic magazine of popular science and technology.

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Porch

A porch (from Old French porche, from Latin porticus "colonnade", from porta "passage") is a term used in architecture to describe a room or gallery located in front of the entrance of a building forming a low front, and placed in front of the facade of the building it commands.

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Pounds per square inch

The pound per square inch or, more accurately, pound-force per square inch (symbol: lbf/in2; abbreviation: psi) is a unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois units.

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Pressurized Mating Adapter

The Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA) is a spacecraft adapter that converts the Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) used on the US Orbital Segment to APAS-95 docking ports.

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Progress (spacecraft)

The Progress (Прогресс) is a Russian expendable cargo spacecraft.

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Progress M-09M

Progress M-09M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 41 or 41P, is a Progress spacecraft which was launched in 2011 to resupply the International Space Station.

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Progress M-MIM2

Progress M-MIM2 (Прогресс М-МИМ2), or Progress M-MRM2, originally designated Progress M-SO2, was a modified Progress-M spacecraft which was used to deliver the Poisk module to the International Space Station.

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Progress M-SO1

Progress M-SO1 was a modified Progress spacecraft used to deliver the Pirs module to the International Space Station.

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Progress MS-08

Progress MS-08, identified by NASA as Progress 69 or 69P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).

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Progress MS-09

Progress MS-09, identified by NASA as Progress 70 or 70P, is a Progress spacecraft to be used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).

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Progress MS-10

Progress MS-10, identified by NASA as Progress 71 or 71P, is a Progress spacecraft to be used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).

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Progress MS-11

Progress MS-11, identified by NASA as Progress 72 or 72P, is a Progress spacecraft to be used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).

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Progress MS-12

Progress MS-12, identified by NASA as Progress 73 or 73P, is a Progress spacecraft to be used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).

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Protein crystallization

Protein crystallization is the process of formation of a protein crystal.

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Proton

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Proton (rocket family)

Proton (Russian: Протон) (formal designation: UR-500) is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russian government space launches.

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Proton-K

The Proton-K, also designated Proton 8K82K after its GRAU index, 8K82K, was a Russian, previously Soviet, carrier rocket derived from the earlier Proton.

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Proton-M

The Proton-M, (Протон-М) GRAU index 8K82M or, is a Russian heavy-lift launch vehicle derived from the Soviet-developed Proton.

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Psychological stress

In psychology, stress is a feeling of strain and pressure.

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Psychosocial

The psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function.

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Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.

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Quest Joint Airlock

The Quest Joint Airlock, previously known as the Joint Airlock Module, is the primary airlock for the International Space Station.

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Radar

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects.

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Ralf Vandebergh

Ralf Vandebergh (born 1976) is a Dutch astronomer, professional photographer and veteran satellite spotter from.

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Rassvet (ISS module)

Rassvet (Рассве́т; lit. "dawn"), also known as the Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) (Малый исследовательский модуль, МИМ 1) and formerly known as the Docking Cargo Module (DCM), is a component of the International Space Station (ISS).

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Reaction wheel

A reaction wheel (RW) is a type of flywheel used primarily by spacecraft for three axis attitude control, which doesn't require rockets or external applicators of torque.

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Reinforced carbon–carbon

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon (CFRC), carbon–carbon (C/C), or reinforced carbon–carbon (RCC) is a composite material consisting of carbon fiber reinforcement in a matrix of graphite.

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Remote sensing

Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation.

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Richard Garriott

Richard Garriott de Cayeux (born Richard Allen Garriott; July 4, 1961) is an English-American video game developer and entrepreneur.

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Rigid body

In physics, a rigid body is a solid body in which deformation is zero or so small it can be neglected.

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Robotic Refueling Mission

The Robotic Refueling Mission (RRM) is a NASA technology demonstration mission with equipment launches in both 2011 and 2013 to increase the technological maturity of in-space rocket propellant transfer technology by testing a wide variety of potential propellant transfer hardware, of both new and existing satellite designs.

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Rocket engine

A rocket engine uses stored rocket propellant mass for forming its high-speed propulsive jet.

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Roscosmos

The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities (Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»), commonly known as Roscosmos (Роскосмос), is a state corporation responsible for the space flight and cosmonautics program for the Russian Federation.

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RT (TV network)

RT (formerly Russia Today) is a Russian international television network funded by the Russian government.

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Russian language

Russian (rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely spoken throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.

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Russian Orbital Segment

The Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) is the name given to the components of the International Space Station (ISS) constructed in Russia and operated by the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos).

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Russian Research Module

The Russian Research Module (RM) was to be a Russian component of the International Space Station (ISS) that provided facilities for Russian science experiments and research.

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S band

The S band is a designation by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for a part of the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum covering frequencies from 2 to 4 gigahertz (GHz).

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Saint-Hubert, Quebec

No description.

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Salyut 4

Salyut 4 (DOS 4) (Салют-4; English translation: Salute 4) was a Salyut space station launched on December 26, 1974 into an orbit with an apogee of 355 km, a perigee of 343 km and an orbital inclination of 51.6 degrees.

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Salyut 5

Salyut 5 (Салют-5 meaning Salute 5), also known as OPS-3, was a Soviet space station.

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Salyut 6

Salyut 6 (Салют-6; lit. Salute 6), DOS-5, was a Soviet orbital space station, the eighth flown as part of the Salyut programme.

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Salyut 7

Salyut 7 (Салют-7; Salute 7) (a.k.a. DOS-6) was a space station in low Earth orbit from April 1982 to February 1991.

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Salyut programme

The Salyut programme (Салю́т,, meaning "salute" or "fireworks") was the first space station programme, undertaken by the Soviet Union.

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Satellite

In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit.

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Satellite flare

Satellite flare, also known as satellite glint, is the visible phenomenon caused by the reflective surfaces of passing satellites (such as antennas, SAR or solar panels), reflecting sunlight toward the Earth below and appearing as a brief, bright "flare".

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Science Power Platform

The Science Power Platform (SPP) (Научно-Энергетическая Платформа, Sci-Energy Platform) was a planned Russian element of the International Space Station (ISS) that was intended to be delivered to the ISS by a Russian Proton rocket or Zenit rocket (it was originally designed to be part of Mir-2) but was shifted to launch by Space Shuttle as part as a tradeoff agreement on other parts of the ISS.

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Science-Power Module-1

Science-Power Module-1 (SPM-1, also known as NEM-1) is a module scheduled to arrive at the international space station in December 2019.

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Scientific research on the International Space Station

Scientific research on the International Space Station is a collection of experiments that require one or more of the unusual conditions present in low Earth orbit.

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Scott E. Parazynski

Scott Edward Parazynski (born July 28, 1961 in Little Rock, Arkansas) is an American physician and a former NASA astronaut.

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Sergey Volkov (cosmonaut)

Sergey Aleksandrovich Volkov (Сергей Александрович Волков; born April 1, 1973, in Chuhuiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union) is a retired Russian cosmonaut and engineer.

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Sievert

The sievert (symbol: SvNot be confused with the sverdrup or the svedberg, two non-SI units that sometimes use the same symbol.) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI) and is a measure of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.

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Skylab

Skylab was the United States' space station that orbited the Earth from 1973 to 1979, when it fell back to Earth amid huge worldwide media attention.

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Smartphone

A smartphone is a handheld personal computer with a mobile operating system and an integrated mobile broadband cellular network connection for voice, SMS, and Internet data communication; most, if not all, smartphones also support Wi-Fi.

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Société astronomique de France

The Société astronomique de France (SAF), the French astronomical society, is a non-profit association in the public interest organized under French law (Association loi de 1901).

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SOLAR (ISS)

SOLAR is an ESA science observatory on the Columbus Laboratory, which is part of the International Space Station.

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Solar eclipse

A solar eclipse (as seen from the planet Earth) is a type of eclipse that occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, and when the Moon fully or partially blocks ("occults") the Sun.

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Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017

The solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, dubbed "The Great American Eclipse" by the media, was a total solar eclipse visible within a band that spanned the entire contiguous United States, passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts.

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Solar wind

The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona.

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Soyuz (rocket family)

Soyuz (Союз, meaning "union", GRAU index 11A511) is a family of expendable launch systems developed by OKB-1 and manufactured by Progress Rocket Space Centre in Samara, Russia.

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Soyuz (spacecraft)

Soyuz is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now RKK Energia) in the 1960s that remains in service today.

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Soyuz MS-08

Soyuz MS-08 is a Soyuz spaceflight that launched on 21 March 2018.

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Soyuz MS-09

Soyuz MS-09 is a Soyuz spaceflight which launched on June 6, 2018.

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Soyuz MS-10

Soyuz MS-10 is a Soyuz spaceflight planned for October 2018.

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Soyuz MS-11

Soyuz MS-11 is a Soyuz spaceflight planned for December 2018.

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Soyuz MS-12

Soyuz MS-12 is a Soyuz spaceflight planned for April 2019.

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Soyuz MS-13

Soyuz MS-13 is a Soyuz spaceflight planned for July 2019.

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Soyuz MS-14

Soyuz MS-14 is a Soyuz spaceflight planned for November 2019.

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Soyuz TM-31

Soyuz TM-31 was the first Soyuz spacecraft to dock with the International Space Station (ISS).

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Soyuz TMA-20

Soyuz TMA-20 was a human spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS) and was part of the Soyuz programme.

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Soyuz-2

Soyuz-2, GRAU index 14A14, is the collective designation for the new version of the Russian Soyuz rocket.

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Soyuz-FG

The Soyuz-FG launch vehicle is an improved version of the Soyuz-U from the R-7 family of rockets, designed and constructed by TsSKB-Progress in Samara.

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Soyuz-U

The Soyuz-U launch vehicle was an improved version of the original Soyuz rocket.

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Space architecture

Space architecture, in its simplest definition, is the theory and practice of designing and building inhabited environments in outer space.

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Space colonization

Space colonization (also called space settlement, or extraterrestrial colonization) is permanent human habitation off the planet Earth.

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Space environment

Space environment is a branch of astronautics, aerospace engineering and space physics that seeks to understand and address conditions existing in space that affect the design and operation of spacecraft.

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Space flight participant

Space flight participant (Участник космического полёта, uchastnik kosmicheskogo polyota) is the term used by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for people who travel into space, but who are not professional astronauts.

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Space logistics

According to the AIAA Space Logistics Technical Committee, space logistics is However, this definition in its larger sense includes terrestrial logistics in support of space travel, including any additional "design and development, acquisition, storage, movement, distribution, maintenance, evacuation, and disposition of space materiel", movement of people in space (both routine and for medical and other emergencies), and contracting and supplying any required support services for maintaining space travel.

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Space medicine

Space medicine is the practice of medicine on astronauts in outer space whereas astronautical hygiene is the application of science and technology to the prevention or control of exposure to the hazards that may cause astronaut ill health.

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Space Oddity

"Space Oddity" is a song written and recorded by David Bowie.

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Space rendezvous

A space rendezvous is an orbital maneuver during which two spacecraft, one of which is often a space station, arrive at the same orbit and approach to a very close distance (e.g. within visual contact).

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Space Shuttle

The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as part of the Space Shuttle program.

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Space Shuttle Atlantis

Space Shuttle Atlantis (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV‑104) is a Space Shuttle orbiter vehicle belonging to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the spaceflight and space exploration agency of the United States.

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Space Shuttle Columbia disaster

On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disintegrated upon reentering Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven crew members.

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Space Shuttle program

The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011.

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Space station

A space station, also known as an orbital station or an orbital space station, is a spacecraft capable of supporting crewmembers, which is designed to remain in space (most commonly as an artificial satellite in low Earth orbit) for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock.

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Space Station 3D

Space Station 3D (simply known as Space Station in 2D format) is a 2002 Canadian-American 3D short documentary film about the International Space Station written, produced, edited and directed by Toni Myers.

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Space Station Processing Facility

The Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF) is a three-story, 42,500 m2 (457,000 square foot) industrial building located in the Kennedy Space Center industrial area, just east of the Operations and Checkout Building.

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Space suit

A space suit is a garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of outer space, vacuum and temperature extremes.

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Space toilet

A space toilet, or zero gravity toilet is a toilet that can be used in a weightless environment.

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Space tourism

Space tourism is space travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.

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Space Tourists

Space Tourists is a feature-length documentary of the Swiss director Christian Frei.

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Space weather

Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy concerned with the time varying conditions within the Solar System, including the solar wind, emphasizing the space surrounding the Earth, including conditions in the magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

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Spaceflight osteopenia

Spaceflight osteopenia refers to the characteristic bone loss that occurs during spaceflight.

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SpaceX

Space Exploration Technologies Corp., doing business as SpaceX, is a private American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California.

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SpaceX CRS-15

SpaceX CRS-15, also known as SpX-15, is a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station launched June 29, 2018 aboard a Falcon 9 rocket.

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SpaceX CRS-16

SpaceX CRS-16, also known as SpX-16, is a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station currently manifested to be launched in November 2018 aboard a Falcon 9 rocket.

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SpaceX CRS-17

SpaceX CRS-17, also known as SpX-17, is a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station currently manifested to be launched in February 2019 aboard a Falcon 9 rocket.

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SpaceX CRS-18

SpaceX CRS-18, also known as SpX-18, is a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station currently manifested to be launched in May 2019 aboard a Falcon 9 rocket.

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SpaceX CRS-19

SpaceX CRS-19, also known as SpX-19, is a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station currently manifested to be launched on May 2019.

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SpaceX CRS-8

SpaceX CRS-8, also known as SpX-8, was a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station (ISS) which was launched on April 8, 2016, at 20:43 UTC.

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SpaceX CRS-9

SpaceX CRS-9, also known as SpX-9, is a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station which launched on 18 July 2016.

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SpaceX Dragon

Dragon is a reusable spacecraft developed by SpaceX, an American private space transportation company based in Hawthorne, California.

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SpX-DM1

SpX-DM1 will be the first orbital test of Dragon 2 as an uncrewed mission, and is scheduled for 16 September 2018.

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SpX-DM2

SpX-DM2 is the mission designation of the first crewed test flight of Space X's Dragon 2 spacecraft.

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SSVP docking system

Sistema Stykovki i Vnutrennego Perekhoda, SSVP (Система стыковки и внутреннего перехода, System for docking and internal transfer) is a docking standard used by Soviet and Russian spacecraft, sometimes called RDS for Russian Docking System.

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Star Wars (film)

Star Wars (later retitled Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope) is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas.

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Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment

The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) is a series of remote sensing satellite instruments used to study the chemical composition of earth's atmosphere.

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Strela (crane)

The Strela (Russian Стрела, means Arrow) cranes are four Russian built cargo cranes used during EVAs to move cosmonauts and components around the exterior of the Soviet/Russian space station Mir and the Russian Orbital Segment of the International Space Station.

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STS-105

STS-105 was a mission of the Space Shuttle Discovery to the International Space Station, launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, 10 August 2001.

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STS-114

STS-114 was the first "Return to Flight" Space Shuttle mission following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.

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STS-115

STS-115 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle '' Atlantis''.

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STS-116

STS-116 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle '' Discovery''.

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STS-117

STS-117 (ISS assembly flight 13A) was a Space Shuttle mission flown by Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'', launched from pad 39A of the Kennedy Space Center on 8 June 2007.

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STS-118

STS-118 was a space shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by the orbiter Endeavour.

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STS-119

STS-119 (ISS assembly flight 15A) was a space shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) which was flown by Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' during March 2009.

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STS-120

STS-120 was a space shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) that launched on 23 October 2007 from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida.

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STS-123

STS-123 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) which was flown by Space Shuttle ''Endeavour''.

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STS-124

STS-124 was a Space Shuttle mission, flown by Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' to the International Space Station.

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STS-126

STS-126 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle.

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STS-127

STS-127 (ISS assembly flight 2J/A) was a NASA Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS).

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STS-129

STS-129 (ISS assembly flight ULF3) was a NASA Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS).

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STS-130

STS-130 (ISS assembly flight 20A) was a NASA Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS).

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STS-132

STS-132 (ISS assembly flight ULF4) was a NASA Space Shuttle mission, during which Space Shuttle Atlantis docked with the International Space Station on 16 May 2010.

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STS-133

STS-133 (ISS assembly flight ULF5) was the 133rd mission in NASA's Space Shuttle program; during the mission, Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' docked with the International Space Station.

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STS-134

STS-134 (ISS assembly flight ULF6) was the penultimate mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the 25th and last spaceflight of.

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STS-74

STS-74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle-Mir Program, and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir.

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STS-88

STS-88 was the first Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS).

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STS-92

STS-92 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle '' Discovery''.

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STS-97

STS-97 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle '' Endeavour''.

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Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called superconductors, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.

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Tanegashima Space Center

The (TNSC) is a Japanese space development facility.

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Tardigrade

Tardigrades (also known colloquially as water bears, or moss piglets) are water-dwelling, eight-legged, segmented micro-animals.

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Telemetry

Telemetry is an automated communications process by which measurements and other data are collected at remote or inaccessible points and transmitted to receiving equipment for monitoring.

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Telerobotics

Telerobotics is the area of robotics concerned with the control of semi-autonomous robots from a distance, chiefly using Wireless network (like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, the Deep Space Network, and similar) or tethered connections.

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Thales Alenia Space

Thales Alenia Space is a Franco-Italian aerospace manufacturer formed after the Thales Group bought the participation of Alcatel in the two joint-ventures between Alcatel and Leonardo, Alcatel Alenia Space and Telespazio.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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Thermosiphon

Thermosiphon (or thermosyphon) is a method of passive heat exchange, based on natural convection, which circulates a fluid without the necessity of a mechanical pump.

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Thermosphere

The thermosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere.

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Tidal force

The tidal force is an apparent force that stretches a body towards the center of mass of another body due to a gradient (difference in strength) in gravitational field from the other body; it is responsible for the diverse phenomena, including tides, tidal locking, breaking apart of celestial bodies and formation of ring systems within Roche limit, and in extreme cases, spaghettification of objects.

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TKS (spacecraft)

The TKS spacecraft (Транспортный корабль снабжения., Transportnyi Korabl’ Snabzheniia, Transport Supply Spacecraft, GRAU index 11F72) was a Soviet spacecraft conceived in the late 1960s for resupply flights to the military Almaz space station.

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Toulouse

Toulouse (Tolosa, Tolosa) is the capital of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the region of Occitanie.

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Toulouse Space Center

The Toulouse Space Centre is a center for research and development relating to space travel.

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Tracking and data relay satellite

A tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS) is a type of communications satellite that forms part of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) used by NASA and other United States government agencies for communications to and from independent "User Platforms" such as satellites, balloons, aircraft, the International Space Station, and remote bases like the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station.

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Tranquility (ISS module)

Tranquility, also known as Node 3, is a module of the International Space Station (ISS).

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Transit (astronomy)

In astronomy, a transit or astronomical transit is the phenomenon of at least one celestial body appearing to move across the face of another celestial body, hiding a small part of it, as seen by an observer at some particular vantage point.

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Treadmill with Vibration Isolation Stabilization

The Treadmill with Vibration Isolation Stabilization System, commonly abbreviated as TVIS, is a treadmill for use on board the International Space Station and is designed to allow astronauts to run without vibrating delicate microgravity science experiments in adjacent labs.

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Tsukuba Space Center

Tsukuba Space Center (TKSC) is the operations facility and headquarters for the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) located in Tsukuba Science City in Ibaraki Prefecture.

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Tsukuba, Ibaraki

is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

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Turin

Turin (Torino; Turin) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy.

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Ubuntu (operating system)

Ubuntu (stylized as ubuntu) is a free and open source operating system and Linux distribution based on Debian.

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Ultra high frequency

Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one decimeter.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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Unity (ISS module)

The ''Unity'' module as seen in May 2011 The Unity connecting module, also known as Node 1, was the first U.S.-built component of the International Space Station.

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Universal Docking Module

The Universal Docking Module (UDM) (Универсальный стыковочный модуль), was a planned Russian docking module for the International Space Station, to be jointly built by RKK Energia and Khrunichev.

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Unmanned spaceflights to the International Space Station

Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station (ISS) are made primarily to deliver cargo, however several Russian modules have also docked to the outpost following uncrewed launches.

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Urine diversion

Urine diversion, also called urine separation or source separation, refers to the separate collection of human urine and feces at the point of their production, i.e. at the toilet or urinal.

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US Orbital Segment

The US Orbital Segment (USOS) is the name given to the components of the International Space Station (ISS) constructed and operated by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), European Space Agency (ESA), Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

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US-A

Upravlyaemy Sputnik Aktivnyy (Управляемый Спутник Активный for Controlled Active Satellite), or US-A, also known in the west as Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite or RORSAT, was a series of Soviet reconnaissance satellites.

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Uzlovoy Module

Uzlovoy Module ″Prichal″ also known as UM (Узловой Модуль ″Причал″, Nodal Module Berth) is a Russian spacecraft which will form part of the International Space Station, and later the proposed Russian OPSEK space station.

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Valery Ryumin

Valery Victorovich Ryumin (born August 16, 1939 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur) is a former Soviet cosmonaut.

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Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket

The Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) is an electromagnetic thruster under development for possible use in spacecraft propulsion.

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Venus

Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days.

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Vika oxygen generator

Vika or TGK is an oxygen generating system for spaceflight.

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Voice of Russia

The Voice of Russia (r), commonly abbreviated VOR, was the Russian government's international radio broadcasting service from 1993 until 2014, when it was reorganised as Radio Sputnik.

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Volt

The volt (symbol: V) is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force.

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Voskhod-M

The Voskhod-M (Восход-М) is an audio subsystem on the International Space Station (ISS) designed to provide radio communications between crewmembers and the ground or nearby Soyuz spacecraft.

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Vostok 1

Vostok 1 (Восто́к, East or Orient 1) was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first manned spaceflight in history.

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Water vapor

No description.

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Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi or WiFi is technology for radio wireless local area networking of devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards.

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Wikipedia

Wikipedia is a multilingual, web-based, free encyclopedia that is based on a model of openly editable content.

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Windows 10

Windows 10 (codenamed Redstone, formerly Threshold) is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft, as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.

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Windows 2000

Windows 2000 (codenamed NT 5.0) is an operating system for use on both client and server computers.

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Windows 7

Windows 7 (codenamed Vienna, formerly Blackcomb) is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft.

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Windows 95

Windows 95 (codenamed Chicago) is a consumer-oriented operating system developed by Microsoft.

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Windows XP

Windows XP (codenamed Whistler) is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.

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Wireless LAN

A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using wireless communication within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building.

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Wireless network

A wireless network is a computer network that uses wireless data connections between network nodes.

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Yoshinobu Launch Complex

The Yoshinobu Launch Complex, also known as Launch Area Y, Area Y or LA-Y, is a launch complex at the Tanegashima Space Centre, located on Tanegashima, the Japanese island located 115 km south of Kyūshū.

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Yuri Gagarin

Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (p; 9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut.

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Yuri Semenov

Yuriy Semenov (born September 5, 1929, in Sverdlovsk, USSR) - Soviet and Russian historian, philosopher, anthropologist, expert on the history of philosophy, history of primitive society, and the theory of knowledge.

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Zarya

Zarya (Dawn), also known as the Functional Cargo Block or FGB (from the Funktsionalno-gruzovoy blok or ФГБ), is the first module of the International Space Station to be launched.

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Zenith

The zenith is an imaginary point directly "above" a particular location, on the imaginary celestial sphere.

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Zvezda (ISS module)

Zvezda (Звезда́, meaning "star"), DOS-8, also known as the Zvezda Service Module, is a component of the International Space Station (ISS).

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Redirects here:

Google International Space Station, I.S.S., INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, ISS, International Orbital Station, International space station, Iss, NA1SS, Station Alpha, The Space Station.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station

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